Leverian collection: Difference between revisions

Sale by Lottery of Sir Ashton Lever's Museum Act 1784
Act of Parliament
	Parliament of Great Britain
Long title	An Act for enabling Sir Ashton Lever to dispose of his Museum as now exhibited at Leicester House, by Way of Chance.
Citation	24 Geo. 3. Sess. 2. c. 22
Dates
Royal assent	30 July 1784
Other legislation
Repealed by	Statute Law Revision Act 1948
Status: Repealed

Leverian Museum
	Interior view of Sir Ashton Lever's Museum, Leicester Square, London, 30 March 1785
	Location within Central London
Established	1775
Location	Leicester Square, London
Coordinates	51°30′37″N 0°07′49″W / 51.510278°N 0.130278°W
Collection size	c. 28,000 objects
Director	Sir Ashton Lever
Website	A collection of drawings by Sarah Stone

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The Leverian collection was a natural history and ethnographic collection assembled by Ashton Lever. It was noted for the content it acquired from the voyages of Captain James Cook. For three decades it was displayed in London, being broken up by auction in 1806.^[1] The first public location of the collection was the Holophusikon, also known as the Leverian Museum, at Leicester House, on Leicester Square, from 1775 to 1786. After it passed from Lever's ownership, it was displayed for nearly twenty years more at the purpose-built Blackfriars Rotunda just across the Thames, sometimes called Parkinson's Museum for its subsequent owner, James Parkinson (c. 1730-1813).

At Alkrington

Lever collected fossils, shells, and animals (birds, insects, reptiles, fish, monkeys) for many years, accumulating a large collection at his home at Alkrington, near Manchester. Admittance to the collection was free, but visitors who arrived on foot were turned away; only those who could afford a carriage or riding horse were welcome. He decided to exhibit the collection in London as a commercial venture, charging an entrance fee.^[2]

At Leicester House

Lever acquired a lease of Leicester House in 1774, converting the principal rooms on the first floor into a single large gallery running the length of the house, and opened his museum in February 1775, with around 25,000 exhibits (a small fraction of his collection) valued at over £40,000.^[4]^[5] The display included many natural and ethnographic items gathered by Captain James Cook on his voyages.^[6] The museum took its name from its supposedly universal coverage of natural history,^[4] and was essentially a huge cabinet of curiosities.

Lever charged an entry fee of 5s. 3d., or two guineas for an annual ticket, and the museum had a degree of commercial success; the receipts in 1782 were £2,253.^[4] In an effort to draw in the crowds, Lever later reduced the entrance fee to half a crown (2s. 6d.).^[4]^[6] Lever was constantly looking for new exhibits. However, he spent more on new exhibits than he raised in entrance fees.^{[citation needed]}

One admirer of the museum was a young Philip Bury Duncan, who went on to become keeper of the Ashmolean Museum.^[7] Among the objects displayed was the large Viking silver thistle brooch from the Penrith Hoard, discovered by a boy in Cumbria in 1785. In 1787, a print of it was published, claiming that it was the insignia of the Knights Templar.^[8] It was bought by the British Museum in 1909 (M&ME 1909,6-24,2).

Lottery for the collection

The British Museum and Catherine II of Russia both refused to buy the collection, so Lever obtained an Act of Parliament in 1784 to sell the whole by lottery. He only sold 8,000 tickets at a guinea each – he had hoped to sell 36,000.^[6]

The collection was acquired by James Parkinson, a land agent and accountant.^[4] It continued to be displayed at Leicester House until Lever's death in 1788, at a reduced entrance fee of one shilling.^[6]

Move south of the Thames

Parkinson transferred the Leverian collection to a purpose-built Rotunda building, at what would later be No. 3 Blackfriars Road. Leicester House itself was demolished in 1791.^[4]^[6]

A catalogue and guide was printed in 1790.^[9] Parkinson also had George Shaw write an illustrated scientific work;^[10] the artists involved included Philip Reinagle, Charles Reuben Ryley, William Skelton, Sarah Stone, and Sydenham Edwards.^[11]^[12] Some of John White's specimens were put on public display there for the first time.^[13] The museum also served as a resource and opportunity for women. Ellenor Fenn wrote A Short History of Insects (1796/7), which also served as a "pocket companion" for the museum.^[14] The artist Sarah Stone continued to work for Parkinson, as she had done for Lever.^[15]

Parkinson had some success in getting naturalists to attend the museum, which was easier at the time to visit than the British Museum. Heinrich Friedrich Link, who visited in 1799, was complimentary.^[16]

Disposal of the collection

Parkinson also tried to sell the contents at various times. One attempt, a proposed purchase by the government, was wrecked by the adverse opinion of Sir Joseph Banks.^[17] In the end, for financial reasons, Parkinson sold the collection in lots by auction in 1806.^[4] Among the buyers were Edward Donovan, Edward Stanley, 13th Earl of Derby, and William Bullock; many items went to other museums, including the Imperial Museum of Vienna.^[18]

The contents of the museum are well recorded, from a catalogue of the museum created in 1784, and the sale catalogue in 1806, with a contemporary series of watercolours of its contents by Sarah Stone.^[19] There are also sale catalogue annotations allowing, for example, the counting of 37 lots bought by Alexander Macleay.^[20] The Royal College of Surgeons bought 79 lots, and notes by William Clift survive.^[21] Purchases from the sale founded the collection of Richard Cuming.^[22] In all 7,879 lots were sold over 65 days.^[23]

Surviving specimens and objects

The specimens purchased by Edward Stanley, 13th Earl of Derby, were bequeathed to the people of Liverpool upon his death in 1851 and were part of the founding collection of what is now World Museum, National Museums Liverpool. Stanley bought approximately 117 mounted birds, representing some 96 species, at the auction in 1806.^[24] 82 specimens still survived in 1812, 74 in 1823, and at least 29 in 1850. Among the present collections of World Museum are 25 study skins (relaxed mounts) of 22 species recognized as having originated from the Leverian Sale. Nine are recognized as having been collected during the second voyage of James Cook and third voyage of James Cook.^[25]

