Name of Ukraine: Difference between revisions
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{{History of Ukraine}} |
{{History of Ukraine}} |
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The earliest known usage of the name ''[[Ukraine]]'' ({{lang-uk|Україна|translit=Ukraina}} {{IPA|uk|ʊkrɐˈjinɐ||Uk-Україна (2).oga}}, {{lang|uk|Вкраїна}}, {{small|romanized:}} {{transl|uk|Vkraina}} {{IPA|uk|u̯krɐˈjinɐ|}}; {{lang-orv|Ѹкраина/Ꙋкраина|translit=Oukraina}} {{IPA|orv|uˈkrɑjinɑ|}}) appears in the [[Hypatian Codex]] of {{circa}} 1425 under the year 1187 in reference to a part of the territory of [[Kievan Rus']].<ref name="lito652" |
The earliest known usage of the name ''[[Ukraine]]'' ({{lang-uk|Україна|translit=Ukraina}} {{IPA|uk|ʊkrɐˈjinɐ||Uk-Україна (2).oga}}, {{lang|uk|Вкраїна}}, {{small|romanized:}} {{transl|uk|Vkraina}} {{IPA|uk|u̯krɐˈjinɐ|}}; {{lang-orv|Ѹкраина/Ꙋкраина|translit=Oukraina}} {{IPA|orv|uˈkrɑjinɑ|}}) appears in the [[Hypatian Codex]] of {{circa}} 1425 under the year 1187 in reference to a part of the territory of [[Kievan Rus']].<ref name="lito652"/>{{sfn|Plokhy|2006|p=317}} |
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The use of "the Ukraine" |
The use of "the Ukraine" has been officially deprecated by the [[Ukrainian government]] and many English-language media publications.<ref name="bbc.co.uk">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-18233844 |title=Ukraine or the Ukraine: Why do some country names have 'the'? |work=[[BBC News]] |date=2012-06-07}}</ref><ref name="businessinsider.com">{{cite news |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/why-ukraine-isnt-the-ukraine-and-why-that-matters-now-2013-12 |title=Why Ukraine Isn't 'The Ukraine,' And Why That Matters Now |work=[[Business Insider]] |date=2013-12-09}}</ref><ref name=UKrW812991TU/> |
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''Ukraine'' is the official full name of the country, as stated in [[Ukrainian Declaration of Independence|its declaration of independence]] and [[Constitution of Ukraine|its constitution]]; there is no official alternative long name. From 1922 until 1991, ''Ukraine'' was the informal name of the [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic]] within the [[Soviet Union]] (annexed by Germany as {{lang|de|[[Reichskommissariat Ukraine]]}} during 1941–1944). After the [[Russian Revolution]] in 1917–1921, there were the short-lived [[Ukrainian People's Republic]] and [[Ukrainian State]], [[Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Ukraine–Central Powers)|recognized]] in early 1918 as consisting of nine governorates of the former [[Russian Empire]] (without [[Taurida Governorate|Taurida]]'s [[Crimean Peninsula]]), plus [[Chelm]] and the southern part of [[Grodno]] Governorate.<ref>{{Citation|last=Magocsi, Paul R.|title=Ukraine, a historical atlas|date=1985|pages=21|others=Matthews, Geoffrey J.|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=0-8020-3428-4|oclc=13119858}}</ref> |
''Ukraine'' is the official full name of the country, as stated in [[Ukrainian Declaration of Independence|its declaration of independence]] and [[Constitution of Ukraine|its constitution]]; there is no official alternative long name. From 1922 until 1991, ''Ukraine'' was the informal name of the [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic]] within the [[Soviet Union]] (annexed by Germany as {{lang|de|[[Reichskommissariat Ukraine]]}} during 1941–1944). After the [[Russian Revolution]] in 1917–1921, there were the short-lived [[Ukrainian People's Republic]] and [[Ukrainian State]], [[Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Ukraine–Central Powers)|recognized]] in early 1918 as consisting of nine governorates of the former [[Russian Empire]] (without [[Taurida Governorate|Taurida]]'s [[Crimean Peninsula]]), plus [[Chelm]] and the southern part of [[Grodno]] Governorate.<ref>{{Citation|last=Magocsi, Paul R.|title=Ukraine, a historical atlas|date=1985|pages=21|others=Matthews, Geoffrey J.|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=0-8020-3428-4|oclc=13119858}}</ref> |
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⚫ | Originally, the word [[Uk (Cyrillic)|ѹ]]кра́ина (вкра́ина), from which the proper noun has been derived, formed in particular from the root -краи- (krai) and the prefix ѹ-/в-{{efn|The phenomenon of alternating ѹ (modern у) and в in prepositions and prefixes is inherent in the Ukrainian language, e.g. 'ѹ се лѣто'/'В лѣто ҂s҃ х к҃s' in [[Kyivan Chronicle]].<ref>{{Citation |title=украина |date=2023-04-05 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=украина&oldid=72606432 |work=Wiktionary, the free dictionary |access-date=2023-08-13 |language=en}}</ref>{{circular reference|date=July 2024}}}} that later merged with the root due to [[Rebracketing|metanalysis]]. |
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⚫ | The ambiguity occurs due to the [[Polysemy|polysemous]] nature of the root край, as it may mean either ''a boundary/edge of a certain area'' or ''an area defined by certain boundaries,''<ref>{{Citation |title=краи |date=2023-07-10 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=краи&oldid=75156489 |work=Wiktionary, the free dictionary |access-date=2023-08-13 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=край |date=2023-08-09 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=край&oldid=75595959 |work=Wiktionary, the free dictionary |access-date=2023-08-13 |language=en}}</ref>{{circular reference|date=July 2024}} nevertheless the both meanings allow for the formation of a valid toponym. For instance, the country name ''Danmark'' is a composition ''Danish'' + ''boundary''.<ref>{{Citation |title=Danmark |date=2023-03-18 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Danmark&oldid=72091597 |work=Wiktionary, the free dictionary |access-date=2023-08-13 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Denmark |date=2023-08-04 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Denmark&oldid=75535454 |work=Wiktionary, the free dictionary |access-date=2023-08-13 |language=en}}</ref>{{circular reference|date=July 2024}} |
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== History == |
== History == |
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=== ''Kievan Chronicle'' (Hypatian Codex) ''sub anno'' 1187 and 1189 === |
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The oldest recorded mention of the word ''ukraina'' is found in the ''[[Kievan Chronicle]]'' under the year 1187,{{sfn|Plokhy|2006|p=317}} as preserved in the [[Hypatian Codex]] written {{circa}} 1425 in an [[Old East Slavic]] variety of [[Church Slavonic]].{{sfn|Magocsi|2010|p=189}} The passage narrates the death of {{ill|Volodimer Glebovich|uk|Володимир Глібович|ru|Владимир Глебович (князь переяславский)|pl|Włodzimierz II Glebowicz}}, [[prince of Pereyaslavl]]'{{sfn|Magocsi|2010|p=189}} ({{Reign|1169|1187}}):{{efn|name=contextHeinrich|"On that journey Vladimir Glebovič fell ill with a grave illness, from which he (later) died. And they brought him on stretchers to his city, [[Pereiaslav|Perejaslavl']], and there he died [on 18 April] (...) And all the people of Perejaslavl' wept for him (...). The frontier (''Ukraina'') mourned a great deal for him."{{sfn|Heinrich|1977|p=423}}}} |
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⚫ | {{cquote|ѡ нем же Ѹкраина много постона.<ref name="lito652">{{Cite web |title=Въ лЂто 6694 [1186] – 6698 [1190]. Іпатіївський літопис |trans-title=In the year 6694 [1186] – 6698 [1190]. The Hypatian Codex |author= |work=litopys.org.ua |date=1908 |access-date=14 July 2024 |url=http://litopys.org.ua/ipatlet/ipat28.htm |lang=cu}}</ref> (''ō nem zhe Ukraina mnogo postona'').<br />"The frontier (''Ukraina'') mourned a great deal for him." (Lisa L. Heinrich, 1977){{efn|name=contextHeinrich}}<br />"The ''ukraïna'' groaned with grief for him." ([[Paul Robert Magocsi|Paul R. Magocsi]], 2010){{sfn|Magocsi|2010|p=189}}}} |
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The oldest recorded mention of the word ''ukraina'' is found in the [[Hypatian Codex]], written in the early [[15th century]]. In connection with the death in 1187 of {{ill|Volodymyr Hlibovych|uk|Володимир Глібович}}, the ruler of the [[Principality of Pereyaslavl]] which was [[Kyiv]]'s southern shield against the [[Wild Fields]], the [[Hypatian Codex]] says "Ukraina groaned for him", {{Slavonic|ѡ нем же Ѹкраина много постона}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Въ лЂто 6694 [1186] - 6698 [1190]. Іпатіївський літопис|url=http://litopys.org.ua/ipatlet/ipat28.htm|access-date=2020-10-09|website=litopys.org.ua}}</ref> (''o nem že Ukraina mnogo postona'').<ref>''[[PSRL]] '', published online at ''Izbornyk'', [http://litopys.org.ua/ipatlet/ipat28.htm#r1187 1187].</ref> In the following decades and centuries this term was applied to fortified borderlands of different principalities of Rus' without a specific geographic fixation: [[Halych-Volhynia]], [[Pskov Republic|Pskov]], |
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⚫ | [[Principality of Ryazan|Ryazan]] etc.<ref name="Пономарёв">Пономарьов А. П. Етнічність та етнічна історія України: Курс лекцій.—К.: Либідь, 1996.— 272 с.: іл. І8ВМ 5-325-00615-0.</ref>{{rp|183}}<ref name="Острась">[http://archive.nbuv.gov.ua/portal/natural/vdu/b/2008_1/texts/08oespnu.pdf Е. С. Острась. ЗВІДКИ ПІШЛА НАЗВА УКРАЇНА //ВІСНИК ДОНЕЦЬКОГО УНІВЕРСИТЕТУ, СЕР. Б: ГУМАНІТАРНІ НАУКИ, ВИП.1, 2008] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101104202/http://archive.nbuv.gov.ua/portal/natural/vdu/b/2008_1/texts/08oespnu.pdf |date=2013-11-01 }}</ref> |
