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{{Short description|Franklin D. Roosevelt's tenure as the 44th Governor of New York}}
{{Refimprove|date=June 2007}}[[Image:Governor Roosevelt and Al Smith.jpg|right|thumb|Governor Roosevelt poses with his predecessor [[Al Smith]] for a publicity shot in Albany, New York, 1930]]
{{More citations needed|date=June 2007}}
{{Infobox administration
| image = Governor Roosevelt and Al Smith.jpg
| name = Governorship of Franklin D. Roosevelt
| term_start = January 1, 1929
| term_end = December 31, 1932
| governor = Franklin D. Roosevelt
| governor_link = Governor of New York
| cabinet =
| party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
| election = [[1928 New York state election|1928]], [[1930 New York state election|1930]]
| seat = [[New York State Executive Mansion|Executive Mansion]]
| predecessor = Al Smith
| successor = Herbert H. Lehman
| seal = Privy Seal of New York.svg
| seal_caption = Seal of the Governor<br>(since 2013)
}}


'''[[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]''' was elected '''[[governor of New York]]''' in 1928 and served from 1 January 1929 until his election as [[President of the United States]] in 1932. His term as governor provided him with a high-visibility position in which to prove himself as well as provide a major base from which to launch a bid for the presidency.
[[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] was elected [[governor of New York]] in 1928 and served from January 1, 1929, until shortly after his election as [[President of the United States]] in 1932. His term as governor provided him with a high-visibility position in which to prove himself as well as provide a major base from which to launch a bid for the presidency.


After several years out of politics following his defeat for vice president in the [[United States presidential election, 1920|1920 presidential election]], by 1928, Roosevelt believed he had recovered sufficiently to resume his political career. He had been careful to maintain his contacts in the Democratic Party. In 1924, he had attended the [[1924 Democratic National Convention]] and made a presidential nomination speech for the then-governor of [[New York (state)|New York]], [[Al Smith]]. Although Smith was not nominated, he ran again in 1928, and Roosevelt again supported him. This time, he became the Democratic candidate, and he urged Roosevelt to run for governor of New York.
After several years out of politics following his defeat for vice president in the [[1920 United States presidential election|1920 presidential election]], by 1928, Roosevelt believed he had recovered sufficiently to resume his political career. He had been careful to maintain his contacts in the Democratic Party. In 1924, he had attended the [[1924 Democratic National Convention]] and made a presidential nomination speech for the then-governor of [[New York (state)|New York]], [[Al Smith]]. Although Smith was not nominated, he ran again in 1928, and Roosevelt again supported him. This time, he became the Democratic candidate, and he urged Roosevelt to run for governor of New York.