Black-spotted barbet, adult male, accession no. NML-VZ D1466, Leverian lot no. 1039. The female specimen from the same lot (accession no. LIV D1466c) is lost.
Latham's Brown Creeper NML-VZ D5322
Barred honeyeater, adult, accession no. NML-VZ D5322, Leverian lot no. 1106. This specimen is the holotype specimen of Certhia fusca Gmelin, 1788 (Syst. Nat. 1, p. 472) and was first described as "Brown Creeper" by Latham, 1782 (Gen. Syn. 1 (2), p. 732).^[26] This specimen is also the type of Certhia fasciata Forster, 1844 (Descr. Anim., p. 263). It was collected during the second voyage of James Cook.
Pacific long-tailed cuckoo, adult, accession no. NML-VZ D3995, Leverian lot no. 1407. This specimen was first described as "Society Cuckow" by Latham, 1782 (Gen. Syn. 1 (2), p. 517).
European green woodpecker, adult, accession no. NML-VZ D1324f, Leverian lot no. 1418. This specimen is the "white variety".
Orange-winged amazon, adult, accession no. NML-VZ D682, Leverian lot no. 1514. This specimen was described as "Brasilian Yellow-fronted Parrot var. E" by Latham, 1781 (Gen. Syn. 1 (1), p. 287).
Crested myna, adult, accession no. NML-VZ D1504, Leverian lot no. 1757.
Grey-winged trumpeter, adult, accession no. NML-VZ D252, Leverian lot no. 2436.
South Island kōkako, adult, accession no. NML-VZ D4047, Leverian lot no. 2698. This specimen is a syntype specimen of Glaucopis cinereus Gmelin, 1788 (Syst. Nat. 1, p. 363) and was first described as "Cinereous Wattle-bird" by Latham, 1781 (Gen. Syn. 1 (1), p. 364). It was collected during one of James Cook's voyages from Queen Charlotte Sound / Tōtaranui. This species is critically endangered and possibly extinct.
Common starling, adult, accession no. NML-VZ D1417b, Leverian lot no. 3142. This specimen is albino and was described as "Var A, White Stare" by Latham, 1783 (Gen. Syn. 2 (1), p. 3).
Greater ani, adult, accession no. NML-VZ D4027d, Leverian lot no. 4092.
Magnificent bird-of-paradise, adult, accession no. NML-VZ D88, Leverian lot no. 4751.
Ancient murrelet, adult, accession no. NML-VZ D3346, Leverian lot no. 5115. This specimen is a syntype specimen of Alca antiqua Gmelin, 1789 (Syst. Nat. 1 (2), p. 554) and was first described as "Ancient Auk" by Latham, 1785 (Gen. Syn. 3 (2), p. 326).
ʻŌʻū, adult male and female, accession nos. NML-VZ D1829 and NML-VZ D1829a, Leverian lot no. 5488. These specimens are syntype specimens of Loxia psittacea Gmelin, 1789 (Syst. Nat. 1 (2), p. 844) and was first described as "Parrot-billed grosbeak" by Latham, 1783 (Gen. Syn. 2 (1), p. 108).
Racket-tailed treepie, adult, accession no. NML-VZ D575a, Leverian lot no. 5587.
Chattering kingfisher, adult, accession no. NML-VZ D2326, Leverian lot no. 5612. This specimen was collected during one of James Cook's voyages, but is of doubtful type significance.
Purple-throated fruitcrow, adult, accession no. NML-VZ D635, Leverian lot no. 6082. This specimen is a syntype specimen of Muscicapa rubricollis Gmelin, 1789 (Syst. Nat. 1 (2), p. 933) and was first described as "Purple-throated flycatcher" by Latham, 1785 (Gen. Syn. 2 (1), p. 365).
Stone partridge, adult, accession no. NML-VZ D1495b, Leverian lot no. 6083.
Guinea turaco, adult, accession no. NML-VZ D97a, Leverian lot no. 27 (last day but two).
Ruddy shelduck, adult, accession no. NML-VZ D849, Leverian lot no. 34 (last day but two).
Tūī, adult male and female, accession nos. NML-VZ D1698a and NML-VZ D1698g, Leverian lot no. 44 (last day but one). These specimens are syntype specimens of Merops novaeseelandiae Gmelin, 1788 (Syst. Nat. 1, p. 464) and was first described as "Poe bee-eater" by Latham, 1782 (Gen. Syn. 1 (2), p. 682). These specimens were collected during the second voyage of James Cook from Queen Charlotte Sound / Tōtaranui.
Large-billed seed finch, adult, accession no. NML-VZ D2005a, Leverian lot no. 47 (last day but one). 1106. This specimen is the holotype specimen of Loxia regulus Shaw, 1792 (Mus. Lev., p. 45), a forgery perpetrated by adding a false crest of red feathers to a large-billed seed finch specimen.^[27]
African swamphen, adult, accession no. NML-VZ D1824, Leverian lot no. 23 (last day of the sale).
Several hundred specimens (the exact number being unknown) of birds are in the collection of the Natural History Museum, Vienna.^[28] This includes a specimen (number NMW 50.761) of the extinct Lord Howe Swamphen.

A number of ethnographic objects survive in the collections of the British Museum.^[29]

References

^ Kaeppler, Adrienne L.(2011). Holophusicon: The Leverian Museum – An Eighteenth-Century English Institution of Science, Curiosity, and Art. Altenstadt, ZKF Publishers.
^ Chapter 14, The Royal Toxophilite Society Archived 25 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine, By Colonel Walrond, part of The Badminton Library of Sports and Pastimes: Archery (1894)
^ Catton, Charles (1788). Animals drawn from Nature and engraved in aqua-tinta (1st ed.). I. & J. Taylor. p. 72.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Survey of London: volumes 33 and 34: St Anne Soho (1966), pp. 441-72, from British History Online
^ Abstract of a Petition of Sir Ashton Lever for a Bill to enable him to dispose of his museum. Archived 29 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e History of the Empire Theatre (built on the site of Leicester House). Archived 22 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine
^ Bell, Alan. "Duncan, Philip Bury". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/8229. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
^ British Museum Enlightenment: The Birth of Archaeology, Silver 'thistle' brooch. Archived 13 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine
^ Leverian Museum (London, England) (1790). A companion to the museum, (late Sir Ashton Lever's): removed to Albion Street, the Surry end of Black Friars Bridge. Retrieved 14 March 2012.
^ Museum Leverianum containing select specimens from the museum of Sir Ashton Lever (1792-1796).
^ Royal Academy of Arts, Philip Reinagle, R.A. 1749 - 1833. Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine
^ Musei Leveriani explicatio, anglica et latina (1792).
^ Australian Museum, Sarah Stone Collection.
^ A short history of insects, (extracted from works of credit) designed as an introduction to the study of that branch of natural history, and as a pocket companion to those who visit the Leverian Museum.; WorldCat ref.
^ Christa Knellwolf King, Frankenstein's Science: experimentation and discovery in Romantic culture, 1780-1830 (2008), p. 173; Google Books.
^ J. A. Bartle, Differences between British and French Organization of Zoological Exploration in the Pacific 1793–1840, Tuatara: Vol. 32, April 1993.
^ Torrens, H. S. "Parkinson, James (bap. 1730, d. 1813), land agent and museum proprietor". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/21370. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
^ The Ibis, Series 3, Volume 3, Osbert Salvin, 1873, accessed 29 August 2010
^ A collection of drawings by Sarah Stone
^ Palma, R.L. 1991. Two bird lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera) collected during Captain Cook's 2nd voyage around the world. Archives of Natural History, London, 18 (2): 237-247; PDF at p. 244.
^ RCS page, List Of Specimens Purchased By The Royal College Of Surgeons At The Sale Of The Leverian Museum In 1806.
^ "History of the Cuming family collection and the Cuming Museum". Southwark Collections. Borough of Southwark. Archived from the original on 2 August 2014.
^ "Parkinson, James (1730?-1813)" . Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
^ Largen, M. J. (1987). "Bird specimens purchased by Lord Stanley at the sale of the Leverian Museum in 1806, including those still extant in the collections of the Liverpool Museum". Archives of Natural History. 14 (3): 265–288. doi:10.3366/anh.1987.14.3.265.
^ Largen, M. J. (1987). "Bird specimens purchased by Lord Stanley at the sale of the Leverian Museum in 1806, including those still extant in the collections of the Liverpool Museum". Archives of Natural History. 14 (3): 265–288. doi:10.3366/anh.1987.14.3.265.
^ "What's a type? A guide to type specimens". National Museums Liverpool. Retrieved 24 May 2024.
^ "The five new bird species...that weren't". National Museums Liverpool. Retrieved 24 May 2024.
^ Bauernfiend, Ernst (17 September 2004). "Bird specimens from the Leverian Museum: documentation and present holdings at the NMW" (PDF). Retrieved 18 September 2022.
^ "Leverian Museum". British Museum Website. British Museum. Retrieved 23 May 2020.