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⚫ | In context, ''Ukraina'' referred to the territory of the [[Principality of Pereyaslavl]],{{efn|name=contextHeinrich}}{{sfn|Plokhy|2006|p=317}} which was located between [[Kievan Rus']] heartland in the [[Middle Dnieper]] region to the west, and the [[Pontic–Caspian steppe]] to the southeast,{{sfn|Martin|2007|p=3}} which the Rus' chronicles customarily referred to as "the land of the [[Cumans|Polovtsi]]".{{efn|For example, ''sub anno'' 1177{{sfn|Heinrich|1977|p=368}} and 1190.{{sfn|Heinrich|1977|p=443}}}} "Ukraine" came to mean "steppe frontier" or "steppe borderland" in the Ukrainian, Polish and Russian languages thereafter.{{sfn|Plokhy|2006|p=317}} |
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[[Image:Poland under Jagello.jpg|thumb|Ukraine as a part of Grand Duchy of Lithuania under [[Władysław II Jagiełło|Grand Duke Jogaila (Władysław Jagiełło)]]{{efn|The term ''Ukraina'', or ''[[Kresy]]'', meaning 'outskirts' or 'borderlands', was first used to define the [[Poland|Polish]] eastern frontier of the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]].}}]] |
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The next mention of ''ukraina'' in the same ''Kievan Chronicle'' occurs ''sub anno'' 1189,{{sfn|Magocsi|2010|p=189}} which narrates how a certain Rostislav Berladnichich was invited by some, but not all, "men of Galich" (modern [[Halych]]), to take power in the [[Principality of Galicia]]:{{sfn|Heinrich|1977|p=437}} |
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{{cquote|еха и Смоленьска в борзѣ и приѣхавшю же емоу ко Оукраинѣ Галичькои и взя два города Галичькъıи и отолѣ поіде к Галичю.<ref name="lito652"/><br />"And he went in haste from Smolensk, and when he had come to the Galičan frontier," (''ukraině Galichĭkoi'') "he captured two Galičan cities. And from there he went to [the city of] Galič (...)." (Lisa L. Heinrich, 1977){{sfn|Heinrich|1977|p=437}}}} |
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[[Serhii Plokhy]] (2015, 2021) connected the 1189 mention to that of 1187, stating that both referred to the same region: '''1187–1189'' A Kyivan chronicler first uses the word "Ukraine" to describe the steppe borderland from Pereiaslav in the east to Galicia in the west.'{{sfn|Plokhy|2021|p=448}} |
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⚫ | From the 18th century on, Ukraine became known in the [[Russian Empire]] by the geographic term [[Little Russia]].<ref name="Пономарёв" />{{rp|183–184}} In the 1830s, [[Mykola Kostomarov]] and his [[Brotherhood of Saints Cyril and Methodius]] in Kyiv started to use the name ''Ukrainians''.{{fact|date=June 2021}} It was also taken up by [[Volodymyr Antonovych]] and the ''[[Chłopomania|Khlopomany]]'' ("peasant-lovers"), former Polish gentry in Eastern Ukraine, and later by the [[Ukrainophiles]] in [[Halychyna]], including [[Ivan Franko]]. The evolution of the meaning became particularly obvious at the end of the 19th century.<ref name="Пономарёв" />{{rp|186}} The term is also mentioned by the Russian scientist and traveler of Ukrainian origin [[Nicholas Miklouho-Maclay]] (1846–1888). At the turn of the 20th century the term Ukraine became independent and self-sufficient, pushing aside regional self-definitions.<ref name="Пономарёв" />{{rp|186}} In the course of the political struggle between the Little Russian and the Ukrainian identities, it challenged the traditional term Little Russia ({{Lang-ru|Малороссия|translit=Malorossiia}}) and ultimately defeated it in the 1920s during the [[Bolshevik]] policy of [[Korenization]] and [[Ukrainization]].<ref name="2ident">[[Миллер, Алексей Ильич|Миллер А. И.]] [http://www.bigyalta.com.ua/story/2681 Дуализм идентичностей на Украине] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730102538/http://www.bigyalta.com.ua/story/2681|date=2013-07-30}} // Отечественные записки. — № 34 (1) 2007. С. 84-96</ref><ref>Martin T. The Affirmative Action Empire. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2001</ref>{{Page needed|date=January 2014}} |
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=== Late Middle Ages === |
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The ''Kievan Chronicle'' and subsequent ''[[Galician–Volhynian Chronicle]]'' in the Hypatian Codex mention ''ukraina'' again under the years 1189, 1213, 1280, and in 1282, where it is applied in various contexts.{{sfn|Magocsi|2010|p=189}} In these decades, and the following centuries until the end of the Middle Ages, this term was applied to fortified borderlands of different principalities of Rus' without a specific geographic fixation: [[Halych-Volhynia]],{{sfn|Magocsi|2010|p=189}}<ref name="Пономарёв"/> the [[Bug (river)|(Western) Buh region]],{{sfn|Magocsi|2010|p=189}} [[Pskov Republic|Pskov]],{{sfn|Magocsi|2010|p=189}}<ref name="Пономарёв"/> [[Principality of Polotsk|Polatsk]],{{sfn|Magocsi|2010|p=189}} |
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⚫ | Originally, the word [[Uk (Cyrillic)|ѹ]]кра́ина (вкра́ина), from which the proper noun has been derived, formed in particular from the root -краи- (krai) and the prefix ѹ-/в-{{ |
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⚫ | [[Principality of Ryazan|Ryazan]] etc.<ref name="Пономарёв">Пономарьов А. П. Етнічність та етнічна історія України: Курс лекцій.—К.: Либідь, 1996.— 272 с.: іл. І8ВМ 5-325-00615-0.</ref>{{rp|183}}<ref name="Острась">[http://archive.nbuv.gov.ua/portal/natural/vdu/b/2008_1/texts/08oespnu.pdf Е. С. Острась. ЗВІДКИ ПІШЛА НАЗВА УКРАЇНА //ВІСНИК ДОНЕЦЬКОГО УНІВЕРСИТЕТУ, СЕР. Б: ГУМАНІТАРНІ НАУКИ, ВИП.1, 2008] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101104202/http://archive.nbuv.gov.ua/portal/natural/vdu/b/2008_1/texts/08oespnu.pdf |date=2013-11-01 }}</ref> According to [[Serhii Plokhy]] (2006), 'the [[Principality of Moscow|Muscovites]] referred to their steppe borderland as "Ukraine," while reserving different names for areas bordering on the settled territories of the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]] and the [[Kingdom of Poland]].'{{sfn|Plokhy|2006|p=317}} |
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=== Early modern cartography === |
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⚫ | The ambiguity occurs due to the [[Polysemy|polysemous]] nature of the root край, as it may mean either ''a boundary/edge of a certain area'' or ''an area defined by certain boundaries,''<ref>{{Citation |title=краи |date=2023-07-10 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=краи&oldid=75156489 |work=Wiktionary, the free dictionary |access-date=2023-08-13 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=край |date=2023-08-09 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=край&oldid=75595959 |work=Wiktionary, the free dictionary |access-date=2023-08-13 |language=en}}</ref> nevertheless the both meanings allow for the formation of a valid toponym. For instance, the country name ''Danmark'' is a composition ''Danish'' + ''boundary''.<ref>{{Citation |title=Danmark |date=2023-03-18 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Danmark&oldid=72091597 |work=Wiktionary, the free dictionary |access-date=2023-08-13 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Denmark |date=2023-08-04 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Denmark&oldid=75535454 |work=Wiktionary, the free dictionary |access-date=2023-08-13 |language=en}}</ref> |
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{{Main|Cartography of Ukraine}} |
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[[File:Description d'Vkranie, qui sont plusieurs prouinces du royaume de Pologne. Contenuës depuis les confins de la Moscouie, iusques aux limites de la Transilvanie. - Ensemble leurs moeurs (IA descriptiondvkra00beau).pdf|thumb|page=7|Title page of [[Guillaume Le Vasseur de Beauplan|Beauplan]]'s ''Description d'Vkranie'' (1660)]] |
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{{Commons category|Old maps of Ukraine by Guillaume le Vasseur de Beauplan}} |