==Election==
==Election==
⚫
{{See also|1928 New York state election}}
Governor [[Alfred E. Smith]] had unsuccessfully contended for the Democratic presidential nomination in 1924.<ref>{{cite book |last=Grondahl |first=Paul |date=2007 |title=Mayor Erastus Corning: Albany Icon, Albany Enigma |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PfdU14bq2LUC&pg=PA64 |location=Albany, NY |publisher=State University of New York Press |page=64-65 |isbn=978-0-7914-7294-1 |ref={{sfnRef|''Mayor Erastus Corning: Albany Icon, Albany Enigma''}}}}</ref> With Smith appearing likely win to reelection in 1926, and to obtain the presidential nomination in 1928, New York state's Democratic leaders began consideration in early 1926 of potential candidates to succeed Smith.{{sfn|''Mayor Erastus Corning: Albany Icon, Albany Enigma''|pages=64-65}} The first choice was [[William Stormont Hackett]], the [[Mayor of Albany, New York|Mayor of Albany]], who informed supporters that he planned to make the 1928 race.{{sfn|''Mayor Erastus Corning: Albany Icon, Albany Enigma''|pages=64-65}} After Hackett died in a March 1926 accident, party leaders next considered [[Edwin Corning]], the [[New York State Democratic Committee|state Democratic Party]] chairman, who ran successfully for [[Lieutenant Governor of New York|lieutenant governor]] in 1926.{{sfn|''Mayor Erastus Corning: Albany Icon, Albany Enigma''|pages=64-65}} Corning declined the 1928 race because he was in increasingly poor health, and retired from business and political life after leaving the lieutenant governor's office in December 1928.{{sfn|''Mayor Erastus Corning: Albany Icon, Albany Enigma''|pages=64-65}} In mid-1928, [[Peter G. Ten Eyck]], [[Townsend Scudder]], and [[George R. Lunn]] were also considered, but did not attract wide support.<ref>{{cite news |last=Suydam |first=Henry |date=October 1, 1928 |title=Governor Holds to a faint Hope for Roosevelt |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/57551670/ |work=[[Brooklyn Eagle|brooklyn Daily Eagle]] |location=Brooklyn, NY |subscription=yes |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |page=2}}</ref>
Governor [[Alfred E. Smith]] had unsuccessfully contended for the Democratic presidential nomination in 1924.<ref>{{cite book |last=Grondahl |first=Paul |date=2007 |title=Mayor Erastus Corning: Albany Icon, Albany Enigma |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PfdU14bq2LUC&pg=PA64 |location=Albany, NY |publisher=State University of New York Press |pages=64–65 |isbn=978-0-7914-7294-1 |ref={{sfnRef|''Mayor Erastus Corning: Albany Icon, Albany Enigma''}}}}</ref> With Smith appearing likely win to reelection in 1926, and to obtain the presidential nomination in 1928, New York state's Democratic leaders began consideration in early 1926 of potential candidates to succeed Smith.{{sfn|''Mayor Erastus Corning: Albany Icon, Albany Enigma''|pages=64-65}} The first choice was [[William Stormont Hackett]], the [[Mayor of Albany, New York|Mayor of Albany]], who informed supporters that he planned to make the 1928 race.{{sfn|''Mayor Erastus Corning: Albany Icon, Albany Enigma''|pages=64-65}} After Hackett died in a March 1926 accident, party leaders next considered [[Edwin Corning]], the [[New York State Democratic Committee|state Democratic Party]] chairman, who ran successfully for [[Lieutenant Governor of New York|lieutenant governor]] in 1926.{{sfn|''Mayor Erastus Corning: Albany Icon, Albany Enigma''|pages=64-65}} Corning declined the 1928 race because he was in increasingly poor health, and retired from business and political life after leaving the lieutenant governor's office in December 1928.{{sfn|''Mayor Erastus Corning: Albany Icon, Albany Enigma''|pages=64-65}} In mid-1928, [[Peter G. Ten Eyck]], [[Townsend Scudder]], and [[George R. Lunn]] were also considered, but did not attract wide support.<ref>{{cite news |last=Suydam |first=Henry |date=October 1, 1928 |title=Governor Holds to a Faint Hope for Roosevelt |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/57551670/ |work=[[Brooklyn Eagle|Brooklyn Daily Eagle]] |location=Brooklyn, NY |url-access=subscription |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |page=2}}</ref>