[1] Kaeppler, Adrienne L.(2011). Holophusicon: The Leverian Museum – An Eighteenth-Century English Institution of Science, Curiosity, and Art. Altenstadt, ZKF Publishers.

[2] Chapter 14, The Royal Toxophilite Society Archived 25 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine, By Colonel Walrond, part of The Badminton Library of Sports and Pastimes: Archery (1894)

[3] Catton, Charles (1788). Animals drawn from Nature and engraved in aqua-tinta (1st ed.). I. & J. Taylor. p. 72.

[bho-4] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Survey of London: volumes 33 and 34: St Anne Soho (1966), pp. 441-72, from British History Online

[5] Abstract of a Petition of Sir Ashton Lever for a Bill to enable him to dispose of his museum. Archived 29 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine

[empire-6] History of the Empire Theatre (built on the site of Leicester House). Archived 22 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine

[7] Bell, Alan. "Duncan, Philip Bury". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/8229. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)

[8] British Museum Enlightenment: The Birth of Archaeology, Silver 'thistle' brooch. Archived 13 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine

[9] Leverian Museum (London, England) (1790). A companion to the museum, (late Sir Ashton Lever's): removed to Albion Street, the Surry end of Black Friars Bridge. Retrieved 14 March 2012.

[10] Museum Leverianum containing select specimens from the museum of Sir Ashton Lever (1792-1796).

[11] Royal Academy of Arts, Philip Reinagle, R.A. 1749 - 1833. Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine

[12] Musei Leveriani explicatio, anglica et latina (1792).

[13] Australian Museum, Sarah Stone Collection.

[14] A short history of insects, (extracted from works of credit) designed as an introduction to the study of that branch of natural history, and as a pocket companion to those who visit the Leverian Museum.; WorldCat ref.

[15] Christa Knellwolf King, Frankenstein's Science: experimentation and discovery in Romantic culture, 1780-1830 (2008), p. 173; Google Books.

[16] J. A. Bartle, Differences between British and French Organization of Zoological Exploration in the Pacific 1793–1840, Tuatara: Vol. 32, April 1993.

[17] Torrens, H. S. "Parkinson, James (bap. 1730, d. 1813), land agent and museum proprietor". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/21370. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)

[18] The Ibis, Series 3, Volume 3, Osbert Salvin, 1873, accessed 29 August 2010

[19] A collection of drawings by Sarah Stone

[20] Palma, R.L. 1991. Two bird lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera) collected during Captain Cook's 2nd voyage around the world. Archives of Natural History, London, 18 (2): 237-247; PDF at p. 244.

[21] RCS page, List Of Specimens Purchased By The Royal College Of Surgeons At The Sale Of The Leverian Museum In 1806.

[22] "History of the Cuming family collection and the Cuming Museum". Southwark Collections. Borough of Southwark. Archived from the original on 2 August 2014.

[23] "Parkinson, James (1730?-1813)" . Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.

[24] Largen, M. J. (1987). "Bird specimens purchased by Lord Stanley at the sale of the Leverian Museum in 1806, including those still extant in the collections of the Liverpool Museum". Archives of Natural History. 14 (3): 265–288. doi:10.3366/anh.1987.14.3.265.

[25] Largen, M. J. (1987). "Bird specimens purchased by Lord Stanley at the sale of the Leverian Museum in 1806, including those still extant in the collections of the Liverpool Museum". Archives of Natural History. 14 (3): 265–288. doi:10.3366/anh.1987.14.3.265.

[26] "What's a type? A guide to type specimens". National Museums Liverpool. Retrieved 24 May 2024.

[27] "The five new bird species...that weren't". National Museums Liverpool. Retrieved 24 May 2024.

[28] Bauernfiend, Ernst (17 September 2004). "Bird specimens from the Leverian Museum: documentation and present holdings at the NMW" (PDF). Retrieved 18 September 2022.

