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{{Short description|Electress/Queen of Bavaria from 1799 to 1825}}
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{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox royalty
{{Infobox royalty
| consort = yes
|name=Caroline of Baden
| name = Caroline of Baden
|image=Karoline Königin von Bayern.jpg
| image = Königin Karoline von Bayern.jpg
|birth_date={{birth date|1776|7|13|df=y}}
| birth_date = {{birth date|1776|7|13|df=y}}
|birth_place= [[Karlsruhe]], [[Margraviate of Baden]]
| birth_place = [[Karlsruhe]], [[Margraviate of Baden]]
|death_date={{death date and age|1841|11|13|1776|7|13|df=y}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1841|11|13|1776|7|13|df=y}}
|death_place= [[Munich]], [[Kingdom of Bavaria]]
|spouse=[[Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria]]
| death_place = [[Munich]], [[Kingdom of Bavaria]]
| house = [[House of Zähringen|Zähringen]]
⚫
|father=[[Charles Louis, Hereditary Prince of Baden]]
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria]]|1797|1825|end=d.}}
⚫
|mother=[[Landgravine Amalie of Hesse-Darmstadt]]
⚫
| father = [[Charles Louis, Hereditary Prince of Baden]]
⚫
|issue=Maximilian Joseph Charles<br>[[Elisabeth Ludovika of Bavaria|Elizabeth Ludovika, Queen of Prussia]]<br>[[Amalie Auguste of Bavaria|Amalie Auguste, Queen of Saxony]]<br>[[Maria Anna of Bavaria (1805–1877)|Maria Anna, Queen of Saxony]]<br>[[Princess Sophie of Bavaria|Sophia, Archduchess of Austria]]<br>[[Princess Ludovika of Bavaria|Ludovika, Duchess in Bavaria]]<br>[[Maximiliana of Bavaria|Princess Maximiliana of Bavaria]]
⚫
| mother = [[Landgravine Amalie of Hesse-Darmstadt]]
⚫
|full name = Friederike Karoline Wilhelmine
⚫
| issue = {{Unbulleted list|[[Elisabeth Ludovika of Bavaria|Elizabeth Ludovika, Queen of Prussia]]|[[Amalie Auguste of Bavaria|Amalie Auguste, Queen of Saxony]]|[[Maria Anna of Bavaria (born 1805)|Maria Anna, Queen of Saxony]]|[[Princess Sophie of Bavaria|Sophie, Archduchess of Austria]]|[[Princess Ludovika of Bavaria|Ludovika, Duchess in Bavaria]]|[[Princess Maximiliana of Bavaria|Princess Maximiliana]]}}
|religion = [[Lutheranism]]
⚫
| full name = Friederike Karoline Wilhelmine
|place of burial = [[Theatinerkirche (Munich)|Theatine Church]]
| burial_place = [[Theatinerkirche (Munich)|Theatine Church]]
| reign =16 February 1799 – 1 January 1806
| reign = 16 February 1799 – 1 January 1806
| coronation =
⚫
| succession = [[List of Bavarian royal consorts|Electress consort of Bavaria]]
| predecessor =[[Archduchess Maria Leopoldine of Austria-Este|Maria Leopoldine of Austria-Este]]
| successor = ''Herself as Queen consort of Bavaria''
| reign1 = 1 January 1806 – 13 October 1825
| succession = [[Electress#Electresses of Bavaria|Electress consort of Bavaria]]
| succession1 = [[List of Bavarian royal consorts|Queen consort of Bavaria]]
| reign1 = 1 January 1806 – 13 October 1825
⚫
| predecessor1 = ''Herself as Electress consort of Bavaria''
| successor1 = [[Therese of Saxe-Hildburghausen]]
| succession1 = [[Kingdom of Bavaria|Queen consort of Bavaria]]
}}
}}
'''Caroline of Baden''' (Friederike Karoline Wilhelmine; 13 July 1776 – 13 November 1841) ({{lang-de|Friederike Karoline Wilhelmine}}) of [[Grand Duchy of Baden|Baden]] was an [[Electress|Electress of Bavaria]] and later the first [[Kingdom of Bavaria|Queen consort of Bavaria]] as the spouse of King [[Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria|Maximilian I Joseph]].
'''Caroline of Baden''' ({{lang-de|Friederike Karoline Wilhelmine von Baden}}; 13 July 1776 – 13 November 1841) was by marriage an [[Electress|Electress of Bavaria]] and later the first [[Kingdom of Bavaria|Queen consort of Bavaria]] by marriage to [[Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria|Maximilian I Joseph]] of Bavaria.