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The [[Radziwiłł map]] of 1613 (formal title ''Magni Ducatus Lithuaniae''; originally published in 1603{{sfn|Braziūnienė|2019|p=63}}) was the first map to indicate the terms "Ukraine" and "[[Cossacks]]".<ref>{{cite book |first=Serhii |last=Plokhy |chapter=Princes and Cossacks: Putting Ukraine on the Map of Europe |chapter-url=https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/mapa/files/princescossaksarticle.pdf?m=1607093596 |title=Seeing Muscovy Anew: Politics—Institutions—Culture. Essays in Honor of Nancy Shields Kollmann |editor-first1= Michael S. |editor-last1= Flier |editor-first2= Valerie A. |editor-last2=Kivelson |editor-first3= Erika |editor-last3=Monahan |editor-first4= Daniel |editor-last4=Rowland |location=Bloomington, IN |publisher= Slavica Publishers |year= 2017 |page=323 |isbn=978-0-89357-481-9}}</ref> In the mid-17th century, Franco-Polish cartographer [[Guillaume Le Vasseur de Beauplan]], who had spent the 1630s as a military engineer and architect designing and building fortifications in the region, played a significant role in popularising ''Ukraine'' as a name and a concept to a broader Western European audience, both through his maps and his writings.{{sfn|Plokhy|2006|pp=316–318}} His 1648 map in Latin was titled ''Delineatio Generalis Camporum Desertorum vulgo Ukraina. Cum adjacentibus Provinciis'' ("General illustration of desert plains, in vernacular (speech) Ukraine. With adjacent Provinces."), thereby 'using the term "Ukraine" to denote all the provinces of the Kingdom of Poland that bordered on the uninhabited steppe areas (''campus desertorum'')'.{{sfn|Plokhy|2006|p=316}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/resource/g7100.ct000383/|title=Delineatio generalis Camporum Desertorum vulgo Ukraina: Cum adjacentibus provinciis|website=Library of Congress}}</ref> Beauplan's French-language publication of the second edition of ''Description d'Vkranie'' ("Description of Ukraine", [[Rouen]] 1660; the first edition dates from 1651) defined ''Ukraine'' as "several provinces of the Kingdom of Poland lying between the borders of Muscovy and the frontiers of Transylvania".{{sfn|Plokhy|2006|p=316}} This book became wildly popular in Western Europe, and was translated into Latin, Dutch, Spanish and English in the 1660s to 1680s, and reprinted numerous times throughout the rest of the 17th century and the entire 18th century.{{sfn|Plokhy|2006|p=316}} On another map,{{Which?|date=July 2024}} published in [[Amsterdam]] in 1645, the sparsely inhabited region to the north of the [[Azov sea]] is called Okraina and is characterized to the proximity to the Dikoye pole ([[Wild Fields]]), posing a constant threat of raids of Turkic nomads ([[Crimean Tatars]] and the [[Nogai Horde]]).{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}} |
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File:Vkraina Radziwiłł map.jpg|''Vkraina'' and ''Kyovia'' on the 1613 [[Radziwiłł map]], with the "steppe fields" on "this" and "that" side of the "''Boristenus'' now Niepr river" |
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File:Tabula Geographica Ukrainska.jpg|1635 map by [[Guillaume Le Vasseur de Beauplan|Beauplan]] called ''Tabula Geographica Ukrainska'' ("Ukrainian Geographical Table"). North is at the bottom. |
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File:Kiovia Palatinatus. Beauplan 1664.jpg|1648 Beauplan map title: ''Ukrainæ pars, qvæ Kiovia palatinus Vulgo dicitur'' ("Part of Ukraine, called [[Voivodeship]] of Kiov in vernacular") |
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=== Early modern Slavonic texts === |
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[[File:Location Zaporizhian Host.png|thumb|[[Cossack Hetmanate]] according to the [[Treaty of Zboriv]] (1649). The Zaporozhian Cossacks would increasingly refer to this territory as "Ukraine" between 1649 and 1667.{{sfn|Plokhy|2006|pp=318–319}}]] |
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By the 17th century, ''Ukraine'' was sometimes used to define various other, non-steppe borderlands, but the word received more commonly-used and eventually fixed meanings in the second half of the 17th century.{{sfn|Plokhy|2006|pp=316–318}} After the south-western lands of former Rus' were subordinated to the [[Crown of the Kingdom of Poland|Polish Crown]] in 1569, the territory from eastern [[Podillia]] to [[Zaporizhzhia (region)|Zaporizhia]] got the unofficial name Ukraina due to its border function to the nomadic [[Crimean Tatars|Tatar world]] in the south.<ref>Украина // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона: В 86 томах (82 т. и 4 доп.). — СПб., 1890—1907.</ref> A 1580 royal decree by [[Stefan Batory]] 'made mention of Ruthenian, Kyivan, Volhynian, Podolian, and Bratslavian Ukraine'.{{sfn|Plokhy|2006|p=317}} |
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⚫ | The Polish chronicler {{ill|Samuel Grądzki|pl}} (died 1672), who wrote about the [[Khmelnytsky Uprising]] in 1660, explained the word ''Ukraina'' as the land located at the edge of the [[Crown of the Kingdom of Poland|Polish kingdom]].{{efn|Margo enim polonice kray; inde Ukrajna, quasi provincia ad fines regni posita.<ref>[https://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Украинское_движение_(Стороженко)/II] Andrey Vladimirovich Storozhenko (1925).</ref>{{better source needed|date=July 2024|reason=very old and notoriously anti-Ukrainian pamphlet, see [[:ru:Украинское движение (книга)]].}}}} Thus, in the course of the 16th–18th centuries Ukraine became a concrete regional name among other historic regions such as [[Podillia]], [[Severia]], or [[Volhynia]]. It was used for the middle [[Dnieper River]] territory controlled by the [[Cossacks]].<ref name="Пономарёв" />{{rp|184}}<ref name="Острась" /> The people of Ukraina were called Ukrainians ({{Lang-uk|українці|translit=ukraintsi|label=none}}, or {{Lang-uk|українники|translit=ukrainnyky|label=none}}).<ref>Русина О. В. Україна під татарами і Литвою. — Київ: Видавничий дім «Альтернативи», 1998. — С. 278.</ref> |
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Later, the term Ukraine was used for the [[Cossack Hetmanate]] lands on both sides of the Dnieper, although it didn't become the official name of the state.<ref name="Острась" /> Nevertheless, in diplomatic correspondence between the Zaporozhian Host and the tsar of Muscovy, Cossack officials increasingly used the term "Ukraine" to denote the Cossack Hetmanate ever since [[Bohdan Khmelnytsky]]'s leadership.{{sfn|Plokhy|2006|p=318}} A May 1660 set of negotiation instructions written by hetman [[Yurii Khmelnytsky]] defined "Ukraine" as the territory controlled by the Cossack state according to the [[Treaty of Zboriv]] (1649), thus making it a political rather than geographic term.{{sfn|Plokhy|2006|p=318}} The scope of this Cossack political concept of Ukraine was remarkably different from that popularised by Beauplan (who was influenced by Polish traditions) around the same time; Beauplan's ''Vkrainie'' was first and foremost a set of voivodeships controlled by the Kingdom of Poland, characterised by their juxtaposition to the steppes as opposed to the rest of Poland.{{sfn|Plokhy|2006|p=318}} |
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=== Modern period === |
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⚫ | From the 18th century on, Ukraine became known in the [[Russian Empire]] by the geographic term [[Little Russia]].<ref name="Пономарёв" />{{rp|183–184}} In the 1830s, [[Mykola Kostomarov]] and his [[Brotherhood of Saints Cyril and Methodius]] in Kyiv started to use the name ''Ukrainians''.{{fact|date=June 2021}} It was also taken up by [[Volodymyr Antonovych]] and the ''[[Chłopomania|Khlopomany]]'' ("peasant-lovers"), former Polish gentry in Eastern Ukraine, and later by the [[Ukrainophiles]] in [[Halychyna]], including [[Ivan Franko]]. The evolution of the meaning became particularly obvious at the end of the 19th century.<ref name="Пономарёв" />{{rp|186}} The term is also mentioned by the Russian scientist and traveler of Ukrainian origin [[Nicholas Miklouho-Maclay]] (1846–1888). At the turn of the 20th century the term Ukraine became independent and self-sufficient, pushing aside regional self-definitions.<ref name="Пономарёв" />{{rp|186}} In the course of the political struggle between the Little Russian and the Ukrainian identities, it challenged the traditional term Little Russia ({{Lang-ru|Малороссия|translit=Malorossiia}}) and ultimately defeated it in the 1920s during the [[Bolshevik]] policy of [[Korenization]] and [[Ukrainization]].<ref name="2ident">[[Миллер, Алексей Ильич|Миллер А. И.]] [http://www.bigyalta.com.ua/story/2681 Дуализм идентичностей на Украине] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730102538/http://www.bigyalta.com.ua/story/2681|date=2013-07-30}} // Отечественные записки. — № 34 (1) 2007. С. 84-96</ref><ref>Martin T. The Affirmative Action Empire. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2001</ref>{{Page needed|date=January 2014}} |
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== Interpretation == |
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=== Interpretation as "borderland"=== |
=== Interpretation as "borderland"=== |
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{{Further|Krajina|March (territory)#Ukraine}} |
{{Further|Krajina|March (territory)#Ukraine}} |
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⚫ | |||
⚫ | Since the first known usage in 1187, and almost until the 18th century, in written sources, this word was used in the meaning of "border lands", without reference to any particular region with clear borders, including far beyond the territory of modern Ukraine. The generally "accepted" and frequently used meaning of the word as "borderland" has increasingly been challenged by revision, motivated by self-asserting of identity.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Larissa M. L. Zaleska Onyshkevych, Maria G. Rewakowicz |title=Contemporary Ukraine on the Cultural Map of Europe |date=2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781317473787 |page=365}}</ref> |
