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Philanthropy is a form of altruism that consists of "private initiatives for the public good, focusing on quality of life".^[1] Philanthropy contrasts with business initiatives, which are private initiatives for private good, focusing on material gain; and with government endeavors that are public initiatives for public good, such as those that focus on the provision of public services.^[1] A person who practices philanthropy is a philanthropist.

Etymology

The word philanthropy comes from Ancient Greek φιλανθρωπία (philanthrōpía) 'love of humanity', from philo- 'to love, be fond of' and anthrōpos 'humankind, mankind'.^[2] In the second century CE, Plutarch used the Greek concept of philanthrôpía to describe superior human beings.

During the Middle Ages, philanthrôpía was superseded in Europe by the Christian virtue of charity (Latin: caritas) in the sense of selfless love, valued for salvation and escape from purgatory.^[3] Thomas Aquinas held that "the habit of charity extends not only to the love of God, but also to the love of our neighbor".^[4]

Sir Francis Bacon considered philanthrôpía to be synonymous with "goodness", correlated with the Aristotelian conception of virtue as consciously instilled habits of good behaviour. Samuel Johnson simply defined philanthropy as "love of mankind; good nature".^[5] This definition still survives today and is often cited more gender-neutrally as the "love of humanity."^[6]^{[better source needed]}

Europe

Great Britain

In London, prior to the 18th century, parochial and civic charities were typically established by bequests and operated by local church parishes (such as St Dionis Backchurch) or guilds (such as the Carpenters' Company). During the 18th century, however, "a more activist and explicitly Protestant tradition of direct charitable engagement during life" took hold, exemplified by the creation of the Society for the Promotion of Christian Knowledge and Societies for the Reformation of Manners.^[7]

In 1739, Thomas Coram, appalled by the number of abandoned children living on the streets of London, received a royal charter to establish the Foundling Hospital to look after these unwanted orphans in Lamb's Conduit Fields, Bloomsbury.^[8] This was "the first children's charity in the country, and one that 'set the pattern for incorporated associational charities' in general."^[8] The hospital "marked the first great milestone in the creation of these new-style charities."^[7]

Jonas Hanway, another notable philanthropist of the era, established The Marine Society in 1756 as the first seafarer's charity, in a bid to aid the recruitment of men to the navy.^[9] By 1763, the society had recruited over 10,000 men and it was incorporated in 1772. Hanway was also instrumental in establishing the Magdalen Hospital to rehabilitate prostitutes. These organizations were funded by subscriptions and run as voluntary associations. They raised public awareness of their activities through the emerging popular press and were generally held in high social regard—some charities received state recognition in the form of the Royal Charter.

19th century

Philanthropists, such as anti-slavery campaigner William Wilberforce, began to adopt active campaigning roles, where they would champion a cause and lobby the government for legislative change. This included organized campaigns against the ill-treatment of animals and children and the campaign that succeeded in ending the slave trade throughout the Empire starting in 1807.^[10] Although there were no slaves allowed in Britain itself, many rich men owned sugar plantations in the West Indies, and resisted the movement to buy them out until it finally succeeded in 1833.^[11]

Financial donations to organized charities became fashionable among the middle class in the 19th century. By 1869 there were over 200 London charities with an annual income, all together, of about £2 million. By 1885, rapid growth had produced over 1000 London charities, with an income of about £4.5 million. They included a wide range of religious and secular goals, with the American import, YMCA, as one of the largest, and many small ones, such as the Metropolitan Drinking Fountain Association. In addition to making annual donations, increasingly wealthy industrialists and financiers left generous sums in their wills. A sample of 466 wills in the 1890s revealed a total wealth of £76 million, of which £20 million was bequeathed to charities. By 1900 London charities enjoyed an annual income of about £8.5 million.^[12]^: 125

Led by the energetic Lord Shaftesbury (1801–1885), philanthropists organized themselves.^[13] In 1869 they set up the Charity Organisation Society. It was a federation of district committees, one in each of the 42 Poor Law divisions. Its central office had experts in coordination and guidance, thereby maximizing the impact of charitable giving to the poor.^[12]^: 125 Many of the charities were designed to alleviate the harsh living conditions in the slums. such as the Labourer's Friend Society founded in 1830. This included the promotion of allotment of land to labourers for "cottage husbandry" that later became the allotment movement. In 1844 it became the first Model Dwellings Company—an organization that sought to improve the housing conditions of the working classes by building new homes for them, while at the same time receiving a competitive rate of return on any investment. This was one of the first housing associations, a philanthropic endeavor that flourished in the second half of the nineteenth century, brought about by the growth of the middle class. Later associations included the Peabody Trust, and the Guinness Trust. The principle of philanthropic intention with capitalist return was given the label "five per cent philanthropy."^[14]

Switzerland

In 1863, the Swiss businessman Henry Dunant used his fortune to fund the Geneva Society for Public Welfare, which became the International Committee of the Red Cross. During the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, Dunant personally led Red Cross delegations that treated soldiers. He shared the first Nobel Peace Prize for this work in 1901.^[15]

The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) played a major role in working with POWs on all sides in World War II. It was in a cash-starved position when the war began in 1939, but quickly mobilized its national offices to set up a Central Prisoner of War Agency. For example, it provided food, mail and assistance to 365,000 British and Commonwealth soldiers and civilians held captive. Suspicions, especially by London, of ICRC as too tolerant or even complicit with Nazi Germany led to its side-lining in favour of the UN Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) as the primary humanitarian agency after 1945.^[16]

France

The French Red Cross played a minor role in the war with Germany (1870–71). After that, it became a major factor in shaping French civil society as a non-religious humanitarian organization. It was closely tied to the army's Service de Santé. By 1914 it operated one thousand local committees with 164,000 members, 21,500 trained nurses, and over 27 million French francs in assets.^[17]

The Pasteur Institute had a monopoly of specialized microbiological knowledge, allowing it to raise money for serum production from private and public sources, walking the line between a commercial pharmaceutical venture and a philanthropic enterprise.^[18]

By 1933, at the depth of the Great Depression, the French wanted a welfare state to relieve distress but did not want new taxes. War veterans devised a solution: the new national lottery proved highly popular to gamblers while generating the cash needed without raising taxes.^[19]

American money proved invaluable. The Rockefeller Foundation opened an office in Paris and helped design and fund France's modern public health system under the National Institute of Hygiene. It also set up schools to train physicians and nurses.^[20]

Germany

The history of modern philanthropy on the European continent is especially important in the case of Germany, which became a model for others, especially regarding the welfare state. The princes and the various imperial states continued traditional efforts, funding monumental buildings, parks, and art collections. Starting in the early 19th century, the rapidly emerging middle classes made local philanthropy a way to establish their legitimate role in shaping society, pursuing ends different from the aristocracy and the military. They concentrated on support for social welfare, higher education, and cultural institutions, as well as working to alleviate the hardships brought on by rapid industrialization. The bourgeoisie (upper-middle class) was defeated in its effort to gain political control in 1848, but it still had enough money and organizational skills that could be employed through philanthropic agencies to provide an alternative power base for its worldview.^[21]

Religion was divisive in Germany, as Protestants, Catholics, and Jews used alternative philanthropic strategies. The Catholics, for example, continued their medieval practice of using financial donations in their wills to lighten their punishment in purgatory after death. The Protestants did not believe in purgatory, but made a strong commitment to improving their communities there and then. Conservative Protestants raised concerns about deviant sexuality, alcoholism, and socialism, as well as illegitimate births. They used philanthropy to try to eradicate what they considered as "social evils" that were seen as utterly sinful.^[22] All the religious groups used financial endowments, which multiplied in number and wealth as Germany grew richer. Each was devoted to a specific benefit to that religious community, and each had a board of trustees; laymen donated their time to public service.

Chancellor Otto von Bismarck, an upper class Junker, used his state-sponsored philanthropy, in the form of his invention of the modern welfare state, to neutralize the political threat posed by the socialistic labor unions.^[23] The middle classes, however, made the most use of the new welfare state, in terms of heavy use of museums, gymnasiums (high schools), universities, scholarships, and hospitals. For example, state funding for universities and gymnasiums covered only a fraction of the cost; private philanthropy became essential. 19th-century Germany was even more oriented toward civic improvement than Britain or the United States, when measured in voluntary private funding for public purposes. Indeed, such German institutions as the kindergarten, the research university, and the welfare state became models copied by the Anglo-Saxons.^[21]^: 1–7

The heavy human and economic losses of the First World War, the financial crises of the 1920s, as well as the Nazi regime and other devastation by 1945, seriously undermined and weakened the opportunities for widespread philanthropy in Germany. The civil society so elaborately built up in the 19th century was dead by 1945. However, by the 1950s, as the "economic miracle" was restoring German prosperity, the old aristocracy was defunct, and middle-class philanthropy started to return to importance.^[21]^: 142–73

War and postwar: Belgium and Eastern Europe

The Commission for Relief in Belgium (CRB) was an international (predominantly American) organization that arranged for the supply of food to German-occupied Belgium and northern France during the First World War. It was led by Herbert Hoover.^[24] Between 1914 and 1919, the CRB operated entirely with voluntary efforts and was able to feed eleven million Belgians by raising money, obtaining voluntary contributions of money and food, shipping the food to Belgium and controlling it there. For example, the CRB shipped 697,116,000 pounds of flour to Belgium.^[25]^: 72–95 Biographer George Nash finds that by the end of 1916, Hoover "stood preeminent in the greatest humanitarian undertaking the world had ever seen."^[26] Biographer William Leuchtenburg adds, "He had raised and spent millions of dollars, with trifling overhead and not a penny lost to fraud. At its peak, his organization fed nine million Belgians and French daily.^[27]^: 30

When the war ended in late 1918, Hoover took control of the American Relief Administration (ARA), with the mission of food^{[clarification needed]} to Central and Eastern Europe. The ARA fed millions.^[25]^{: 114–137} U.S. government funding for the ARA expired in the summer of 1919, and Hoover transformed the ARA into a private organization, raising millions of dollars from private donors. Under the auspices of the ARA, the European Children's Fund fed millions of starving children. When attacked for distributing food to Russia, which was under Bolshevik control, Hoover snapped, "Twenty million people are starving. Whatever their politics, they shall be fed!"^[27]^: 58^[28]

United States

The first corporation founded in the Thirteen Colonies was Harvard College (1636), designed primarily to train young men for the clergy. A leading theorist was the Puritan theologian Cotton Mather (1662–1728), who in 1710 published a widely read essay, Bonifacius, or an Essay to Do Good. Mather worried that the^[specify] original idealism had eroded, so he advocated philanthropic benefaction as a way of life. Though his context was Christian, his idea was also characteristically American and explicitly Classical^[specify], on the threshold of the Enlightenment.^[29]

Benjamin Franklin (1706–1790) was an activist and theorist of American philanthropy. He was much influenced by Daniel Defoe's An Essay upon Projects (1697) and Cotton Mather's Bonifacius: an essay upon the good (1710). Franklin attempted to motivate his fellow Philadelphians into projects for the betterment of the city: examples included the Library Company of Philadelphia (the first American subscription library), the fire department, the police force, street lighting, and a hospital. A world-class physicist himself, he promoted scientific organizations including the Philadelphia Academy (1751) – which became the University of Pennsylvania – as well as the American Philosophical Society (1743), to enable scientific researchers from all 13 colonies to communicate.^[30]

By the 1820s, newly rich American businessmen were initiating philanthropic work, especially with respect to private colleges and hospitals. George Peabody (1795–1869) is the acknowledged^{[by whom?]} father of modern philanthropy. A financier based in Baltimore and London, in the 1860s, he began to endow libraries and museums in the United States and also funded housing for poor people in London. His activities became a model for Andrew Carnegie and many others.^[31]

Andrew Carnegie

Andrew Carnegie (1835–1919) was the most influential leader of philanthropy on a national (rather than local) scale. After selling his steel company in 1901 he devoted himself to establishing philanthropic organizations and to making direct contributions to many educational, cultural, and research institutions. He financed over 2,500 public libraries built across the United States and abroad. He also funded Carnegie Hall in New York City and the Peace Palace in the Netherlands.

His final and largest project was the Carnegie Corporation of New York, founded in 1911 with a US$25 million endowment, later enlarged to US$135 million. Carnegie Corporation has endowed or otherwise helped to establish institutions that include the Russian Research Center at Harvard University (now known as the Davis Center for Russian and Eurasian Studies), the Brookings Institution and the Sesame Workshop. In all, Andrew Carnegie gave away 90% of his fortune.^[32]

John D. Rockefeller

Other prominent American philanthropists of the early 20th century included John D. Rockefeller (1839–1937), Julius Rosenwald (1862–1932)^[33] and Margaret Olivia Slocum Sage (1828–1918).^[34]

Rockefeller retired from business in the 1890s; he and his son John D. Rockefeller Jr. (1874–1960) made large-scale national philanthropy systematic, especially with regard to the study and application of modern medicine, higher education, and scientific research. Of the US$530 million the elder Rockefeller gave away, US$450 million went to medicine.^[35] Their leading advisor Frederick Taylor Gates launched several large philanthropic projects staffed by experts who sought to address problems systematically at the roots rather than let the recipients deal only with their immediate concerns.^[36]

By 1920, the Rockefeller Foundation was opening offices in Europe. It launched medical and scientific projects in Britain, France, Germany, Spain, and elsewhere. It supported the health projects of the League of Nations.^[37] By the 1950s, it was investing heavily in the Green Revolution, especially the work by Norman Borlaug that enabled India, Mexico, and many poor countries to upgrade their agricultural productivity dramatically.^[38]

Ford Foundation

With the acquisition of most of the stock of the Ford Motor Company in the late 1940s, the Ford Foundation became the largest American philanthropy, splitting its activities between the United States and the rest of the world. Outside the United States, it established a network of human rights organizations, promoted democracy, gave large numbers of fellowships for young leaders to study in the United States, and invested heavily in the Green Revolution, whereby poor nations dramatically increased their output of rice, wheat, and other foods. Both Ford and Rockefeller were heavily involved.^[39] Ford also gave heavily to build up research universities in Europe and worldwide. For example, in Italy in 1950, sent a team to help the Italian ministry of education reform the nation's school system, based on meritocracy (rather than political or family patronage) and democratisation (with universal access to secondary schools). It reached a compromise between the Christian Democrats and the Socialists to help promote uniform treatment and equal outcomes. The success in Italy became a model for Ford programs and many other nations.^[40]

The Ford Foundation in the 1950s wanted to modernize the legal systems in India and Africa, by promoting the American model. The plan failed, because of India's unique legal history, traditions, and profession^{[clarification needed]}, as well as its economic and political conditions. Ford, therefore, turned to agricultural reform.^[41] The success rate in Africa was no better, and that program closed in 1977.^[42]

Asia

While charity has a long history in Asia, as of 2018^[update] philanthropy or a systematic approach to doing good remains nascent.^[43] Chinese philosopher Mozi (c. 470 – c. 391 BCE) developed the concept of "universal love" (jiān'ài, 兼愛), a reaction against perceived over-attachment to family and clan structures within Confucianism. Other interpretations of Confucianism see concern for others as an extension of benevolence.^[44]

Muslims in countries such as Indonesia are bound by zakat (almsgiving), while Buddhists and Christians throughout Asia may participate in philanthropic activities. In India, corporate social responsibility (CSR) is now mandated, with 2% of net profits to be directed towards charity.^[45]

Asia is home to most of the world's billionaires, surpassing the United States and Europe in 2017.^[46] Wikipedia's list of countries by number of billionaires shows four Asian economies in the top ten: 495 in China, 169 in India, 66 in Hong Kong, and 52 in Taiwan (as of April 2023^[update]).

