Jump to content

Scutum (constellation): Difference between revisions

Coordinates: Sky map 18h 42m 00s, −10° 00′ 00″
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous edit
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
→Deep sky objects: Added referenced facts about Wild Duck Cluster
Citation bot (talk | contribs)
Bots
5,271,674 edits
Altered title. Add: bibcode, doi-access. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | Suggested by Headbomb | Linked from Wikipedia:WikiProject_Academic_Journals/Journals_cited_by_Wikipedia/Sandbox | #UCB_webform_linked 723/874
 
(23 intermediate revisions by 18 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Short description|Constellation in the southern celestial hemisphere}}
{{Short description|Small constellation in the southern celestial hemisphere}}
{{more citations needed|date=August 2011}}
{{Infobox constellation
{{Infobox constellation
|name = Scutum
|name = Scutum
Line 6: Line 5:
|genitive = Scuti
|genitive = Scuti
|pronounce = {{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|k|juː|t|əm}},<br />genitive {{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|k|juː|t|aɪ}}
|pronounce = {{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|k|juː|t|əm}},<br />genitive {{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|k|juː|t|aɪ}}
|symbolism = the [[Shield]]
|symbolism = the [[Shield]] of [[John III Sobieski]]
|RA = {{RA|18.7}}
|RA = {{RA|18.7}}
|dec= {{DEC|−10}}
|dec= {{DEC|−10}}
Line 32: Line 31:
}}
}}


'''Scutum''' is a small [[constellation]]. Its name is [[Latin]] for [[shield]], and it was originally named '''Scutum Sobiescianum''' by [[Johannes Hevelius]] in 1684. It lies entirely in the [[southern celestial hemisphere]] and its four brightest stars form a narrow diamond shape. It is one of the 88 [[IAU designated constellations]] defined in 1922.
'''Scutum''' is a small [[constellation]]. Its name is [[Latin]] for [[shield]], and it was originally named '''Scutum Sobiescianum''' by [[Johannes Hevelius]] in 1684. Located just south of the [[celestial equator]], its four brightest stars form a narrow diamond shape. It is one of the 88 [[IAU designated constellations]] defined in 1922.


==History==
==History==
[[Image:Scutum Sobiescianum.PNG|thumb|left|''Scutum Sobiescianum'' in ''Firmamentum Sobiescianum sive Uranographia'' 1690]]
[[Image:Scutum Sobiescianum.PNG|thumb|left|''Scutum Sobiescianum'' in ''Firmamentum Sobiescianum sive Uranographia'' 1690]]


Scutum was named in 1684 by Polish astronomer Johannes Hevelius<ref>[http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/scutum.htm Star Tales ― Scutum] by [[Ian Ridpath]]</ref> (Jan Heweliusz), who originally named it ''Scutum Sobiescianum'' (Shield of Sobieski) to commemorate the victory of the Christian forces led by Polish King [[John III Sobieski]] (Jan III Sobieski) in the [[Battle of Vienna]] in 1683. Later, the name was shortened to Scutum.
Scutum was named in 1684 by Polish astronomer Johannes Hevelius<ref>[http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/scutum.html Star Tales ― Scutum] by [[Ian Ridpath]]</ref> (Jan Heweliusz), who originally named it ''Scutum Sobiescianum'' (Shield of Sobieski) to commemorate the victory of the Christian forces led by Polish King [[John III Sobieski]] (Jan III Sobieski) in the [[Battle of Vienna]] in 1683. Later, the name was shortened to Scutum.


Five bright stars of Scutum ([[Alpha Scuti|α Sct]], [[Beta Scuti|β Sct]], [[Delta Scuti|δ Sct]], [[Epsilon Scuti|ε Sct]] and [[Eta Scuti|η Sct]]) were previously known as 1, 6, 2, 3, and 9 Aquilae respectively.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Wagman | first=M. | title=Flamsteed's Missing Stars | journal=Journal for the History of Astronomy | issue=3 | volume=18 | pages=212–213 |date=August 1987 | bibcode=1987JHA....18..209W | doi=10.1177/002182868701800305}}</ref>
Five bright stars of Scutum ([[Alpha Scuti|α Sct]], [[Beta Scuti|β Sct]], [[Delta Scuti|δ Sct]], [[Epsilon Scuti|ε Sct]] and [[Eta Scuti|η Sct]]) were previously known as 1, 6, 2, 3, and 9 Aquilae respectively.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Wagman | first=M. | title=Flamsteed's Missing Stars | journal=Journal for the History of Astronomy | issue=3 | volume=18 | pages=212–213 |date=August 1987 | bibcode=1987JHA....18..209W | doi=10.1177/002182868701800305| s2cid=118445625 }}</ref>