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''Ukraina'' ({{lang|uk|Україна}}) was initially mentioned in the ''[[Kievan Chronicle]]'' ([[Hypatian Codex]], written in an [[Old East Slavic]] variety of [[Church Slavonic]]) under the year 1187, narrating the death of Volodimer' [[Gleb of Kiev|Glebovich]], [[prince of Pereyaslavl]]' ({{Reign|1169|1187}}): |
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⚫ | {{cquote|ѡ нем же Ѹкраина много постона.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Въ лЂто 6694 [1186] – 6698 [1190]. Іпатіївський літопис |trans-title=In the year 6694 [1186] – 6698 [1190]. The Hypatian Codex |author= |work=litopys.org.ua |date=1908 |access-date=14 July 2024 |url=http://litopys.org.ua/ipatlet/ipat28.htm |lang=cu}}</ref> (''ō nem zhe Ukraina mnogo postona'').<br />"The frontier (''Ukraina'') mourned a great deal for him."{{sfn| |
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⚫ | In context, ''Ukraina'' referred to the territory of the [[Principality of Pereyaslavl]], which was located between [[Kievan Rus']] heartland in the [[Middle Dnieper]] region to the west, and the [[Pontic–Caspian steppe]] to the southeast,{{sfn|Martin|2007|p=3}} which the Rus' chronicles customarily referred to as "the land of the Polovtsi".{{efn|For example, ''sub anno'' 1177{{sfn|Heinrich|1977|p=368}} and 1190.{{sfn|Heinrich|1977|p=443}}}} |
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⚫ | Since |
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In the 16th century, the only specific ''ukraina'' mentioned very often in [[Polish language|Polish]] and [[Ruthenian language|Ruthenian]] texts was the south-eastern region around [[Kyiv]], and thus ''ukraina'' came to be synonymous with the [[Kyïv Voivodeship]] and later the region around Kyiv.{{Citation needed|date=August 2013}} Later this name was adopted as the name of the country.{{Citation needed|date=August 2013}} |
In the 16th century, the only specific ''ukraina'' mentioned very often in [[Polish language|Polish]] and [[Ruthenian language|Ruthenian]] texts was the south-eastern region around [[Kyiv]], and thus ''ukraina'' came to be synonymous with the [[Kyïv Voivodeship]] and later the region around Kyiv.{{Citation needed|date=August 2013}} Later this name was adopted as the name of the country.{{Citation needed|date=August 2013}} |
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The etymology of the word Ukraine is seen this way in all mainstream etymological dictionaries, see e.g. [[Max Vasmer]]'s etymological dictionary of Russian;<ref>{{cite web | url=http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=%2Fusr%2Flocal%2Fshare%2Fstarling%2Fmorpho&morpho=1&basename=%5Cusr%5Clocal%5Cshare%5Cstarling%5Cmorpho%5Cvasmer%5Cvasmer&first=1&text_word=%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0&method_word=substring&text_general=&method_general=substring&text_origin=&method_origin=substring&text_trubachev=&method_trubachev=substring&text_editorial=&method_editorial=substring&text_pages=&method_pages=substring&text_any=&method_any=substring&sort=word | title=Invalid query }}</ref> see also [[Orest Subtelny]],<ref>Orest Subtelny. ''Ukraine: A History''. University of Toronto Press, 1988</ref> [[Paul Magocsi]],<ref>''A History of Ukraine''. University of Toronto Press, 1996 {{ISBN|0-8020-0830-5}}</ref> [[Omeljan Pritsak]],<ref>''From Kyïvan Rus' to modern Ukraine: Formation of the Ukrainian nation'' (with Mykhailo Hrushevski and John Stephen Reshetar). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Ukrainian Studies Fund, Harvard University, 1984.</ref> [[Mykhailo Hrushevskyi]],<ref>Грушевський М. Історія України-Руси. Том II. Розділ V. Стор. 4</ref> [[Ivan Ohiyenko]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://litopys.org.ua/ohukr/ohu04.htm|title=II. НАШІ НАЗВИ: РУСЬ — УКРАЇНА — МАЛОРОСІЯ. Іван Огієнко. Історія української літературної мови.|website=litopys.org.ua}}</ref> [[Petro Tolochko]]<ref name=":1">Толочко П. П. «От Руси к Украине» («Від Русі до України». 1997</ref> and others. It is supported by [[Jaroslav Rudnyckyj]] in the [[Encyclopedia of Ukraine]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://litopys.org.ua/rizne/nazva_eu.htm|title=Україна. Русь. Назви території і народу|website=litopys.org.ua}}</ref> and the Etymological dictionary of the [[Ukrainian language]] (based on already mentioned Vasmer).<ref>Етимологічний словник української мови: У 7 т. / Редкол. О. С. Мельничук (голов. ред.) та ін. — К.: Наук. думка, 1983 — Т. 6: У — Я / Уклад.: Г. П. Півторак та ін. — 2012. — 568 с. {{ISBN|978-966-00-0197-8}}.</ref> |
The etymology of the word Ukraine is seen this way in all mainstream etymological dictionaries, see e.g. [[Max Vasmer]]'s etymological dictionary of Russian;<ref>{{cite web | url=http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=%2Fusr%2Flocal%2Fshare%2Fstarling%2Fmorpho&morpho=1&basename=%5Cusr%5Clocal%5Cshare%5Cstarling%5Cmorpho%5Cvasmer%5Cvasmer&first=1&text_word=%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0&method_word=substring&text_general=&method_general=substring&text_origin=&method_origin=substring&text_trubachev=&method_trubachev=substring&text_editorial=&method_editorial=substring&text_pages=&method_pages=substring&text_any=&method_any=substring&sort=word | title=Invalid query }}</ref> see also [[Orest Subtelny]],<ref>Orest Subtelny. ''Ukraine: A History''. University of Toronto Press, 1988</ref> [[Paul Magocsi]],<ref>''A History of Ukraine''. University of Toronto Press, 1996 {{ISBN|0-8020-0830-5}}</ref> [[Omeljan Pritsak]],<ref>''From Kyïvan Rus' to modern Ukraine: Formation of the Ukrainian nation'' (with Mykhailo Hrushevski and John Stephen Reshetar). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Ukrainian Studies Fund, Harvard University, 1984.</ref> [[Mykhailo Hrushevskyi]],<ref>Грушевський М. Історія України-Руси. Том II. Розділ V. Стор. 4</ref> [[Ivan Ohiyenko]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://litopys.org.ua/ohukr/ohu04.htm|title=II. НАШІ НАЗВИ: РУСЬ — УКРАЇНА — МАЛОРОСІЯ. Іван Огієнко. Історія української літературної мови.|website=litopys.org.ua}}</ref> [[Petro Tolochko]]<ref name=":1">Толочко П. П. «От Руси к Украине» («Від Русі до України». 1997</ref> and others. It is supported by [[Jaroslav Rudnyckyj]] in the [[Encyclopedia of Ukraine]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://litopys.org.ua/rizne/nazva_eu.htm|title=Україна. Русь. Назви території і народу|website=litopys.org.ua}}</ref> and the Etymological dictionary of the [[Ukrainian language]] (based on already mentioned Vasmer).<ref>Етимологічний словник української мови: У 7 т. / Редкол. О. С. Мельничук (голов. ред.) та ін. — К.: Наук. думка, 1983 — Т. 6: У — Я / Уклад.: Г. П. Півторак та ін. — 2012. — 568 с. {{ISBN|978-966-00-0197-8}}.</ref> |
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[[Radziwiłł map]] published as early as 1603{{sfn|Braziūnienė|2019|p=63}} spells the name as Vkraina. On a map{{OR?|date=May 2023}}, published in [[Amsterdam]] in 1645{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}, the sparsely inhabited region to the north of the [[Azov sea]] is called Okraina and is characterized to the proximity to the Dikoye pole ([[Wild Fields]]), posing a constant threat of raids of Turkic nomads ([[Crimean Tatars]] and the [[Nogai Horde]]). There is, however, also a specialised map published in 1648 of the Lower Dnieper region by [[Guillaume Le Vasseur de Beauplan]] called "General illustration of desert plains, in common speech Ukraine" ({{lang|la|Delineatio Generalis Camporum Desertorum vulgo Ukraina}}), attesting to the fact that the term Ukraina was also in use.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/resource/g7100.ct000383/|title=Delineatio generalis Camporum Desertorum vulgo Ukraina: Cum adjacentibus provinciis|website=Library of Congress}}</ref> |
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⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
File:Kiovia Palatinatus. Beauplan 1664.jpg|Title of the 1648 map of Beauplan "Ukrainae pars" |
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⚫ | |||
=== Interpretation as "region, country" === |
=== Interpretation as "region, country" === |
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==English definite article== |
==English definite article== |
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Ukraine is one of a few English country names traditionally used with the [[definite article]] ''the''.<ref name="bbc.co.uk"/> Use of the article was standard before Ukrainian independence, but has decreased since the 1990s.<ref name="businessinsider.com"/><ref name=UKrW812991TU>{{cite web |url=https://www.ukrweekly.com/archive/1991/The_Ukrainian_Weekly_1991-49.pdf |title= The "the" is gone |page=5 |date=8 December 1991 |publisher=[[The Ukrainian Weekly]] |access-date=5 February 2022 |quote=As of December 3, the Associated Press changed its style, alerting its editors, reporters and all who use the news service to the fact that the name of the Ukrainian republic would henceforth be written as simply "Ukraine"}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title=Ukraine| publisher=[[Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary]]| url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Ukraine| access-date=2011-01-07}}</ref> For example, the [[Associated Press]] dropped the article "the" on 3 December 1991.<ref name="UKrW812991TU"/> Use of the definite article was criticised as suggesting a non-sovereign territory, much like "[[Mount Lebanon#Political term|the Lebanon]]" referred to the region before its independence, or as one might refer to "[[the Midwest]]", a region of the United States.<ref>{{cite news|title='Ukraine' or 'the Ukraine'? It's more controversial than you think.|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2014/03/25/ukraine-or-the-ukraine-its-more-controversial-than-you-think/|access-date=11 August 2016|newspaper=[[Washington Post]]|date=25 March 2014}}</ref><ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/sep/11/donald-trump-ukraine-video-link Trump discusses Ukraine and Syria with European politicians via video link], [[The Guardian]] (11 September 2015)</ref><ref>[https://www.forbes.com/sites/realspin/2016/02/17/lets-call-ukraine-by-its-proper-name/#260980ce5d8b Let's Call Ukraine By Its Proper Name], [[Forbes]] (17 February 2016)</ref> |