With one month before the November 1928 election, Democrats had not yet chosen anyone to replace Smith, who needed a strong gubernatorial candidate to help him win the state's 47 electoral votes, and Smith decided to support Roosevelt. Although Roosevelt was the ideal complement to Smith as a prominent rural, upstate Protestant without strong views on [[Prohibition in the United States|Prohibition]] who had supported [[Woodrow Wilson]], he was very reluctant to run. Roosevelt was not sure he would win, and wished to continue his physical therapy at [[Warm Springs Historic District|Warm Springs]]. Close aide [[Louis Howe]] urged him to wait; as [[Herbert Hoover]] would surely defeat Smith and likely serve two terms as president, being elected governor in 1932 would be better timing for the [[United States presidential election, 1936|1936 presidential election]]. After failing to persuade Roosevelt through many phone calls and telegrams from late September, on October 2, Smith finally got him to agree to run if nominated; the state convention did so the next day.<ref name="gunther1950">{{cite book | url=https://archive.org/details/rooseveltinretro00gunt | title=Roosevelt in Retrospect | publisher=Harper & Brothers | author=Gunther, John | year=1950 | pages=251–253}}</ref> Roosevelt had to make his peace with [[Tammany Hall]] to obtain its support, which he did with some reluctance. In the November election, Smith was heavily defeated nationwide by Republican candidate [[Herbert Hoover]], and narrowly lost New York, but Roosevelt was elected governor by a margin of 25,608 votes out of more than 4 million votes cast,<ref>Jean Edward Smith, ''FDR'' (2007), p.228</ref> defeating Republican candidate [[Albert Ottinger]].
With one month before the November 1928 election, Democrats had not yet chosen anyone to replace Smith, who needed a strong gubernatorial candidate to help him win the state's 47 electoral votes, and Smith decided to support Roosevelt. Although Roosevelt was the ideal complement to Smith as a prominent rural, upstate Protestant without strong views on [[Prohibition in the United States|Prohibition]] who had supported [[Woodrow Wilson]], he was very reluctant to run. Roosevelt was not sure he would win, and wished to continue his physical therapy at [[Warm Springs Historic District|Warm Springs]]. Close aide [[Louis Howe]] urged him to wait; as [[Herbert Hoover]] would surely defeat Smith and likely serve two terms as president, being elected governor in 1932 would be better timing for the [[1936 United States presidential election|1936 presidential election]]. After failing to persuade Roosevelt through many phone calls and telegrams from late September, on October 2, Smith finally got him to agree to run if nominated; the state convention did so the next day.<ref name="gunther1950">{{cite book | url=https://archive.org/details/rooseveltinretro00gunt | title=Roosevelt in Retrospect | publisher=Harper & Brothers | author=Gunther, John | year=1950 | pages=251–253}}</ref> Roosevelt had to make his peace with [[Tammany Hall]] to obtain its support, which he did with some reluctance. In the November election, Smith was heavily defeated nationwide by Republican candidate [[Herbert Hoover]], and narrowly lost New York, but Roosevelt was elected governor by a margin of 25,608 votes out of more than 4 million votes cast,<ref>Jean Edward Smith, ''FDR'' (2007), p.228</ref> defeating Republican candidate [[Albert Ottinger]].


==First term 1929-1931==
==First term (1929–1931)==
Roosevelt came to office in 1929 as a reform Democrat, but with no overall plan. He tackled official corruption by dismissing Smith's cronies and renamed the [[New York Public Service Commission]]. He addressed New York's growing need for power through the development of [[hydroelectricity]] on the [[Saint Lawrence River|St. Lawrence River]]. He reformed the state's prison administration and built a new state prison at [[Attica (town), New York|Attica]]. He had a long feud with [[Robert Moses]], the state's most powerful public servant, whom he removed as Secretary of State but kept on as Parks Commissioner and head of [[urban planning]]. Moses was replaced with the Bronx's Democratic Boss [[Edward J. Flynn]]. When the [[Wall Street Crash of 1929|Wall Street crash]] in October 1929 ushered in the [[Great Depression]], Roosevelt started a relief system that later became the model for the New Deal's [[Federal Emergency Relief Administration]] (FERA). Roosevelt followed President [[Herbert Hoover]]'s advice and asked the state legislature for $20 million in relief funds, which he spent mainly on public works in the hope of stimulating demand and providing employment. Aid to the unemployed, he said, "must be extended by Government, not as a matter of charity, but as a matter of social duty." In his first term, Roosevelt famously said, "The United States Constitution has proved itself the most marvelously elastic compilation of rules of government ever written." He was referring to the belief he had that the Federal government would need to use more power in order to bring the country out of the Depression.
Roosevelt came to office in 1929 as a reform Democrat, but with no overall plan. He tackled official corruption by dismissing Smith's cronies and renamed the [[New York Public Service Commission]]. He addressed New York's growing need for power through the development of [[hydroelectricity]] on the [[Saint Lawrence River|St. Lawrence River]]. He reformed the state's prison administration and built a new state prison at [[Attica (town), New York|Attica]]. He had a long feud with [[Robert Moses]], the state's most powerful public servant, whom he removed as Secretary of State but kept on as Parks Commissioner and head of [[urban planning]]. Moses was replaced with the Bronx's Democratic Boss [[Edward J. Flynn]]. When the [[Wall Street Crash of 1929|Wall Street crash]] in October 1929 ushered in the [[Great Depression]], Roosevelt started a relief system that later became the model for the New Deal's [[Federal Emergency Relief Administration]] (FERA). Roosevelt followed President [[Herbert Hoover]]'s advice and asked the state legislature for $20 million in relief funds, which he spent mainly on public works in the hope of stimulating demand and providing employment. Aid to the unemployed, he said, "must be extended by Government, not as a matter of charity, but as a matter of social duty." In his first term, Roosevelt famously said, "The United States Constitution has proved itself the most marvelously elastic compilation of rules of government ever written." He was referring to the belief he had that the Federal government would need to use more power in order to bring the country out of the Depression.