The constellation of Scutum was adopted by the [[International Astronomical Union]] in 1922 as one of the 88 constellations covering the entire sky, with the official abbreviation of "Sct".<ref name="pa30_469">{{cite journal | last=Russell | first=Henry Norris |author-link=Henry Norris Russell | title=The New International Symbols for the Constellations | journal=[[Popular Astronomy (US magazine)|Popular Astronomy]] | volume=30 | page=469 | bibcode=1922PA.....30..469R | date=1922}}</ref> The constellation boundaries are defined by a quadrilateral. In the [[equatorial coordinate system]], the [[right ascension]] coordinates of these borders lie between {{RA|18|21.6}} and {{RA|18|59.3}}, while the [[declination]] coordinates are between −3.83° and −15.94°.<ref name="boundary">{{Cite journal | title=Scutum, Constellation Boundary | journal=The Constellations | publisher=[[International Astronomical Union]] | url=http://www.iau.org/public/constellations/#sct | access-date=3 September 2020 }}</ref>
The constellation of Scutum was adopted by the [[International Astronomical Union]] in 1922 as one of the 88 constellations covering the entire sky, with the official abbreviation of "Sct".<ref name="pa30_469">{{cite journal | last=Russell | first=Henry Norris |author-link=Henry Norris Russell | title=The New International Symbols for the Constellations | journal=[[Popular Astronomy (US magazine)|Popular Astronomy]] | volume=30 | page=469 | bibcode=1922PA.....30..469R | date=1922}}</ref> The constellation boundaries are defined by a quadrilateral. In the [[equatorial coordinate system]], the [[right ascension]] coordinates of these borders lie between {{RA|18|21.6}} and {{RA|18|59.3}}, while the [[declination]] coordinates are between −3.83° and −15.94°.<ref name="boundary">{{Cite journal | title=Scutum, Constellation Boundary | journal=The Constellations | publisher=[[International Astronomical Union]] | url=https://www.iau.org/public/themes/constellations/#sct | access-date=3 September 2020 }}</ref>


Coincidentally, the Chinese also associated these stars with battle armor, incorporating them into the larger [[Asterism (astronomy)|asterism]] known as ''Tien Pien'', i.e., the Heavenly Casque (or Helmet).<ref>Richard H. Allen (1899) Star Names and Their Meanings, p. 363</ref>
Coincidentally, the Chinese also associated these stars with battle armor, incorporating them into the larger [[Asterism (astronomy)|asterism]] known as ''Tien Pien'', i.e., the Heavenly Casque (or Helmet).<ref>Richard H. Allen (1899) Star Names and Their Meanings, p. 363</ref>
Line 48: Line 47:


===Stars===
===Stars===
{{See also|List of stars in Scutum}}
⚫
[[Image:ScutumCC.jpg|thumb|left|256px|The constellation Scutum as it can be seen by the naked eye.]]
[[Image:Scutum 20191227.jpg|thumb|left|256px|The constellation Scutum in the night sky, enhanced for color and contrast.]]
[[Image:ScutumCC.jpg|thumb|left|256px|The constellation Scutum as it can be seen by the naked eye]]
⚫
[[Image:Scutum 20191227.jpg|thumb|left|256px|The constellation Scutum in the night sky, enhanced for color and contrast]]
Scutum is not a bright constellation, with the brightest star, [[Alpha Scuti]], being a K-type giant star<ref name=Keenan1989>{{cite journal | bibcode=1989ApJS...71..245K | doi=10.1086/191373| title=The Perkins catalog of revised MK types for the cooler stars| journal=The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series| volume=71| pages=245| year=1989| last1=Keenan| first1=Philip C.| last2=McNeil| first2=Raymond C.}}</ref> at magnitude 3.85. However, some stars are notable in the constellation. [[Beta Scuti]] is the second brightest at magnitude 4.22, followed by [[Delta Scuti]] at magnitude 4.72. It is also known as 6 Aquilae.<ref>{{cite journal
Scutum is not a bright constellation, with the brightest star, [[Alpha Scuti]], being a K-type giant star<ref name=Keenan1989>{{cite journal | bibcode=1989ApJS...71..245K | doi=10.1086/191373| title=The Perkins catalog of revised MK types for the cooler stars| journal=The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series| volume=71| pages=245| year=1989| last1=Keenan| first1=Philip C.| last2=McNeil| first2=Raymond C.}}</ref> at magnitude 3.85. However, some stars are notable in the constellation. [[Beta Scuti]] is the second brightest at magnitude 4.22, followed by [[Delta Scuti]] at magnitude 4.72. It is also known as 6 Aquilae.<ref>{{cite journal
| last=Wagman | first=M.
| last=Wagman | first=M.
Line 56: Line 56:
| page=212 |date=August 1987
| page=212 |date=August 1987
| bibcode=1987JHA....18..209W | doi=10.1177/002182868701800305| s2cid=118445625
| bibcode=1987JHA....18..209W | doi=10.1177/002182868701800305| s2cid=118445625
}}</ref> Beta Scuti is a binary system,<ref>{{cite journal | bibcode=2016ApJS..227....4H | title=Surveying the Bright Stars by Optical Interferometry. I. A Search for Multiplicity among Stars of Spectral Types F-K | journal=Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series | volume=227 | pages=4 | number=1 | last1=Hutter | first1=D. J.| last2=Zavala | first2=R. T. | last3=Tycner | first3=C. | last4=Benson | first4=J. A. | last5=Hummel | first5=C. A. | last6=Sanborn | first6=J. | last7=Franz | first7=O. G. | last8=Johnston | first8=K. J. | year=2016 | doi=10.3847/0067-0049/227/1/4 |arxiv = 1609.05254 | s2cid=118803592 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | bibcode=2005AJ....129.1700P | title=The Fine Guidance Sensor Orbit of the G4 Bright Giant HD 173764 | journal=Astronomical Journal | volume=129 | issue=3 | page=1700 | last1=Parsons | first1=S. B.| last2=Franz | first2=O. G. | last3=Wassermann | first3=L. H.| year=2005 | doi=10.1086/427853 | doi-access=free }}</ref> with the primary with a spectral type similar to the Sun, although it is 1,270 times brighter. Delta Scuti is a bluish white giant star, which is now coming at the direction of the Solar System. Within 1.3 million years it will come as close to 10 light years from Earth,<ref name=aaa379_2_634>{{citation | display-authors=1 | last1=García-Sánchez | first1=J. | last2=Weissman | first2=P. R. | last3=Preston | first3=R. A. | last4=Jones | first4=D. L. | last5=Lestrade | first5=J.-F. | last6=Latham | first6=D. W. | last7=Stefanik | first7=R. P. | last8=Paredes | first8=J. M. | title=Stellar encounters with the solar system | journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics | year=2001 | volume=379 | issue=2 | pages=634–659 | bibcode=2001A&A...379..634G | doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20011330 | doi-access=free }}</ref> and will be much brighter than [[Sirius]] by that time.
}}</ref> Beta Scuti is a binary system,<ref>{{cite journal | bibcode=2016ApJS..227....4H | title=Surveying the Bright Stars by Optical Interferometry. I. A Search for Multiplicity among Stars of Spectral Types F-K | journal=Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series | volume=227 | pages=4 | number=1 | last1=Hutter | first1=D. J.| last2=Zavala | first2=R. T. | last3=Tycner | first3=C. | last4=Benson | first4=J. A. | last5=Hummel | first5=C. A. | last6=Sanborn | first6=J. | last7=Franz | first7=O. G. | last8=Johnston | first8=K. J. | year=2016 | doi=10.3847/0067-0049/227/1/4 |arxiv = 1609.05254 | s2cid=118803592 | doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | bibcode=2005AJ....129.1700P | title=The Fine Guidance Sensor Orbit of the G4 Bright Giant HD 173764 | journal=Astronomical Journal | volume=129 | issue=3 | page=1700 | last1=Parsons | first1=S. B.| last2=Franz | first2=O. G. | last3=Wassermann | first3=L. H.| year=2005 | doi=10.1086/427853 | doi-access=free }}</ref> with the primary with a spectral type similar to the Sun, although it is 1,270 times brighter. Delta Scuti is a bluish white giant star, which is now coming at the direction of the Solar System. Within 1.3 million years it will come as close to 10 light years from Earth,<ref name=aaa379_2_634>{{citation | display-authors=1 | last1=García-Sánchez | first1=J. | last2=Weissman | first2=P. R. | last3=Preston | first3=R. A. | last4=Jones | first4=D. L. | last5=Lestrade | first5=J.-F. | last6=Latham | first6=D. W. | last7=Stefanik | first7=R. P. | last8=Paredes | first8=J. M. | title=Stellar encounters with the solar system | journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics | year=2001 | volume=379 | issue=2 | pages=634–659 | bibcode=2001A&A...379..634G | doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20011330 | doi-access=free }}</ref> and will be much brighter than [[Sirius]] by that time.