[29] "Leverian Museum". British Museum Website. British Museum. Retrieved 23 May 2020.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Former natural history and ethnographic collection}}
 {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
 {{Use British English|date=August 2015}}
-{{Infobox Museum
+{{Infobox museum
  | name        = Leverian Museum
  | image       = Perspective interior view of Sir Ashton Lever's Museum in Leicester Square, London March 30 1785. Watercolour by Sarah Stone.jpg
+ | caption     = Interior view of Sir Ashton Lever's Museum, Leicester Square, London, 30 March 1785
  | pushpin_map  = Central London
  | map_type     = central London
@@ Line 16: / Line 18: @@
 }}
-The '''Leverian collection''' was a natural history and ethnographic collection assembled by [[Ashton Lever]]. It was noted in particular for the content it acquired from the voyages of Captain [[James Cook]]. For three decades it was on display in [[London]], being broken up by auction in 1806.
+The '''Leverian collection''' was a natural history and ethnographic collection assembled by [[Ashton Lever]]. It was noted for the content it acquired from the voyages of Captain [[James Cook]]. For three decades it was displayed in London, being broken up by auction in 1806.<ref>Kaeppler, Adrienne L.(2011). ''Holophusicon: The Leverian Museum – An Eighteenth-Century English Institution of Science, Curiosity, and Art.'' Altenstadt,  ZKF Publishers.
+</ref>
-The first public location of the collection was the '''Holophusikon''' (or '''Holophusicon'''), also known as the '''Leverian Museum''', at [[Leicester House, Westminster|Leicester House]], on [[Leicester Square]] in London, England, from 1775 to 1786. After it passed from Lever's ownership, it was displayed for nearly twenty years more near the south end of [[Blackfriars Bridge]]. When there it was often known as the '''Museum Leverianum'''.
+The first public location of the collection was the Holophusikon, also known as the Leverian Museum, at [[Leicester House, Westminster|Leicester House]], on [[Leicester Square]], from 1775 to 1786. After it passed from Lever's ownership, it was displayed for nearly twenty years more at the purpose-built [[Blackfriars Rotunda#James Parkinson and the Leverian collection|Blackfriars Rotunda]] just across the Thames, sometimes called Parkinson's Museum for its subsequent owner, James Parkinson (c. 1730-1813).
 ==At Alkrington==
-Lever collected fossils, shells, and animals (birds, insects, reptiles, fish, monkeys) for many years, accumulating a large collection at his home at [[Alkrington]], near [[Manchester]].  He was swamped with visitors, whom he allowed to view his collection for free, so much so that he had to insist that visitors that arrived on foot would not be admitted.  He decided to exhibit the collection in London as a commercial venture, charging an entrance fee.<ref>[http://www.archerylibrary.com/books/badminton/docs/chapter14/chapter14_1.html Chapter 14, ''The Royal Toxophilite Society''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925132316/https://www.archerylibrary.com/books/badminton/docs/chapter14/chapter14_1.html |date=25 September 2017 }}, By Colonel Walrond, part of The Badminton Library of Sports and Pastimes: Archery (1894)</ref>
+Lever collected fossils, shells, and animals (birds, insects, reptiles, fish, monkeys) for many years, accumulating a large collection at his home at [[Alkrington]], near [[Manchester]].  Admittance to the collection was free, but visitors who arrived on foot were turned away; only those who could afford a carriage or riding horse were welcome. He decided to exhibit the collection in London as a commercial venture, charging an entrance fee.<ref>[http://www.archerylibrary.com/books/badminton/docs/chapter14/chapter14_1.html Chapter 14, ''The Royal Toxophilite Society''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925132316/https://www.archerylibrary.com/books/badminton/docs/chapter14/chapter14_1.html |date=25 September 2017 }}, By Colonel Walrond, part of The Badminton Library of Sports and Pastimes: Archery (1894)</ref>
 ==At Leicester House==
@@ Line 27: / Line 29: @@
 Lever acquired a lease of [[Leicester House, Westminster|Leicester House]] in 1774, converting the principal rooms on the first floor into a single large gallery running the length of the house, and opened his museum in February 1775, with around 25,000 exhibits (a small fraction of his collection) valued at over £40,000.<ref name="bho"/><ref>[http://www.bopcris.ac.uk/bop1688/ref1572.html Abstract of a Petition of Sir Ashton Lever] for a Bill to enable him to dispose of his museum. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929090635/http://www.bopcris.ac.uk/bop1688/ref1572.html |date=29 September 2007 }}</ref>  The display included many natural and ethnographic items gathered by Captain [[James Cook]] on his voyages.<ref name="empire">[http://www.arthurlloyd.co.uk/Archive/May2004/Page1.htm History of the Empire Theatre] (built on the site of [[Leicester Square|Leicester House]]). {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222031849/http://www.arthurlloyd.co.uk/Archive/May2004/Page1.htm|date=22 February 2014}}</ref> The museum took its name from its supposedly universal coverage of [[natural history]],<ref name="bho">[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.asp?compid=41120 ''Survey of London: volumes 33 and 34: St Anne Soho''] (1966), pp. 441-72, from British History Online</ref> and was essentially a huge [[cabinet of curiosities]].
-Lever charged an entry fee of 5s. 3d., or two [[Guinea (British coin)|guineas]] for an annual ticket, and the museum had a degree of commercial success; the receipts in 1782 were £2,253.<ref name="bho"/>  In an effort to draw in the crowds, Lever later reduced the entrance fee to half a crown (2s. 6d.)<ref name="bho"/><ref name="empire"/> and was constantly looking for new exhibits.  He also set out his exhibits to impress the visitor, as well as (unusually) including educational information.  However, he spent more on new exhibits than he raised in entrance fees.
+Lever charged an entry fee of 5s. 3d., or two [[Guinea (British coin)|guineas]] for an annual ticket, and the museum had a degree of commercial success; the receipts in 1782 were £2,253.<ref name="bho"/>  In an effort to draw in the crowds, Lever later reduced the entrance fee to half a crown (2s. 6d.).<ref name="bho"/><ref name="empire"/> Lever was constantly looking for new exhibits. However, he spent more on new exhibits than he raised in entrance fees.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}
-One admirer of the museum was [[Philip Bury Duncan]] as a boy: he went on to become keeper of the [[Ashmolean Museum]].<ref>{{ODNBweb|id=8229|title=Duncan, Philip Bury|first=Alan|last=Bell}}</ref> Among the objects displayed was the large [[Viking]] silver [[thistle brooch]] from the [[Penrith Hoard]], discovered by a boy in [[Cumbria]] in 1785.  In 1787, a print of it was published, claiming that it was the insignia of the [[Knights Templar]].<ref>[https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/online_tours/britain/enlightenment_archaeology/silver_thistle_brooch.aspx British Museum] ''Enlightenment: The Birth of Archaeology, Silver 'thistle' brooch''. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110213230940/https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/online_tours/britain/enlightenment_archaeology/silver_thistle_brooch.aspx |date=13 February 2011}}</ref>  It was bought by the [[British Museum]] in 1909 (M&ME 1909,6-24,2).