While the region's philanthropy practices are relatively under-researched compared to those of the United States and Europe, the Centre for Asian Philanthropy and Society (CAPS) produces a study of the sector every two years. In 2020, its research found that if Asia were to donate the equivalent of two percent of its GDP, the same as the United States, it would unleash US$507 billion (HK$3.9 trillion) annually, more than 11 times the foreign aid flowing into the region every year and one-third of the annual amount needed globally to meet the sustainable development goals by 2030.^[47]

Oceania

Australia

Structured giving in Australia through foundations^[48] is slowly growing, although public data on the philanthropic sector is sparse.^[49] There is no public registry of philanthropic foundations as distinct from charities more generally.

Two foundation types for which some data is available^[50]^[51] are Private Ancillary Funds (PAFs)^[52] and Public Ancillary Funds (PubAFs).^[53] Private Ancillary Funds have some similarities to private family foundations in the US and Europe, and do not have a public fundraising requirement.^[54] Public Ancillary Funds include community foundations, some corporate foundations, and foundations that solely support single organisations such as hospitals, schools, museums, and art galleries.^[55] They must raise funds from the general public.^[56]

Differences between traditional and new philanthropy

Impact investment versus traditional philanthropy

Traditional philanthropy and impact investment can be distinguished by how they serve society. Traditional philanthropy is usually short-term, where organizations obtain resources for causes through fund-raising and one-off donations.^[57] The Rockefeller Foundation and the Ford Foundation are examples of such; they focus more on financial contributions to social causes and less on actions and processes of benevolence. Impact investment, on the other hand, focuses on the interaction between individual wellbeing and broader society by promoting sustainability. Stressing the importance of impact and change, they invest in different sectors of society, including housing, infrastructure, healthcare and energy.^[58]

A suggested explanation for the preference for impact investment philanthropy to traditional philanthropy is the gaining prominence of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) since 2015. Almost every SDG is linked to environmental protection and sustainability because of rising concerns about how globalisation, consumerism, and population growth may affect the environment. As a result, development agencies have seen increased demands for accountability as they face greater pressure to fit with current developmental agendas.

Traditional philanthropy versus philanthrocapitalism

Philanthrocapitalism differs from traditional philanthropy in how it operates. Traditional philanthropy is about charity, mercy, and selfless devotion improving recipients' wellbeing.^[58] Philanthrocapitalism, is philanthropy transformed by business and the market,^[59] where profit-oriented business models are designed that work for the good of humanity.^[60] Share value companies are an example. They help develop and deliver curricula in education, strengthen their own businesses and improve the job prospects of people.^[61] Firms improve social outcomes, but while they do so, they also benefit themselves.

The rise of philanthrocapitalism can be attributed to global capitalism. philanthropy is not worthwhile if no economic benefit can be derived by philanthropy organisations, both from a social and private perspective. Therefore, philanthropy has been seen as a tool to sustain economic and firm growth, based on human capital theory. Through education, specific skills are taught that enhance people's capacity to learn and their productivity at work.

Intel invests in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) curricular standards in the US and provides learning resources and materials for schools, for its innovation and revenue.^[62] The New Employment Opportunities initiative in Latin America is a regional collaboration to train one million youth by 2022 to raise employment standards and ultimately provide a talented pool of labour for companies.

Promoting equity through science and health philanthropy

Philanthropy has the potential to foster equity and inclusivity in various fields, such as scientific research, development, and healthcare. Addressing systemic inequalities in these sectors can lead to more diverse perspectives, innovations, and better overall outcomes.

Scholars have examined the importance of philanthropic support in promoting equity in different areas. For example, Christopherson et al.^[63] highlight the need to prioritize underrepresented groups, promote equitable partnerships, and advocate for diverse leadership within the scientific community. In the healthcare sector, Thompson et al.^[64] emphasize the role of philanthropy in empowering communities to reduce health disparities and address the root causes of these disparities. Research by Chandra et al.^[65] demonstrates the potential of strategic philanthropy to tackle health inequalities through initiatives that focus on prevention, early intervention, and building community capacity. Similarly, a report by the Bridgespan Group^[66] suggests that philanthropy can create systemic change by investing in long-term solutions that address the underlying causes of social issues, including those related to science and health disparities.

To advance equity in science and healthcare, philanthropists can adopt several key strategies:

Prioritize underrepresented groups: Support scientists and health professionals from diverse backgrounds to help address historical injustices and foster diversity.
Encourage equitable partnerships: Facilitate collaborations between institutions from different backgrounds to promote knowledge exchange and a fair distribution of resources.
Advocate for diverse leadership: Support initiatives that emphasize diversity and inclusion in leadership positions within scientific and health institutions.
Invest in early-career professionals: Help create a more equitable pipeline for future leaders in science and healthcare by investing in early-career researchers and health professionals.
Influence policy changes: Utilize philanthropic influence to advocate for policy changes that address systemic inequalities in science and health.

Through these approaches, philanthropy can significantly promote equity within scientific and health communities, leading to more inclusive and effective advancements.

Types of philanthropy

Philanthropy is defined differently by different groups of people; many define it as a means to alleviate human suffering and advance the quality of life.^[67] There are many forms of philanthropy, allowing for different impacts by different groups in different settings.

Celebrity philanthropy

Celebrity philanthropy refers to celebrity-affiliated charitable and philanthropic activities. It is a scholarship topic in studies of "the popular" vis-à-vis the modern and post-modern world.^[68]^: 3 Structured and systematised charitable giving by celebrities is a relatively new phenomenon. Although charity and fame are associated historically, it was only in the 1990s that entertainment and sports celebrities from affluent western societies became involved with a particular type of philanthropy.^[68]^: 1–16 Celebrity philanthropy in contemporary western societies is not isolated to large one-off monetary donations. It involves celebrities using their publicity, brand credibility, and personal wealth to promote not-for-profit organisations, which are increasingly business-like in form.

This is sometimes termed as "celanthropy"—the fusion of celebrity and cause as a representation of what the organisation advocates.^[68]^: 5

Implications on government and governance

The advent of celebrity philanthropy has coincided with the contraction of government involvement in areas such as welfare support and foreign aid to name a few.^{[citation needed]} This can be identified from the proliferation of neoliberal policies.^{[citation needed]}

Public interest groups, not-for-profit organisations and the United Nations now budget extensive amounts of time and money to use celebrity endorsers in their campaigns. An example of this is the People's Climate March of 2014. The demonstration was part of the larger People's Climate Movement, which aims to raise awareness of climate change and environmental issues more generally. Notable celebrities who were part of this campaign included actors Leonardo DiCaprio, Mark Ruffalo, and Edward Norton.^[69]

Examples

Diaspora philanthropy

Diaspora philanthropy is philanthropy conducted by diaspora populations either in their country of residence or in their countries of origin. Diaspora philanthropy is a newly established term with many variations, including migrant philanthropy, homeland philanthropy, and transnational giving.^[70] In diaspora philanthropy, migrants and their descendants are frontline distributors of aid, and enablers of development.^[71] For many countries, diaspora philanthropy is a prominent way in which members of the diaspora invest back into their homeland countries.

Along with diaspora-led foreign direct investment, diaspora philanthropy is a force in the development of a country. Members of a diaspora are familiar with their community's needs and the social, political, and economic factors that influence the delivery of those needs. Studies show that those who are a part of the diaspora are more aware of the pressing and neglected issues of their community than outsiders or other well wishers.^[72] Also given their deep ties to their country of origin, diaspora philanthropies have greater longevity than other international philanthropies. Due to the distance buffer accompanied with^{[clarification needed]} diaspora philanthropy, diaspora philanthropy is more willing to address controversial issues found in their country of origin compared to local philanthropy.^[70]

Philanthropic capitalism

Philanthropic capitalism or philanthrocapitalism is a way of doing philanthropy through the capitalist realm. Instead of it being for profit, the philanthropist does it as a non-profit and only breaks even or even takes a small loss. Still, the overall gain to the community would be greater than the small loss they incurred.^[73] For example, a philanthropist puts up US$10 million for neighborhood revitalization to build new homes in place of dilapidated housing and only breaks even or takes on a small loss selling the homes. If they took a US$1,000 loss on each home, 10,000 homes could be made with that initial philanthropic donation. It could be run like a nonprofit organization so they would not have to pay property taxes on the homes as they were waiting to be sold.

Criticism

Philanthropy has been used by ultra high-net-worth individuals to offset their larger tax liabilities through charitable contribution deductions enabled by the tax code. In the book Winners Take All: The Elite Charade of Changing the World by Anand Giridharadas, he asserts that various philanthropic initiatives by the wealthy elite in practice function to entrench the power structures and special interests of the wealthy elite.^[74] For example, despite Robert F. Smith's generosity by paying off the student debt incurred by the Morehouse class of 2019, he simultaneously fought against changes to the tax code that could have made more money available to help low-income students pay for college. As a result, Giridharadas argues, Smith's philanthropic giving functions to reinforce the prevailing status quo and perpetuates income inequality, instead of addressing the root cause of social issues.^[75]

The ability of wealthy people to deduct a significant amount of their tax liabilities in the form of philanthropic giving, as noted by the late German billionaire shipping magnate and philanthropist Peter Kramer, functioned as "a bad transfer of power", from democratically elected politicians to unelected billionaires, whereby it is no longer "the state that determines what is good for the people, but rather the rich who decide". The Global Policy Forum, an independent policy watchdog which functions to monitor the activities of the United Nations General Assembly, warned governments and international organisations that they should "assess the growing influence of major philanthropic foundations, and especially the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation… and analyse the intended and unintended risks and side-effects of their activities" prior to accepting money from rich donors. In 2015, Global Policy Forum also warned elected politicians that they should be particularly concerned about "the unpredictable and insufficient financing of public goods, the lack of monitoring and accountability mechanisms, and the prevailing practice of applying business logic to the provision of public goods".^[76]

Giridharadas also argues that philanthropy distracts the public from some of the ill-gotten gains that were derived via profit. For example, the Sackler family were known for their generous philanthropic giving to various cultural institutions worldwide. However, their philanthropic giving functioned as deception and propaganda, as their legacy of generosity was tainted by the subsequent exposure of Purdue Pharma's role in encouraging and exacerbating the opioid epidemic.^[77] As a result of their exposed ill-gotten gains from the social issues caused by the philanthropic donors, the British institutions of the National Portrait Gallery, London and the Tate, along with the American institution Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, announced their rejection of charitable giving from the Sackler family trusts.^[77]