[[UY Scuti]] is a red hypergiant pulsating variable star and is also one of the [[List of largest known stars|largest stars currently known]] with a radius over 1,700 times that of the Sun,<ref name="Torres2013">{{Cite journal | last1 = Arroyo-Torres | first1 = B. | last2 = Wittkowski | first2 = M. | last3 = Marcaide | first3 = J. M. | last4 = Hauschildt | first4 = P. H. | title = The atmospheric structure and fundamental parameters of the red supergiants AH Scorpii, UY Scuti, and KW Sagittarii | doi = 10.1051/0004-6361/201220920 | journal = Astronomy & Astrophysics | volume = 554 | pages = A76 | year = 2013 | bibcode = 2013A&A...554A..76A |arxiv = 1305.6179 | s2cid = 73575062 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|arxiv=2011.09184|last1=Tabernero|first1=H. M.|last2=Dorda|first2=R.|last3=Negueruela|first3=I.|last4=Marfil|first4=E.|title=The nature of VX Sagitarii|journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics|year=2021|volume=646|pages=A98|doi=10.1051/0004-6361/202039236|s2cid=227013580}}</ref> although some studies give lower estimates.<ref>{{cite journal |bibcode=2019AJ....158...20M |title=A Catalog of Known Galactic K-M Stars of Class I Candidate Red Supergiants in Gaia DR2 |last1=Messineo |first1=M. |last2=Brown |first2=A. G. A. |journal=[[The Astronomical Journal]] |year=2019 |volume=158 |issue=1 |pages=20 |doi=10.3847/1538-3881/ab1cbd |arxiv=1905.03744 |s2cid=148571616 }}</ref> [[Stephenson 2-18]] is another red hypergiant star and is possibly the largest star currently known, with a radius of 2,150 times that of the Sun.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Fok|first1=Thomas K. T|last2=Nakashima|first2=Jun-ichi|last3=Yung|first3=Bosco H. K|last4=Hsia|first4=Chih-Hao|last5=Deguchi|first5=Shuji|s2cid=53393926|year=2012|title=Maser Observations of Westerlund 1 and Comprehensive Considerations on Maser Properties of Red Supergiants Associated with Massive Clusters|journal=[[The Astrophysical Journal]]|volume=760|issue=1|pages=65|arxiv=1209.6427|bibcode=2012ApJ...760...65F|doi=10.1088/0004-637X/760/1/65}}</ref> Scutum contains several clusters of supergiant stars, including [[RSGC1]],<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Figer | first1 = D. F. | last2 = MacKenty | first2 = J. W. | last3 = Robberto | first3 = M. | last4 = Smith | first4 = K. | last5 = Najarro | first5 = F. | last6 = Kudritzki | first6 = R. P. | last7 = Herrero | first7 = A. | doi = 10.1086/503275 | title = Discovery of an Extraordinarily Massive Cluster of Red Supergiants | journal = The Astrophysical Journal | volume = 643 | issue = 2 | pages = 1166–1179 | year = 2006 |arxiv = astro-ph/0602146 |bibcode = 2006ApJ...643.1166F | s2cid = 18241900 }}</ref> [[Stephenson 2]] (which contains Stephenson 2-18)<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Davies | first1 = B. | last2 = Figer | first2 = D. F. | last3 = Kudritzki | first3 = R. P. | last4 = MacKenty | first4 = J. | last5 = Najarro | first5 = F. | last6 = Herrero | first6 = A. | doi = 10.1086/522224 | title = A Massive Cluster of Red Supergiants at the Base of the Scutum‐Crux Arm | journal = The Astrophysical Journal | volume = 671 | issue = 1 | pages = 781–801 | year = 2007 | bibcode=2007ApJ...671..781D|arxiv = 0708.0821| s2cid = 1447781 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | year = 1990 | bibcode = 1990AJ.....99.1867S | pages = 1867 | volume = 99 | doi = 10.1086/115464 | title = A possible new and very remote galactic cluster | journal = The Astronomical Journal | last1 = Stephenson | first1 = C. B.}}</ref> and [[RSGC3]].<ref>{{Cite journal | volume = 513 | journal = Astronomy and Astrophysics | title = Another cluster of red supergiants close to RSGC1 | pages = A74 | year = 2010| bibcode = 2010A&A...513A..74N | doi = 10.1051/0004-6361/200913373 | first5 = S. | last5 = Martínez-Núñez | first2 = C. | last2 = González-Fernández | first1 = I. | last3 = Marco | first3 = A. | first4 = J. S. | last4 = Clark | last1 = Negueruela|arxiv = 1002.1823 | s2cid = 118531372 }}</ref>