Ukraine is one of a few English country names traditionally used with the [[definite article]] ''the''.<ref name="bbc.co.uk"/> Use of the article was standard before Ukrainian independence, but has decreased since the 1990s.<ref name="businessinsider.com"/><ref name=UKrW812991TU>{{cite web |url=https://www.ukrweekly.com/archive/1991/The_Ukrainian_Weekly_1991-49.pdf |title= The "the" is gone |page=5 |date=8 December 1991 |publisher=[[The Ukrainian Weekly]] |access-date=5 February 2022 |quote=As of December 3, the Associated Press changed its style, alerting its editors, reporters and all who use the news service to the fact that the name of the Ukrainian republic would henceforth be written as simply "Ukraine"}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title=Ukraine| publisher=[[Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary]]| url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Ukraine| access-date=2011-01-07}}</ref> For example, the [[Associated Press]] dropped the article "the" on 3 December 1991.<ref name="UKrW812991TU"/> Use of the definite article was criticised as suggesting a non-sovereign territory, much like "[[Mount Lebanon#Political term|the Lebanon]]" referred to the region before its independence, or as one might refer to "[[the Midwest]]", a region of the United States.<ref>{{cite news|title='Ukraine' or 'the Ukraine'? It's more controversial than you think.|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2014/03/25/ukraine-or-the-ukraine-its-more-controversial-than-you-think/|access-date=11 August 2016|newspaper=[[Washington Post]]|date=25 March 2014}}</ref><ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/sep/11/donald-trump-ukraine-video-link Trump discusses Ukraine and Syria with European politicians via video link], [[The Guardian]] (11 September 2015)</ref><ref>[https://www.forbes.com/sites/realspin/2016/02/17/lets-call-ukraine-by-its-proper-name/#260980ce5d8b Let's Call Ukraine By Its Proper Name], [[Forbes]] (17 February 2016)</ref>{{efn|In British English, usage of "the Lebanon" lingered for decades after 1945, for instance in the title of a [[The Lebanon (song)|1984 single]] by the band [[The Human League]], or in remarks by Prime Ministers such as [[Margaret Thatcher]]<ref>{{cite web| title=House of Commons PQs| publisher=[[Margaret Thatcher Foundation]]| url=https://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/104968| access-date=2023-07-17}}</ref> and [[John Major]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Mr Major's Commons Statement on the Gulf War – 17 January 1991 |date=17 January 1991 |url=https://johnmajorarchive.org.uk/1991/01/17/mr-majors-commons-statement-on-the-gulf-war-17-january-1991/ |publisher=John Major Archive |access-date=17 July 2023}}</ref>{{original research?|date=July 2024}}{{npsn|date=July 2024}}}} |
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In 1993, the Ukrainian government explicitly requested that, in linguistic agreement with countries and not regions,<ref>{{cite news|title=The Nerd's Guide to Russian Prepositions In and On|url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2019/04/09/the-nerds-guide-to-russian-prepositions-in-and-on-a65158|location=Moscow|access-date=21 December 2021|date=9 April 2019}}</ref> the Russian [[preposition]] {{Lang-ru|в|translit=v|label=none}}, be used instead of {{Lang-ru|на|translit=na|label=none}},<ref>{{cite book |last1=Граудина |first1=Л. К. |last2=Ицкович |first2=В. А. |last3=Катлинская |first3=Л. П |year=2001 |script-title=ru:Грамматическая правильность русской речи |trans-title=Grammatically Correct Russian Speech |language=ru |location=Москва |page=69 |quote=В 1993 году по требованию Правительства Украины нормативными следовало признать варианты в Украину (и соответственно из Украины). Тем самым, по мнению Правительства Украины, разрывалась не устраивающая его этимологическая связь конструкций на Украину и на окраину. Украина как бы получала лингвистическое подтверждение своего статуса суверенного государства, поскольку названия государств, а не регионов оформляются в русской традиции с помощью предлогов в (во) и из...}}</ref> and in 2012, the Ukrainian embassy in London further stated that it is politically and grammatically incorrect to use a definite article with ''Ukraine''.<ref name="bbc.co.uk"/> Use of ''Ukraine'' without the definite article has since become commonplace in journalism and diplomacy (examples are the style guides of ''[[The Guardian]]''<ref>{{cite news|title=The Guardian Style Guide: Section 'U'|url=https://www.theguardian.com/guardian-observer-style-guide-u|location=London|access-date=1 June 2018|date=19 December 2008}}</ref> and ''[[The Times]]''<ref>{{cite news|title=The Times: Online Style Guide - U|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,2941-581,00.html|location=London|website=timesonline.co.uk|date=16 December 2005|access-date=7 January 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070411032949/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,2941-581,00.html|archive-date=11 April 2007}}</ref>). |
In 1993, the Ukrainian government explicitly requested that, in linguistic agreement with countries and not regions,<ref>{{cite news|title=The Nerd's Guide to Russian Prepositions In and On|url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2019/04/09/the-nerds-guide-to-russian-prepositions-in-and-on-a65158|location=Moscow|access-date=21 December 2021|date=9 April 2019}}</ref> the Russian [[preposition]] {{Lang-ru|в|translit=v|label=none}}, be used instead of {{Lang-ru|на|translit=na|label=none}},<ref>{{cite book |last1=Граудина |first1=Л. К. |last2=Ицкович |first2=В. А. |last3=Катлинская |first3=Л. П |year=2001 |script-title=ru:Грамматическая правильность русской речи |trans-title=Grammatically Correct Russian Speech |language=ru |location=Москва |page=69 |quote=В 1993 году по требованию Правительства Украины нормативными следовало признать варианты в Украину (и соответственно из Украины). Тем самым, по мнению Правительства Украины, разрывалась не устраивающая его этимологическая связь конструкций на Украину и на окраину. Украина как бы получала лингвистическое подтверждение своего статуса суверенного государства, поскольку названия государств, а не регионов оформляются в русской традиции с помощью предлогов в (во) и из...}}</ref> and in 2012, the Ukrainian embassy in London further stated that it is politically and grammatically incorrect to use a definite article with ''Ukraine''.<ref name="bbc.co.uk"/> Use of ''Ukraine'' without the definite article has since become commonplace in journalism and diplomacy (examples are the style guides of ''[[The Guardian]]''<ref>{{cite news|title=The Guardian Style Guide: Section 'U'|url=https://www.theguardian.com/guardian-observer-style-guide-u|location=London|access-date=1 June 2018|date=19 December 2008}}</ref> and ''[[The Times]]''<ref>{{cite news|title=The Times: Online Style Guide - U|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,2941-581,00.html|location=London|website=timesonline.co.uk|date=16 December 2005|access-date=7 January 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070411032949/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,2941-581,00.html|archive-date=11 April 2007}}</ref>). |
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* [[Toponymy]] |
* [[Toponymy]] |
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== |
== Notes == |
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{{Notelist}} |
{{Notelist}} |
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== References == |
== References == |
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=== Notes === |
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{{reflist|group=note}} |
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=== Citations === |
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{{Reflist}} |
{{Reflist}} |
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== Bibliography == |
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== General and cited sources == |
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{{refbegin|30em}} |
{{refbegin|30em}} |
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* {{cite book | last = Andrusjak | first = M. | title = Nazva Ukrajina | publisher=[[Chicago]] | year =1951}} |
* {{cite book | last = Andrusjak | first = M. | title = Nazva Ukrajina | publisher=[[Chicago]] | year =1951}} |
