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{{Short description|Species of flowering plant in the honeysuckle family Caprifoliaceae}}
{{speciesbox
{{Speciesbox
|image = SuccisaPratensis2.jpg
|image = SuccisaPratensis2.jpg
|genus = Succisa
|genus = Succisa
|species = pratensis
|species = pratensis
|authority = Moench
|authority = [[Conrad Moench|Moench]]
|synonyms_ref=<ref>{{cite web |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:320331-1 |title=''Succisa pratensis'' Moench |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2017 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=23 September 2020 }}</ref>
⚫
}}
|synonyms={{collapsible list|
*''Asterocephalus succisa'' <small>(L.) Wallr.</small>
*''Asterocephalus tomentosus'' <small>Spreng.</small>
*''Lepicephalus succisa'' <small>(L.) Eichw.</small>
*''Scabiosa borealis'' <small>Salisb.</small>
*''Scabiosa glabrata'' <small>Schott</small>
*''Scabiosa glabrata'' <small>Hegetschw.</small>
*''Scabiosa hirsuta'' <small>Mazziari</small>
*''Scabiosa praemorsa'' <small>Gilib.</small>
*''Scabiosa prolifera'' <small>Mazziari</small>
*''Scabiosa succisa'' <small>L.</small>
*''Scabiosa succisa'' var. ''arenaria'' <small>Rouy</small>
*''Scabiosa succisa'' var. ''grandifolia'' <small>Rouy</small>
*''Scabiosa succisa'' var. ''ovalis'' <small>Rouy</small>
*''Succisa altissima'' <small>Schur</small>
*''Succisa angustula'' <small>Jord. & Fourr.</small>
*''Succisa aurigerana'' <small>Jord. & Fourr.</small>
*''Succisa beugesiaca'' <small>Jord. & Fourr.</small>
*''Succisa brevis'' <small>Jord. & Fourr.</small>
*''Succisa cagiriensis'' <small>Jeanb. & Timb.-Lagr.</small>
*''Succisa cuspidata'' <small>Jord.</small>
*''Succisa dentata'' <small>Jord. & Fourr.</small>
*''Succisa elliptica'' <small>Jeanb. & Timb.-Lagr.</small>
*''Succisa fuchsii'' <small>Gray</small>
*''Succisa fuscescens'' <small>Jord. & Fourr.</small>
*''Succisa gigantea'' <small>Jeanb. & Timb.-Lagr.</small>
*''Succisa glabrata'' <small>Jord. & Fourr.</small>
*''Succisa glabrata'' <small>(Schott) Sweet</small>
*''Succisa gracilescens'' <small>Jord. & Fourr.</small>
*''Succisa incisa'' <small>Jord. & Fourr.</small>
*''Succisa laetevirens'' <small>Jord. & Fourr.</small>
*''Succisa microcephala'' <small>Jord. & Fourr.</small>
*''Succisa palustris'' <small>Sass</small>
*''Succisa parvula'' <small>Jord. & Fourr.</small>
*''Succisa platyphylla'' <small>Jord. & Fourr.</small>
*''Succisa praemorsa'' <small>Asch.</small>
*''Succisa pratensis'' var. ''arenaria'' <small>(Rouy) P.D.Sell</small>
*''Succisa pratensis'' var. ''grandifolia'' <small>(Rouy) P.D.Sell</small>
*''Succisa pratensis'' subsp. ''hirsuta'' <small>(Opiz) Chrtek</small>
*''Succisa pratensis'' var. ''ovalis'' <small>(Rouy) P.D.Sell</small>
*''Succisa pratensis'' subsp. ''scotiaca'' <small>(Baksay) Chrtek</small>
*''Succisa pratensis'' var. ''subacaulis'' <small>(Bernardin) P.D.Sell</small>
*''Succisa prativaga'' <small>Jord. & Fourr.</small>
*''Succisa procera'' <small>Jord. & Fourr.</small>
*''Succisa propera'' <small>Jord. & Fourr.</small>
*''Succisa pyrenaica'' <small>Jord. & Fourr.</small>
*''Succisa rhodanensis'' <small>Jord. & Fourr.</small>
*''Succisa sabauda'' <small>Jord. & Fourr.</small>
*''Succisa stricta'' <small>Jord. & Fourr.</small>
*''Succisa subacaulis'' <small>Bernardin</small>
*''Succisa sylvatica'' <small>Jord. & Fourr.</small>
*''Succisa tardans'' <small>Jord. & Fourr.</small>
*''Succisa viretorum'' <small>Jord. & Fourr.</small>
*''Succisa vogesiaca'' <small>Jord. & Fourr.</small>
*''Succisa vulgaris'' <small>J.Presl & C.Presl</small>
⚫
}}}}