== Biography ==
== Life ==
===Early life===
She was the eldest child of [[Charles Louis, Hereditary Prince of Baden]], and his wife [[Landgravine Amalie of Hesse-Darmstadt|Amalie of Hesse-Darmstadt]]. She was born 13 July 1776, twin sister of Katharina Amalie Christiane Luise.
She was the eldest child of [[Charles Louis, Hereditary Prince of Baden]], and his wife [[Landgravine Amalie of Hesse-Darmstadt|Amalie of Hesse-Darmstadt]]. She was born 13 July 1776, twin sister of [[Princess Amalie Christiane of Baden|Katharina Amalie Christiane Luise.]]


Caroline was considered as a bride for the [[Louis Antoine Henri de Bourbon, Duke of Enghien]], but the fear of attracting opposition from France made her family hesitate.
Caroline was considered as a bride for [[Louis Antoine Henri de Bourbon, Duke of Enghien]], but the fear of attracting opposition from France made her family hesitate.


===Marriage===
On 9 March 1797, in [[Karlsruhe]], she became the second spouse of [[Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria|Maximilian]], Duke of Palatinate-Zweibrücken, who two years later would inherit the [[Electorate of Bavaria]]. As a result of the dissolution of the [[Holy Roman Empire]] in 1806, the rank of Elector became obsolete, and the ruler of Bavaria was promoted to the rank of King. As a result, Caroline became Queen of Bavaria.
On 9 March 1797, in [[Karlsruhe]], she became the second spouse of [[Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria|Maximilian]], Duke of [[Palatine Zweibrücken]], who two years later would inherit the [[Electorate of Bavaria]]. As a result of the dissolution of the [[Holy Roman Empire]] in 1806, the rank of Elector became obsolete, and the ruler of Bavaria was promoted to the rank of King. As a result, Caroline became Queen of Bavaria. Caroline had seven children with her husband, including two pairs of twins, an interesting occurrence considering Caroline was also a twin herself.


She was allowed to keep her Protestant religion and had her own Protestant pastor, which was unique for a Bavarian queen. She was described as a very dignified consort and hostess of the Bavarian court, and raised her daughters to have a strong sense of duty.
She was allowed to keep her Protestant religion and had her own Protestant pastor, which was unique for a Bavarian queen. She was described as a very dignified consort and hostess of the Bavarian court and raised her daughters to have a strong sense of duty.


===Death and funeral===
Caroline of Baden died 13 November 1841, outliving her husband by sixteen years and one month. Due to her Protestant religion, her funeral was conducted with so little royal dignity that there were public protests. By order of the Catholic archbishop of Munich, Lothar Anselm von Gebsattel, all participating Catholic clergy were dressed in ordinary clothes instead of church vestments. The Protestant clergy were halted at the church door and not allowed to proceed inside for the service, so Ludwig Friedrich Schmidt gave the funeral sermon there. Afterwards, the funeral procession dissipated, and the coffin was placed in the burial crypt without ceremony. This treatment of his beloved stepmother permanently softened the attitude of Caroline's stepson [[Ludwig I of Bavaria]], who up until that time had been a strong opponent of Protestantism in spite of his marriage to the Protestant princess [[Therese of Saxe-Hildburghausen]].
Caroline of Baden died 13 November 1841, outliving her husband by sixteen years and one month. Due to her Protestant religion, her funeral was conducted with so little royal dignity that there were public protests. By order of the Catholic archbishop of Munich, Lothar Anselm von Gebsattel, all participating Catholic clergy were dressed in ordinary clothes instead of church vestments. The Protestant clergy were halted at the church door and not allowed to proceed inside for the service, so Ludwig Friedrich Schmidt gave the [[funeral sermon]] there. Afterward, the funeral procession dissipated, and the coffin was placed in the burial crypt without ceremony. This treatment of his beloved stepmother permanently softened the attitude of Caroline's stepson [[Ludwig I of Bavaria]], who up until that time had been a strong opponent of Protestantism despite his marriage to the Protestant princess [[Therese of Saxe-Hildburghausen]].