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* {{cite journal| last=Dorošenko | first = D. | title=Die Namen 'Rus', 'Russland' und 'Ukraine' in ihrer historischen und gegenwärtigen Bedeutung | journal = Abhandlungen des Ukrainischen Wissenschaftlichen Institutes (Berlin) | language = de | year = 1931| doi = 10.1515/9783112676721-001 }} |
* {{cite journal| last=Dorošenko | first = D. | title=Die Namen 'Rus', 'Russland' und 'Ukraine' in ihrer historischen und gegenwärtigen Bedeutung | journal = Abhandlungen des Ukrainischen Wissenschaftlichen Institutes (Berlin) | language = de | year = 1931| doi = 10.1515/9783112676721-001 }} |
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* {{cite journal | last = Gregorovich | first = Andrew | year = 1994 | title = Ukraine or 'the Ukraine'? | journal = Forum Ukrainian Review | volume = 90 | issue = Spring/Summer | url = http://www.infoukes.com/faq/the_ukraine/ }} |
* {{cite journal | last = Gregorovich | first = Andrew | year = 1994 | title = Ukraine or 'the Ukraine'? | journal = Forum Ukrainian Review | volume = 90 | issue = Spring/Summer | url = http://www.infoukes.com/faq/the_ukraine/ }} |
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* {{Cite thesis |first=Lisa Lynn |last=Heinrich |url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/19e194adba30c8370f27104300e74150/ |title=The Kievan Chronicle: A Translation and Commentary |type=PhD diss. |institution=Vanderbilt University |year=1977 |place=Nashville, Tennessee}} {{ProQuest|7812419}} |
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* {{cite book | first=Paul Robert | last=Magocsi | author-link = Paul Robert Magocsi| year = 1996 | title = A History of Ukraine | chapter = The name ‘Ukraine’ | pages = 171–72 | publisher = University of Toronto Press | location = Toronto | isbn = 0-8020-7820-6 }} |
* {{cite book | first=Paul Robert | last=Magocsi | author-link = Paul Robert Magocsi| year = 1996 | title = A History of Ukraine | chapter = The name ‘Ukraine’ | pages = 171–72 | publisher = University of Toronto Press | location = Toronto | isbn = 0-8020-7820-6 }} |
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**{{cite book |last=Magocsi |first=Paul R. |authorlink=Paul Robert Magocsi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z0mKRsElYNkC |title=A History of Ukraine: The Land and Its Peoples |year=2010 |pages=896 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |location=Toronto |isbn=978-1-4426-1021-7 |access-date = 26 January 2023 |archive-date = 23 April 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230423152843/https://books.google.com/books?id=Z0mKRsElYNkC |url-status = live}} |
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* {{cite book |title=Medieval Russia: 980–1584. Second Edition. E-book |last=Martin |first=Janet |authorlink=Janet L. B. Martin |url=https://www.ebooks.com/en-us/book/802816/medieval-russia-980-1584/janet-martin/ |year=2007 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-0-511-36800-4}} |
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* {{cite book | last = Ohijenko | first = Ivan | author-link = Ivan Ohienko | title = Istorija ukrajins'koji literaturnoji movy (History of the Ukrainian standard language) | publisher = Naša kul’tura i nauka | location = [[Kyiv]] | year = 2001 | orig-year = 1949 | url=http://litopys.org.ua/ohukr/ohu.htm | pages = 98–105 | chapter = Naši nazvy: Rus’ – Ukrajina – Malorosija (Our names: Rus’ – Ukraine – Little Russia) | chapter-url = http://litopys.org.ua/ohukr/ohu04.htm | language = uk | isbn = 966-7821-01-3 }} |
* {{cite book | last = Ohijenko | first = Ivan | author-link = Ivan Ohienko | title = Istorija ukrajins'koji literaturnoji movy (History of the Ukrainian standard language) | publisher = Naša kul’tura i nauka | location = [[Kyiv]] | year = 2001 | orig-year = 1949 | url=http://litopys.org.ua/ohukr/ohu.htm | pages = 98–105 | chapter = Naši nazvy: Rus’ – Ukrajina – Malorosija (Our names: Rus’ – Ukraine – Little Russia) | chapter-url = http://litopys.org.ua/ohukr/ohu04.htm | language = uk | isbn = 966-7821-01-3 }} |
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* {{cite book | first=Hryhorij Petrovyč | last=Pivtorak | title=Pochodžennja ukrajinciv, rosijan, bilorusiv ta jichnich mov (The origin of Ukrainians, Belarusians, Russians and their languages) | location= [[Kyiv]] | publisher=Akademia | year=1998 | language = uk | isbn=966-580-082-5 | url=http://litopys.org.ua/pivtorak/pivt12.htm }}. |
* {{cite book | first=Hryhorij Petrovyč | last=Pivtorak | title=Pochodžennja ukrajinciv, rosijan, bilorusiv ta jichnich mov (The origin of Ukrainians, Belarusians, Russians and their languages) | location= [[Kyiv]] | publisher=Akademia | year=1998 | language = uk | isbn=966-580-082-5 | url=http://litopys.org.ua/pivtorak/pivt12.htm }}. |
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*{{cite book |title=The Origins of the Slavic Nations: Premodern Identities in Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus |last=Plokhy |first=Serhii |authorlink=Serhii Plokhy |year=2006 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-521-86403-9 |pages=10–15 |url=http://assets.cambridge.org/97805218/64039/excerpt/9780521864039_excerpt.pdf |access-date=27 April 2010 |archive-date=6 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606203420/http://assets.cambridge.org/97805218/64039/excerpt/9780521864039_excerpt.pdf |url-status=live}} |
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* {{cite book |last=Plokhy |first=Serhii |authorlink=Serhii Plokhy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pm-QDQAAQBAJ |title=The Gates of Europe: A History of Ukraine. Revised Edition |publisher=Basic Books |date=2021 |orig-year=2015 |pages=432 |isbn=978-0-465-09346-5 |access-date=15 July 2024}} |
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* {{cite book | last = Rudnyc’kyj | first = Jaroslav B. | author-link = Jaroslav Rudnyckyj |author2=Volodymyr Sichynskyi | title = Ent͡syklopedii͡a ukraïnoznavstva (Encyclopedia of Ukrainian studies) | chapter = Nazva Ukraïna (The name Ukraine) | volume = 1 | pages = 12–16 | publisher = [[Munich]]/[[New York City|New York]] | year = 1949 | chapter-url=http://litopys.org.ua/rizne/nazva_eu.htm | author2-link = Volodymyr Sichynskyi }} |
* {{cite book | last = Rudnyc’kyj | first = Jaroslav B. | author-link = Jaroslav Rudnyckyj |author2=Volodymyr Sichynskyi | title = Ent͡syklopedii͡a ukraïnoznavstva (Encyclopedia of Ukrainian studies) | chapter = Nazva Ukraïna (The name Ukraine) | volume = 1 | pages = 12–16 | publisher = [[Munich]]/[[New York City|New York]] | year = 1949 | chapter-url=http://litopys.org.ua/rizne/nazva_eu.htm | author2-link = Volodymyr Sichynskyi }} |
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* [[Jaroslav Rudnyckyj|Rudnyt͡s′kyĭ, I͡a. B.]] (1951), ''Slovo ĭ nazva {{'}}Ukraïna{{'}}'' in ''Onomastica'', v 1, Winnipeg: UVAN. |
* [[Jaroslav Rudnyckyj|Rudnyt͡s′kyĭ, I͡a. B.]] (1951), ''Slovo ĭ nazva {{'}}Ukraïna{{'}}'' in ''Onomastica'', v 1, Winnipeg: UVAN. |
Revision as of 03:31, 17 July 2024
History of Ukraine |
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The earliest known usage of the name Ukraine (Ukrainian: Україна, romanized: Ukraina [ʊkrɐˈjinɐ] , Вкраїна, romanized: Vkraina [u̯krɐˈjinɐ]; Old East Slavic: Ѹкраина/Ꙋкраина, romanized: Oukraina [uˈkrɑjinɑ]) appears in the Hypatian Codex of c. 1425 under the year 1187 in reference to a part of the territory of Kievan Rus'.[1][2] The use of "the Ukraine" has been officially deprecated by the Ukrainian government and many English-language media publications.[3][4][5]
Ukraine is the official full name of the country, as stated in its declaration of independence and its constitution; there is no official alternative long name. From 1922 until 1991, Ukraine was the informal name of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic within the Soviet Union (annexed by Germany as Reichskommissariat Ukraine during 1941–1944). After the Russian Revolution in 1917–1921, there were the short-lived Ukrainian People's Republic and Ukrainian State, recognized in early 1918 as consisting of nine governorates of the former Russian Empire (without Taurida's Crimean Peninsula), plus Chelm and the southern part of Grodno Governorate.[6]
Etymology
Originally, the word ѹкра́ина (вкра́ина), from which the proper noun has been derived, formed in particular from the root -краи- (krai) and the prefix ѹ-/в-[a] that later merged with the root due to metanalysis.
The ambiguity occurs due to the polysemous nature of the root край, as it may mean either a boundary/edge of a certain area or an area defined by certain boundaries,[8][9][circular reference] nevertheless the both meanings allow for the formation of a valid toponym. For instance, the country name Danmark is a composition Danish + boundary.[10][11][circular reference]
History
Kievan Chronicle (Hypatian Codex) sub anno 1187 and 1189
The oldest recorded mention of the word ukraina is found in the Kievan Chronicle under the year 1187,[2] as preserved in the Hypatian Codex written c. 1425 in an Old East Slavic variety of Church Slavonic.[12] The passage narrates the death of Volodimer Glebovich , prince of Pereyaslavl'[12] (r. 1169–1187):[b]
ѡ нем же Ѹкраина много постона.[1] (ō nem zhe Ukraina mnogo postona).