'''''Succisa pratensis''''', also known as '''devil's-bit''' or '''devil's-bit scabious''', is a [[flowering plant]] in the [[honeysuckle]] family [[Caprifoliaceae]]. It differs from other similar species in that it has four-lobed flowers, whereas small scabious and [[field scabious]] have five lobes and hence it has been placed in a separate genus in the same family.<ref>Wild Flowers of Britain and Ireland by Rae Spencer Jones and Sarah Cuttle</ref> It also grows on damper ground.<ref>The Illustrated Wild Flower Finder's Calendar</ref>
'''''Succisa pratensis''''', also known as '''devil's-bit''' or '''devil's-bit scabious''', is a [[flowering plant]] in the [[honeysuckle]] family [[Caprifoliaceae]]. It differs from other similar species in that it has four-lobed flowers, whereas ''[[Scabiosa columbaria]]'' (small scabious) and ''[[Knautia arvensis]]'' (field scabious) have five lobes and hence it has been placed in a separate genus in the same family.<ref>Wild Flowers of Britain and Ireland by Rae Spencer Jones and Sarah Cuttle</ref> It also grows on damper ground.<ref>The Illustrated Wild Flower Finder's Calendar</ref>


==Name==
==Name==
Species of scabious were used to treat [[scabies]], and other afflictions of the skin including sores caused by the [[bubonic plague]].<ref>Kingfisher Field Guides - Wild Flowers of Britain and Northern Europe</ref> The word scabies comes from the [[Latin]] word for "scratch" (scabere). The short black root was in folk tales bitten off by the devil, angry at the plant's ability to cure these ailments,<ref>The I-Spy Guide to Wild Flowers by Michelin</ref> in anger against the [[Virgin Mary]],<ref>Wild Flowers of Britain by Roger Phillips</ref> or as part of some 'devilish plot'.<ref>Wild Flowers of Britain and Ireland by Marjorie Blamey, Richard Fitter, Alastair Fitter</ref>
Species of scabious were used to treat [[scabies]], and other afflictions of the skin including sores caused by the [[bubonic plague]].<ref>Kingfisher Field Guides - Wild Flowers of Britain and Northern Europe</ref> The word scabies comes from the [[Latin]] word for "scratch" (scabere). In folk tales, the short black root was bitten off by the devil, for various reasons: anger at the plant's ability to cure these ailments,<ref>The I-Spy Guide to Wild Flowers by Michelin</ref> anger against the [[Virgin Mary]],<ref>Wild Flowers of Britain by Roger Phillips</ref> or as part of some 'devilish plot'.<ref>Wild Flowers of Britain and Ireland by Marjorie Blamey, Richard Fitter, Alastair Fitter</ref> The Latin [[binomial nomenclature|specific epithet]] ''pratensis'' literally means "of the meadow".<ref name=RHSLG>{{cite book | last=Harrison |first=Lorraine | title=RHS Latin for Gardeners | year=2012 |publisher=Mitchell Beazley | location=United Kingdom | isbn=978-1845337315 }}</ref>