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- Lees, Andrew (2002). Cities, Sin, and Social Reform in Imperial Germany. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press.
^ Chorafas, Dimitris N. (2016). Education and Employment in the European Union: The Social Cost of Business. Routledge. p. 255. ISBN 9781317145936.
^ Nash, George H. (1989). "An American Epic: Herbert Hoover and Belgian Relief in World War I". Prologue. 21 (1): 75–86.
^ ^a ^b Burner, David (1978). Herbert Hoover: A Public Life. Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-394-46134-2.
^ Nash, George H. (1988). The Life of Herbert Hoover: The Humanitarian, 1914–1917. p. 249.
^ ^a ^b Leuchtenburg, William E. (2009). Herbert Hoover. Macmillan. ISBN 9781429933490.
^ Surface, Frank M.; Bland, Raymond L. (1932). American food in the world war and reconstruction period: operations of the organizations under the direction of Herbert Hoover, 1914 to 1924. Stanford University Press.
^ Cotton Mather (1825) [1710]. Essays to do Good addressed to all Christians, whether in public or private capacities. Select Christian Authors, with Introductory Essays. Glasgow: Chalmers and Collins. p. 51.
^ Grimm, Robert T., ed. (2002). "Benjamin Franklin". Notable American Philanthropists: Biographies of Giving and Volunteering. Greenwood Press. pp. 100–03. ISBN 9781573563406.
^
- Grimm, Robert T., ed. (2002). "George Peabody". Notable American Philanthropists: Biographies of Giving and Volunteering. Greenwood Press. pp. 243–45. ISBN 9781573563406.
- Schaaf, Elizabeth (1995). "George Peabody: His Life and Legacy, 1795–1869". Maryland Historical Magazine. 90 (3): 268–285.
^ Wall, Joseph Frazier (1970). Andrew Carnegie. University of Pittsburgh Press. pp. 882–84.
^
- Grimm, Robert T., ed. (2002). "Julius Rosenwald". Notable American Philanthropists: Biographies of Giving and Volunteering. Greenwood Press. pp. 277–79. ISBN 9781573563406.
- Ascoli, Peter M. (2006). Julius Rosenwald: The Man Who Built Sears, Roebuck and Advanced the Cause of Black Education in the American South. Philanthropic and Nonprofit Studies. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-34741-1.
^ Crocker, Ruth (2003). Mrs. Russell Sage: Women's Activism and Philanthropy in Gilded Age and Progressive Era America.
^ Johnson, Peter J.; Harr, John Ensor (1988). The Rockefeller Century: Three Generations of America's Greatest Family. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. ISBN 978-0-684-18936-9.
^ Burlingame, Dwight, ed. (2004). Philanthropy in America: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia, vol 2. ABC-CLIO. p. 419. ISBN 9781576078600.
^ Weindling, Paul (1997). "Philanthropy and world health: the Rockefeller Foundation and the League of Nations Health Organization". Minerva. 35 (3): 269–281. doi:10.1023/A:1004242303705. JSTOR 41821072. S2CID 140744506.
^ Hesser, Leon F. (2006). The man who fed the world: Nobel Peace Prize laureate Norman Borlaug and his battle to end world hunger: An authorized biography. Durban House. ISBN 1930754906.
^ Toenniessen, Gary; Adesina, Akinwumi; Devries, Joseph (2008), "Building an Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa", Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1136 (1): 233–42, Bibcode:2008NYASA1136..233T, doi:10.1196/annals.1425.028, PMID 18579885, S2CID 16277025
^ Mariuzzo, Andrea (2016), "American cultural diplomacy and post-war educational reforms: James Bryant Conant's mission to Italy in 1960", History of Education, 45 (3): 352–371, doi:10.1080/0046760X.2016.1154192, hdl:11380/1176822, S2CID 146991139
^ Krishnan, Jayanth K. (2004). "Professor Kingsfield goes to Delhi: American academics, the Ford Foundation, and the development of legal education in India". American Journal of Legal History. 46 (4): 447–499. doi:10.2307/3692406. JSTOR 3692406. S2CID 142891825.
^ Krishnan, Jayanth K. (2012). "Academic SAILERS: The Ford Foundation and the Efforts to Shape Legal Education in Africa, 1957–1977". American Journal of Legal History. 52 (3): 261–324. doi:10.1093/ajlh/52.3.261.
^ Shapiro, Ruth A. (29 January 2018). "Philanthropy in Asia needs a push from good government policies". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 2021-10-27.
^ Guo, Qiyong; Cui, Tao (2012). "The Values of Confucian Benevolence and the Universality of the Confucian Way of Extending Love" (PDF). Front. Philos. China. 7 (1): 20–54. doi:10.3868/s030-001-012-0002-5 (inactive 31 January 2024). Retrieved 2021-11-22.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2024 (link)
^ "Handbook on Corporate Social Responsibility in India" (PDF). PricewaterhouseCoopers. 2013. Retrieved 2021-10-27.
^ Ravelo, Jenny Lei (2018-01-16). "Philanthropy in Asia hampered by trust issues, says report". Devex. Retrieved 2021-10-26.
^ "Centre for Asian Philanthropy and Society's Doing Good Index Plots Way Forward in Post-Covid-19 World". BusinessWire. 17 June 2020. Retrieved 2021-10-27.
^ Scaife, Wendy A.; Williamson, Alexandra (2012-02-22). "Foundations for giving: why and how Australians structure their philanthropy". QUT ePrints. Queensland, Australia. doi:10.5204/rep.eprints.48801.
^
- McGregor-Lowndes, Myles; Williamson, Alexandra (2018-05-02). "Foundations in Australia: Dimensions for International Comparison". American Behavioral Scientist. 62 (13): 1759–1776. doi:10.1177/0002764218773495. ISSN 0002-7642. S2CID 149469573.
- Scaife, Wendy; McDonald, Katie; Williamson, Alexandra; Mossel, Valérie (2015). "Giving in Australia: Philanthropic Potential Beginning to Be Realized". In Wiepking, Pamala; Handy, Femida (eds.). The Palgrave Handbook of Global Philanthropy. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 488–505. doi:10.1057/9781137341532_28. ISBN 9781137343239.
^ McGregor-Lowndes, Myles; Balczun, Marie; Williamson, Alexandra (September 2023). "Ancillary Funds 2020-2021: ACPNS Current Issues Information Sheet 2023/1". QUT ePrints. Archived from the original on Oct 6, 2023.
^
- Mcgregor-Lowndes, Myles; Balczun, Marie; Williamson, Alexandra (2022-08-16). "Ancillary Funds 2000–2020: ACPNS Current Issues Information Sheet 2022-1". QUT ePrints. Archived from the original on Oct 10, 2023.
- McGregor-Lowndes, Myles; Balczun, Marie; Williamson, Alexandra (September 2020). "Ancillary Funds 2017-2018: ACPNS Current Issues Information Sheet 2020/2, August 2020". QUT ePrints. Retrieved 2021-01-21.
- McGregor-Lowndes, Myles; Balczun, Marie; Williamson, Alexandra (2021-07-15). "Ancillary Funds 2000–2019: ACPNS Current Issues Information Sheet 2021-1". QUT ePrints. Archived from the original on Oct 24, 2023.
^ "Private ancillary funds". Australian Taxation Office. Archived from the original on Aug 6, 2018. Retrieved 2018-08-06.
^
- "Public ancillary funds". Australian Taxation Office. Retrieved 2018-08-06.
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^ Williamson, Alexandra; Luke, Belinda; Leat, Diana; Furneaux, Craig (2017). "Founders, Families, and Futures: Perspectives on the Accountability of Australian Private Ancillary Funds" (PDF). Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly. 46 (4): 747–771. doi:10.1177/0899764017703711. ISSN 0899-7640. S2CID 151796260.
^
- Williamson, Alexandra Kate; Luke, Belinda G. (2021-09-22). "Mapping the field of public ancillary funds". Australian Journal of Public Administration. 80 (4): 748–768. doi:10.1111/1467-8500.12515. ISSN 0313-6647. S2CID 240517564.
- Williamson, Alexandra Kate; Luke, Belinda; Furneaux, Craig (2020-09-11). "Ties That Bind: Public Foundations in Dyadic Partnerships". Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations. 32 (2): 234–246. doi:10.1007/s11266-020-00269-8. ISSN 1573-7888. S2CID 225218420.
^ Williamson, Alexandra; Luke, Belinda (2019-09-01). "Publicness and the Identity of Public Foundations". The Foundation Review. 11 (3). doi:10.9707/1944-5660.1482. ISSN 1944-5660. S2CID 211317782.
^ Srivastava, Prachi; Oh, Su-Ann (2012). "Private Foundations, Philanthropy and Partnership in Education and Development: Mapping the Terrain". In Robertson, Susan L.; Mundy, Karen; Verger, Antoni; Menashy, Francine (eds.). Public Private Partnerships in Education. doi:10.4337/9780857930699.00015. ISBN 9780857930699.
^ ^a ^b Oehri, Oliver; Dreher, Christoph; Jochum, Christoph (2014). Fundamentals of Modern Philanthropy: New Perspectives for Foundations (PDF). Center for Social and Sustainable Products AG. Archived from the original on 2016-08-20. Retrieved 2019-05-20.
^ Klasen, Stephan (2013-12-05), "Is it time for a new international poverty measure?", Development Co-operation Report 2013, OECD, pp. 35–42, doi:10.1787/dcr-2013-6-en, ISBN 9789264200999
^ Bishop, Matthew; Green, Michael (2008). Philanthrocapitalism: how the rich can save the world. Bloomsbury Press. ISBN 9781596916951.
^ Kramar, M.K.; Hills, G.; Tallani, K.; Wilka, M.; Bhatt, A. (2014), The new role of business in global education: How companies can create shared value by improving education while driving shareholder returns (PDF)
^ Rubio Royo, Enrique (2009-09-30). "Nuevo "rol" y paradigmas del Aprendizaje, en una Sociedad Global en RED y Compleja: la Era del Conocimiento y el Aprendizaje". Arbor (in Spanish). CLXXXV (Extra): 41–62. doi:10.3989/arbor.2009.extran1205. hdl:20.500.12749/3006. ISSN 1988-303X.
^ Christopherson, Elizabeth Good; Howell, Emily L.; Scheufele, Dietram A.; Viswanath, Kasisomayajula; West, Norris P. (2021). "How Science Philanthropy Can Build Equity". Stanford Social Innovation Review. 19 (4): 4855. doi:10.48558/P4G8-QM77.
^ Thompson, Beti; Molina, Yamile; Viswanath, Kasisomayajula; Warnecke, Richard; Prelip, Michael L. (August 2016). "Strategies To Empower Communities To Reduce Health Disparities". Health Affairs. 35 (8): 1424–1428. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2015.1364. ISSN 0278-2715. PMC 5554943. PMID 27503967.
^ Chandra, Anita; Acosta, Joie; Carman, Katherine Grace; Dubowitz, Tamara; Leviton, Laura; Martin, Laurie T.; Miller, Carolyn; Nelson, Christopher; Orleans, Tracy; Tait, Margaret; Trujillo, Matthew; Towe, Vivian; Yeung, Douglas; Plough, Alonzo L. (January 2017). "Building a National Culture of Health: Background, Action Framework, Measures, and Next Steps". Rand Health Quarterly. 6 (2): 3. ISSN 2162-8254. PMC 5568157. PMID 28845341.
^ Grindle, Jeffrey; Bradach, Abe. "Transformative Scale: The Future of Growing What Works". Bridgespan. Retrieved 2023-04-04.
^ Mohseni, Afsoon; Albritton, Brenna. "Philanthropy as a Force of Social Change". Learning to Give. Retrieved 2023-05-12.
^ ^a ^b ^c Allatson, Paul; Jeffreys, Elaine (2015). Celebrity Philanthropy. Bristol, U.K.: Intellect.
^ "Endorsements". People's Climate Movement. Archived from the original on 14 August 2015. Retrieved 27 July 2015.
^ ^a ^b Johnson, Paula Doherty (2007). Diaspora philanthropy: Influences, initiatives, and issues. Boston, Mass.: Philanthropic Initiative.
^ Espinosa, Shirlita Africa (2015-07-06). "Diaspora philanthropy: the making of a new development aid?". Migration and Development. 5 (3): 361–377. doi:10.1080/21632324.2015.1053305. ISSN 2163-2324. S2CID 156404093.
^ DeSouza, Mercy; Osei, Onallia Esther; Idemudia, Erhabor Sunday (2023-01-18). "Transnational migrants' philanthropy: Its forms, operations, and implications from the perspectives of Ghanaian residents in Europe". Frontiers in Sociology. 7. doi:10.3389/fsoc.2022.1062755. ISSN 2297-7775. PMC 9889849. PMID 36741585.
^ Sahadevan, K (4 August 2020). "Capitalist Philanthropy: A Means of Circumventing the State?". Countercurrents.
^ Kwan, David (2019-12-05). "Binah: Anand Giridharadas on the Fallacy of Billionaire Philanthropy". KALW. Retrieved 2021-11-15.
^ Campbell, David (2021-06-10). "A new reason Americans are getting leery of billionaire donors". The Conversation. Retrieved 2021-11-15.
^ Vallely, Paul (2020-09-08). "How philanthropy benefits the super-rich". the Guardian. Retrieved 2021-11-15.
^ ^a ^b Livni, Ephrat (7 April 2019). "Here's what's wrong with letting wealthy people solve the world's problems". Quartz. Retrieved 2021-11-15.

External links

Quotations related to Philanthropy at Wikiquote
The dictionary definition of philanthropy at Wiktionary
Media related to Philanthropy at Wikimedia Commons
A History of Modern Philanthropy, 1601–present compiled and edited by National Philanthropic Trust

[philRecon-1] McCully, George (2009). Philanthropy Reconsidered: Private Initiatives, Public Good, Quality of Life. Bloomington, Ind.: AuthorHouse. p. 13. ISBN 978-1438905617.

[2] "Philanthropy". Online Etymology Dictionary.

[3] Aquinas, Thomas. "Charity, considered in itself". Summa Theologiae. Secunda Secundae Partis, Q. 23.

[4] Aquinas, Thomas. "The object of charity". Summa Theologiae. Secunda Secundae Partis, Q. 25.

[5] Johnson, Samuel (1755). "Philanthropy". A Dictionary of the English Language. Vol. I. London.

[6] Kutney, Mitchell (2013-06-18). "Philanthropy is what sustains the charitable sector, not money". Blue & Green Tomorrow. Retrieved 2014-11-08.

[London-7] "Associational Charities". London Lives. Retrieved 29 January 2016.

[Foundling-8] Banerjee, Jacqueline. "Captain Coram and the Foundling Hospital". The Victorian Web. Retrieved 29 January 2016.

[9] Roger, N.A.M. (2004). The Command of the Ocean: A Naval History of Britain 1649–1815. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. p. 313. ISBN 978-0-393-32847-9.

[10] Merrill, Louis Taylor (1945). "The English campaign for abolition of the slave trade". Journal of Negro History. 30 (4): 382–399. doi:10.2307/2715027. JSTOR 2715027. S2CID 150275678.

[11] Petley, Christer (2011). "'Devoted Islands' and 'that Madman Wilberforce': British Proslavery Patriotism during the Age of Abolition". Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History. 39 (3): 393–415. doi:10.1080/03086534.2011.598744. S2CID 159547077.

[Read-12] Read, Donald (1994) [1979]. The age of urban democracy: England 1868–1914 (revised ed.). Longman. ISBN 0582089212.

[13] Finlayson, Geoffrey (March 1983). "The Victorian Shaftesbury". History Today. 33 (3): 31–35.

[14] 
Siegel, Fred (1974). "Five Per Cent Philanthropy: An Account of Housing in Urban Areas Between 1840 and 1914. By John Nelson Tarn… [Book Review]". The Journal of Economic History. 34 (4, December): 1061f. doi:10.1017/S0022050700089683. S2CID 154468207.
Tarn, John Nelson (1973). Five Per Cent Philanthropy: An Account of Housing in Urban Areas Between 1840 and 1914. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. pp. xiv, 23, and passim. ISBN 978-0521085069.