"The frontier (Ukraina) mourned a great deal for him." (Lisa L. Heinrich, 1977)[b]
"The ukraïna groaned with grief for him." (Paul R. Magocsi, 2010)[12]
In context, Ukraina referred to the territory of the Principality of Pereyaslavl,[b][2] which was located between Kievan Rus' heartland in the Middle Dnieper region to the west, and the Pontic–Caspian steppe to the southeast,[14] which the Rus' chronicles customarily referred to as "the land of the Polovtsi".[c] "Ukraine" came to mean "steppe frontier" or "steppe borderland" in the Ukrainian, Polish and Russian languages thereafter.[2]
The next mention of ukraina in the same Kievan Chronicle occurs sub anno 1189,[12] which narrates how a certain Rostislav Berladnichich was invited by some, but not all, "men of Galich" (modern Halych), to take power in the Principality of Galicia:[17]
еха и Смоленьска в борзѣ и приѣхавшю же емоу ко Оукраинѣ Галичькои и взя два города Галичькъıи и отолѣ поіде к Галичю.[1]
"And he went in haste from Smolensk, and when he had come to the Galičan frontier," (ukraině Galichĭkoi) "he captured two Galičan cities. And from there he went to [the city of] Galič (...)." (Lisa L. Heinrich, 1977)[17]
Serhii Plokhy (2015, 2021) connected the 1189 mention to that of 1187, stating that both referred to the same region: '1187–1189 A Kyivan chronicler first uses the word "Ukraine" to describe the steppe borderland from Pereiaslav in the east to Galicia in the west.'[18]
Late Middle Ages
The Kievan Chronicle and subsequent Galician–Volhynian Chronicle in the Hypatian Codex mention ukraina again under the years 1189, 1213, 1280, and in 1282, where it is applied in various contexts.[12] In these decades, and the following centuries until the end of the Middle Ages, this term was applied to fortified borderlands of different principalities of Rus' without a specific geographic fixation: Halych-Volhynia,[12][19] the (Western) Buh region,[12] Pskov,[12][19] Polatsk,[12] Ryazan etc.[19]: 183 [20] According to Serhii Plokhy (2006), 'the Muscovites referred to their steppe borderland as "Ukraine," while reserving different names for areas bordering on the settled territories of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland.'[2]
Early modern cartography
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Description_d%27Vkranie%2C_qui_sont_plusieurs_prouinces_du_royaume_de_Pologne._Contenu%C3%ABs_depuis_les_confins_de_la_Moscouie%2C_iusques_aux_limites_de_la_Transilvanie._-_Ensemble_leurs_moeurs_%28IA_descriptiondvkra00beau%29.pdf/page7-220px-thumbnail.pdf.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
The Radziwiłł map of 1613 (formal title Magni Ducatus Lithuaniae; originally published in 1603[21]) was the first map to indicate the terms "Ukraine" and "Cossacks".[22] In the mid-17th century, Franco-Polish cartographer Guillaume Le Vasseur de Beauplan, who had spent the 1630s as a military engineer and architect designing and building fortifications in the region, played a significant role in popularising Ukraine as a name and a concept to a broader Western European audience, both through his maps and his writings.[23] His 1648 map in Latin was titled Delineatio Generalis Camporum Desertorum vulgo Ukraina. Cum adjacentibus Provinciis ("General illustration of desert plains, in vernacular (speech) Ukraine. With adjacent Provinces."), thereby 'using the term "Ukraine" to denote all the provinces of the Kingdom of Poland that bordered on the uninhabited steppe areas (campus desertorum)'.[24][25] Beauplan's French-language publication of the second edition of Description d'Vkranie ("Description of Ukraine", Rouen 1660; the first edition dates from 1651) defined Ukraine as "several provinces of the Kingdom of Poland lying between the borders of Muscovy and the frontiers of Transylvania".[24] This book became wildly popular in Western Europe, and was translated into Latin, Dutch, Spanish and English in the 1660s to 1680s, and reprinted numerous times throughout the rest of the 17th century and the entire 18th century.[24] On another map,[which?] published in Amsterdam in 1645, the sparsely inhabited region to the north of the Azov sea is called Okraina and is characterized to the proximity to the Dikoye pole (Wild Fields), posing a constant threat of raids of Turkic nomads (Crimean Tatars and the Nogai Horde).[citation needed]
-
Vkraina and Kyovia on the 1613 Radziwiłł map, with the "steppe fields" on "this" and "that" side of the "Boristenus now Niepr river"
-
1635 map by Beauplan called Tabula Geographica Ukrainska ("Ukrainian Geographical Table"). North is at the bottom.
-
1648 map by Beauplan called Delineatio Generalis Camporum Desertorum vulgo Ukraina ("General illustration of desert plains, in vernacular Ukraine")
-
1648 Beauplan map title: Ukrainæ pars, qvæ Kiovia palatinus Vulgo dicitur ("Part of Ukraine, called Voivodeship of Kiov in vernacular")
-
Map of Eastern Europe by Vincenzo Coronelli (1690). The lands around Kyiv are shown as V(U)kraine ou pays des Cosaques ("Ukraine or the land of Cossacks").
Early modern Slavonic texts
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Location_Zaporizhian_Host.png/220px-Location_Zaporizhian_Host.png)
By the 17th century, Ukraine was sometimes used to define various other, non-steppe borderlands, but the word received more commonly-used and eventually fixed meanings in the second half of the 17th century.[23] After the south-western lands of former Rus' were subordinated to the Polish Crown in 1569, the territory from eastern Podillia to Zaporizhia got the unofficial name Ukraina due to its border function to the nomadic Tatar world in the south.[27] A 1580 royal decree by Stefan Batory 'made mention of Ruthenian, Kyivan, Volhynian, Podolian, and Bratslavian Ukraine'.[2] The Polish chronicler Samuel Grądzki (died 1672), who wrote about the Khmelnytsky Uprising in 1660, explained the word Ukraina as the land located at the edge of the Polish kingdom.[d] Thus, in the course of the 16th–18th centuries Ukraine became a concrete regional name among other historic regions such as Podillia, Severia, or Volhynia. It was used for the middle Dnieper River territory controlled by the Cossacks.[19]: 184 [20] The people of Ukraina were called Ukrainians (українці, ukraintsi, or українники, ukrainnyky).[29]
Later, the term Ukraine was used for the Cossack Hetmanate lands on both sides of the Dnieper, although it didn't become the official name of the state.[20] Nevertheless, in diplomatic correspondence between the Zaporozhian Host and the tsar of Muscovy, Cossack officials increasingly used the term "Ukraine" to denote the Cossack Hetmanate ever since Bohdan Khmelnytsky's leadership.[30] A May 1660 set of negotiation instructions written by hetman Yurii Khmelnytsky defined "Ukraine" as the territory controlled by the Cossack state according to the Treaty of Zboriv (1649), thus making it a political rather than geographic term.[30] The scope of this Cossack political concept of Ukraine was remarkably different from that popularised by Beauplan (who was influenced by Polish traditions) around the same time; Beauplan's Vkrainie was first and foremost a set of voivodeships controlled by the Kingdom of Poland, characterised by their juxtaposition to the steppes as opposed to the rest of Poland.[30]
Modern period
From the 18th century on, Ukraine became known in the Russian Empire by the geographic term Little Russia.[19]: 183–184 In the 1830s, Mykola Kostomarov and his Brotherhood of Saints Cyril and Methodius in Kyiv started to use the name Ukrainians.[citation needed] It was also taken up by Volodymyr Antonovych and the Khlopomany ("peasant-lovers"), former Polish gentry in Eastern Ukraine, and later by the Ukrainophiles in Halychyna, including Ivan Franko. The evolution of the meaning became particularly obvious at the end of the 19th century.[19]: 186 The term is also mentioned by the Russian scientist and traveler of Ukrainian origin Nicholas Miklouho-Maclay (1846–1888). At the turn of the 20th century the term Ukraine became independent and self-sufficient, pushing aside regional self-definitions.[19]: 186 In the course of the political struggle between the Little Russian and the Ukrainian identities, it challenged the traditional term Little Russia (Russian: Малороссия, romanized: Malorossiia) and ultimately defeated it in the 1920s during the Bolshevik policy of Korenization and Ukrainization.[31][32][page needed]
Interpretation
Interpretation as "borderland"
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Ukraina-1556.jpg/220px-Ukraina-1556.jpg)
Since the first known usage in 1187, and almost until the 18th century, in written sources, this word was used in the meaning of "border lands", without reference to any particular region with clear borders, including far beyond the territory of modern Ukraine. The generally "accepted" and frequently used meaning of the word as "borderland" has increasingly been challenged by revision, motivated by self-asserting of identity.[33]
In the 16th century, the only specific ukraina mentioned very often in Polish and Ruthenian texts was the south-eastern region around Kyiv, and thus ukraina came to be synonymous with the Kyïv Voivodeship and later the region around Kyiv.[citation needed] Later this name was adopted as the name of the country.[citation needed]
The etymology of the word Ukraine is seen this way in all mainstream etymological dictionaries, see e.g. Max Vasmer's etymological dictionary of Russian;[34] see also Orest Subtelny,[35] Paul Magocsi,[36] Omeljan Pritsak,[37] Mykhailo Hrushevskyi,[38] Ivan Ohiyenko,[39] Petro Tolochko[40] and others. It is supported by Jaroslav Rudnyckyj in the Encyclopedia of Ukraine[41] and the Etymological dictionary of the Ukrainian language (based on already mentioned Vasmer).[42]
Interpretation as "region, country"
Ukrainian scholars and specialists in Ukrainian and Slavic philology have interpreted the term ukraina in the sense of "region, principality, country",[43] "province", or "the land around" or "the land pertaining to" a given centre.[44][45]
Linguist Hryhoriy Pivtorak (2001) argues that there is a difference between the two terms україна (Ukraina, "territory") and окраїна (okraina, "borderland"). Both are derived from the root krai, meaning "border, edge, end, margin, region, side, rim" but with a difference in preposition, U (ѹ)) meaning "at" vs. o (о) meaning "about, around"; *ukrai and *ukraina would then mean "a separated land parcel, a separate part of a tribe's territory". Lands that became part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Chernihiv Principality, Siversk Principality, Kyiv Principality, Pereyaslavl Principality and most of Volyn Principality) were sometimes called Lithuanian Ukraina, while lands that became part of Poland (Halych Principality and part of Volyn Principality) were called Polish Ukraina. Pivtorak argues that Ukraine had been used as a term for their own territory by the Ukrainian Cossacks of the Zaporozhian Sich since the 16th century, and that the conflation with okraina "borderlands" was a creation of tsarist Russia.[46] Russian scholars contest this.[citation needed]
Official names
Below are the names of the Ukrainian states throughout the 20th century:
- 1917–1920: Ukrainian People's Republic; controlled most of Ukraine, with the exception of West Ukraine
- April–December 1918: Ukrainian State (Українська Держава) or "Second Hetmanate", after the Hetman Coup (Гетьманський переворот)
- 1918–1919: West Ukrainian People's Republic within West Ukraine; the Unification Act with UPR failed to be implemented
- 1919–1936: Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic
- 1936–1941: Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
- 1941–1944: There was no Ukrainian state under Nazi occupation (though one was declared); the territory was governed as Reichskommissariat Ukraine (RKU)
- 1941–1991: Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
- 1991–present: Ukraine
English definite article
Ukraine is one of a few English country names traditionally used with the definite article the.[3] Use of the article was standard before Ukrainian independence, but has decreased since the 1990s.[4][5][47] For example, the Associated Press dropped the article "the" on 3 December 1991.[5] Use of the definite article was criticised as suggesting a non-sovereign territory, much like "the Lebanon" referred to the region before its independence, or as one might refer to "the Midwest", a region of the United States.[48][49][50][e]
In 1993, the Ukrainian government explicitly requested that, in linguistic agreement with countries and not regions,[53] the Russian preposition в, v, be used instead of на, na,[54] and in 2012, the Ukrainian embassy in London further stated that it is politically and grammatically incorrect to use a definite article with Ukraine.[3] Use of Ukraine without the definite article has since become commonplace in journalism and diplomacy (examples are the style guides of The Guardian[55] and The Times[56]).