==Description==
==Description==
''Succisa pratensis'' is a perennial herb up to 1m tall, growing from a basal rosette of simple or distantly-toothed, lanceolate leaves. Its unlobed leaves distinguish it from ''[[Knautia arvensis]]'' ([[field scabious]]).<ref>Usborne Spotter's Handbook of Birds, Trees, Wildflowers</ref> The plant may be distinguished from ''[[Centaurea scabiosa]]'' ([[greater knapweed]]) by having its leaves in opposite pairs, not alternate as in knapweed. The bluish to violet (occasionally pink) flowers are borne in tight [[Pseudanthium|compound flower heads]] or capitula. Individual flowers are tetramerous, with a four-lobed epicalyx and calyx and a four-lobed corolla.<ref name=Stace>{{cite book|last=Stace|first=C. A.|authorlink = Stace, C. A.|year=2010|title=New Flora of the British Isles|edition=Third|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location = Cambridge, U.K.| page=796|isbn=9780521707725}}</ref> Male and female flowers are produced on different flower heads (gynodioecious), the female flower heads being smaller.<ref>A photographic guide to Wildflowers of Britain and Europe by Paul Sterry and Bob Press</ref> The flowering period in the British Isles is from June until October.<ref name="Clapham 81">{{cite book |last1=Clapham |first1=A.R. |last2=Tutin |first2=T.G. |last3=Warburg |first3=E.F. |date=1981 |title=Excursion Flora of the British Isles |edition=Third |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0521232902 }}</ref>{{rp|312}}
''Succisa pratensis'' is a [[herbaceous]] [[perennial plant|perennial]] up to 1m tall, growing from a basal rosette of simple or distantly-toothed, [[lanceolate]] leaves. Its unlobed leaves distinguish it from ''[[Knautia arvensis]]'' ([[field scabious]]).<ref>Usborne Spotter's Handbook of Birds, Trees, Wildflowers</ref> The plant may be distinguished from ''[[Centaurea scabiosa]]'' ([[greater knapweed]]) by having its leaves in opposite pairs, not alternate as in knapweed. The bluish to violet (occasionally pink) flowers are borne in tight [[Pseudanthium|compound flower heads]] or capitula. Individual flowers are tetramerous, with a four-lobed epicalyx and calyx and a four-lobed corolla.<ref name=Stace>{{cite book|last=Stace|first=C. A.|author-link = Stace, C. A.|year=2010|title=New Flora of the British Isles|url=https://archive.org/details/newflorabritishi00stac|url-access=limited|edition=Third|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location = Cambridge, U.K.| page=[https://archive.org/details/newflorabritishi00stac/page/n831 796]|isbn=9780521707725}}</ref> Male and female flowers are produced on different flower heads (gynodioecious), the female flower heads being smaller.<ref>A photographic guide to Wildflowers of Britain and Europe by Paul Sterry and Bob Press</ref> The flowering period in the British Isles is from June until October.<ref name="Clapham 81">{{cite book |last1=Clapham |first1=A.R. |last2=Tutin |first2=T.G. |last3=Warburg |first3=E.F. |date=1981 |title=Excursion Flora of the British Isles |edition=Third |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0521232902 }}</ref>{{rp|312}}


==Distribution==
==Distribution==
''Succisa pratensis'' is common throughout most of the [[British Isles]],<ref name=Stace/> western and central Europe, extending eastwards into central Asia. It is absent from eastern Asia.<ref name=DVF>{{cite web|url=http://linnaeus.nrm.se/flora/di/dipsaca/succi/succprav.jpg|first=Arne|last=Anderberg|title=''Succisa pratensis'' Moench Sw.|publisher=Naturhistoriska riksmuseet, Stockholm}}</ref> It has been introduced to eastern North America.<ref>{{PLANTS|id=SUPR|taxon=Succisa pratensis|accessdate=4 December 2015}}</ref>
''Succisa pratensis'' is common throughout most of the [[British Isles]],<ref name=Stace/> western and central Europe, extending eastwards into central Asia. It is absent from eastern Asia.<ref name=DVF>{{cite web|url=http://linnaeus.nrm.se/flora/di/dipsaca/succi/succprav.jpg|first=Arne|last=Anderberg|title=''Succisa pratensis'' Moench Sw.|publisher=Naturhistoriska riksmuseet, Stockholm}}</ref> It has been introduced to eastern North America.<ref>{{PLANTS|id=SUPR|taxon=Succisa pratensis|access-date=4 December 2015}}</ref>