[15] Siegel, Fred (1974). "Five Per Cent Philanthropy: An Account of Housing in Urban Areas Between 1840 and 1914. By John Nelson Tarn… [Book Review]". The Journal of Economic History. 34 (4, December): 1061f. doi:10.1017/S0022050700089683. S2CID 154468207.

[16] Tarn, John Nelson (1973). Five Per Cent Philanthropy: An Account of Housing in Urban Areas Between 1840 and 1914. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. pp. xiv, 23, and passim. ISBN 978-0521085069.

[15] Forsythe, David P. (2005). The Humanitarians: The International Committee of the Red Cross. Cambridge University Press.

[16] Crossland, James (2014). Britain and the International Committee of the Red Cross, 1939–1945. Plagrave MacMillan.

[17] Chrastil, Rachel (2008). "The French Red Cross, War Readiness, and Civil Society, 1866–1914". French Historical Studies. 31 (3). Duke University Press: 445–476. doi:10.1215/00161071-2008-003. ISSN 0016-1071.

[18] Simon, J (2007). "The origin of the production of diphtheria antitoxin in France, between philanthropy and commerce". Dynamis: Acta Hispanica Ad Medicinae Scientiarumque Historiam Illustrandam. 27: 63–82. PMID 18351159. S2CID 31847730.

[19] Delalande, Nicolas (2017). "Giving and Gambling: The Gueules Cassées, the National Lottery, and the Moral Economy of the Welfare State in 1930s France". French Historical Studies. 40 (4). Duke University Press: 623–649. doi:10.1215/00161071-3946492. ISSN 0016-1071.

[20] 
Schneider, William H. (2003). "War, philanthropy, and the National Institute of Hygiene in France". Minerva. 41 (1): 1–23. doi:10.1023/A:1022257805553. S2CID 141342924.
Smith, Timothy B. (1998). "The Social Transformation of Hospitals and the Rise of Medical Insurance in France, 1914–1943". The Historical Journal. 41 (4). Cambridge University Press (CUP): 1055–1087. doi:10.1017/s0018246x98008164. ISSN 0018-246X. S2CID 159631276.

[23] Schneider, William H. (2003). "War, philanthropy, and the National Institute of Hygiene in France". Minerva. 41 (1): 1–23. doi:10.1023/A:1022257805553. S2CID 141342924.

[24] Smith, Timothy B. (1998). "The Social Transformation of Hospitals and the Rise of Medical Insurance in France, 1914–1943". The Historical Journal. 41 (4). Cambridge University Press (CUP): 1055–1087. doi:10.1017/s0018246x98008164. ISSN 0018-246X. S2CID 159631276.

[Adam-21] Adam, Thomas (2016). Philanthropy, Civil Society, and the State in German history, 1815–1989.

[22] 
Lees, Andrew (2000). "Deviant Sexuality and Other 'Sins': The Views of Protestant Conservatives in Imperial Germany". German Studies Review. 23 (3). JSTOR: 453–476. doi:10.2307/1432829. ISSN 0149-7952. JSTOR 1432829.
Lees, Andrew (2002). Cities, Sin, and Social Reform in Imperial Germany. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press.

[27] Lees, Andrew (2000). "Deviant Sexuality and Other 'Sins': The Views of Protestant Conservatives in Imperial Germany". German Studies Review. 23 (3). JSTOR: 453–476. doi:10.2307/1432829. ISSN 0149-7952. JSTOR 1432829.

[28] Lees, Andrew (2002). Cities, Sin, and Social Reform in Imperial Germany. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press.

[23] Chorafas, Dimitris N. (2016). Education and Employment in the European Union: The Social Cost of Business. Routledge. p. 255. ISBN 9781317145936.

[24] Nash, George H. (1989). "An American Epic: Herbert Hoover and Belgian Relief in World War I". Prologue. 21 (1): 75–86.

[Burner-25] Burner, David (1978). Herbert Hoover: A Public Life. Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-394-46134-2.

[26] Nash, George H. (1988). The Life of Herbert Hoover: The Humanitarian, 1914–1917. p. 249.

[Leuchtenburg-27] Leuchtenburg, William E. (2009). Herbert Hoover. Macmillan. ISBN 9781429933490.

[28] Surface, Frank M.; Bland, Raymond L. (1932). American food in the world war and reconstruction period: operations of the organizations under the direction of Herbert Hoover, 1914 to 1924. Stanford University Press.

[29] Cotton Mather (1825) [1710]. Essays to do Good addressed to all Christians, whether in public or private capacities. Select Christian Authors, with Introductory Essays. Glasgow: Chalmers and Collins. p. 51.

[30] Grimm, Robert T., ed. (2002). "Benjamin Franklin". Notable American Philanthropists: Biographies of Giving and Volunteering. Greenwood Press. pp. 100–03. ISBN 9781573563406.

[31] 
Grimm, Robert T., ed. (2002). "George Peabody". Notable American Philanthropists: Biographies of Giving and Volunteering. Greenwood Press. pp. 243–45. ISBN 9781573563406.
Schaaf, Elizabeth (1995). "George Peabody: His Life and Legacy, 1795–1869". Maryland Historical Magazine. 90 (3): 268–285.

[38] Grimm, Robert T., ed. (2002). "George Peabody". Notable American Philanthropists: Biographies of Giving and Volunteering. Greenwood Press. pp. 243–45. ISBN 9781573563406.

[39] Schaaf, Elizabeth (1995). "George Peabody: His Life and Legacy, 1795–1869". Maryland Historical Magazine. 90 (3): 268–285.

[32] Wall, Joseph Frazier (1970). Andrew Carnegie. University of Pittsburgh Press. pp. 882–84.

[33] 
Grimm, Robert T., ed. (2002). "Julius Rosenwald". Notable American Philanthropists: Biographies of Giving and Volunteering. Greenwood Press. pp. 277–79. ISBN 9781573563406.
Ascoli, Peter M. (2006). Julius Rosenwald: The Man Who Built Sears, Roebuck and Advanced the Cause of Black Education in the American South. Philanthropic and Nonprofit Studies. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-34741-1.

[42] Grimm, Robert T., ed. (2002). "Julius Rosenwald". Notable American Philanthropists: Biographies of Giving and Volunteering. Greenwood Press. pp. 277–79. ISBN 9781573563406.

[43] Ascoli, Peter M. (2006). Julius Rosenwald: The Man Who Built Sears, Roebuck and Advanced the Cause of Black Education in the American South. Philanthropic and Nonprofit Studies. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-34741-1.

[34] Crocker, Ruth (2003). Mrs. Russell Sage: Women's Activism and Philanthropy in Gilded Age and Progressive Era America.

[35] Johnson, Peter J.; Harr, John Ensor (1988). The Rockefeller Century: Three Generations of America's Greatest Family. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. ISBN 978-0-684-18936-9.

[36] Burlingame, Dwight, ed. (2004). Philanthropy in America: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia, vol 2. ABC-CLIO. p. 419. ISBN 9781576078600.

[37] Weindling, Paul (1997). "Philanthropy and world health: the Rockefeller Foundation and the League of Nations Health Organization". Minerva. 35 (3): 269–281. doi:10.1023/A:1004242303705. JSTOR 41821072. S2CID 140744506.

[38] Hesser, Leon F. (2006). The man who fed the world: Nobel Peace Prize laureate Norman Borlaug and his battle to end world hunger: An authorized biography. Durban House. ISBN 1930754906.

[39] Toenniessen, Gary; Adesina, Akinwumi; Devries, Joseph (2008), "Building an Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa", Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1136 (1): 233–42, Bibcode:2008NYASA1136..233T, doi:10.1196/annals.1425.028, PMID 18579885, S2CID 16277025

[40] Mariuzzo, Andrea (2016), "American cultural diplomacy and post-war educational reforms: James Bryant Conant's mission to Italy in 1960", History of Education, 45 (3): 352–371, doi:10.1080/0046760X.2016.1154192, hdl:11380/1176822, S2CID 146991139

[41] Krishnan, Jayanth K. (2004). "Professor Kingsfield goes to Delhi: American academics, the Ford Foundation, and the development of legal education in India". American Journal of Legal History. 46 (4): 447–499. doi:10.2307/3692406. JSTOR 3692406. S2CID 142891825.

[42] Krishnan, Jayanth K. (2012). "Academic SAILERS: The Ford Foundation and the Efforts to Shape Legal Education in Africa, 1957–1977". American Journal of Legal History. 52 (3): 261–324. doi:10.1093/ajlh/52.3.261.

[43] Shapiro, Ruth A. (29 January 2018). "Philanthropy in Asia needs a push from good government policies". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 2021-10-27.

[44] Guo, Qiyong; Cui, Tao (2012). "The Values of Confucian Benevolence and the Universality of the Confucian Way of Extending Love" (PDF). Front. Philos. China. 7 (1): 20–54. doi:10.3868/s030-001-012-0002-5 (inactive 31 January 2024). Retrieved 2021-11-22.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2024 (link)

[45] "Handbook on Corporate Social Responsibility in India" (PDF). PricewaterhouseCoopers. 2013. Retrieved 2021-10-27.

[46] Ravelo, Jenny Lei (2018-01-16). "Philanthropy in Asia hampered by trust issues, says report". Devex. Retrieved 2021-10-26.

[47] "Centre for Asian Philanthropy and Society's Doing Good Index Plots Way Forward in Post-Covid-19 World". BusinessWire. 17 June 2020. Retrieved 2021-10-27.

[48] Scaife, Wendy A.; Williamson, Alexandra (2012-02-22). "Foundations for giving: why and how Australians structure their philanthropy". QUT ePrints. Queensland, Australia. doi:10.5204/rep.eprints.48801.

[49] 
McGregor-Lowndes, Myles; Williamson, Alexandra (2018-05-02). "Foundations in Australia: Dimensions for International Comparison". American Behavioral Scientist. 62 (13): 1759–1776. doi:10.1177/0002764218773495. ISSN 0002-7642. S2CID 149469573.
Scaife, Wendy; McDonald, Katie; Williamson, Alexandra; Mossel, Valérie (2015). "Giving in Australia: Philanthropic Potential Beginning to Be Realized". In Wiepking, Pamala; Handy, Femida (eds.). The Palgrave Handbook of Global Philanthropy. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 488–505. doi:10.1057/9781137341532_28. ISBN 9781137343239.

[60] McGregor-Lowndes, Myles; Williamson, Alexandra (2018-05-02). "Foundations in Australia: Dimensions for International Comparison". American Behavioral Scientist. 62 (13): 1759–1776. doi:10.1177/0002764218773495. ISSN 0002-7642. S2CID 149469573.

[61] Scaife, Wendy; McDonald, Katie; Williamson, Alexandra; Mossel, Valérie (2015). "Giving in Australia: Philanthropic Potential Beginning to Be Realized". In Wiepking, Pamala; Handy, Femida (eds.). The Palgrave Handbook of Global Philanthropy. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 488–505. doi:10.1057/9781137341532_28. ISBN 9781137343239.

[50] McGregor-Lowndes, Myles; Balczun, Marie; Williamson, Alexandra (September 2023). "Ancillary Funds 2020-2021: ACPNS Current Issues Information Sheet 2023/1". QUT ePrints. Archived from the original on Oct 6, 2023.

[51] 
Mcgregor-Lowndes, Myles; Balczun, Marie; Williamson, Alexandra (2022-08-16). "Ancillary Funds 2000–2020: ACPNS Current Issues Information Sheet 2022-1". QUT ePrints. Archived from the original on Oct 10, 2023.
McGregor-Lowndes, Myles; Balczun, Marie; Williamson, Alexandra (September 2020). "Ancillary Funds 2017-2018: ACPNS Current Issues Information Sheet 2020/2, August 2020". QUT ePrints. Retrieved 2021-01-21.
McGregor-Lowndes, Myles; Balczun, Marie; Williamson, Alexandra (2021-07-15). "Ancillary Funds 2000–2019: ACPNS Current Issues Information Sheet 2021-1". QUT ePrints. Archived from the original on Oct 24, 2023.

[64] Mcgregor-Lowndes, Myles; Balczun, Marie; Williamson, Alexandra (2022-08-16). "Ancillary Funds 2000–2020: ACPNS Current Issues Information Sheet 2022-1". QUT ePrints. Archived from the original on Oct 10, 2023.