== Issue ==
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="font-size:88%; min-width:45em"
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="font-size:88%; min-width:45em"
!colspan=5 | Issue
!colspan=5 | Issue
Line 45: Line 47:
!Notes
!Notes
|-
|-
|align=center|Unnamed child ||align=center| ||align="center" colspan="2"|5 September 1799 ||align=center|Stillborn
|align=center|Son ||align=center| ||align="center" colspan="2"|5 September 1799 ||align=center|Stillborn
|-
|-
|align=center|'''Maximilian Joseph Charles''' ||align=center| ||align=center|28 October 1800 ||align=center|12 February 1803 ||align=center|Died in childhood
|align=center|'''Maximilian Joseph Charles''' ||align=center|[[Image:Maximilian von Bayern 1800-1803.jpg|60px]] ||align=center|28 October 1800 ||align=center|12 February 1803 ||align=center|Died in childhood
|-
|-
|align=center|'''[[Elisabeth Ludovika of Bavaria|Elizabeth Louise]]'''<br/>Queen consort of Prussia ||align=center| [[Image:Joseph Stieler - Königin Elisabeth von Preußen, nach 1843.jpg|60px]] ||align="center" rowspan="2"| 13 November 1801<br/>(twins) ||align=center|14 December 1873 ||align=center|Married in 1823 the future King [[Frederick William IV of Prussia]] and had no issue
|align=center|'''[[Elisabeth Ludovika of Bavaria|Elisabeth Louise]]'''<br/>Queen consort of Prussia ||align=center| [[Image:Joseph Stieler - Königin Elisabeth von Preußen, nach 1843.jpg|60px]] ||align="center" rowspan="2"| 13 November 1801<br/>(twins) ||align=center|14 December 1873 ||align=center|Married in 1823 the future King [[Frederick William IV of Prussia]] and had no issue
|-
|-
|align=center|'''[[Amalie Auguste of Bavaria|Amalie Auguste]]'''<br/>Queen consort of Saxony ||align=center| [[Image:1801 Amalia.jpg|60px]] ||align=center|8 November 1877 ||align=center|Married in 1822 the future King [[John of Saxony]] and had issue
|align=center|'''[[Amalie Auguste of Bavaria|Amalie Auguste]]'''<br/>Queen consort of Saxony ||align=center| [[Image:Stieler - Amalie Auguste of Bavaria - Galerie Neue Meister.jpg|60px]] ||align=center|8 November 1877 ||align=center|Married in 1822 the future King [[John, King of Saxony|John of Saxony]] and had issue
|-
|-
|align=center|'''[[Maria Anna of Bavaria (1805–1877)|Maria Anna Leopoldine]]'''<br/>Queen consort of Saxony ||align=center| [[Image:Joseph Karl Stieler - Maria Anna von Bayern 1805-1877.jpg|60px]] ||align="center" rowspan="2"|27 January 1805<br/>(twins again) ||align=center|13 September 1877 ||align=center|Married in 1833 the future King [[Frederick Augustus II of Saxony]] and had no issue
|align=center|'''[[Maria Anna of Bavaria (1805–1877)|Marie Anne Leopoldine]]'''<br/>Queen consort of Saxony ||align=center| [[Image:Joseph Karl Stieler - Maria Anna von Bayern 1805-1877.jpg|60px]] ||align="center" rowspan="2"|27 January 1805<br/>(twins) ||align=center|13 September 1877 ||align=center|Married in 1833 the future King [[Frederick Augustus II of Saxony]] and had no issue
|-
|-
|align=center|'''[[Princess Sophie of Bavaria|Sophia Frederica]]'''<br/>Archduchess of Austria||align=center| [[Image:Stieler Archduchess 1832.jpg|60px]] ||align=center|28 May 1872 ||align=center|Married in 1824 [[Archduke Franz Karl of Austria]] and had issue
|align=center|'''[[Princess Sophie of Bavaria|Sophia Frederica]]'''<br/>Archduchess of Austria||align=center| [[Image:Stieler Archduchess 1832.jpg|60px]] ||align=center|28 May 1872 ||align=center|Married in 1824 [[Archduke Franz Karl of Austria]] and had issue
|-
|-
|align=center|'''[[Princess Ludovika of Bavaria|Ludovika Wilhelmina]]'''<br/>Duchess in Bavaria ||align=center| [[Image:Ludovika 1808-1892.jpg|60px]] ||align=center| 30 August 1808 ||align=center|25 January 1892 ||align=center|Married in 1828 [[Duke Maximilian Joseph in Bavaria]]
|align=center|'''[[Princess Ludovika of Bavaria|Louise Wilhelmina]]'''<br/>Duchess in Bavaria ||align=center| [[Image:Ludovika 1808-1892.jpg|60px]] ||align=center| 30 August 1808 ||align=center|25 January 1892 ||align=center|Married in 1828 [[Duke Maximilian Joseph in Bavaria]] and had issue
|-
|-
|align=center|'''[[Maximiliana of Bavaria|Maximiliana Josepha Caroline]]''' ||align=center| ||align=center|21 July 1810 ||align=center|4 February 1821 ||align=center|Died in childhood
|align=center|'''[[Princess Maximiliana of Bavaria|Maximiliana Josepha Caroline]]''' ||align=center| [[File:Maximiliane Josephine Caroline von Bayern (ca.1816).jpg|60px]] ||align=center|21 July 1810 ||align=center|4 February 1821 ||align=center|Died in childhood
|}
|}