==Ecology==
==Ecology==
It grows in wet or dry grassland and heath on acid or basic soils<ref name=Stace/> and is found in hedgerows, marshes, meadows and pastures.<ref name="Clapham 68">Clapham, A.R., Tutin, T.G. and Warburg, E.F. 1968. ''Excursion Flora of the British Isles''. Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|9780521046565}}</ref>[[File:Blauwe knoop met vlinders-Stichting Natuurbeelden-170804.webm|thumb|''Succisa pratensis'' is a good source of nectar]]
It grows in wet or dry grassland and heath on acid or basic soils<ref name=Stace/> and is found in hedgerows, marshes, meadows and pastures.<ref name="Clapham 68">Clapham, A.R., Tutin, T.G. and Warburg, E.F. 1968. ''Excursion Flora of the British Isles''. Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|9780521046565}}</ref>[[File:Blauwe knoop met vlinders-Stichting Natuurbeelden-170804.webm|thumb|''Succisa pratensis'' is a good source of nectar]]
The flowers are visited by various types of insects, but especially frequently by [[hoverfly|hoverflies]] of the genus ''[[Eristalis]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1111/plb.12328| title = Competition for pollinators and intra-communal spectral dissimilarity of flowers| journal = Plant Biology| pages = | year = 2015| last1 = Van Der Kooi | first1 = C. J.| last2 = Pen | first2 = I.| last3 = Staal | first3 = M.| last4 = Stavenga | first4 = D. G.| last5 = Elzenga | first5 = J. T. M.| url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Casper_Van_Der_Kooi/publication/273158762_Competition_for_pollinators_and_intracommunal_spectral_dissimilarity_of_flowers/links/553122910cf2f2a588ace06c.pdf?origin=publication_detail&ev=pub_int_prw_xdl&msrp=156o8z3LbHGvSYKAR%2BxM7a0%2BD7zBXCIlIRZA4sCK%2FwDY4dQUizWow4itk77Rb0zcqcye6%2BGxNrJpPjT%2F6rYpOE0YD5myTyQp7ORfnfI5DfU%3D_aoupfL8XxKQD0uLWnjpkK5W0d3LW8onR1q4bPYB94Oj3S4rNfG9H3VEZaoDog5H1K3yCHsSHJ6P3kIO1KHSbvQ%3D%3D&inViewer=1}}</ref> It is a good source of nectar and is the larval food plant of the [[marsh fritillary]],<ref>Howarth, T.G.1973. ''South's British Butterflies.'' p129. Frederick Warne & Co. Ltd. {{ISBN|0-7232-1499-9}}</ref> the eggs of which are laid in groups on the underside of the plant, and the narrow-bordered bee hawk-moth (''[[Hemaris tityus]]''). As both invertebrates are rare,<ref name="ButterflyConservation - MarshFritellary">{{cite web |last1=Searle |first1=Mark |title=Marsh Fritillary |url=https://butterfly-conservation.org/butterflies/marsh-fritillary |website=Butterfly conservation |publisher=https://butterfly-conservation.org/butterflies/marsh-fritillary |accessdate=9 September 2018}}</ref><ref name="ButterflyConservation-Narrow-bordered Bee Hawk-moth">{{cite web |last1=Gor |first1=Adam |title=Narrow-bordered Bee Hawk-moth |url=https://butterfly-conservation.org/moths/narrow-bordered-bee-hawk-moth |website=Butterfly Conservation |publisher=Butterfly Conservation |accessdate=9 September 2018}}</ref> their survival relies on careful management of sites containing these plant and butterfly species.
The flowers are visited by various types of insects, but especially frequently by [[hoverfly|hoverflies]] of the genus ''[[Eristalis]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1111/plb.12328| title = Competition for pollinators and intra-communal spectral dissimilarity of flowers| journal = Plant Biology| pages = 56–62| year = 2015| last1 = Van Der Kooi | first1 = C. J.| last2 = Pen | first2 = I.| last3 = Staal | first3 = M.| last4 = Stavenga | first4 = D. G.| last5 = Elzenga | first5 = J. T. M.| url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273158762 | pmid=25754608 | volume=18| issue = 1}}</ref> It is a good source of nectar and is the larval food plant of the [[marsh fritillary]],<ref>Howarth, T.G.1973. ''South's British Butterflies.'' p129. Frederick Warne & Co. Ltd. {{ISBN|0-7232-1499-9}}</ref> the eggs of which are laid in groups on the underside of the plant, and the narrow-bordered bee hawk-moth (''[[Hemaris tityus]]''). As both invertebrates are rare,<ref name="ButterflyConservation - MarshFritellary">{{cite web |last1=Searle |first1=Mark |title=Marsh Fritillary |url=https://butterfly-conservation.org/butterflies/marsh-fritillary |website=butterfly-conservation.org |access-date=9 September 2018}}</ref><ref name="ButterflyConservation-Narrow-bordered Bee Hawk-moth">{{cite web |last1=Gor |first1=Adam |title=Narrow-bordered Bee Hawk-moth |url=https://butterfly-conservation.org/moths/narrow-bordered-bee-hawk-moth |website=Butterfly Conservation |access-date=9 September 2018}}</ref> their survival relies on careful management of sites containing these plant and butterfly species.