Preposition usage in Slavic
In the Ukrainian language both v Ukraini (with the preposition v - "in") and na Ukraini (with the preposition na - "on") have been used, although the preposition v is used officially and is more frequent in everyday speech.[citation needed] Modern linguistic prescription in Russian dictates usage of na,[57] while earlier official Russian language have sometimes used 'v',[58] just like authors foundational to Russian national identity.[59] Similar to the definite article issue in English usage, use of na rather than v has been seen as suggesting non-sovereignty. While v expresses "in" with a connotation of "into, in the interior", na expresses "in" with the connotation of "on, onto" a boundary (Pivtorak cites v misti "in the city" vs. na seli "in the village", viewed as "outside the city"). Pivtorak notes that both Ukrainian literature and folk song uses both prepositions with the name Ukraina (na Ukraini and v Ukraini), but argues that only v Ukraini should be used to refer to the sovereign state established in 1991.[46] The insistence on v appears to be a modern sensibility, as even authors foundational to Ukrainian national identity used both prepositions interchangeably, e.g. T. Shevchenko within the single poem V Kazemati (1847).[60]
The preposition na continues to be used with Ukraine in the West Slavic languages (Polish, Czech, Slovak), while the South Slavic languages (Bulgarian, Serbo-Croatian, Slovene) use v exclusively.
Phonetics and orthography
Among the western European languages, there is inter-language variation (and even sometimes intra-language variation) in the phonetic vowel quality of the ai of Ukraine, and its written expression.[citation needed] It is variously:
- Treated as a diphthong (for example, English Ukraine /juːˈkreɪn/)
- Treated as a pure vowel (for example, French Ukraine [ykʁɛn])
- Transformed in other ways (for example, Spanish Ucrania [uˈkɾanja], or Portuguese Ucrânia [uˈkɾɐnjɐ])
- Treated as two juxtaposed vowel sounds, with some phonetic degree of an approximant [j] between that may or may not be recognized phonemically: German Ukraine [ukʁaˈiːnə] (although the realisation with the diphthong [aɪ̯] is also possible: [uˈkʁaɪnə]). This pronunciation is represented orthographically with a dieresis, or tréma, in Dutch Oekraïne [ukraːˈinə]. This version most closely resembles the vowel quality of the Ukrainian word.
In Ukrainian itself, there is a "euphony rule" sometimes used in poetry and music which changes the letter У (U) to В (V) at the beginning of a word when the preceding word ends with a vowel or a diphthong. When applied to the name Україна (Ukraina), this can produce the form Вкраїна (Vkraina), as in song lyric Най Вкраїна вся радіє (Nai Vkraina vsia radiie, "Let all Ukraine rejoice!").[61]
See also
- Etymology of Rus’ and derivatives
- List of etymologies of administrative divisions: "Ukraine"
- All-Russian nation
- Fuentes de Andalucía, which renamed itself to Ukraine in 2022
- Little Russia
- Kyiv
- Toponymy
Notes
- ^ The phenomenon of alternating ѹ (modern у) and в in prepositions and prefixes is inherent in the Ukrainian language, e.g. 'ѹ се лѣто'/'В лѣто ҂s҃ х к҃s' in Kyivan Chronicle.[7][circular reference]
- ^ a b c "On that journey Vladimir Glebovič fell ill with a grave illness, from which he (later) died. And they brought him on stretchers to his city, Perejaslavl', and there he died [on 18 April] (...) And all the people of Perejaslavl' wept for him (...). The frontier (Ukraina) mourned a great deal for him."[13]
- ^ For example, sub anno 1177[15] and 1190.[16]
- ^ Margo enim polonice kray; inde Ukrajna, quasi provincia ad fines regni posita.[28][better source needed]
- ^ In British English, usage of "the Lebanon" lingered for decades after 1945, for instance in the title of a 1984 single by the band The Human League, or in remarks by Prime Ministers such as Margaret Thatcher[51] and John Major.[52][original research?][non-primary source needed]
References
- ^ a b c "Въ лЂто 6694 [1186] – 6698 [1190]. Іпатіївський літопис" [In the year 6694 [1186] – 6698 [1190]. The Hypatian Codex]. litopys.org.ua (in Church Slavic). 1908. Retrieved 14 July 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f Plokhy 2006, p. 317.
- ^ a b c "Ukraine or the Ukraine: Why do some country names have 'the'?". BBC News. 7 June 2012.
- ^ a b "Why Ukraine Isn't 'The Ukraine,' And Why That Matters Now". Business Insider. 9 December 2013.
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As of December 3, the Associated Press changed its style, alerting its editors, reporters and all who use the news service to the fact that the name of the Ukrainian republic would henceforth be written as simply "Ukraine"
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Pivtorak, Hryhorii (2001). "Pokhodzhennia ukraintsiv, rosiian, bilorusiv ta ikhnikh mov" [The ancestry of Ukrainians, Russians, Belarusians, and their languages]. Izbornyk. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
Російські шовіністи стали пояснювати назву нашого краю Україна як «окраїна Росії», тобто вклали в це слово принизливий і невластивий йому зміст. З історією виникнення назви Україна тісно пов'язане правило вживання прийменників на і в при позначенні місця або простору. ("Russian chauvinists began to explain the name of our region Ukraine as "the outskirts [okraina] of Russia", that is, they put in this word humiliating and unconnected content.")
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- ^ Граудина, Л. К.; Ицкович, В. А.; Катлинская, Л. П (2001). Грамматическая правильность русской речи [Grammatically Correct Russian Speech] (in Russian). Москва. p. 69.
В 1993 году по требованию Правительства Украины нормативными следовало признать варианты в Украину (и соответственно из Украины). Тем самым, по мнению Правительства Украины, разрывалась не устраивающая его этимологическая связь конструкций на Украину и на окраину. Украина как бы получала лингвистическое подтверждение своего статуса суверенного государства, поскольку названия государств, а не регионов оформляются в русской традиции с помощью предлогов в (во) и из...
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ "The Guardian Style Guide: Section 'U'". London. 19 December 2008. Retrieved 1 June 2018.
- ^ "The Times: Online Style Guide - U". timesonline.co.uk. London. 16 December 2005. Archived from the original on 11 April 2007. Retrieved 7 January 2011.
- ^ "Горячие вопросы". Gramota.ru. Retrieved 6 October 2017.
- ^ "Указ о назначении Черномырдина послом в Украину". Retrieved 3 March 2022.
- ^ Незапно Карл поворотил / И перенес войну в Украйну.([2])
- ^ Мені однаково, чи буду / Я жить в Україні, чи ні. / [...] / На нашій славній Україні, / На нашій – не своїй землі ("It is the same to me, if I will / live in [v] Ukraine or not. / [...] / In [na] our glorious Ukraine / in [na] our, not their land") ([poetyka.uazone.nethttp://poetyka.uazone.net/kobzar/meni_odnakovo.html poetyka.uazone.net])
- ^ See for example, Rudnyc'kyj, J. B., Матеріали до українсько -канадійської фольклористики й діялектології / Ukrainian-Canadian Folklore and Dialectological Texts, Winnipeg, 1956
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External links
The dictionary definition of Ukraine at Wiktionary