== Honours ==
== Honours ==
{{Flag|Electorate of Bavaria}} / {{Flag|Kingdom of Bavaria}} : Sovereign of the [[Order of Saint Elizabeth]] (feminine order)
* {{Flag|Electorate of Bavaria}} / {{Flag|Kingdom of Bavaria}} : Sovereign of the [[Order of Saint Elizabeth]] (feminine order)
* {{Flag|Russian Empire}} : Dame Grand Cross of the [[Order of Saint Catherine]], ''9 April 1801''<ref>{{cite book|title=Almanach de la cour: pour l'année ... 1817|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8ZpKAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA69|year=1817|publisher=l'Académie Imp. des Sciences|page=69}}</ref>


==Ancestors==
==Ancestors==
{{ahnentafel top|width=100%}}
{{ahnentafel
|collapsed=yes |align=center |ref=<ref>{{cite book|title=Genealogie ascendante jusqu'au quatrieme degre inclusivement de tous les Rois et Princes de maisons souveraines de l'Europe actuellement vivans| trans-title=Genealogy up to the fourth degree inclusive of all the Kings and Princes of sovereign houses of Europe currently living |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AINPAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA38|year=1768|publisher=Frederic Guillaume Birnstiel|location=Bourdeaux|language=fr|pages=38 (father), 69 (mother)}}</ref>
{{ahnentafel-compact5
|style=margin:0 auto; font-size: 90%; line-height: 110%;
|border=1
|boxstyle=padding-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0;
|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe;
|1= 1. '''Caroline of Baden'''
|1= 1. '''Caroline of Baden'''
|2= 2. [[Charles Louis, Hereditary Prince of Baden]]
|2= 2. [[Charles Louis, Hereditary Prince of Baden]]
|3= 3. [[Landgravine Amalie of Hesse-Darmstadt]]
|3= 3. [[Princess Amalie of Hesse-Darmstadt]]
|4= 4. [[Charles Frederick, Grand Duke of Baden]]
|4= 4. [[Charles Frederick, Grand Duke of Baden]]
|5= 5. [[Landgravine Karoline Luise of Hesse-Darmstadt]]
|5= 5. [[Landgravine Caroline Louise of Hesse-Darmstadt|Princess Caroline Louise of Hesse-Darmstadt]]
|6= 6. [[Louis IX, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt]]
|6= 6. [[Louis IX, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt]]
|7= 7. [[Countess Palatine Caroline of Zweibrücken]]
|7= 7. [[Countess Palatine Caroline of Zweibrücken]]
|8= 8. [[Friedrich, Hereditary Prince of Baden-Durlach]]
|8= 8. [[Frederick, Hereditary Prince of Baden-Durlach]]
|9= 9. [[Princess Amalia of Nassau-Dietz]]
|9= 9. [[Princess Amalia of Nassau-Dietz]]
|10= 10. [[Louis VIII, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt]]
|10= 10. [[Louis VIII, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt]]
|11= 11. [[Charlotte of Hanau-Lichtenberg]]
|11= 11. [[Countess Charlotte of Hanau-Lichtenberg]]
|12= 12. [[Louis VIII, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt]] =10
|12= 12. [[Louis VIII, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt]] (= 10)
|13= 13. [[Charlotte of Hanau-Lichtenberg]] =11
|13= 13. [[Countess Charlotte of Hanau-Lichtenberg]] (= 11)
|14= 14. [[Christian III, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken]]
|14= 14. [[Christian III, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken]]
|15= 15. [[Caroline of Nassau-Saarbrücken]]
|15= 15. [[Caroline of Nassau-Saarbrücken|Countess Caroline of Nassau-Saarbrücken]]
|16= 16. [[Charles III William, Margrave of Baden-Durlach]]
|17= 17. [[Magdalena Wilhelmine of Württemberg]]
|18= 18. [[John William Friso, Prince of Orange]]
|19= 19. [[Landgravine Marie Louise of Hesse-Kassel]]
|20= 20. [[Ernest Louis, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt]]
|21= 21. [[Dorothea Charlotte of Brandenburg-Ansbach]]
|22= 22. [[Johann Reinhard III of Hanau-Lichtenberg]]
|23= 23. [[Dorothea Friederike of Brandenburg-Ansbach]]
|24= 24. [[Ernest Louis, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt]] =20
|25= 25. [[Dorothea Charlotte of Brandenburg-Ansbach]] =21
|26= 26. [[Johann Reinhard III of Hanau-Lichtenberg]] =22
|27= 27. [[Dorothea Friederike of Brandenburg-Ansbach]] =23
|28= 28. [[Christian II, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken]]
|29= 29. [[Countess Katharina Agathe of Rappoltstein]]
|30= 30. [[Louis Crato, Count of Nassau-Saarbrücken|Ludwig Kraft, Count of Nassau-Saarbrücken]]
|31= 31. [[Philippine Henriette of Hohenlohe-Langenburg]]
}}
}}
{{ahnentafel bottom}}