[[UY Scuti]] is a [[red supergiant]] and is also one of the [[List of largest known stars|largest stars currently known]] with a radius over 900 times that of the Sun.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Healy |first1=Sarah |last2=Horiuchi |first2=Shunsaku |last3=Molla |first3=Marta Colomer |last4=Milisavljevic |first4=Dan |last5=Tseng |first5=Jeff |last6=Bergin |first6=Faith |last7=Weil |first7=Kathryn |last8=Tanaka |first8=Masaomi |date=2024-03-23 |title=Red Supergiant Candidates for Multimessenger Monitoring of the Next Galactic Supernova |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |volume=529 |issue=4 |pages=3630–3650 |doi=10.1093/mnras/stae738 |doi-access=free |arxiv=2307.08785 |bibcode=2024MNRAS.529.3630H |issn=0035-8711}}</ref> RSGC1-F01 is another red supergiant whose radius is over 1,450 times that of the Sun.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Decin |first1=Leen |last2=Richards |first2=Anita M. S. |last3=Marchant |first3=Pablo |last4=Sana |first4=Hugues |date=January 2024 |title=ALMA detection of CO rotational line emission in red supergiant stars of the massive young star cluster RSGC1 -- Determination of a new mass-loss rate prescription for red supergiants |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |volume=681 |pages=A17 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/202244635 |arxiv=2303.09385 |bibcode=2024A&A...681A..17D |issn=0004-6361}}</ref> Scutum contains several clusters of supergiant stars, including [[RSGC1]],<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Figer | first1 = D. F. | last2 = MacKenty | first2 = J. W. | last3 = Robberto | first3 = M. | last4 = Smith | first4 = K. | last5 = Najarro | first5 = F. | last6 = Kudritzki | first6 = R. P. | last7 = Herrero | first7 = A. | doi = 10.1086/503275 | title = Discovery of an Extraordinarily Massive Cluster of Red Supergiants | journal = The Astrophysical Journal | volume = 643 | issue = 2 | pages = 1166–1179 | year = 2006 |arxiv = astro-ph/0602146 |bibcode = 2006ApJ...643.1166F | s2cid = 18241900 }}</ref> [[Stephenson 2]]<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Davies | first1 = B. | last2 = Figer | first2 = D. F. | last3 = Kudritzki | first3 = R. P. | last4 = MacKenty | first4 = J. | last5 = Najarro | first5 = F. | last6 = Herrero | first6 = A. | doi = 10.1086/522224 | title = A Massive Cluster of Red Supergiants at the Base of the Scutum-Crux Arm | journal = The Astrophysical Journal | volume = 671 | issue = 1 | pages = 781–801 | year = 2007 | bibcode=2007ApJ...671..781D|arxiv = 0708.0821| s2cid = 1447781 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | year = 1990 | bibcode = 1990AJ.....99.1867S | pages = 1867 | volume = 99 | doi = 10.1086/115464 | title = A possible new and very remote galactic cluster | journal = The Astronomical Journal | last1 = Stephenson | first1 = C. B.}}</ref> and [[RSGC3]].<ref>{{Cite journal | volume = 513 | journal = Astronomy and Astrophysics | title = Another cluster of red supergiants close to RSGC1 | pages = A74 | year = 2010| bibcode = 2010A&A...513A..74N | doi = 10.1051/0004-6361/200913373 | first5 = S. | last5 = Martínez-Núñez | first2 = C. | last2 = González-Fernández | first1 = I. | last3 = Marco | first3 = A. | first4 = J. S. | last4 = Clark | last1 = Negueruela|arxiv = 1002.1823 | s2cid = 118531372 }}</ref>