⚫
==Tammany Hall and second term (1931–1932)==
==Economic policies==
{{See also|1930 New York state election}}
Roosevelt took advice from leading academics and social workers, and also from Eleanor, who had developed a network of friends in the welfare and labor fields and who took a close interest in social questions. On Eleanor's recommendation, he appointed one of her friends, [[Frances Perkins]], as Labor Secretary, and there was a sweeping reform of the labor laws. He established the first state relief agency under [[Harry Hopkins]], who became a key adviser, and urged the legislature to pass an old age pension bill and an unemployment insurance bill.


⚫
The main weakness of the Roosevelt administration was the blatant corruption of the [[Tammany Hall]] machine in [[New York City]], where the mayor, [[Jimmy Walker]], was the puppet of Tammany boss John F. Curry, and where corruption of all kinds was rife.<ref>{{cite book |last=Pietrusza |first=David |date=2016 |title=1932: The Rise of Hitler and FDR |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2st_CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA212 |location=Guilford, CT |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |page=212 |isbn=978-1-4930-1805-5 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> Roosevelt had made his name as an opponent of Tammany, but he needed the machine's goodwill to be re-elected in 1930 and for a possible future presidential bid. In response to various allegations of public corruption among the judiciary, police force, the city government, and organized crime, Roosevelt began the [[Seabury Commission]] investigations in 1930. Many public officials were removed from office.<ref>{{cite book|last=Allen|first=Oliver E.|title=The Tiger: The Rise and Fall of Tammany Hall|date=1993|publisher=Addison-Wesley Publishing Company|pages=[https://archive.org/details/tigerrisefalloft00alle/page/233 233-250]|isbn=0-201-62463-X|url=https://archive.org/details/tigerrisefalloft00alle/page/233|url-access=registration}}</ref>
⚫
==Tammany Hall and re-election Second Term 1931-1932==
⚫
{{main|1930 New York state election}}

⚫
The main weakness of the Roosevelt administration was the blatant corruption of the [[Tammany Hall]] machine in [[New York City]], where the mayor, [[Jimmy Walker]], was the puppet of Tammany boss John F. Curry, and where corruption of all kinds was rife. Roosevelt had made his name as an opponent of Tammany{{Citation needed|date=September 2008}}, but he needed the machine's goodwill to be re-elected in 1930 and for a possible future presidential bid. In response to various allegations of public corruption among the judiciary, police force, the city government, and organized crime, Roosevelt began the [[Seabury Commission]] investigations in 1930. Many public officials were removed from office.<ref>{{cite book|last=Allen|first=Oliver E.|title=The Tiger: The Rise and Fall of Tammany Hall|date=1993|publisher=Addison-Wesley Publishing Company|pp=233-250|isbn=0-201-62463-X|url=https://www.questia.com/library/100781519/the-tiger-the-rise-and-fall-of-tammany-hall}}</ref>


On September 28, 1930, the Republican state convention nominated former U.S. Attorney [[Charles H. Tuttle]] for the governorship and State Senator [[Caleb H. Baumes]] for lieutenant governor. With Tuttle losing Republican support because he was regarded as insufficiently "dry" on the Prohibition question (he favored prohibiting the sale and transportation of alcohol but thought it was a state issue, not federal), and the electoral tide turning towards Democrats as voters largely blamed Republicans for the [[Great Depression]], Roosevelt and Lieutenant Governor [[Herbert H. Lehman]] won landslide reelections in November, leaving Roosevelt well-positioned to run for president in 1932.
On September 28, 1930, the Republican state convention nominated former U.S. Attorney [[Charles H. Tuttle]] for the governorship and State Senator [[Caleb H. Baumes]] for lieutenant governor. With Tuttle losing Republican support because he was regarded as insufficiently "dry" on the Prohibition question (he favored prohibiting the sale and transportation of alcohol but thought it was a state issue, not federal), and the electoral tide turning towards Democrats as voters largely blamed Republicans for the [[Great Depression]], Roosevelt and Lieutenant Governor [[Herbert H. Lehman]] won landslide reelections in November, leaving Roosevelt well-positioned to run for president in 1932.