==References==
==References==
{{commons}}
*{{iw-ref|de|Karoline Friederike Wilhelmine von Baden}}
{{reflist}}
*Françoise de Bernardy : "Stéphanie de Beauharnais, fille adoptive de Napoléon et grande-duchesse de Bade " L.A.P. Pais, 1977.
*Françoise de Bernardy : "Stéphanie de Beauharnais, fille adoptive de Napoléon et grande-duchesse de Bade " L.A.P. Pais, 1977.
* [http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=12477502 Find a Grave]


{{s-start}}
{{s-start}}
{{succession box
{{succession box
| title = [[Palatinate-Zweibrücken|Duchess of Zweibrücken]]
| title = [[Palatine Zweibrücken|Duchess of Zweibrücken]]
| before = [[Princess Augusta Wilhelmine of Hesse-Darmstadt|Augusta Wilhelmina of Hesse-Darmstadt]]
| before = [[Princess Augusta Wilhelmine of Hesse-Darmstadt|Augusta Wilhelmina of Hesse-Darmstadt]]
| after = Last of title
| after = Last of title
Line 132: Line 114:
| years = 1806–1825}}
| years = 1806–1825}}
{{s-end}}
{{s-end}}
{{commons|Karoline Friederike Wilhelmine von Baden}}


{{Princesses of Baden by birth}}
{{Princesses of Baden by birth}}
{{Electresses of Bavaria}}
{{Electresses of Bavaria}}
{{Queens of Bavaria}}
{{Queens of Bavaria}}
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{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Princesses of Baden]]
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{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2012}}
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[[Category:Queens consort of Bavaria]]

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{{Authority control|VIAF=20482271}}

{{Persondata
| NAME = Baden, Caroline Of
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Queen of Bavaria
| DATE OF BIRTH = 13 July 1776
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Karlsruhe]], [[Margraviate of Baden]]
| DATE OF DEATH = 13 November 1841
| PLACE OF DEATH = [[Munich]], [[Kingdom of Bavaria]]
}}
⚫
[[Category:Bavarian queens consort]]
[[Category:House of Zähringen]]
[[Category:House of Zähringen]]
[[Category:House of Wittelsbach]]
[[Category:House of Wittelsbach]]
[[Category:Twin people from Germany]]
[[Category:German twins]]
[[Category:Electresses of Bavaria]]
[[Category:Electresses of Bavaria]]
[[Category:Duchesses of Berg]]
[[Category:Duchesses of Berg]]
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[[Category:1841 deaths]]
[[Category:1841 deaths]]
[[Category:Burials at the Theatine Church, Munich]]
[[Category:Burials at the Theatine Church, Munich]]
[[Category:Electresses of the Palatinate]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of Saint Catherine]]
[[Category:People from the Holy Roman Empire]]