It is parasitized by the [[Chytridiomycota|chytrid fungus]] ''[[Synchytrium]] succisae''.<ref>Karling, J.S. 1964. ''Synchytrium''.Academic Press: New York.</ref>
It is parasitized by the [[Chytridiomycota|chytrid fungus]] ''[[Synchytrium]] succisae''.<ref>Karling, J.S. 1964. ''Synchytrium''.Academic Press: New York.</ref>


==Management==
==Management==
{{citations needed|section|date=November 2018}}
{{more citations needed|section|date=November 2018}}
The aim is to produce an uneven patchwork of short and long vegetation by the end of the grazing period, between {{convert|8|and|25|cm|in|abbr=on}}. This is to allow the devil's bit scabious food plant to grow.
The aim is to produce an uneven patchwork of short and long vegetation by the end of the grazing period, between {{convert|8|and|25|cm|in|abbr=on}}. This is to allow the devil's bit scabious food plant to grow.


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Image:Succisa pratensis3 W.jpg|Closeup
Image:Succisa pratensis3 W.jpg|Closeup
Image:Succisa pratensis4 W.jpg|Underside
Image:Succisa pratensis4 W.jpg|Underside
Bloemknop van een blauwe knoop (Succisa pratensis). 29-08-2023. (d.j.b).jpg|Flower at bud stage
Bloem van een blauwe knoop (Succisa pratensis). 29-08-2023. (d.j.b).jpg|Flower in full bloom
</gallery>
</gallery>


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[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Succisa|pratensis]]
[[Category:Succisa|pratensis]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Conrad Moench]]