Roosevelt's second term in Albany was focused on measures to counter the effects of the Depression, including Temporary Emergency Relief Administration to provide public works employment, unemployment compensation, banking reform, and reforestation of marginal farmland. In August 1932, Roosevelt forced Tammany's hand on the corruption issue by convening a public hearing on the question of removing Walker as mayor. Walker resigned on September 1, following a State Supreme Court ruling upholding the governor's authority to remove him for cause.
Roosevelt's second term in Albany was focused on measures to counter the effects of the Depression, including the Temporary Emergency Relief Administration to provide public works employment, as well as legislation on unemployment compensation, banking reform, and reforestation of marginal farmland. In August 1932, Roosevelt forced Tammany's hand on the corruption issue by convening a public hearing on the question of removing Walker as mayor. Walker resigned on September 1, following a State Supreme Court ruling upholding the governor's authority to remove him for cause.


==References==
==References==
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{{Franklin D. Roosevelt}}
{{Franklin D. Roosevelt}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Franklin D. Roosevelt's Terms As Governor Of New York}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Roosevelt, Franklin}}
[[Category:Franklin D. Roosevelt|Governor]]
[[Category:Franklin D. Roosevelt|Governor]]
[[Category:Governorships of U.S. states]]
[[Category:Governorships of U.S. states]]
[[Category:Governor of New York (state)]]
[[Category:Early lives of the presidents of the United States]]

Revision as of 18:04, 17 July 2024

vernorship of Franklin D. Roosevelt
Governorship of Franklin D. Roosevelt
January 1, 1929 – December 31, 1932
Franklin D. Roosevelt
PartyDemocratic
Election1928, 1930
SeatExecutive Mansion
← Al Smith
Herbert H. Lehman →

Seal of the Governor
(since 2013)

Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected governor of New York in 1928 and served from January 1, 1929, until shortly after his election as President of the United States in 1932. His term as governor provided him with a high-visibility position in which to prove himself as well as provide a major base from which to launch a bid for the presidency.

After several years out of politics following his defeat for vice president in the 1920 presidential election, by 1928, Roosevelt believed he had recovered sufficiently to resume his political career. He had been careful to maintain his contacts in the Democratic Party. In 1924, he had attended the 1924 Democratic National Convention and made a presidential nomination speech for the then-governor of New York, Al Smith. Although Smith was not nominated, he ran again in 1928, and Roosevelt again supported him. This time, he became the Democratic candidate, and he urged Roosevelt to run for governor of New York.

Election

See also: 1928 New York state election

Governor Alfred E. Smith had unsuccessfully contended for the Democratic presidential nomination in 1924.[1] With Smith appearing likely win to reelection in 1926, and to obtain the presidential nomination in 1928, New York state's Democratic leaders began consideration in early 1926 of potential candidates to succeed Smith.[2] The first choice was William Stormont Hackett, the Mayor of Albany, who informed supporters that he planned to make the 1928 race.[2] After Hackett died in a March 1926 accident, party leaders next considered Edwin Corning, the state Democratic Party chairman, who ran successfully for lieutenant governor in 1926.[2] Corning declined the 1928 race because he was in increasingly poor health, and retired from business and political life after leaving the lieutenant governor's office in December 1928.[2] In mid-1928, Peter G. Ten Eyck, Townsend Scudder, and George R. Lunn were also considered, but did not attract wide support.[3]

With one month before the November 1928 election, Democrats had not yet chosen anyone to replace Smith, who needed a strong gubernatorial candidate to help him win the state's 47 electoral votes, and Smith decided to support Roosevelt. Although Roosevelt was the ideal complement to Smith as a prominent rural, upstate Protestant without strong views on Prohibition who had supported Woodrow Wilson, he was very reluctant to run. Roosevelt was not sure he would win, and wished to continue his physical therapy at Warm Springs. Close aide Louis Howe urged him to wait; as Herbert Hoover would surely defeat Smith and likely serve two terms as president, being elected governor in 1932 would be better timing for the 1936 presidential election. After failing to persuade Roosevelt through many phone calls and telegrams from late September, on October 2, Smith finally got him to agree to run if nominated; the state convention did so the next day.[4] Roosevelt had to make his peace with Tammany Hall to obtain its support, which he did with some reluctance. In the November election, Smith was heavily defeated nationwide by Republican candidate Herbert Hoover, and narrowly lost New York, but Roosevelt was elected governor by a margin of 25,608 votes out of more than 4 million votes cast,[5] defeating Republican candidate Albert Ottinger.