Revision as of 09:06, 19 July 2024

Caroline of Baden
Electress consort of Bavaria
Tenure16 February 1799 – 1 January 1806
Queen consort of Bavaria
Tenure1 January 1806 – 13 October 1825
Born(1776-07-13)13 July 1776
Karlsruhe, Margraviate of Baden
Died13 November 1841(1841-11-13) (aged 65)
Munich, Kingdom of Bavaria
Burial
Theatine Church
Spouse
​
​
(m. 1797; died 1825)​
Issue
Names
Friederike Karoline Wilhelmine
HouseZähringen
FatherCharles Louis, Hereditary Prince of Baden
MotherLandgravine Amalie of Hesse-Darmstadt

Caroline of Baden (German: Friederike Karoline Wilhelmine von Baden; 13 July 1776 – 13 November 1841) was by marriage an Electress of Bavaria and later the first Queen consort of Bavaria by marriage to Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria.

Life

Early life

She was the eldest child of Charles Louis, Hereditary Prince of Baden, and his wife Amalie of Hesse-Darmstadt. She was born 13 July 1776, twin sister of Katharina Amalie Christiane Luise.

Caroline was considered as a bride for Louis Antoine Henri de Bourbon, Duke of Enghien, but the fear of attracting opposition from France made her family hesitate.

Marriage

On 9 March 1797, in Karlsruhe, she became the second spouse of Maximilian, Duke of Palatine Zweibrücken, who two years later would inherit the Electorate of Bavaria. As a result of the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the rank of Elector became obsolete, and the ruler of Bavaria was promoted to the rank of King. As a result, Caroline became Queen of Bavaria. Caroline had seven children with her husband, including two pairs of twins, an interesting occurrence considering Caroline was also a twin herself.

She was allowed to keep her Protestant religion and had her own Protestant pastor, which was unique for a Bavarian queen. She was described as a very dignified consort and hostess of the Bavarian court and raised her daughters to have a strong sense of duty.

Death and funeral

Caroline of Baden died 13 November 1841, outliving her husband by sixteen years and one month. Due to her Protestant religion, her funeral was conducted with so little royal dignity that there were public protests. By order of the Catholic archbishop of Munich, Lothar Anselm von Gebsattel, all participating Catholic clergy were dressed in ordinary clothes instead of church vestments. The Protestant clergy were halted at the church door and not allowed to proceed inside for the service, so Ludwig Friedrich Schmidt gave the funeral sermon there. Afterward, the funeral procession dissipated, and the coffin was placed in the burial crypt without ceremony. This treatment of his beloved stepmother permanently softened the attitude of Caroline's stepson Ludwig I of Bavaria, who up until that time had been a strong opponent of Protestantism despite his marriage to the Protestant princess Therese of Saxe-Hildburghausen.

Issue

Honours

Ancestors

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Karoline Friederike Wilhelmine von Baden.
  1. ^ Almanach de la cour: pour l'année ... 1817. l'Académie Imp. des Sciences. 1817. p. 69.
  2. ^ Genealogie ascendante jusqu'au quatrieme degre inclusivement de tous les Rois et Princes de maisons souveraines de l'Europe actuellement vivans [Genealogy up to the fourth degree inclusive of all the Kings and Princes of sovereign houses of Europe currently living] (in French). Bourdeaux: Frederic Guillaume Birnstiel. 1768. pp. 38 (father), 69 (mother).
  • Françoise de Bernardy : "Stéphanie de Beauharnais, fille adoptive de Napoléon et grande-duchesse de Bade " L.A.P. Pais, 1977.
Preceded by Duchess of Zweibrücken
1797–1825 		Succeeded by
Last of title
Preceded by Electress of Bavaria
1799–1806 		Succeeded by
Last of title
Preceded by
New title
 Queen of Bavaria
1806–1825 		Succeeded by
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caroline_of_Baden&oldid=1235443188"