===Deep sky objects===
===Deep sky objects===
Line 64: Line 64:
Although not a large constellation, Scutum contains several [[open cluster]]s, as well as a [[globular cluster]] and a [[planetary nebula]]. The two best known [[deep sky object]]s in Scutum are [[Wild Duck Cluster|M11]] (the Wild Duck Cluster) and the [[Open Cluster M26|open cluster M26]] (NGC 6694). The globular cluster [[NGC 6712]] and the planetary nebula [[IC 1295]] can be found in the eastern part of the constellation, only 24 arcminutes apart.
Although not a large constellation, Scutum contains several [[open cluster]]s, as well as a [[globular cluster]] and a [[planetary nebula]]. The two best known [[deep sky object]]s in Scutum are [[Wild Duck Cluster|M11]] (the Wild Duck Cluster) and the [[Open Cluster M26|open cluster M26]] (NGC 6694). The globular cluster [[NGC 6712]] and the planetary nebula [[IC 1295]] can be found in the eastern part of the constellation, only 24 arcminutes apart.


The most prominent open cluster in Scutum is the [[Wild Duck Cluster]], M11. It was named by [[William Henry Smyth]] in 1844 for its resemblance in the eyepiece to a flock of ducks in flight. The cluster, 6200 light-years from Earth and 20 light-years in diameter, contains approximately 3000 stars, making it a particularly rich cluster. It is 220 million years old.<ref>{{cite journal |title = So, Where Are the Wild Ducks?! |last = MacRobert |first = Alan |journal = Sky and Telescope |date = September 2012}}</ref> Estimates for the mass of the star cluster range from {{Val|3700|ul=solar mass|fmt=commas}}<ref name=WildDuck1>{{citation
The most prominent open cluster in Scutum is the [[Wild Duck Cluster]], M11. It was named by [[William Henry Smyth]] in 1844 for its resemblance in the eyepiece to a flock of ducks in flight. The cluster, 6200 light-years from Earth and 20 light-years in diameter, contains approximately 3000 stars, making it a particularly rich cluster. It is around 220 million years old,<ref>{{cite journal |title = So, Where Are the Wild Ducks?! |last = MacRobert |first = Alan |journal = Sky and Telescope |date = September 2012}}</ref> although some studies give older estimates.<ref>{{citation
| title=NGC 6705 a young α-enhanced open cluster from OCCASO data
| last1=Casamiquela | first1=L. | last2=Carrera | first2=R.
| last3=Balaguer-Núñez | first3=L. | last4=Jordi | first4=C.
| last5=Chiappini | first5=C. | last6=Anders | first6=F.
| last7=Antoja | first7=T. | last8=Miret-Roig | first8=N.
| last9=Romero-Gomez | first9=M. | last10=Blanco-Cuaresma | first10=S.
| last11=Pancino | first11=E. | last12=Aguado | first12=D. S.
| last13=del Pino | first13=A. | last14=Diaz-Perez | first14=L.
| last15=Gallart | first15=C. | display-authors=1
| journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics
| volume=610 | id=A66 | pages=10 | date=March 2018
| bibcode=2018A&A...610A..66C | arxiv=1710.11069
| doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201732024 | s2cid=59397264 | postscript=. }}</ref> Estimates for the mass of the star cluster range from {{Val|3700|ul=solar mass|fmt=commas}}<ref name=WildDuck1>{{citation
| title=The Gaia-ESO Survey: Stellar content and elemental abundances in the massive cluster NGC 6705
| title=The Gaia-ESO Survey: Stellar content and elemental abundances in the massive cluster NGC 6705
| last1=Cantat-Gaudin | first1=T. | last2=Vallenari | first2=A.
| last1=Cantat-Gaudin | first1=T. | last2=Vallenari | first2=A.
Line 97: Line 110:
| volume=569 | id=A17 | pages=18 | date=September 2014
| volume=569 | id=A17 | pages=18 | date=September 2014
| doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201423851 | postscript=.
| doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201423851 | postscript=.
| bibcode=2014A&A...569A..17C | arxiv=1407.1510 }}</ref> to {{Val|11000|ul=solar mass|fmt=commas}}.<ref name=WildDuck2>{{citation
| bibcode=2014A&A...569A..17C | arxiv=1407.1510 | s2cid=5111744 }}</ref> to {{Val|11000|ul=solar mass|fmt=commas}}.<ref name=WildDuck2>{{citation
| title=Structure and stellar content analysis of the open cluster M 11 with 2MASS photometry
| title=Structure and stellar content analysis of the open cluster M 11 with 2MASS photometry
| last1=Santos | first1=J. F. C., Jr. | last2=Bonatto | first2=C.
| last1=Santos | first1=J. F. C. Jr. | last2=Bonatto | first2=C.
| last3=Bica | first3=E. | display-authors=1
| last3=Bica | first3=E. | display-authors=1
| journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics
| journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics
| volume=442 | issue=1 | pages=201–209 | date=October 2005
| volume=442 | issue=1 | pages=201–209 | date=October 2005
| doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20053378 | postscript=.
| doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20053378 | postscript=.
| bibcode=2005A&A...442..201S | arxiv=astro-ph/0507216 }}</ref>
| bibcode=2005A&A...442..201S | arxiv=astro-ph/0507216 | s2cid=15323948 }}</ref>


== Space exploration ==
== Space exploration ==

Latest revision as of 19:09, 18 July 2024

Scutum
Constellation
Scutum
List of stars in Scutum
AbbreviationSct
GenitiveScuti
Pronunciation/ˈskjuːtəm/,
genitive /ˈskjuːtaɪ/
Symbolismthe Shield of John III Sobieski
Right ascension18.7h
Declination−10°
QuadrantSQ4
Area109 sq. deg. (84th)
Main stars2
Bayer/Flamsteed
stars		7
Stars with planets1
Stars brighter than 3.00m0
Stars within 10.00 pc (32.62 ly)0
Brightest starα Scuti (3.85m)
Messier objects2
Meteor showersJune Scutids
Bordering
constellations		Aquila
Sagittarius
Serpens Cauda
Visible at latitudes between +80° and −90°.
Best visible at 21:00 (9 p.m.) during the month of August.

Scutum is a small constellation. Its name is Latin for shield, and it was originally named Scutum Sobiescianum by Johannes Hevelius in 1684. Located just south of the celestial equator, its four brightest stars form a narrow diamond shape. It is one of the 88 IAU designated constellations defined in 1922.