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-{{short description|Effort or inclination to increase the well-being of humankind, as by charitable aid or donations}}
+{{Short description|Private efforts to increase public good}}
 {{other uses}}
 {{Redirect|Philanthropist}}
+{{See also|List of philanthropists}}
-'''Philanthropy''' is a form of [[altruism]] that consists of "private initiatives for the [[Public good (economics)|public good]], focusing on [[quality of life]]".{{attribution needed|reason=who are we quoting?|date=August 2023}} Philanthropy contrasts with business initiatives, which are private initiatives for private good, focusing on material gain; and with government endeavors that are public initiatives for public good, such as those that focus on the provision of public services.<ref>{{cite book|first=George|last=McCully|title=Philanthropy Reconsidered: Private Initiatives, Public Good, Quality of Life|year=2009|page=13|location=Bloomington, Ind.|publisher=AuthorHouse|isbn=978-1438905617}}</ref> A person who practices philanthropy is a '''philanthropist'''. {{See also|List of philanthropists}}
+'''Philanthropy''' is a form of [[altruism]] that consists of "private initiatives for the [[Public good (economics)|public good]], focusing on [[quality of life]]".<ref name = "philRecon">{{cite book|first=George|last=McCully|title=Philanthropy Reconsidered: Private Initiatives, Public Good, Quality of Life|year=2009|page=13|location=Bloomington, Ind.|publisher=AuthorHouse|isbn=978-1438905617}}</ref> Philanthropy contrasts with business initiatives, which are private initiatives for private good, focusing on material gain; and with government endeavors that are public initiatives for public good, such as those that focus on the provision of public services.<ref name = "philRecon"/> A person who practices philanthropy is a '''philanthropist'''.
 ==Etymology==
 [[File:Herodes Atticus - bust - Athens Museum.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[Herodes Atticus]], a Greek philanthropist of [[Ancient Rome]] active during {{CE|the 2nd century}}]]
+The word ''philanthropy'' comes {{etymology|grc|φιλανθρωπία (philanthrōpía)|love of [[Humanity (virtue)|humanity]]}}, from {{transliteration|grc|philo-}} 'to love, be fond of' and {{transliteration|grc|anthrōpos}} 'humankind, mankind'.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/philanthropy |title=Philanthropy |website=[[Online Etymology Dictionary]]}}</ref> In {{CE|the second century}}, [[Plutarch]] used the Greek concept of {{transliteration|grc|philanthrôpía}} to describe superior human beings.
-The word ''philanthropy'' comes {{etymology|grc|φιλανθρωπία (philanthrōpía)|love of humanity}}, from {{transliteration|grc|phil-}} 'love, fond of' and {{transliteration|grc|anthrōpos}} 'humankind, mankind'.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/philanthropy |title=Philanthropy |website=[[Online Etymology Dictionary]]}}</ref> In {{CE|the second century}}, [[Plutarch]] used the Greek concept of {{transliteration|grc|philanthrôpía}} to describe superior human beings.
 During the [[Middle Ages]], {{transliteration|grc|philanthrôpía}} was superseded in Europe by the [[Cardinal virtues|Christian virtue]] of ''[[Charity (Christian virtue)|charity]]'' ([[Latin]]: {{lang|la|caritas}}) in the sense of selfless love, valued for [[Salvation in Christianity|salvation]] and escape from [[purgatory]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Aquinas|first=Thomas|url=https://www.newadvent.org/summa/3023.htm|title=Summa Theologiae|chapter=Charity, considered in itself|at=Secunda Secundae Partis, Q. 23}}</ref> [[Thomas Aquinas]] held that "the habit of charity extends not only to the love of God, but also to the love of our neighbor".<ref>{{cite book|last=Aquinas|first=Thomas|url=https://www.newadvent.org/summa/3025.htm|title=Summa Theologiae|chapter=The object of charity|at=Secunda Secundae Partis, Q. 25}}</ref>
-Philanthropy was modernized by Sir [[Francis Bacon]] in the 1600s, who is credited in great part with preventing the word from being owned by [[horticulture]].{{Clarify|reason=this "owned by horticulture" bit comes out of nowhere and needs explaining|date=October 2022}} Bacon considered ''philanthrôpía'' to be synonymous with "goodness",  correlated with the [[Aristotle|Aristotelian]] conception of virtue, as consciously instilled habits of good behaviour. [[Samuel Johnson]] simply defined philanthropy as "love of mankind; good nature".<ref>{{cite book|last=Johnson|first=Samuel|title=[[A Dictionary of the English Language]]|year=1755|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/johnsons_dictionary_1755/page/n1519/mode/1up|chapter=Philanthropy|volume=I|location=London}}</ref> This definition still survives today and is often cited more gender-neutrally as the "love of humanity."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://blueandgreentomorrow.com/features/philanthropy-is-what-sustains-the-charitable-sector-not-money/ |first=Mitchell|last= Kutney|title= Philanthropy is what sustains the charitable sector, not money |publisher=Blue & Green Tomorrow |date=2013-06-18 |access-date=2014-11-08}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=January 2016}}
+Sir [[Francis Bacon]] considered ''philanthrôpía'' to be synonymous with "goodness",  correlated with the [[Aristotle|Aristotelian]] conception of virtue as consciously instilled habits of good behaviour. [[Samuel Johnson]] simply defined philanthropy as "love of mankind; good nature".<ref>{{cite book|last=Johnson|first=Samuel|title=[[A Dictionary of the English Language]]|year=1755|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/johnsons_dictionary_1755/page/n1519/mode/1up|chapter=Philanthropy|volume=I|location=London}}</ref> This definition still survives today and is often cited more gender-neutrally as the "love of humanity."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://blueandgreentomorrow.com/features/philanthropy-is-what-sustains-the-charitable-sector-not-money/ |first=Mitchell|last= Kutney|title= Philanthropy is what sustains the charitable sector, not money |publisher=Blue & Green Tomorrow |date=2013-06-18 |access-date=2014-11-08}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=January 2016}}
 ==Europe==
@@ Line 23: / Line 23: @@
 In 1739, [[Thomas Coram]], appalled by the number of abandoned children living on the streets of London, received a royal charter to establish the [[Foundling Hospital]] to look after these unwanted orphans in Lamb's Conduit Fields, [[Bloomsbury]].<ref name="Foundling">{{cite web|first=Jacqueline|last=Banerjee|url=https://www.victorianweb.org/history/orphanages/coram1.html|title=Captain Coram and the Foundling Hospital|work=The Victorian Web|access-date=29 January 2016}}</ref> This was "the first children's charity in the country, and one that 'set the pattern for incorporated associational charities' in general."<ref name="Foundling"/> The hospital "marked the first great milestone in the creation of these new-style charities."<ref name="London"/>
-[[Jonas Hanway]], another notable philanthropist of the era, established [[The Marine Society]] in 1756 as the first seafarer's charity, in a bid to aid the recruitment of men to the [[Royal Navy|navy]].<ref>{{cite book|author-link=N. A. M. Rodger|first=N.A.M.|last=Roger|title=The Command of the Ocean: A Naval History of Britain 1649–1815|url=https://archive.org/details/commandofoceanna0000rodg_v3r3|url-access=registration|location=New York|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|year=2004|page=[https://archive.org/details/commandofoceanna0000rodg_v3r3/page/313/mode/1up 313]}}</ref> By 1763, the society had recruited over 10,000 men and it was incorporated in 1772. Hanway was also instrumental in establishing the [[Magdalen Hospital]] to rehabilitate prostitutes. These organizations were funded by subscriptions and run as voluntary associations. They raised public awareness of their activities through the emerging popular press and were generally held in high social regard—some charities received state recognition in the form of the [[Royal Charter]].
+[[Jonas Hanway]], another notable philanthropist of the era, established [[The Marine Society]] in 1756 as the first seafarer's charity, in a bid to aid the recruitment of men to the [[Royal Navy|navy]].<ref>{{cite book|author-link=N. A. M. Rodger|first=N.A.M.|last=Roger|title=The Command of the Ocean: A Naval History of Britain 1649–1815|url=https://archive.org/details/commandofoceanna0000rodg_v3r3|url-access=registration|location=New York|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|year=2004|page=[https://archive.org/details/commandofoceanna0000rodg_v3r3/page/313/mode/1up 313]|isbn=978-0-393-32847-9 }}</ref> By 1763, the society had recruited over 10,000 men and it was incorporated in 1772. Hanway was also instrumental in establishing the [[Magdalen Hospital]] to rehabilitate prostitutes. These organizations were funded by subscriptions and run as voluntary associations. They raised public awareness of their activities through the emerging popular press and were generally held in high social regard—some charities received state recognition in the form of the [[Royal Charter]].
 ====19th century====
 [[File:William wilberforce.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.8|[[William Wilberforce]], a prominent British philanthropist and [[Abolition of the Slave Trade|anti-slavery campaigner]]]]
-Philanthropists, such as [[Abolition of the Slave Trade|anti-slavery campaigner]] [[William Wilberforce]], began to adopt active campaigning roles, where they would champion a cause and lobby the government for legislative change. This included organized campaigns against the ill-treatment of animals and children and the campaign that succeeded in ending the [[slave trade]] throughout the Empire starting in 1807.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Louis Taylor|last=Merrill|title=The English campaign for abolition of the slave trade|url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.2307/2715027|url-access=subscription|journal=Journal of Negro History|volume=30|number=4|year=1945|pages= 382–399|jstor=2715027|doi=10.2307/2715027 |s2cid=150275678 }}</ref> Although there were no slaves allowed in Britain itself, many rich men owned sugar plantations in the West Indies, and resisted the movement to buy them out until it finally succeeded in 1833.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Christer|last=Petley|title='Devoted Islands' and 'that Madman Wilberforce': British Proslavery Patriotism during the Age of Abolition|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03086534.2011.598744|url-access=subscription|journal=Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History|volume=39|number=3|year=2011|pages=393–415|doi=10.1080/03086534.2011.598744 |s2cid=159547077 }}</ref>
+Philanthropists, such as [[Abolition of the Slave Trade|anti-slavery campaigner]] [[William Wilberforce]], began to adopt active campaigning roles, where they would champion a cause and lobby the government for legislative change. This included organized campaigns against the ill-treatment of animals and children and the campaign that succeeded in ending the [[History of slavery|slave trade]] throughout the Empire starting in 1807.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Louis Taylor|last=Merrill|title=The English campaign for abolition of the slave trade|url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.2307/2715027|url-access=subscription|journal=Journal of Negro History|volume=30|number=4|year=1945|pages= 382–399|jstor=2715027|doi=10.2307/2715027 |s2cid=150275678 }}</ref> Although there were no slaves allowed in Britain itself, many rich men owned sugar plantations in the West Indies, and resisted the movement to buy them out until it finally succeeded in 1833.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Christer|last=Petley|title='Devoted Islands' and 'that Madman Wilberforce': British Proslavery Patriotism during the Age of Abolition|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03086534.2011.598744|url-access=subscription|journal=Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History|volume=39|number=3|year=2011|pages=393–415|doi=10.1080/03086534.2011.598744 |s2cid=159547077 }}</ref>
 Financial donations to organized charities became fashionable among the middle class in the 19th century. By 1869 there were over 200 London charities with an annual income, all together, of about {{currency|2 million|GBP|passthrough=yes}}. By 1885, rapid growth had produced over 1000 London charities, with an income of about {{currency|4.5 million|GBP|passthrough=yes|linked=no}}. They included a wide range of religious and secular goals, with the American import, [[YMCA]], as one of the largest, and many small ones, such as the Metropolitan Drinking Fountain Association. In addition to making annual donations, increasingly wealthy industrialists and financiers left generous sums in their wills. A sample of 466 wills in the 1890s revealed a total wealth of {{currency|76 million|GBP|passthrough=yes|linked=no}}, of which {{currency|20 million|GBP|passthrough=yes|linked=no}} was bequeathed to charities. By 1900 London charities enjoyed an annual income of about {{currency|8.5 million|GBP|passthrough=yes|linked=no}}.<ref name=Read>{{cite book|first=Donald|last=Read|title=The age of urban democracy: England 1868–1914|url=https://archive.org/details/ageofurbandemocr0000read|url-access=registration|orig-year=1979|year=1994|isbn=0582089212|edition=revised|publisher=Longman}}</ref>{{rp|[https://archive.org/details/ageofurbandemocr0000read/page/125/mode/1up 125]}}
@@ Line 49: / Line 49: @@
 The [[French Red Cross]] played a minor role in the war with Germany (1870–71). After that, it became a major factor in shaping French civil society as a non-religious humanitarian organization. It was closely tied to the army's [[French Armed Forces Health Service|Service de Santé]]. By 1914 it operated one thousand local committees with 164,000 members, 21,500 trained nurses, and over {{currency|27 million|FRF|passthrough=yes|first}} in assets.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Chrastil | first=Rachel | title=The French Red Cross, War Readiness, and Civil Society, 1866–1914 | journal=French Historical Studies | publisher=Duke University Press | volume=31 | issue=3 | year=2008 | issn=0016-1071 | doi=10.1215/00161071-2008-003 | pages=445–476 | url=https://read.dukeupress.edu/french-historical-studies/article-abstract/31/3/445/9591/The-French-Red-Cross-War-Readiness-and-Civil | url-access=subscription }}</ref>
-The [[Pasteur Institute]] had a monopoly of specialized microbiological knowledge, allowing it to raise money for serum production from private and public sources, walking the line between a commercial pharmaceutical venture and a philanthropic enterprise.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=18351159|year=2007|last1=Simon|first1=J|title=The origin of the production of diphtheria antitoxin in France, between philanthropy and commerce|journal=Dynamis: Acta Hispanica Ad Medicinae Scientiarumque Historiam Illustrandam|volume=27|pages=63–82|s2cid=31847730 |url=https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-origin-of-the-production-of-diphtheria-in-%2C-and-Pagode/35611989893e811d466bd254b6d69f19db65b66e}}</ref>