Latest revision as of 14:36, 18 July 2024

Succisa pratensis
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Dipsacales
Family: Caprifoliaceae
Genus: Succisa
Species:
S. pratensis
Binomial name
Succisa pratensis
Synonyms[1]
List
    • Asterocephalus succisa (L.) Wallr.
    • Asterocephalus tomentosus Spreng.
    • Lepicephalus succisa (L.) Eichw.
    • Scabiosa borealis Salisb.
    • Scabiosa glabrata Schott
    • Scabiosa glabrata Hegetschw.
    • Scabiosa hirsuta Mazziari
    • Scabiosa praemorsa Gilib.
    • Scabiosa prolifera Mazziari
    • Scabiosa succisa L.
    • Scabiosa succisa var. arenaria Rouy
    • Scabiosa succisa var. grandifolia Rouy
    • Scabiosa succisa var. ovalis Rouy
    • Succisa altissima Schur
    • Succisa angustula Jord. & Fourr.
    • Succisa aurigerana Jord. & Fourr.
    • Succisa beugesiaca Jord. & Fourr.
    • Succisa brevis Jord. & Fourr.
    • Succisa cagiriensis Jeanb. & Timb.-Lagr.
    • Succisa cuspidata Jord.
    • Succisa dentata Jord. & Fourr.
    • Succisa elliptica Jeanb. & Timb.-Lagr.
    • Succisa fuchsii Gray
    • Succisa fuscescens Jord. & Fourr.
    • Succisa gigantea Jeanb. & Timb.-Lagr.
    • Succisa glabrata Jord. & Fourr.
    • Succisa glabrata (Schott) Sweet
    • Succisa gracilescens Jord. & Fourr.
    • Succisa incisa Jord. & Fourr.
    • Succisa laetevirens Jord. & Fourr.
    • Succisa microcephala Jord. & Fourr.
    • Succisa palustris Sass
    • Succisa parvula Jord. & Fourr.
    • Succisa platyphylla Jord. & Fourr.
    • Succisa praemorsa Asch.
    • Succisa pratensis var. arenaria (Rouy) P.D.Sell
    • Succisa pratensis var. grandifolia (Rouy) P.D.Sell
    • Succisa pratensis subsp. hirsuta (Opiz) Chrtek
    • Succisa pratensis var. ovalis (Rouy) P.D.Sell
    • Succisa pratensis subsp. scotiaca (Baksay) Chrtek
    • Succisa pratensis var. subacaulis (Bernardin) P.D.Sell
    • Succisa prativaga Jord. & Fourr.
    • Succisa procera Jord. & Fourr.
    • Succisa propera Jord. & Fourr.
    • Succisa pyrenaica Jord. & Fourr.
    • Succisa rhodanensis Jord. & Fourr.
    • Succisa sabauda Jord. & Fourr.
    • Succisa stricta Jord. & Fourr.
    • Succisa subacaulis Bernardin
    • Succisa sylvatica Jord. & Fourr.
    • Succisa tardans Jord. & Fourr.
    • Succisa viretorum Jord. & Fourr.
    • Succisa vogesiaca Jord. & Fourr.
    • Succisa vulgaris J.Presl & C.Presl

Succisa pratensis, also known as devil's-bit or devil's-bit scabious, is a flowering plant in the honeysuckle family Caprifoliaceae. It differs from other similar species in that it has four-lobed flowers, whereas Scabiosa columbaria (small scabious) and Knautia arvensis (field scabious) have five lobes and hence it has been placed in a separate genus in the same family.[2] It also grows on damper ground.[3]

Name

[edit]

Species of scabious were used to treat scabies, and other afflictions of the skin including sores caused by the bubonic plague.[4] The word scabies comes from the Latin word for "scratch" (scabere). In folk tales, the short black root was bitten off by the devil, for various reasons: anger at the plant's ability to cure these ailments,[5] anger against the Virgin Mary,[6] or as part of some 'devilish plot'.[7] The Latin specific epithet pratensis literally means "of the meadow".[8]

Description

[edit]

Succisa pratensis is a herbaceous perennial up to 1m tall, growing from a basal rosette of simple or distantly-toothed, lanceolate leaves. Its unlobed leaves distinguish it from Knautia arvensis (field scabious).[9] The plant may be distinguished from Centaurea scabiosa (greater knapweed) by having its leaves in opposite pairs, not alternate as in knapweed. The bluish to violet (occasionally pink) flowers are borne in tight compound flower heads or capitula. Individual flowers are tetramerous, with a four-lobed epicalyx and calyx and a four-lobed corolla.[10] Male and female flowers are produced on different flower heads (gynodioecious), the female flower heads being smaller.[11] The flowering period in the British Isles is from June until October.[12]: 312 

Distribution

[edit]

Succisa pratensis is common throughout most of the British Isles,[10] western and central Europe, extending eastwards into central Asia. It is absent from eastern Asia.[13] It has been introduced to eastern North America.[14]