History

[edit]
Scutum Sobiescianum in Firmamentum Sobiescianum sive Uranographia 1690

Scutum was named in 1684 by Polish astronomer Johannes Hevelius[1] (Jan Heweliusz), who originally named it Scutum Sobiescianum (Shield of Sobieski) to commemorate the victory of the Christian forces led by Polish King John III Sobieski (Jan III Sobieski) in the Battle of Vienna in 1683. Later, the name was shortened to Scutum.

Five bright stars of Scutum (α Sct, β Sct, δ Sct, ε Sct and η Sct) were previously known as 1, 6, 2, 3, and 9 Aquilae respectively.[2]

The constellation of Scutum was adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 1922 as one of the 88 constellations covering the entire sky, with the official abbreviation of "Sct".[3] The constellation boundaries are defined by a quadrilateral. In the equatorial coordinate system, the right ascension coordinates of these borders lie between 18h 21.6m and 18h 59.3m , while the declination coordinates are between −3.83° and −15.94°.[4]

Coincidentally, the Chinese also associated these stars with battle armor, incorporating them into the larger asterism known as Tien Pien, i.e., the Heavenly Casque (or Helmet).[5]

Features

[edit]

Stars

[edit]
See also: List of stars in Scutum
The constellation Scutum as it can be seen by the naked eye
The constellation Scutum in the night sky, enhanced for color and contrast

Scutum is not a bright constellation, with the brightest star, Alpha Scuti, being a K-type giant star[6] at magnitude 3.85. However, some stars are notable in the constellation. Beta Scuti is the second brightest at magnitude 4.22, followed by Delta Scuti at magnitude 4.72. It is also known as 6 Aquilae.[7] Beta Scuti is a binary system,[8][9] with the primary with a spectral type similar to the Sun, although it is 1,270 times brighter. Delta Scuti is a bluish white giant star, which is now coming at the direction of the Solar System. Within 1.3 million years it will come as close to 10 light years from Earth,[10] and will be much brighter than Sirius by that time.

UY Scuti is a red supergiant and is also one of the largest stars currently known with a radius over 900 times that of the Sun.[11] RSGC1-F01 is another red supergiant whose radius is over 1,450 times that of the Sun.[12] Scutum contains several clusters of supergiant stars, including RSGC1,[13] Stephenson 2[14][15] and RSGC3.[16]

Deep sky objects

[edit]
M1-63, a bipolar planetary nebula located in the constellation of Scutum (the Shield)

Although not a large constellation, Scutum contains several open clusters, as well as a globular cluster and a planetary nebula. The two best known deep sky objects in Scutum are M11 (the Wild Duck Cluster) and the open cluster M26 (NGC 6694). The globular cluster NGC 6712 and the planetary nebula IC 1295 can be found in the eastern part of the constellation, only 24 arcminutes apart.

The most prominent open cluster in Scutum is the Wild Duck Cluster, M11. It was named by William Henry Smyth in 1844 for its resemblance in the eyepiece to a flock of ducks in flight. The cluster, 6200 light-years from Earth and 20 light-years in diameter, contains approximately 3000 stars, making it a particularly rich cluster. It is around 220 million years old,[17] although some studies give older estimates.[18] Estimates for the mass of the star cluster range from 3,700 M☉[19] to 11,000 M☉.[20]

Space exploration

[edit]

The space probe Pioneer 11 is moving in the direction of this constellation. It will not near the closest star in this constellation for over a million years[21] at its present speed, by which time its batteries will be long dead.