+The [[Pasteur Institute]] had a monopoly of specialized microbiological knowledge, allowing it to raise money for serum production from private and public sources, walking the line between a commercial pharmaceutical venture and a philanthropic enterprise.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=18351159|year=2007|last1=Simon|first1=J|title=The origin of the production of diphtheria antitoxin in France, between philanthropy and commerce|journal=Dynamis: Acta Hispanica Ad Medicinae Scientiarumque Historiam Illustrandam|volume=27|pages=63–82|s2cid=31847730 }}</ref>
 By 1933, at the depth of the [[Great Depression]], the French wanted a [[welfare state]] to relieve distress but did not want new taxes. [[War veterans]] devised a solution: the new national lottery proved highly popular to gamblers while generating the cash needed without raising taxes.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Delalande | first=Nicolas | title=Giving and Gambling: The Gueules Cassées, the National Lottery, and the Moral Economy of the Welfare State in 1930s France | journal=French Historical Studies | publisher=Duke University Press | volume=40 | issue=4 | year=2017 | issn=0016-1071 | doi=10.1215/00161071-3946492 | pages=623–649 | url=https://read.dukeupress.edu/french-historical-studies/article-abstract/40/4/623/130488/Giving-and-GamblingThe-Gueules-Cassees-the|url-access=subscription}}</ref>
@@ Line 59: / Line 59: @@
 ===Germany===
-The history of modern philanthropy on the European continent is especially important in the case of Germany, which became a model for others, especially regarding the [[welfare state]]. The princes and the various imperial states continued traditional efforts, funding monumental buildings, parks, and art collections. Starting in the early 19th century, the rapidly emerging [[middle class]]es made local philanthropy a way to establish their legitimate role in shaping society, pursuing ends different from the [[aristocracy]] and the military. They concentrated on support for [[social welfare]], [[higher education]], and cultural institutions, as well as working to alleviate the [[Industrial_Revolution#Criticisms|hardships]] brought on by rapid [[industrialization]]. The [[bourgeoisie]] (upper-middle class) was defeated in its effort to gain political control in [[1848]], but it still had enough money and organizational skills that could be employed through philanthropic agencies to provide an alternative power base for its worldview.<ref name=Adam>{{cite book|first=Thomas|last=Adam|title=Philanthropy, Civil Society, and the State in German history, 1815–1989|year=2016}}</ref>
+The history of modern philanthropy on the European continent is especially important in the case of Germany, which became a model for others, especially regarding the [[welfare state]]. The princes and the various imperial states continued traditional efforts, funding monumental buildings, parks, and art collections. Starting in the early 19th century, the rapidly emerging [[middle class]]es made local philanthropy a way to establish their legitimate role in shaping society, pursuing ends different from the [[aristocracy]] and the military. They concentrated on support for [[social welfare]], [[higher education]], and cultural institutions, as well as working to alleviate the [[Industrial Revolution#Criticisms|hardships]] brought on by rapid [[industrialization]]. The [[bourgeoisie]] (upper-middle class) was defeated in its effort to gain political control in [[1848]], but it still had enough money and organizational skills that could be employed through philanthropic agencies to provide an alternative power base for its worldview.<ref name=Adam>{{cite book|first=Thomas|last=Adam|title=Philanthropy, Civil Society, and the State in German history, 1815–1989|year=2016}}</ref>
 Religion was divisive in Germany, as Protestants, Catholics, and Jews used alternative philanthropic strategies. The Catholics, for example, continued their medieval practice of using financial donations in their wills to lighten their punishment in [[purgatory]] after death. The Protestants did not believe in purgatory, but made a strong commitment to improving their communities there and then. Conservative Protestants raised concerns about deviant sexuality, alcoholism, and socialism, as well as illegitimate births. They used philanthropy to try to eradicate what they considered as "social evils" that were seen as utterly sinful.<ref>{{multiref2
@@ Line 73: / Line 73: @@
 [[File:"Wanted Immediately. 2,000,000 Garments for destitute Men, Women, and children in occupied Northern France and... - NARA - 512616.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.9|Poster requesting clothing for occupied France and Belgium]]
-The [[Commission for Relief in Belgium]] (CRB) was an international (predominantly American) organization that arranged for the supply of food to German-occupied Belgium and northern France during the First World War. It was led by [[Herbert Hoover]].<ref>{{cite journal|first=George H.|last=Nash|title=An American Epic: Herbert Hoover and Belgian Relief in World War I|journal=Prologue|year=1989|volume=21|number=1|pages=75–86}}</ref> Between 1914 and 1919, the CRB operated entirely with voluntary efforts and was able to feed eleven million Belgians by raising money, obtaining voluntary contributions of money and food, shipping the food to Belgium and controlling it there. For example, the CRB shipped 697,116,000 pounds of flour to Belgium.<ref name=Burner>{{cite book|first=David|last=Burner|title=Herbert Hoover: A Public Life|url=https://archive.org/details/herberthooverpub0000burn|url-access=registration|year=1978|publisher=Alfred A. Knopf}}</ref>{{rp|[https://archive.org/details/herberthooverpub0000burn/page/72/mode/2up 72]–95}} Biographer George Nash finds that by the end of 1916, Hoover "stood preeminent in the greatest humanitarian undertaking the world had ever seen."<ref>{{cite book|first=George H.|last=Nash|title=The Life of Herbert Hoover: The Humanitarian, 1914–1917|year=1988|page=249}}</ref> Biographer William Leuchtenburg adds, "He had raised and spent millions of dollars, with trifling overhead and not a penny lost to fraud. At its peak, his organization fed nine million Belgians and French daily.<ref name=Leuchtenburg>{{cite book|first=William E.|last=Leuchtenburg|title=Herbert Hoover |url=https://archive.org/details/herberthoover00leuc|url-access=registration|year=2009|publisher=Macmillan |isbn=9781429933490 }}</ref>{{rp|[https://archive.org/details/herberthoover00leuc/page/30/mode/1up 30]}}
+The [[Commission for Relief in Belgium]] (CRB) was an international (predominantly American) organization that arranged for the supply of food to German-occupied Belgium and northern France during the First World War. It was led by [[Herbert Hoover]].<ref>{{cite journal|first=George H.|last=Nash|title=An American Epic: Herbert Hoover and Belgian Relief in World War I|journal=Prologue|year=1989|volume=21|number=1|pages=75–86}}</ref> Between 1914 and 1919, the CRB operated entirely with voluntary efforts and was able to feed eleven million Belgians by raising money, obtaining voluntary contributions of money and food, shipping the food to Belgium and controlling it there. For example, the CRB shipped 697,116,000 pounds of flour to Belgium.<ref name=Burner>{{cite book|first=David|last=Burner|title=Herbert Hoover: A Public Life|url=https://archive.org/details/herberthooverpub0000burn|url-access=registration|year=1978|publisher=Alfred A. Knopf|isbn=978-0-394-46134-2 }}</ref>{{rp|[https://archive.org/details/herberthooverpub0000burn/page/72/mode/2up 72]–95}} Biographer George Nash finds that by the end of 1916, Hoover "stood preeminent in the greatest humanitarian undertaking the world had ever seen."<ref>{{cite book|first=George H.|last=Nash|title=The Life of Herbert Hoover: The Humanitarian, 1914–1917|year=1988|page=249}}</ref> Biographer William Leuchtenburg adds, "He had raised and spent millions of dollars, with trifling overhead and not a penny lost to fraud. At its peak, his organization fed nine million Belgians and French daily.<ref name=Leuchtenburg>{{cite book|first=William E.|last=Leuchtenburg|title=Herbert Hoover |url=https://archive.org/details/herberthoover00leuc|url-access=registration|year=2009|publisher=Macmillan |isbn=9781429933490 }}</ref>{{rp|[https://archive.org/details/herberthoover00leuc/page/30/mode/1up 30]}}
 When the war ended in late 1918, Hoover took control of the [[American Relief Administration]] (ARA), with the mission of food{{clarify|reason=delivering? distributing? cultivating? need some sort of verb here to describe the mission|date=August 2023}} to Central and Eastern Europe. The ARA fed millions.{{r|Burner|pages=[https://archive.org/details/herberthooverpub0000burn/page/114/mode/2up 114]–137}} U.S. government funding for the ARA expired in the summer of 1919, and Hoover transformed the ARA into a private organization, raising millions of dollars from private donors. Under the auspices of the ARA, the European Children's Fund fed millions of starving children. When attacked for distributing food to Russia, which was under Bolshevik control, Hoover snapped, "Twenty million people are starving. Whatever their politics, they shall be fed!"{{r|Leuchtenburg|page=[https://archive.org/details/herberthoover00leuc/page/58/mode/1up 58]}}<ref>{{cite book|first1=Frank M.|last1=Surface|first2=Raymond L.|last2=Bland|title=American food in the world war and reconstruction period: operations of the organizations under the direction of Herbert Hoover, 1914 to 1924|publisher=Stanford University Press|year=1932|url=https://archive.org/details/americanfoodinwo00fran}}</ref>
@@ Line 90: / Line 90: @@
 [[File:Carnegie-1903.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.9|[[Andrew Carnegie]]'s philanthropy. ''[[Puck (magazine)|Puck]]'' magazine cartoon by [[Louis Dalrymple]], 1903]]
 [[Andrew Carnegie]] (1835–1919) was the most influential leader of philanthropy on a national (rather than local) scale. After selling his steel company in 1901 he devoted himself to establishing philanthropic organizations and to making direct contributions to many educational, cultural, and research institutions. He financed over 2,500 public [[Carnegie library|libraries]] built across the United States and abroad. He also funded [[Carnegie Hall]] in New York City and the [[Peace Palace]] in the Netherlands.
 His final and largest project was the [[Carnegie Corporation of New York]], founded in 1911 with a {{currency|25 million|USD|passthrough=yes}} endowment, later enlarged to {{currency|135 million|USD|passthrough=yes|linked=no}}. Carnegie Corporation has endowed or otherwise helped to establish institutions that include the Russian Research Center at [[Harvard University]] (now known as the [https://daviscenter.fas.harvard.edu/ Davis Center for Russian and Eurasian Studies]), the [[Brookings Institution]] and the [[Sesame Workshop]]. In all, Andrew Carnegie gave away 90% of his fortune.<ref>{{cite book|first=Joseph Frazier|last=Wall|title=Andrew Carnegie|url=https://archive.org/details/andrewcarnegie0000wall|url-access=registration|publisher=University of Pittsburgh Press|year=1970|pages=[https://archive.org/details/andrewcarnegie0000wall/page/882/mode/2up 882]–84}}</ref>
@@ Line 99: / Line 99: @@
 Other prominent American philanthropists of the early 20th century included [[John D. Rockefeller]] (1839–1937), [[Julius Rosenwald]] (1862–1932)<ref>{{multiref2
 |1={{cite book|editor-first=Robert T.|editor-last=Grimm|chapter=Julius Rosenwald|title=Notable American Philanthropists: Biographies of Giving and Volunteering|url=https://archive.org/details/notableamericanp0000unse|url-access=registration|publisher=Greenwood Press|year=2002|pages=[https://archive.org/details/notableamericanp0000unse/page/277/mode/1up 277]–79|isbn=9781573563406}}
-|2={{cite book |first=Peter M. |last=Ascoli |title=Julius Rosenwald: The Man Who Built Sears, Roebuck and Advanced the Cause of Black Education in the American South|url=https://archive.org/details/juliusrosenwaldm0000asco|url-access=registration|publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2006|series=Philanthropic and Nonprofit Studies}} }}</ref> and [[Margaret Olivia Slocum Sage]] (1828–1918).<ref>{{cite book |first=Ruth |last=Crocker |title=Mrs. Russell Sage: Women's Activism and Philanthropy in Gilded Age and Progressive Era America |year=2003 }}</ref>
+|2={{cite book |first=Peter M. |last=Ascoli |title=Julius Rosenwald: The Man Who Built Sears, Roebuck and Advanced the Cause of Black Education in the American South|url=https://archive.org/details/juliusrosenwaldm0000asco|url-access=registration|publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2006|series=Philanthropic and Nonprofit Studies|isbn=978-0-253-34741-1 }} }}</ref> and [[Margaret Olivia Slocum Sage]] (1828–1918).<ref>{{cite book |first=Ruth |last=Crocker |title=Mrs. Russell Sage: Women's Activism and Philanthropy in Gilded Age and Progressive Era America |year=2003 }}</ref>
-Rockefeller retired from business in the 1890s; he and his son [[John D. Rockefeller Jr.]] (1874–1960) made large-scale national philanthropy systematic, especially with regard to the study and application of modern medicine, higher education, and scientific research. Of the {{currency|530 million|USD|passthrough=yes}} the elder Rockefeller gave away, {{currency|450 million|USD|passthrough=yes|linked=no}} went to medicine.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Peter J.|last1=Johnson|first2=John Ensor|last2=Harr|title=The Rockefeller Century: Three Generations of America's Greatest Family|url=https://archive.org/details/rockefellercentu00harr|url-access=registration|publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons|location=New York|year=1988}}</ref> Their leading advisor [[Frederick Taylor Gates]] launched several large philanthropic projects staffed by experts who sought to address problems systematically at the roots rather than let the recipients deal only with their immediate concerns.<ref>{{cite book|editor-first=Dwight|editor-last=Burlingame|title=Philanthropy in America: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia, vol 2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lSakKhqTy70C|url-access=limited|year=2004|publisher=ABC-CLIO|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=lSakKhqTy70C&pg=PA419 419]|isbn=9781576078600}}</ref>
+Rockefeller retired from business in the 1890s; he and his son [[John D. Rockefeller Jr.]] (1874–1960) made large-scale national philanthropy systematic, especially with regard to the study and application of modern medicine, higher education, and scientific research. Of the {{currency|530 million|USD|passthrough=yes}} the elder Rockefeller gave away, {{currency|450 million|USD|passthrough=yes|linked=no}} went to medicine.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Peter J.|last1=Johnson|first2=John Ensor|last2=Harr|title=The Rockefeller Century: Three Generations of America's Greatest Family|url=https://archive.org/details/rockefellercentu00harr|url-access=registration|publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons|location=New York|year=1988|isbn=978-0-684-18936-9 }}</ref> Their leading advisor [[Frederick Taylor Gates]] launched several large philanthropic projects staffed by experts who sought to address problems systematically at the roots rather than let the recipients deal only with their immediate concerns.<ref>{{cite book|editor-first=Dwight|editor-last=Burlingame|title=Philanthropy in America: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia, vol 2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lSakKhqTy70C|url-access=limited|year=2004|publisher=ABC-CLIO|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=lSakKhqTy70C&pg=PA419 419]|isbn=9781576078600}}</ref>