+One admirer of the museum was a young [[Philip Bury Duncan]], who went on to become keeper of the [[Ashmolean Museum]].<ref>{{ODNBweb|id=8229|title=Duncan, Philip Bury|first=Alan|last=Bell}}</ref> Among the objects displayed was the large [[Viking]] silver [[thistle brooch]] from the [[Penrith Hoard]], discovered by a boy in [[Cumbria]] in 1785.  In 1787, a print of it was published, claiming that it was the insignia of the [[Knights Templar]].<ref>[https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/online_tours/britain/enlightenment_archaeology/silver_thistle_brooch.aspx British Museum] ''Enlightenment: The Birth of Archaeology, Silver 'thistle' brooch''. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110213230940/https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/online_tours/britain/enlightenment_archaeology/silver_thistle_brooch.aspx |date=13 February 2011}}</ref>  It was bought by the [[British Museum]] in 1909 (M&ME 1909,6-24,2).
 ==Lottery for the collection==
+{{Infobox UK legislation
-The British Museum and [[Catherine II of Russia]] both refused to buy the collection, so Lever obtained an [[Act of Parliament]] in 1784 to sell the whole by [[lottery]].  He only sold 8,000 tickets at a guinea each - he had hoped to sell 36,000.<ref name="empire"/>
+| short_title           = Sale by Lottery of Sir Ashton Lever's Museum Act 1784
+| type                  = Act
+| parliament            = Parliament of Great Britain
+| long_title            = An Act for enabling Sir Ashton Lever to dispose of his Museum as now exhibited at Leicester House, by Way of Chance.
+| year                  = 1784
+| citation              = [[24 Geo. 3. Sess. 2]]. c. 22
+| introduced_commons    =
+| introduced_lords      =
+| territorial_extent    =
+| royal_assent          = 30 July 1784
+| commencement          =
+| expiry_date           =
+| repeal_date           =
+| amends                =
+| replaces              =
+| amendments            =
+| repealing_legislation =[[Statute Law Revision Act 1948]]
+| related_legislation   =
+| status                =Repealed
+| legislation_history   =
+| theyworkforyou        =
+| millbankhansard       =
+| original_text         =
+| revised_text          =
+| use_new_UK-LEG        =
+| UK-LEG_title          =
+| collapsed             =
+}}
+The British Museum and [[Catherine II of Russia]] both refused to buy the collection, so Lever obtained an [[Act of Parliament]] in 1784 to sell the whole by [[lottery]].  He only sold 8,000 tickets at a guinea each – he had hoped to sell 36,000.<ref name="empire"/>
 The collection was acquired by [[James Parkinson (1730–1813)|James Parkinson]], a land agent and accountant.<ref name="bho"/>  It continued to be displayed at Leicester House until Lever's death in 1788, at a reduced entrance fee of one shilling.<ref name="empire"/>
 ==Move south of the Thames==
-{{details|Blackfriars Rotunda}}
+{{further|Blackfriars Rotunda}}
 Parkinson transferred the Leverian collection to a purpose-built [[Blackfriars Rotunda|Rotunda building]], at what would later be No. 3 [[Blackfriars Road]]. Leicester House itself was demolished in 1791.<ref name="bho"/><ref name="empire"/>
-[[File:Leverian museum at the Rotunda.jpg|thumb|Leverian Museum collection in the Rotunda. Engraving by [[William Skelton]] after [[Charles Reuben Ryley]].]]
+[[File:Leverian museum at the Rotunda.jpg|thumb|Leverian Museum collection in the Rotunda. Engraving by [[William Skelton]] after [[Charles Reuben Ryley]]]]
-A catalogue and guide was printed in 1790.<ref>{{cite book|author=Leverian Museum (London, England)|title=A companion to the museum, (late Sir Ashton Lever's): removed to Albion Street, the Surry end of Black Friars Bridge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zvVbAAAAQAAJ|accessdate=14 March 2012|year=1790|publisher=}}</ref> Parkinson also had [[George Shaw]] write an illustrated scientific work;<ref>''Museum Leverianum containing select specimens from the museum of Sir Ashton Lever'' (1792-1796).</ref> the artists involved included [[Philip Reinagle]], [[Charles Reuben Ryley]], [[William Skelton]], [[Sarah Stone (artist)|Sarah Stone]], and [[Sydenham Edwards]].<ref>[http://www.racollection.org.uk/ixbin/indexplus?_IXSESSION_=DsUa4hVj50K&_IXSR_=&_IXACTION_=display&_MREF_=8231&_IXSP_=1&_IXFPFX_=templates/full/&_IXSPFX_=templates/full/&_IXTRAIL_=Academicians Royal Academy of Arts, ''Philip Reinagle, R.A. 1749 - 1833''.]  {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060155/http://www.racollection.org.uk/ixbin/indexplus?_IXSESSION_=DsUa4hVj50K&_IXSR_=&_IXACTION_=display&_MREF_=8231&_IXSP_=1&_IXFPFX_=templates%2Ffull%2F&_IXSPFX_=templates%2Ffull%2F&_IXTRAIL_=Academicians |date=4 March 2016 }}</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/details/museileverianiex121792shaw ''Musei Leveriani explicatio, anglica et latina'' (1792).]</ref> Some of [[John White (surgeon)|John White]]'s specimens were put on public display there for the first time.<ref>[http://australianmuseum.net.au/The-Sarah-Stone-Collection Australian Museum, ''Sarah Stone Collection''.]</ref> The museum also served as a resource and opportunity for women: [[Ellenor Fenn]] wrote ''A Short History of Insects'' (1796/7), for which the long title concludes as "a pocket companion to those who visit the Leverian Museum",<ref>''A short history of insects, (extracted from works of credit) designed as an introduction to the study of that branch of natural history, and as a pocket companion to those who visit the Leverian Museum.''; [http://www.worldcat.org/title/short-history-of-insects-extracted-from-works-of-credit-designed-as-an-introduction-to-the-study-of-that-branch-of-natural-history-and-as-a-pocket-companion-to-those-who-visit-the-leverian-museum/oclc/6655602 WorldCat ref].</ref> and a similar volume on quadrupeds; the artist Sarah Stone continued to work for Parkinson, as she had done for Lever.<ref>Christa Knellwolf King, ''Frankenstein's Science: experimentation and discovery in Romantic culture, 1780-1830'' (2008), p. 173; [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sz4Yuz-E-EgC&pg=PA173 Google Books].</ref>