See also

[edit]
Serpens held by Ophiuchus, as depicted in Urania's Mirror, a set of constellation cards published in London c. 1825. Above the tail of the serpent is the now-obsolete constellation Taurus Poniatovii while below it is Scutum.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Star Tales ― Scutum by Ian Ridpath
  2. ^ Wagman, M. (August 1987). "Flamsteed's Missing Stars". Journal for the History of Astronomy. 18 (3): 212–213. Bibcode:1987JHA....18..209W. doi:10.1177/002182868701800305. S2CID 118445625.
  3. ^ Russell, Henry Norris (1922). "The New International Symbols for the Constellations". Popular Astronomy. 30: 469. Bibcode:1922PA.....30..469R.
  4. ^ "Scutum, Constellation Boundary". The Constellations. International Astronomical Union. Retrieved 3 September 2020.
  5. ^ Richard H. Allen (1899) Star Names and Their Meanings, p. 363
  6. ^ Keenan, Philip C.; McNeil, Raymond C. (1989). "The Perkins catalog of revised MK types for the cooler stars". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 71: 245. Bibcode:1989ApJS...71..245K. doi:10.1086/191373.
  7. ^ Wagman, M. (August 1987). "Flamsteed's Missing Stars". Journal for the History of Astronomy. 18 (3): 212. Bibcode:1987JHA....18..209W. doi:10.1177/002182868701800305. S2CID 118445625.
  8. ^ Hutter, D. J.; Zavala, R. T.; Tycner, C.; Benson, J. A.; Hummel, C. A.; Sanborn, J.; Franz, O. G.; Johnston, K. J. (2016). "Surveying the Bright Stars by Optical Interferometry. I. A Search for Multiplicity among Stars of Spectral Types F-K". Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 227 (1): 4. arXiv:1609.05254. Bibcode:2016ApJS..227....4H. doi:10.3847/0067-0049/227/1/4. S2CID 118803592.
  9. ^ Parsons, S. B.; Franz, O. G.; Wassermann, L. H. (2005). "The Fine Guidance Sensor Orbit of the G4 Bright Giant HD 173764". Astronomical Journal. 129 (3): 1700. Bibcode:2005AJ....129.1700P. doi:10.1086/427853.
  10. ^ García-Sánchez, J.; et al. (2001), "Stellar encounters with the solar system", Astronomy and Astrophysics, 379 (2): 634–659, Bibcode:2001A&A...379..634G, doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20011330
  11. ^ Healy, Sarah; Horiuchi, Shunsaku; Molla, Marta Colomer; Milisavljevic, Dan; Tseng, Jeff; Bergin, Faith; Weil, Kathryn; Tanaka, Masaomi (2024-03-23). "Red Supergiant Candidates for Multimessenger Monitoring of the Next Galactic Supernova". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 529 (4): 3630–3650. arXiv:2307.08785. Bibcode:2024MNRAS.529.3630H. doi:10.1093/mnras/stae738. ISSN 0035-8711.
  12. ^ Decin, Leen; Richards, Anita M. S.; Marchant, Pablo; Sana, Hugues (January 2024). "ALMA detection of CO rotational line emission in red supergiant stars of the massive young star cluster RSGC1 -- Determination of a new mass-loss rate prescription for red supergiants". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 681: A17. arXiv:2303.09385. Bibcode:2024A&A...681A..17D. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202244635. ISSN 0004-6361.
  13. ^ Figer, D. F.; MacKenty, J. W.; Robberto, M.; Smith, K.; Najarro, F.; Kudritzki, R. P.; Herrero, A. (2006). "Discovery of an Extraordinarily Massive Cluster of Red Supergiants". The Astrophysical Journal. 643 (2): 1166–1179. arXiv:astro-ph/0602146. Bibcode:2006ApJ...643.1166F. doi:10.1086/503275. S2CID 18241900.
  14. ^ Davies, B.; Figer, D. F.; Kudritzki, R. P.; MacKenty, J.; Najarro, F.; Herrero, A. (2007). "A Massive Cluster of Red Supergiants at the Base of the Scutum-Crux Arm". The Astrophysical Journal. 671 (1): 781–801. arXiv:0708.0821. Bibcode:2007ApJ...671..781D. doi:10.1086/522224. S2CID 1447781.
  15. ^ Stephenson, C. B. (1990). "A possible new and very remote galactic cluster". The Astronomical Journal. 99: 1867. Bibcode:1990AJ.....99.1867S. doi:10.1086/115464.
  16. ^ Negueruela, I.; González-Fernández, C.; Marco, A.; Clark, J. S.; Martínez-Núñez, S. (2010). "Another cluster of red supergiants close to RSGC1". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 513: A74. arXiv:1002.1823. Bibcode:2010A&A...513A..74N. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200913373. S2CID 118531372.
  17. ^ MacRobert, Alan (September 2012). "So, Where Are the Wild Ducks?!". Sky and Telescope.
  18. ^ Casamiquela, L.; et al. (March 2018), "NGC 6705 a young α-enhanced open cluster from OCCASO data", Astronomy & Astrophysics, 610: 10, arXiv:1710.11069, Bibcode:2018A&A...610A..66C, doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201732024, S2CID 59397264, A66.
  19. ^ Cantat-Gaudin, T.; et al. (September 2014), "The Gaia-ESO Survey: Stellar content and elemental abundances in the massive cluster NGC 6705", Astronomy & Astrophysics, 569: 18, arXiv:1407.1510, Bibcode:2014A&A...569A..17C, doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201423851, S2CID 5111744, A17.
  20. ^ Santos, J. F. C. Jr.; et al. (October 2005), "Structure and stellar content analysis of the open cluster M 11 with 2MASS photometry", Astronomy and Astrophysics, 442 (1): 201–209, arXiv:astro-ph/0507216, Bibcode:2005A&A...442..201S, doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20053378, S2CID 15323948.
  21. ^ Pioneer 11 is travelling at ~2.4 au/yr, 41.54 ly ≈ 2.627x106au.

Sources

[edit]
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Scutum (constellation).


Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scutum_(constellation)&oldid=1235330448"