 By 1920, the [[Rockefeller Foundation]] was opening offices in Europe. It launched medical and scientific projects in Britain, France, Germany, Spain, and elsewhere. It supported the health projects of the [[League of Nations]].<ref>{{cite journal|first=Paul|last=Weindling|title=Philanthropy and world health: the Rockefeller Foundation and the League of Nations Health Organization|journal=Minerva|volume=35|number=3|year=1997|pages=269–281|doi=10.1023/A:1004242303705 |jstor=41821072|s2cid=140744506 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41821072|url-access=subscription}}</ref> By the 1950s, it was investing heavily in the [[Green Revolution]], especially the work by [[Norman Borlaug]] that enabled India, Mexico, and many poor countries to upgrade their agricultural productivity dramatically.<ref>{{cite book|first=Leon F.|last=Hesser|title=The man who fed the world: Nobel Peace Prize laureate Norman Borlaug and his battle to end world hunger: An authorized biography|url=https://archive.org/details/manwhofedworldno0000hess|url-access=registration|publisher=Durban House|isbn=1930754906|year=2006}}</ref>
@@ Line 113: / Line 113: @@
 == Asia ==
 [[File:Lamia_bint_Majed_al-Saud,_Bahrain_TV_News_Center_-_Mar_28,_2019.jpg|thumb|Saudi Arabian philanthropist [[Lamia bint Majed Al Saud|Lamia bint Majed al-Saud]]]]
-While charity has a long history in Asia, {{asof|2018|alt=as of 2018}} philanthropy or a systematic approach to doing good remains nascent.<ref>{{ cite news | first=Ruth A. | last=Shapiro | newspaper=South China Morning Post | title = Philanthropy in Asia needs a push from good government policies | date = 29 January 2018 | url = https://www.scmp.com/comment/insight-opinion/article/2130987/philanthropy-asia-needs-push-good-government-policies | language = en | access-date = 2021-10-27 }}</ref> Chinese philosopher [[Mozi]] ({{Circa|470|391 BCE}}) developed the concept of "universal love" ({{transliteration|zh|jiān'ài}}, {{lang|zh|兼愛}}), a reaction against perceived over-attachment to family and clan structures within [[Confucianism]]. Other interpretations of Confucianism see concern for others as an extension of benevolence.<ref>{{ Cite journal | first1=Qiyong|last1=Guo|first2=Tao|last2=Cui|journal=Front. Philos. China|year=2012|volume=7|number=1|pages=20–54|title = The Values of Confucian Benevolence and the Universality of the Confucian Way of Extending Love | url =http://hep.calis.edu.cn/fulltext/FPC_100002_GQY_CT.pdf| language = en | access-date = 2021-11-22|doi=10.3868/s030-001-012-0002-5 |doi-broken-date=2023-09-24 }}</ref>
+While charity has a long history in Asia, {{as of|2018|alt=as of 2018}} philanthropy or a systematic approach to doing good remains nascent.<ref>{{ cite news | first=Ruth A. | last=Shapiro | newspaper=South China Morning Post | title = Philanthropy in Asia needs a push from good government policies | date = 29 January 2018 | url = https://www.scmp.com/comment/insight-opinion/article/2130987/philanthropy-asia-needs-push-good-government-policies | language = en | access-date = 2021-10-27 }}</ref> Chinese philosopher [[Mozi]] ({{Circa|470|391 BCE}}) developed the concept of "universal love" ({{transliteration|zh|jiān'ài}}, {{lang|zh|兼愛}}), a reaction against perceived over-attachment to family and clan structures within [[Confucianism]]. Other interpretations of Confucianism see concern for others as an extension of benevolence.<ref>{{ Cite journal | first1=Qiyong|last1=Guo|first2=Tao|last2=Cui|journal=Front. Philos. China|year=2012|volume=7|number=1|pages=20–54|title = The Values of Confucian Benevolence and the Universality of the Confucian Way of Extending Love | url =http://hep.calis.edu.cn/fulltext/FPC_100002_GQY_CT.pdf| language = en | access-date = 2021-11-22|doi=10.3868/s030-001-012-0002-5 |doi-broken-date=31 January 2024 }}</ref>
 Muslims in countries such as Indonesia are bound by [[zakat]] (almsgiving), while Buddhists and Christians throughout Asia may participate in philanthropic activities. In India, [[corporate social responsibility]] (CSR) is now mandated, with 2% of net profits to be directed towards charity.<ref>{{ cite web | title = Handbook on Corporate Social Responsibility in India | url = https://www.pwc.in/assets/pdfs/publications/2013/handbook-on-corporate-social-responsibility-in-india.pdf | publisher=PricewaterhouseCoopers|year=2013|language = en | access-date = 2021-10-27 }}</ref>
-Asia is home to most of the world's billionaires, surpassing the United States and Europe in 2017.<ref>{{ cite web | first=Jenny Lei |last=Ravelo | title = Philanthropy in Asia hampered by trust issues, says report | date=2018-01-16| website=Devex| url = https://www.devex.com/news/philanthropy-in-asia-hampered-by-trust-issues-says-report-91889 | language = en | access-date = 2021-10-26 }}</ref> Wikipedia's [[list of countries by number of billionaires]] shows four Asian economies in the top ten: 495 in China, 169 in India, 66 in Hong Kong, and 52 in Taiwan ({{asof|2023|04|alt=as of April 2023}}).
+Asia is home to most of the world's billionaires, surpassing the United States and Europe in 2017.<ref>{{ cite web | first=Jenny Lei |last=Ravelo | title = Philanthropy in Asia hampered by trust issues, says report | date=2018-01-16| website=Devex| url = https://www.devex.com/news/philanthropy-in-asia-hampered-by-trust-issues-says-report-91889 | language = en | access-date = 2021-10-26 }}</ref> Wikipedia's [[list of countries by number of billionaires]] shows four Asian economies in the top ten: 495 in China, 169 in India, 66 in Hong Kong, and 52 in Taiwan ({{as of|2023|04|alt=as of April 2023}}).
 While the region's philanthropy practices are relatively under-researched compared to those of the United States and Europe, the Centre for Asian Philanthropy and Society (CAPS) produces a study of the sector every two years. In 2020, its research found that if Asia were to donate the equivalent of two percent of its GDP, the same as the United States, it would unleash {{currency|507 billion|USD|passthrough=yes}} ({{currency|3.9 trillion|HKD|passthrough=yes}}) annually, more than 11 times the foreign aid flowing into the region every year and one-third of the annual amount needed globally to meet the sustainable development goals by 2030.<ref>{{ cite web | title = Centre for Asian Philanthropy and Society's Doing Good Index Plots Way Forward in Post-Covid-19 World | date = 17 June 2020 | url = https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20200617005325/en/Centre-Asian-Philanthropy-Society%E2%80%99s-Good-Index-Plots%20 | website=BusinessWire| language = en | access-date = 2021-10-27 }}</ref>
@@ Line 124: / Line 124: @@
 === Australia ===
-Structured giving in Australia through foundations<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Scaife|first1=Wendy A.|last2=Williamson|first2=Alexandra|date=2012-02-22|title=Foundations for giving: why and how Australians structure their philanthropy|url=https://eprints.qut.edu.au/48801|language=en|location=Queensland, Australia|doi=10.5204/rep.eprints.48801|doi-access=free}}</ref> is slowly growing, although public data on the philanthropic sector is sparse.<ref>{{multiref2
+Structured giving in Australia through foundations<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Scaife|first1=Wendy A.|last2=Williamson|first2=Alexandra|date=2012-02-22|title=Foundations for giving: why and how Australians structure their philanthropy|url=https://eprints.qut.edu.au/48801|language=en|location=Queensland, Australia|doi=10.5204/rep.eprints.48801|doi-access=free |website=QUT ePrints }}</ref> is slowly growing, although public data on the philanthropic sector is sparse.<ref>{{multiref2
 |1={{Cite journal|last1=McGregor-Lowndes|first1=Myles|last2=Williamson|first2=Alexandra|date=2018-05-02|title=Foundations in Australia: Dimensions for International Comparison|journal=American Behavioral Scientist|volume=62|issue=13|language=en|pages=1759–1776|doi=10.1177/0002764218773495|s2cid=149469573|issn=0002-7642}}
 |2={{Cite book|last1=Scaife|first1=Wendy|chapter=Giving in Australia: Philanthropic Potential Beginning to Be Realized|date=2015|title=The Palgrave Handbook of Global Philanthropy|pages=488–505|editor-last=Wiepking|editor-first=Pamala|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|language=en|doi=10.1057/9781137341532_28|isbn=9781137343239|last2=McDonald|first2=Katie|last3=Williamson|first3=Alexandra|last4=Mossel|first4=Valérie|editor2-last=Handy|editor2-first=Femida}} }}</ref> There is no public registry of philanthropic foundations as distinct from charities more generally.
-Two foundation types for which some data is available<ref>{{Cite web |last=McGregor-Lowndes |first=Myles |last2=Balczun |first2=Marie |last3=Williamson |first3=Alexandra |title=Ancillary Funds 2020-2021: ACPNS Current Issues Information Sheet 2023/1 |url=https://eprints.qut.edu.au/242560/ |website=eprints.qut.edu.au |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{multiref2
+Two foundation types for which some data is available<ref>{{Cite web |last1=McGregor-Lowndes |first1=Myles |last2=Balczun |first2=Marie |last3=Williamson |first3=Alexandra |title=Ancillary Funds 2020-2021: ACPNS Current Issues Information Sheet 2023/1 |url=https://eprints.qut.edu.au/242560/ |website=QUT ePrints |date=September 2023 |language=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006063216/https://eprints.qut.edu.au/242560/ |archive-date= Oct 6, 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{multiref2
-|1={{Cite journal |last1=Mcgregor-Lowndes |first1=Myles |last2=Balczun |first2=Marie |last3=Williamson |first3=Alexandra |date=2022-08-16 |title=Ancillary Funds 2000–2020: ACPNS Current Issues Information Sheet 2022-1 |url=https://eprints.qut.edu.au/234642/ |language=en}}
+|1={{Cite journal |last1=Mcgregor-Lowndes |first1=Myles |last2=Balczun |first2=Marie |last3=Williamson |first3=Alexandra |date=2022-08-16 |title=Ancillary Funds 2000–2020: ACPNS Current Issues Information Sheet 2022-1 |url=https://eprints.qut.edu.au/234642/ |website=QUT ePrints |language=en |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20231010173629/http://eprints.qut.edu.au/234642/ |archive-date= Oct 10, 2023 }}
-|2={{Cite web|last1=McGregor-Lowndes|first1=Myles|last2=Balczun|first2=Marie|last3=Williamson|first3=Alexandra|date=September 2020|title=Ancillary Funds 2017-2018: ACPNS Current Issues Information Sheet 2020/2, August 2020|url=https://eprints.qut.edu.au/204322/|access-date=2021-01-21|website=eprints.qut.edu.au|language=en}}
+|2={{Cite web|last1=McGregor-Lowndes|first1=Myles|last2=Balczun|first2=Marie|last3=Williamson|first3=Alexandra|date=September 2020|title=Ancillary Funds 2017-2018: ACPNS Current Issues Information Sheet 2020/2, August 2020|url=https://eprints.qut.edu.au/204322/|access-date=2021-01-21|website=QUT ePrints|language=en}}
-|3={{Cite journal|last1=McGregor-Lowndes|first1=Myles|last2=Balczun|first2=Marie|last3=Williamson|first3=Alexandra|date=2021-07-15|title=Ancillary Funds 2000–2019: ACPNS Current Issues Information Sheet 2021-1|url=https://eprints.qut.edu.au/211850/|language=en}} }}</ref> are Private Ancillary Funds (PAFs)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ato.gov.au/Non-profit/Getting-started/In-detail/Types-of-DGRs/Private-ancillary-funds/|title=Private ancillary funds|website=Australian Taxation Office|language=en-AU|access-date=2018-08-06}}</ref> and Public Ancillary Funds (PubAFs).<ref>{{multiref2
+|3={{Cite journal|last1=McGregor-Lowndes|first1=Myles|last2=Balczun|first2=Marie|last3=Williamson|first3=Alexandra|date=2021-07-15|title=Ancillary Funds 2000–2019: ACPNS Current Issues Information Sheet 2021-1|url=https://eprints.qut.edu.au/211850/ |website=QUT ePrints |language=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024210719/https://eprints.qut.edu.au/211850/ |archive-date= Oct 24, 2023 }} }}</ref> are Private Ancillary Funds (PAFs)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ato.gov.au/Non-profit/Getting-started/In-detail/Types-of-DGRs/Private-ancillary-funds/|title=Private ancillary funds|website=Australian Taxation Office|language=en-AU|access-date=2018-08-06 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806054938/https://www.ato.gov.au/Non-profit/Getting-started/In-detail/Types-of-DGRs/Private-ancillary-funds/ |archive-date= Aug 6, 2018 }}</ref> and Public Ancillary Funds (PubAFs).<ref>{{multiref2
 |1={{Cite web|url=https://www.ato.gov.au/Non-profit/Getting-started/In-detail/Types-of-DGRs/Public-ancillary-funds/?page=3|title=Public ancillary funds|website=Australian Taxation Office|language=en-AU|access-date=2018-08-06}}
-|2={{Cite journal|last1=Williamson|first1=Alexandra Kate|last2=Luke|first2=Belinda G.|title=Mapping the field of public ancillary funds|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1467-8500.12515|journal=Australian Journal of Public Administration|year=2021|volume=80|issue=4|pages=748–768|language=en|doi=10.1111/1467-8500.12515|s2cid=240517564|issn=1467-8500}} }}</ref> Private Ancillary Funds have some similarities to private family foundations in the U.S.A. and Europe, and do not have a public fundraising requirement.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Williamson|first1=Alexandra|last2=Luke|first2=Belinda|last3=Leat|first3=Diana|last4=Furneaux|first4=Craig|date=2017|title=Founders, Families, and Futures: Perspectives on the Accountability of Australian Private Ancillary Funds|journal=Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly|language=en|volume=46|issue=4|pages=747–771|doi=10.1177/0899764017703711|s2cid=151796260|issn=0899-7640|url=https://eprints.qut.edu.au/105363/3/105363.pdf}}</ref> Public Ancillary Funds include community foundations, some corporate foundations, and foundations that solely support single organisations such as hospitals, schools, museums, and art galleries.<ref>{{multiref2
+|2={{Cite journal|last1=Williamson|first1=Alexandra Kate|last2=Luke|first2=Belinda G.|title=Mapping the field of public ancillary funds|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1467-8500.12515|journal=Australian Journal of Public Administration|year=2021|volume=80|issue=4|pages=748–768|language=en|doi=10.1111/1467-8500.12515|s2cid=240517564|issn=1467-8500}} }}</ref> Private Ancillary Funds have some similarities to private family foundations in the US and Europe, and do not have a public fundraising requirement.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Williamson|first1=Alexandra|last2=Luke|first2=Belinda|last3=Leat|first3=Diana|last4=Furneaux|first4=Craig|date=2017|title=Founders, Families, and Futures: Perspectives on the Accountability of Australian Private Ancillary Funds|journal=Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly|language=en|volume=46|issue=4|pages=747–771|doi=10.1177/0899764017703711|s2cid=151796260|issn=0899-7640|url=https://eprints.qut.edu.au/105363/3/105363.pdf}}</ref> Public Ancillary Funds include community foundations, some corporate foundations, and foundations that solely support single organisations such as hospitals, schools, museums, and art galleries.<ref>{{multiref2