+A catalogue and guide was printed in 1790.<ref>{{cite book|author=Leverian Museum (London, England)|title=A companion to the museum, (late Sir Ashton Lever's): removed to Albion Street, the Surry end of Black Friars Bridge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zvVbAAAAQAAJ|access-date=14 March 2012|year=1790}}</ref> Parkinson also had [[George Shaw (biologist)|George Shaw]] write an illustrated scientific work;<ref>''Museum Leverianum containing select specimens from the museum of Sir Ashton Lever'' (1792-1796).</ref> the artists involved included [[Philip Reinagle]], [[Charles Reuben Ryley]], [[William Skelton]], [[Sarah Stone (artist)|Sarah Stone]], and [[Sydenham Edwards]].<ref>[http://www.racollection.org.uk/ixbin/indexplus?_IXSESSION_=DsUa4hVj50K&_IXSR_=&_IXACTION_=display&_MREF_=8231&_IXSP_=1&_IXFPFX_=templates/full/&_IXSPFX_=templates/full/&_IXTRAIL_=Academicians Royal Academy of Arts, ''Philip Reinagle, R.A. 1749 - 1833''.]  {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060155/http://www.racollection.org.uk/ixbin/indexplus?_IXSESSION_=DsUa4hVj50K&_IXSR_=&_IXACTION_=display&_MREF_=8231&_IXSP_=1&_IXFPFX_=templates%2Ffull%2F&_IXSPFX_=templates%2Ffull%2F&_IXTRAIL_=Academicians |date=4 March 2016 }}</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/details/museileverianiex121792shaw ''Musei Leveriani explicatio, anglica et latina'' (1792).]</ref> Some of [[John White (surgeon)|John White]]'s specimens were put on public display there for the first time.<ref>[http://australianmuseum.net.au/The-Sarah-Stone-Collection Australian Museum, ''Sarah Stone Collection''.]</ref> The museum also served as a resource and opportunity for women. [[Ellenor Fenn]] wrote ''A Short History of Insects'' (1796/7), which also served as a "pocket companion" for the museum.<ref>''A short history of insects, (extracted from works of credit) designed as an introduction to the study of that branch of natural history, and as a pocket companion to those who visit the Leverian Museum.''; [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/6655602 WorldCat ref].</ref> The artist Sarah Stone continued to work for Parkinson, as she had done for Lever.<ref>Christa Knellwolf King, ''Frankenstein's Science: experimentation and discovery in Romantic culture, 1780-1830'' (2008), p. 173; [https://books.google.com/books?id=sz4Yuz-E-EgC&pg=PA173 Google Books].</ref>
-Parkinson had some success in getting naturalists to attend the museum, which was easier at the time to visit than the British Museum. A visitor in 1799, [[Heinrich Friedrich Link]], was complimentary.<ref>J. A. Bartle, [http://www.nzetc.org/tm/scholarly/tei-Bio32Tuat-t1-body-d9.html ''Differences between British and French Organization of Zoological Exploration in the Pacific 1793–1840''], Tuatara: Vol. 32, April 1993.</ref>
+Parkinson had some success in getting naturalists to attend the museum, which was easier at the time to visit than the British Museum. [[Heinrich Friedrich Link]], who visited in 1799, was complimentary.<ref>J. A. Bartle, [https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-Bio32Tuat-t1-body-d9.html ''Differences between British and French Organization of Zoological Exploration in the Pacific 1793–1840''], Tuatara: Vol. 32, April 1993.</ref>
 ==Disposal of the collection==
 Parkinson also tried to sell the contents at various times. One attempt, a proposed purchase by the government, was wrecked by the adverse opinion of [[Sir Joseph Banks]].<ref>{{ODNBweb|id=21370|title=Parkinson, James (bap. 1730, d. 1813), land agent and museum proprietor|first=H. S.|last=Torrens}}</ref> In the end, for financial reasons, Parkinson sold the collection in lots by auction in 1806.<ref name="bho"/> Among the buyers were [[Edward Donovan]], [[Edward Stanley, 13th Earl of Derby]], and [[William Bullock (collector)|William Bullock]]; many items went to other museums, including the [[Imperial Museum of Vienna]].<ref>[[s:Page:Ibis - Series 3 - Volume 3.djvu/36|The Ibis, Series 3, Volume 3]], Osbert Salvin, 1873, accessed 29 August 2010</ref>
-The contents of the museum are well recorded, from a catalogue of the museum created in 1784, and the sale catalogue in 1806, with a contemporary series of [[watercolour]]s of its contents by Sarah Stone.<ref>[http://australianmuseum.net.au/A-collection-of-drawings-by-Miss-Sarah-Stone A collection of drawings by Sarah Stone]</ref> There are also sale catalogue annotations allowing, for example, the counting of 37 lots bought by [[Alexander Macleay]].<ref>Palma, R.L. 1991. ''Two bird lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera) collected during Captain Cook's 2nd voyage around the world''. Archives of Natural History, London, 18 (2): 237-247; [http://phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/44175.pdf PDF] at p. 244.</ref> The [[Royal College of Surgeons]] bought 79 lots, and notes by [[William Clift]] survive.<ref>[https://archive.is/20120917114626/http://www.rcseng.ac.uk/museums/exhibitions/archive/londons-lost-museums-nature-and-medicine-on-show/museum-3-sir-ashton-lever2019s-holophusikon/list-of-specimens-purchased-by-the-royal-college-of-surgeons-at-the-sale-of-the-leverian-museum-in-1806 RCS page, ''List Of Specimens Purchased By The Royal College Of Surgeons At The Sale Of The Leverian Museum In 1806''.]</ref> Purchases from the sale founded the [[Cuming Museum|collection of Richard Cuming]].<ref>{{cite web|title=History of the Cuming family collection and the Cuming Museum|url=http://www.southwarkcollections.org.uk/code/eMuseum.asp?page=cuming_his|website=Southwark Collections|publisher=Borough of Southwark|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140802114528/http://www.southwarkcollections.org.uk/code/eMuseum.asp?page=cuming_his|archivedate=2 August 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> In all 7,879 lots were sold over 65 days.<ref>{{cite DNB|wstitle=Parkinson, James (1730?-1813)}}</ref>
+The contents of the museum are well recorded, from a catalogue of the museum created in 1784, and the sale catalogue in 1806, with a contemporary series of [[watercolour]]s of its contents by Sarah Stone.<ref>[http://australianmuseum.net.au/A-collection-of-drawings-by-Miss-Sarah-Stone A collection of drawings by Sarah Stone]</ref> There are also sale catalogue annotations allowing, for example, the counting of 37 lots bought by [[Alexander Macleay]].<ref>Palma, R.L. 1991. ''Two bird lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera) collected during Captain Cook's 2nd voyage around the world''. Archives of Natural History, London, 18 (2): 237-247; [http://phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/44175.pdf PDF] at p. 244.</ref> The [[Royal College of Surgeons]] bought 79 lots, and notes by [[William Clift]] survive.<ref>[https://archive.today/20120917114626/http://www.rcseng.ac.uk/museums/exhibitions/archive/londons-lost-museums-nature-and-medicine-on-show/museum-3-sir-ashton-lever2019s-holophusikon/list-of-specimens-purchased-by-the-royal-college-of-surgeons-at-the-sale-of-the-leverian-museum-in-1806 RCS page, ''List Of Specimens Purchased By The Royal College Of Surgeons At The Sale Of The Leverian Museum In 1806''.]</ref> Purchases from the sale founded the [[Cuming Museum|collection of Richard Cuming]].<ref>{{cite web|title=History of the Cuming family collection and the Cuming Museum|url=http://www.southwarkcollections.org.uk/code/eMuseum.asp?page=cuming_his|website=Southwark Collections|publisher=Borough of Southwark|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140802114528/http://www.southwarkcollections.org.uk/code/eMuseum.asp?page=cuming_his|archive-date=2 August 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> In all 7,879 lots were sold over 65 days.<ref>{{cite DNB|wstitle=Parkinson, James (1730?-1813)}}</ref>
 ==Surviving specimens and objects==