Ecology

[edit]

It grows in wet or dry grassland and heath on acid or basic soils[10] and is found in hedgerows, marshes, meadows and pastures.[15]

Succisa pratensis is a good source of nectar

The flowers are visited by various types of insects, but especially frequently by hoverflies of the genus Eristalis.[16] It is a good source of nectar and is the larval food plant of the marsh fritillary,[17] the eggs of which are laid in groups on the underside of the plant, and the narrow-bordered bee hawk-moth (Hemaris tityus). As both invertebrates are rare,[18][19] their survival relies on careful management of sites containing these plant and butterfly species.

It is parasitized by the chytrid fungus Synchytrium succisae.[20]

Management

[edit]

The aim is to produce an uneven patchwork of short and long vegetation by the end of the grazing period, between 8 and 25 cm (3.1 and 9.8 in). This is to allow the devil's bit scabious food plant to grow.

This can be achieved through low intensity grazing (also known as extensive grazing) using cattle. Sheep are not so good as they are more efficient at removing wild plants.

[edit]
  • Bloom
    Bloom
  • Succisa pratensis on the German island Hiddensee
    Succisa pratensis on the German island Hiddensee
  • White-flowered form with the honey bee
    White-flowered form with the honey bee
  • Foliage in situ showing leaf arrangement
    Foliage in situ showing leaf arrangement
  • Closeup
    Closeup
  • Underside
    Underside
  • Flower at bud stage
    Flower at bud stage
  • Flower in full bloom
    Flower in full bloom

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Succisa pratensis Moench". Plants of the World Online. Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2017. Retrieved 23 September 2020.
  2. ^ Wild Flowers of Britain and Ireland by Rae Spencer Jones and Sarah Cuttle
  3. ^ The Illustrated Wild Flower Finder's Calendar
  4. ^ Kingfisher Field Guides - Wild Flowers of Britain and Northern Europe
  5. ^ The I-Spy Guide to Wild Flowers by Michelin
  6. ^ Wild Flowers of Britain by Roger Phillips
  7. ^ Wild Flowers of Britain and Ireland by Marjorie Blamey, Richard Fitter, Alastair Fitter
  8. ^ Harrison, Lorraine (2012). RHS Latin for Gardeners. United Kingdom: Mitchell Beazley. ISBN 978-1845337315.
  9. ^ Usborne Spotter's Handbook of Birds, Trees, Wildflowers
  10. ^ a b c Stace, C. A. (2010). New Flora of the British Isles (Third ed.). Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. p. 796. ISBN 9780521707725.
  11. ^ A photographic guide to Wildflowers of Britain and Europe by Paul Sterry and Bob Press
  12. ^ Clapham, A.R.; Tutin, T.G.; Warburg, E.F. (1981). Excursion Flora of the British Isles (Third ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521232902.
  13. ^ Anderberg, Arne. "Succisa pratensis Moench Sw". Naturhistoriska riksmuseet, Stockholm.
  14. ^ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "​Succisa pratensis​". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
  15. ^ Clapham, A.R., Tutin, T.G. and Warburg, E.F. 1968. Excursion Flora of the British Isles. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521046565
  16. ^ Van Der Kooi, C. J.; Pen, I.; Staal, M.; Stavenga, D. G.; Elzenga, J. T. M. (2015). "Competition for pollinators and intra-communal spectral dissimilarity of flowers". Plant Biology. 18 (1): 56–62. doi:10.1111/plb.12328. PMID 25754608.
  17. ^ Howarth, T.G.1973. South's British Butterflies. p129. Frederick Warne & Co. Ltd. ISBN 0-7232-1499-9
  18. ^ Searle, Mark. "Marsh Fritillary". butterfly-conservation.org. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
  19. ^ Gor, Adam. "Narrow-bordered Bee Hawk-moth". Butterfly Conservation. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
  20. ^ Karling, J.S. 1964. Synchytrium.Academic Press: New York.
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