 |1={{Cite journal |last1=Williamson |first1=Alexandra Kate |last2=Luke |first2=Belinda G. |date=2021-09-22 |title=Mapping the field of public ancillary funds |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-8500.12515|journal=Australian Journal of Public Administration |volume=80 |issue=4 |pages=748–768 |doi=10.1111/1467-8500.12515 |s2cid=240517564 |issn=0313-6647}}
 |2={{Cite journal|last1=Williamson|first1=Alexandra Kate|last2=Luke|first2=Belinda|last3=Furneaux|first3=Craig|date=2020-09-11|title=Ties That Bind: Public Foundations in Dyadic Partnerships|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11266-020-00269-8|url-access=subscription|journal=Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations|volume=32|issue=2|pages=234–246|language=en|doi=10.1007/s11266-020-00269-8|s2cid=225218420|issn=1573-7888}} }}</ref> They must raise funds from the general public.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Williamson|first1=Alexandra|last2=Luke|first2=Belinda|date=2019-09-01|title=Publicness and the Identity of Public Foundations|journal=The Foundation Review|volume=11|issue=3|doi=10.9707/1944-5660.1482|s2cid=211317782|issn=1944-5660|url=https://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/tfr/}}</ref>
@@ Line 147: / Line 147: @@
 [[Philanthrocapitalism]] differs from traditional philanthropy in how it operates. Traditional philanthropy is about charity, mercy, and selfless devotion improving recipients' wellbeing.<ref name=":0" /> Philanthrocapitalism, is philanthropy transformed by business and the market,<ref>{{Citation|chapter=Is it time for a new international poverty measure?|date=2013-12-05|pages=35–42|publisher=OECD|isbn=9789264200999|doi=10.1787/dcr-2013-6-en|title=Development Co-operation Report 2013|last1=Klasen|first1=Stephan}}</ref> where profit-oriented business models are designed that work for the good of humanity.<ref>{{Cite book|first1=Matthew|last1=Bishop|first2=Michael|last2=Green|publisher=Bloomsbury Press|date=2008|title=Philanthrocapitalism: how the rich can save the world|isbn=9781596916951|url=https://archive.org/details/philanthrocapita00matt|url-access=registration}}</ref> Share value companies are an example. They help develop and deliver curricula in education, strengthen their own businesses and improve the job prospects of people.<ref>{{citation|last1=Kramar|first1=M.K.|first2=G.|last2=Hills|first3=K.|last3=Tallani|first4=M.|last4=Wilka|first5=A.|last5=Bhatt|year=2014|title=The new role of business in global education: How companies can create shared value by improving education while driving shareholder returns|url=https://www.fsg.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Role_of_Business_in_Education.pdf}}</ref> Firms improve social outcomes, but while they do so, they also benefit themselves.
-The rise of philanthrocapitalism can be attributed to global [[capitalism]]. {{weasel inline|text=There is an understanding|date=August 2023}} that philanthropy is not worthwhile if no economic benefit can be derived by philanthropy organisations, both from a social and private perspective. Therefore, philanthropy has been seen as a tool to sustain economic and firm growth, based on [[Human Capital Theory|human capital theory]]. Through education, specific skills are taught that enhance people's capacity to learn and their productivity at work.
+The rise of philanthrocapitalism can be attributed to global [[capitalism]]. philanthropy is not worthwhile if no economic benefit can be derived by philanthropy organisations, both from a social and private perspective. Therefore, philanthropy has been seen as a tool to sustain economic and firm growth, based on [[Human Capital Theory|human capital theory]]. Through education, specific skills are taught that enhance people's capacity to learn and their productivity at work.
-[[Intel]] invests in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) curricular standards in the U.S.A. and provides learning resources and materials for schools, for its innovation and revenue.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rubio Royo|first=Enrique|date=2009-09-30|title=Nuevo "rol" y paradigmas del Aprendizaje, en una Sociedad Global en RED y Compleja: la Era del Conocimiento y el Aprendizaje|journal=Arbor|volume=CLXXXV|issue=Extra|pages=41–62|doi=10.3989/arbor.2009.extran1205|lang=es|issn=1988-303X|doi-access=free}}</ref> The New Employment Opportunities initiative in Latin America is a regional collaboration to train one million youth by 2022 to raise employment standards and ultimately provide a talented pool of labour for companies.
+[[Intel]] invests in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) curricular standards in the US and provides learning resources and materials for schools, for its innovation and revenue.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rubio Royo|first=Enrique|date=2009-09-30|title=Nuevo "rol" y paradigmas del Aprendizaje, en una Sociedad Global en RED y Compleja: la Era del Conocimiento y el Aprendizaje|journal=Arbor|volume=CLXXXV|issue=Extra|pages=41–62|doi=10.3989/arbor.2009.extran1205|language=es|issn=1988-303X|doi-access=free|hdl=20.500.12749/3006|hdl-access=free}}</ref> The New Employment Opportunities initiative in Latin America is a regional collaboration to train one million youth by 2022 to raise employment standards and ultimately provide a talented pool of labour for companies.
 === Promoting equity through science and health philanthropy ===
@@ Line 174: / Line 174: @@
 ==== Implications on government and governance ====
-The advent of celebrity philanthropy has coincided with the contraction of government involvement in areas such as [[welfare]] support and [[foreign aid]] to name a few.{{cn|date=August 2023}} This can be identified from the proliferation of [[neoliberal]] policies.{{Citation needed|reason=Vague and tenuous link|date=January 2022}}
+The advent of celebrity philanthropy has coincided with the contraction of government involvement in areas such as [[welfare]] support and [[foreign aid]] to name a few.{{citation needed|date=August 2023}} This can be identified from the proliferation of [[neoliberal]] policies.{{Citation needed|reason=Vague and tenuous link|date=January 2022}}
 [[Public interest group]]s, not-for-profit organisations and the [[United Nations]] now budget extensive amounts of time and money to use celebrity endorsers in their campaigns. An example of this is the [[People's Climate March (2014)|People's Climate March]] of 2014. The demonstration was part of the larger [[People's Climate Movement]], which aims to raise awareness of [[climate change]] and environmental issues more generally. Notable celebrities who were part of this campaign included actors [[Leonardo DiCaprio]], [[Mark Ruffalo]], and [[Edward Norton]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Endorsements|url=http://peoplesclimate.org/endorsements/|website=People's Climate Movement|access-date=27 July 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150814092039/http://peoplesclimate.org/endorsements/|archive-date=14 August 2015}}</ref>
@@ Line 193: / Line 193: @@
 === Diaspora philanthropy ===
-Diaspora philanthropy is philanthropy conducted by [[diaspora]] populations either in their country of residence or in their countries of origin. Diaspora philanthropy is a newly established term with many variations, including [[emigration|migrant]] philanthropy, homeland philanthropy, and [[transnational]] giving.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Johnson |first=Paula Doherty |title=Diaspora philanthropy: Influences, initiatives, and issues |publisher=Philanthropic Initiative |year=2007 |location=Boston, Mass. |lang=en}}</ref> In diaspora philanthropy, migrants and their descendants are frontline distributors of aid, and enablers of development.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Espinosa |first=Shirlita Africa |date=2015-07-06 |title=Diaspora philanthropy: the making of a new development aid? |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21632324.2015.1053305|url-access=subscription|journal=Migration and Development |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=361–377 |doi=10.1080/21632324.2015.1053305 |s2cid=156404093 |issn=2163-2324}}</ref> For many countries, diaspora philanthropy is a prominent way in which members of the diaspora invest back into their homeland countries.
+Diaspora philanthropy is philanthropy conducted by [[diaspora]] populations either in their country of residence or in their countries of origin. Diaspora philanthropy is a newly established term with many variations, including [[emigration|migrant]] philanthropy, homeland philanthropy, and [[transnationality|transnational]] giving.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Johnson |first=Paula Doherty |title=Diaspora philanthropy: Influences, initiatives, and issues |publisher=Philanthropic Initiative |year=2007 |location=Boston, Mass. |language=en}}</ref> In diaspora philanthropy, migrants and their descendants are frontline distributors of aid, and enablers of development.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Espinosa |first=Shirlita Africa |date=2015-07-06 |title=Diaspora philanthropy: the making of a new development aid? |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21632324.2015.1053305|url-access=subscription|journal=Migration and Development |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=361–377 |doi=10.1080/21632324.2015.1053305 |s2cid=156404093 |issn=2163-2324}}</ref> For many countries, diaspora philanthropy is a prominent way in which members of the diaspora invest back into their homeland countries.
 Along with diaspora-led foreign direct investment, diaspora philanthropy is a force in the development of a country. Members of a diaspora are familiar with their community's needs and the social, political, and economic factors that influence the delivery of those needs. Studies show that those who are a part of the diaspora are more aware of the pressing and neglected issues of their community than outsiders or other well wishers.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=DeSouza |first1=Mercy |last2=Osei |first2=Onallia Esther |last3=Idemudia |first3=Erhabor Sunday |date=2023-01-18 |title=Transnational migrants' philanthropy: Its forms, operations, and implications from the perspectives of Ghanaian residents in Europe |journal=Frontiers in Sociology |volume=7 |doi=10.3389/fsoc.2022.1062755 |pmid=36741585 |pmc=9889849 |issn=2297-7775 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Also given their deep ties to their country of origin, diaspora philanthropies have greater longevity than other international philanthropies. Due to {{clarify|reason=|text=the distance buffer accompanied with|date=August 2023}} diaspora philanthropy, diaspora philanthropy is more willing to address controversial issues found in their country of origin compared to local philanthropy.<ref name=":2" />
@@ Line 199: / Line 199: @@
 == Philanthropic capitalism ==
 {{organize section|reason=merge into "Traditional philanthropy versus philanthrocapitalism" above|date=August 2023}}
-[[Philanthrocapitalism|Philanthropic capitalism]] or Philanthrocapitalism is a way of doing philanthropy through the [[Capitalism|capitalist]] realm. Instead of it being for profit, the philanthropist does it as a non-profit and only breaks even or even takes a small loss. Still, the overall gain to the community would be greater than the small loss they incurred.<ref>{{Cite web|first=K|last=Sahadevan|url=https://countercurrents.org/2020/08/capitalist-philanthropy-a-means-of-circumventing-the-state/|title = Capitalist Philanthropy: A Means of Circumventing the State?|website=Countercurrents|date = 4 August 2020}}</ref> For example, a philanthropist puts up {{currency|10 million|USD|passthrough=yes}} for [[Urban renewal|neighborhood revitalization]] to build new homes in place of [[dilapidated]] housing and only breaks even or takes on a small loss selling the homes. If they took a {{currency|1,000|USD|linked=no}} loss on each home, 10,000 homes could be made with that initial philanthropic donation. It could be run like a [[nonprofit organization]] so they would not have to pay property taxes on the homes as they were waiting to be sold.
+[[Philanthrocapitalism|Philanthropic capitalism]] or philanthrocapitalism is a way of doing philanthropy through the [[Capitalism|capitalist]] realm. Instead of it being for profit, the philanthropist does it as a non-profit and only breaks even or even takes a small loss. Still, the overall gain to the community would be greater than the small loss they incurred.<ref>{{Cite web|first=K|last=Sahadevan|url=https://countercurrents.org/2020/08/capitalist-philanthropy-a-means-of-circumventing-the-state/|title = Capitalist Philanthropy: A Means of Circumventing the State?|website=Countercurrents|date = 4 August 2020}}</ref> For example, a philanthropist puts up {{currency|10 million|USD|passthrough=yes}} for [[Urban renewal|neighborhood revitalization]] to build new homes in place of [[dilapidated]] housing and only breaks even or takes on a small loss selling the homes. If they took a {{currency|1,000|USD|linked=no}} loss on each home, 10,000 homes could be made with that initial philanthropic donation. It could be run like a [[nonprofit organization]] so they would not have to pay property taxes on the homes as they were waiting to be sold.
 == Criticism ==
@@ Line 209: / Line 209: @@
 == See also ==
-* [[List of philanthropists]]
+* {{annotated link|List of philanthropists}}
-* [[List of wealthiest charitable foundations]]
+* {{annotated link|List of wealthiest charitable foundations}}
-* [[Charitable organization]]
+* {{annotated link|Charitable organization}}
-* [[Effective altruism]]
+* {{annotated link|Effective altruism}}
-* [[Ethics of philanthropy]]
+* {{annotated link|Ethics of philanthropy}}
-* [[Foundation (charity)]]
+* {{annotated link|Foundation (charity)}}
-* [[Non-profit organization]]
+* {{annotated link|Non-profit organization}}
-* [[Philanthrocapitalism|Philanthropic capitalism]]
+* {{annotated link|Philanthrocapitalism|Philanthropic capitalism}}
-* [[Venture philanthropy]]
+* {{annotated link|Venture philanthropy}}
-* [[Visiting the sick]]
+* {{annotated link|Visiting the sick}}
 ==References==

v t e Charitable giving and practices
Main topics	Alms Altruism Charity (practice) Compassion Donation Empathy Fundraising Humanity (virtue) Philanthropy Volunteering
Types of charitable organizations	Charitable trust / Registered charity Foundation Private Crowdfunding Mutual-benefit nonprofit corporation Non-governmental organization Nonprofit organization Public-benefit nonprofit corporation Service club Social enterprise Religious corporation Voluntary association
Charity and religion	Charity (Christian virtue) Dāna Tithe Tzedakah Sadaqah Zakat
Charity evaluation	Aid effectiveness Animal Charity Evaluators Candid Charity assessment Charity Navigator CharityWatch Distributional cost-effectiveness analysis GiveWell Giving What We Can GreatNonprofits
Further topics	Alternative giving Benefit concert Caffè sospeso Charity fraud Charity / thrift / op shop Click-to-donate site Drive Donor-advised fund Donor intent Earning to give Effective altruism Psychological barriers Ethics of philanthropy List of charitable foundations wealthiest Master of Nonprofit Organizations Matching funds Telethon Visiting the sick Voluntary sector Volunteer grant Wall of kindness Warm-glow giving