First term (1929–1931)

Roosevelt came to office in 1929 as a reform Democrat, but with no overall plan. He tackled official corruption by dismissing Smith's cronies and renamed the New York Public Service Commission. He addressed New York's growing need for power through the development of hydroelectricity on the St. Lawrence River. He reformed the state's prison administration and built a new state prison at Attica. He had a long feud with Robert Moses, the state's most powerful public servant, whom he removed as Secretary of State but kept on as Parks Commissioner and head of urban planning. Moses was replaced with the Bronx's Democratic Boss Edward J. Flynn. When the Wall Street crash in October 1929 ushered in the Great Depression, Roosevelt started a relief system that later became the model for the New Deal's Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA). Roosevelt followed President Herbert Hoover's advice and asked the state legislature for $20 million in relief funds, which he spent mainly on public works in the hope of stimulating demand and providing employment. Aid to the unemployed, he said, "must be extended by Government, not as a matter of charity, but as a matter of social duty." In his first term, Roosevelt famously said, "The United States Constitution has proved itself the most marvelously elastic compilation of rules of government ever written." He was referring to the belief he had that the Federal government would need to use more power in order to bring the country out of the Depression.

Tammany Hall and second term (1931–1932)

See also: 1930 New York state election

The main weakness of the Roosevelt administration was the blatant corruption of the Tammany Hall machine in New York City, where the mayor, Jimmy Walker, was the puppet of Tammany boss John F. Curry, and where corruption of all kinds was rife.[6] Roosevelt had made his name as an opponent of Tammany, but he needed the machine's goodwill to be re-elected in 1930 and for a possible future presidential bid. In response to various allegations of public corruption among the judiciary, police force, the city government, and organized crime, Roosevelt began the Seabury Commission investigations in 1930. Many public officials were removed from office.[7]

On September 28, 1930, the Republican state convention nominated former U.S. Attorney Charles H. Tuttle for the governorship and State Senator Caleb H. Baumes for lieutenant governor. With Tuttle losing Republican support because he was regarded as insufficiently "dry" on the Prohibition question (he favored prohibiting the sale and transportation of alcohol but thought it was a state issue, not federal), and the electoral tide turning towards Democrats as voters largely blamed Republicans for the Great Depression, Roosevelt and Lieutenant Governor Herbert H. Lehman won landslide reelections in November, leaving Roosevelt well-positioned to run for president in 1932.

Roosevelt's second term in Albany was focused on measures to counter the effects of the Depression, including the Temporary Emergency Relief Administration to provide public works employment, as well as legislation on unemployment compensation, banking reform, and reforestation of marginal farmland. In August 1932, Roosevelt forced Tammany's hand on the corruption issue by convening a public hearing on the question of removing Walker as mayor. Walker resigned on September 1, following a State Supreme Court ruling upholding the governor's authority to remove him for cause.

References

  1. ^ Grondahl, Paul (2007). Mayor Erastus Corning: Albany Icon, Albany Enigma. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. pp. 64–65. ISBN 978-0-7914-7294-1.
  2. ^ a b c d Mayor Erastus Corning: Albany Icon, Albany Enigma, pp. 64–65.
  3. ^ Suydam, Henry (October 1, 1928). "Governor Holds to a Faint Hope for Roosevelt". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. Brooklyn, NY. p. 2 – via Newspapers.com.
  4. ^ Gunther, John (1950). Roosevelt in Retrospect. Harper & Brothers. pp. 251–253.
  5. ^ Jean Edward Smith, FDR (2007), p.228
  6. ^ Pietrusza, David (2016). 1932: The Rise of Hitler and FDR. Guilford, CT: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 212. ISBN 978-1-4930-1805-5 – via Google Books.
  7. ^ Allen, Oliver E. (1993). The Tiger: The Rise and Fall of Tammany Hall. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. pp. 233-250. ISBN 0-201-62463-X.
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