-The specimens purchased by [[Edward Stanley, 13th Earl of Derby]] were bequeathed to the people of Liverpool upon his death in 1851 and were part of the founding collection of what is now [[World Museum]], [[National Museums Liverpool]].
+The specimens purchased by Edward Stanley, 13th Earl of Derby, were bequeathed to the people of Liverpool upon his death in 1851 and were part of the founding collection of what is now [[World Museum]], [[National Museums Liverpool]].
-Stanley bought approximately 117 mounted birds, representing some 96 species, at the auction in 1806<ref>https://www.euppublishing.com/doi/abs/10.3366/anh.1987.14.3.265?src=recsys</ref>. 82 specimens still survived in 1812, 74 in 1823, and at least 29 in 1850. Among the present collections of [[World Museum]] are 25 study skins (relaxed mounts) of 22 species recognized as having originated from the Leverian Sale. Nine are recognized as having been collected during the [[second voyage of James Cook]] and [[third voyage of James Cook]]<ref>https://www.euppublishing.com/doi/abs/10.3366/anh.1987.14.3.265?src=recsys</ref>.
+Stanley bought approximately 117 mounted birds, representing some 96 species, at the auction in 1806.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.euppublishing.com/doi/abs/10.3366/anh.1987.14.3.265?src=recsys|doi = 10.3366/anh.1987.14.3.265|title = Bird specimens purchased by Lord Stanley at the sale of the Leverian Museum in 1806, including those still extant in the collections of the Liverpool Museum|year = 1987|last1 = Largen|first1 = M. J.|journal = Archives of Natural History|volume = 14|issue = 3|pages = 265–288}}</ref> 82 specimens still survived in 1812, 74 in 1823, and at least 29 in 1850. Among the present collections of [[World Museum]] are 25 study skins (relaxed mounts) of 22 species recognized as having originated from the Leverian Sale. Nine are recognized as having been collected during the [[second voyage of James Cook]] and [[third voyage of James Cook]].<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.euppublishing.com/doi/abs/10.3366/anh.1987.14.3.265?src=recsys|doi = 10.3366/anh.1987.14.3.265|title = Bird specimens purchased by Lord Stanley at the sale of the Leverian Museum in 1806, including those still extant in the collections of the Liverpool Museum|year = 1987|last1 = Largen|first1 = M. J.|journal = Archives of Natural History|volume = 14|issue = 3|pages = 265–288}}</ref>
-[[Black-spotted barbet]], adult male, accession no. LIV D1466, Leverian lot no. 1039. The female specimen from the same lot (accession no. LIV D1466c) is lost.
-[[Barred honeyeater]], adult, accession no. LIV D5322, Leverian lot no. 1106. This specimen is the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_(biology) holotype specimen] of ''Certhia fusca'' Gmelin, 1788 ([https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/25751692 Syst. Nat. 1, p. 472]) and was first described as "Brown Creeper" by Latham, 1782 ([https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/33727384 Gen. Syn. 1 (2), p. 732]). This specimen is also the type of ''Certhia fasciata'' Forster, 1844 ([https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/41559422 Descr. Anim., p. 263]). It was collected during the [[second voyage of James Cook]].
-[[Pacific long-tailed cuckoo]], adult, accession no. LIV D3995, Leverian lot no. 1407. This specimen was first described as "Society Cuckow" by Latham, 1782 ([https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/33727144 Gen. Syn. 1 (2), p. 517]).
-[[European green woodpecker]], adult, accession no. LIV D1324f, Leverian lot no. 1418. This specimen is the "white variety".
-[[Orange-winged amazon]], adult, accession no. LIV D682, Leverian lot no. 1514. This specimen was described as "Brasilian Yellow-fronted Parrot var. E" by Latham, 1781 ([https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/33727805 Gen. Syn. 1 (1), p. 287]).
-[[Crested myna]], adult, accession no. LIV D1504, Leverian lot no. 1757.
-[[Grey-winged trumpeter]], adult, accession no. LIV D252, Leverian lot no. 2436.
-[[South Island kōkako]], adult, accession no. LIV D4047, Leverian lot no. 2698. This specimen is a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_(biology) syntype specimen] of ''Glaucopis cinereus'' Gmelin, 1788 ([https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/25751583 Syst. Nat. 1, p. 363]) and was first described as "Cinereous Wattle-bird" by Latham, 1781 ([https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/33727892 Gen. Syn. 1 (1), p. 364]). It was collected during one of James Cook's voyages from [[Queen Charlotte Sound / Tōtaranui]]. This species is critically endangered and possibly extinct.
-[[Common Starling]], adult, accession no. LIV D1417b, Leverian lot no. 3142. This specimen is albino and was described as "Var A, White Stare" by Latham, 1783 (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/33727969 Gen. Syn. 2 (1), p. 3]).
-[[Greater ani]], adult, accession no. LIV D4027d, Leverian lot no. 4092.
-[[Magnificent bird-of-paradise]], adult, accession no. LIV D88, Leverian lot no. 4751.
-[[Ancient murrelet]], adult, accession no. LIV D3346, Leverian lot no. 5115. This specimen is a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_(biology) syntype specimen] of ''Alca antiqua'' Gmelin, 1789 ([https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/25749932 Syst. Nat. 1 (2), p. 554]) and was first described as "Ancient Auk" by Latham, 1785 ([https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40079133 Gen. Syn. 3 (2), p. 326]).
-[[ʻŌʻū]], adult male and female, accession nos. LIV D1829 and LIV D1829a, Leverian lot no. 5488. These specimens are [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_(biology) syntype specimens] of ''Loxia psittacea'' Gmelin, 1789 ([https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/25750222 Syst. Nat. 1 (2), p. 844]) and was first described as "Parrot-billed grosbeak" by Latham, 1783 ([https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/33728086 Gen. Syn. 2 (1), p. 108]).
-[[Racket-tailed treepie]], adult, accession no. LIV D575a, Leverian lot no. 5587.
-[[Chattering kingfisher]], adult, accession no. LIV D2326, Leverian lot no. 5612. This specimen was collected during one of James Cook's voyages, but is of doubtful type significance.
-[[Purple-throated fruitcrow]], adult, accession no. LIV D635, Leverian lot no. 6082. This specimen is a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_(biology) syntype specimen] of ''Muscicapa rubricollis'' Gmelin, 1789 ([https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/25750311 Syst. Nat. 1 (2), p. 933]) and was first described as "Purple-throated flycatcher" by Latham, 1785 ([https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/33728361 Gen. Syn. 2 (1), p. 365]).
-[[Stone partridge]], adult, accession no. LIV D1495b, Leverian lot no. 6083.
-[[Guinea turaco]], adult, accession no. LIV D97a, Leverian lot no. 27 (last day but two).
-[[Ruddy shelduck]], adult, accession no. LIV D849, Leverian lot no. 34 (last day but two).
-Several hundred specimens (the exact number being unknown) of birds are in the collection of the [[Natural History Museum, Vienna]]<ref>https://www.zobodat.at/pdf/DENISIA_0013_0555-0565.pdf</ref>. This includes a specimen (number NMW 50.761) of the extinct [[Lord Howe Swamphen]].
+* [[Black-spotted barbet]], adult male, accession no. NML-VZ D1466, Leverian lot no. 1039. The female specimen from the same lot (accession no. LIV D1466c) is lost.
+* [[File:Latham's Brown Creeper NML-VZ D5322.jpg|thumb|Latham's Brown Creeper NML-VZ D5322]][[Barred honeyeater]], adult, accession no. NML-VZ D5322, Leverian lot no. 1106. This specimen is the [[Type (biology)|holotype specimen]] of ''Certhia fusca'' Gmelin, 1788 ([https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/25751692 Syst. Nat. 1, p. 472]) and was first described as "Brown Creeper" by Latham, 1782 ([https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/33727384 Gen. Syn. 1 (2), p. 732]).<ref>{{Cite web |title=What’s a type? A guide to type specimens |url=https://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/stories/whats-type-guide-type-specimens |access-date=2024-05-24 |website=National Museums Liverpool}}</ref> This specimen is also the type of ''Certhia fasciata'' Forster, 1844 ([https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/41559422 Descr. Anim., p. 263]). It was collected during the [[second voyage of James Cook]].
+* [[Pacific long-tailed cuckoo]], adult, accession no. NML-VZ D3995, Leverian lot no. 1407. This specimen was first described as "Society Cuckow" by Latham, 1782 ([https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/33727144 Gen. Syn. 1 (2), p. 517]).
+* [[European green woodpecker]], adult, accession no. NML-VZ D1324f, Leverian lot no. 1418. This specimen is the "white variety".
+* [[Orange-winged amazon]], adult, accession no. NML-VZ D682, Leverian lot no. 1514. This specimen was described as "Brasilian Yellow-fronted Parrot var. E" by Latham, 1781 ([https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/33727805 Gen. Syn. 1 (1), p. 287]).
+* [[Crested myna]], adult, accession no. NML-VZ D1504, Leverian lot no. 1757.
+* [[Grey-winged trumpeter]], adult, accession no. NML-VZ D252, Leverian lot no. 2436.
+* [[South Island kōkako]], adult, accession no. NML-VZ D4047, Leverian lot no. 2698. This specimen is a [[Type (biology)|syntype specimen]] of ''Glaucopis cinereus'' Gmelin, 1788 ([https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/25751583 Syst. Nat. 1, p. 363]) and was first described as "Cinereous Wattle-bird" by Latham, 1781 ([https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/33727892 Gen. Syn. 1 (1), p. 364]). It was collected during one of James Cook's voyages from [[Queen Charlotte Sound / Tōtaranui]]. This species is critically endangered and possibly extinct.
+* [[Common starling]], adult, accession no. NML-VZ D1417b, Leverian lot no. 3142. This specimen is albino and was described as "Var A, White Stare" by Latham, 1783 ([https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/33727969 Gen. Syn. 2 (1), p. 3]).
+* [[Greater ani]], adult, accession no. NML-VZ D4027d, Leverian lot no. 4092.
+* [[Magnificent bird-of-paradise]], adult, accession no. NML-VZ D88, Leverian lot no. 4751.
+* [[Ancient murrelet]], adult, accession no. NML-VZ D3346, Leverian lot no. 5115. This specimen is a [[Type (biology)|syntype specimen]] of ''Alca antiqua'' Gmelin, 1789 ([https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/25749932 Syst. Nat. 1 (2), p. 554]) and was first described as "Ancient Auk" by Latham, 1785 ([https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40079133 Gen. Syn. 3 (2), p. 326]).
+* [[ʻŌʻū]], adult male and female, accession nos. NML-VZ D1829 and NML-VZ D1829a, Leverian lot no. 5488. These specimens are [[Type (biology)|syntype specimens]] of ''Loxia psittacea'' Gmelin, 1789 ([https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/25750222 Syst. Nat. 1 (2), p. 844]) and was first described as "Parrot-billed grosbeak" by Latham, 1783 ([https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/33728086 Gen. Syn. 2 (1), p. 108]).
+* [[Racket-tailed treepie]], adult, accession no. NML-VZ D575a, Leverian lot no. 5587.
+* [[Chattering kingfisher]], adult, accession no. NML-VZ D2326, Leverian lot no. 5612. This specimen was collected during one of James Cook's voyages, but is of doubtful type significance.
+* [[Purple-throated fruitcrow]], adult, accession no. NML-VZ D635, Leverian lot no. 6082. This specimen is a [[Type (biology)|syntype specimen]] of ''Muscicapa rubricollis'' Gmelin, 1789 ([https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/25750311 Syst. Nat. 1 (2), p. 933]) and was first described as "Purple-throated flycatcher" by Latham, 1785 ([https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/33728361 Gen. Syn. 2 (1), p. 365]).
+* [[Stone partridge]], adult, accession no. NML-VZ D1495b, Leverian lot no. 6083.
+* [[Guinea turaco]], adult, accession no. NML-VZ D97a, Leverian lot no. 27 (last day but two).
+* [[Ruddy shelduck]], adult, accession no. NML-VZ D849, Leverian lot no. 34 (last day but two).
+* [[Tūī]], adult male and female, accession nos. NML-VZ D1698a and NML-VZ D1698g, Leverian lot no. 44 (last day but one). These specimens are [[Type (biology)|syntype specimens]] of ''Merops novaeseelandiae'' Gmelin, 1788 ([https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/25751684 Syst. Nat. 1, p. 464]) and was first described as "Poe bee-eater" by Latham, 1782 ([https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/33727330 Gen. Syn. 1 (2), p. 682]). These specimens were collected during the [[second voyage of James Cook]] from [[Queen Charlotte Sound / Tōtaranui]].
+* [[Large-billed seed finch]], adult, accession no. NML-VZ D2005a, Leverian lot no. 47 (last day but one). 1106. This specimen is the [[Type (biology)|holotype specimen]] of ''Loxia regulus'' Shaw, 1792 ([https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/29568781 Mus. Lev., p. 45]), a forgery perpetrated by adding a false crest of red feathers to a large-billed seed finch specimen.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The five new bird species...that weren’t |url=https://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/stories/five-new-bird-speciesthat-werent |access-date=2024-05-24 |website=National Museums Liverpool}}</ref>
+* [[African swamphen]], adult, accession no. NML-VZ D1824, Leverian lot no. 23 (last day of the sale).
+* Several hundred specimens (the exact number being unknown) of birds are in the collection of the [[Natural History Museum, Vienna]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bauernfiend |first=Ernst |date=17 September 2004 |title=Bird specimens from the Leverian Museum: documentation and present holdings at the NMW |url=https://www.zobodat.at/pdf/DENISIA_0013_0555-0565.pdf |access-date=18 September 2022}}</ref> This includes a specimen (number NMW 50.761) of the extinct [[Lord Howe Swamphen]].
-A number of ethnographic objects survive in the collections of the British Museum<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG125515 |website=British Museum Website |publisher=British Museum |accessdate=23 May 2020}}</ref>.
+A number of ethnographic objects survive in the collections of the British Museum.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG125515 |title=Leverian Museum |website=British Museum Website |publisher=British Museum |access-date=23 May 2020}}</ref>
 ==References==