Cannabis in Madagascar: Difference between revisions

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Cannabis in Madagascar is illegal, but is produced and consumed domestically.

Terminology

Terms for cannabis in the Malagasy language include rangani^[1] and zamal, with the latter term being popular on Réunion, though possibly originating in Madagascar and being re-diffused there by Reunionese workers.^[2]

History

The discovery of cannabis pollen dating back two millennia on Madagascar has been cited as one of the points of evidence for the first arrival of the Malagasy people on the island.^[3]

Local usage of cannabis was reported by foreign visitors in the 1700s and 1800s, and under King Andrianampoinimerina consuming cannabis was made a capital crime.^[4] Cannabis use was rife amongst his courtiers, and the king decried the practice saying: "when you smoke hemp, you become half-witted... You smoke the long leaves and take leave of your senses; it is because of this I do not want it."^[4]

Economy

Cannabis produced in Madagascar is primarily for local consumption, where it is described as "ubiquitous",^[5] with some limited export to neighboring African countries. Cannabis is largely grown in the provinces of Mahajanga and Antsiranana in the north, and Tulear and Fianarantsoa in the south.^[6] Some of the types of cannabis cultivated in Madagascar are "wild varieties".^[7]

Legality

Cannabis is illegal in Madagascar, though widely used. Given its illegality, the plant Huperzia obtusifolia is sometimes used as a substitute, whether smoked or in infusions.^[8]

References

^ Deanna Swaney; Robert Willox (1994). Madagascar & Comoros: a travel survival kit. Lonely Planet Publications. ISBN 978-0-86442-196-8.
^ Vera Rubin (1 January 1975). Cannabis and Culture. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 228–. ISBN 978-3-11-081206-0.
^ Charles E.M. Pearce; F. M. Pearce (17 June 2010). Oceanic Migration: Paths, Sequence, Timing and Range of Prehistoric Migration in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 77–. ISBN 978-90-481-3826-5.
^ ^a ^b Gwyn Campbell (3 April 2012). David Griffiths and the Missionary "History of Madagascar". BRILL. pp. 437–. ISBN 978-90-04-20980-0.
^ Graeme R. Newman (19 October 2010). Crime and Punishment around the World: [Four Volumes]. ABC-CLIO. pp. 124–. ISBN 978-0-313-35134-1.
^ "Legal status of cannabis in Madagascar - Cannaconnection.com". www.cannaconnection.com. Retrieved 2020-12-03.
^ Guy Arnold (2005). The International Drugs Trade. Taylor & Francis. pp. 192–. ISBN 978-1-57958-396-5.
^ Gabriella Harriet Schmelzer; Ameenah Gurib-Fakim (2008). Medicinal Plants. PROTA. pp. 368–. ISBN 978-90-5782-204-9.

[SwaneyWillox1994-1] Deanna Swaney; Robert Willox (1994). Madagascar & Comoros: a travel survival kit. Lonely Planet Publications. ISBN 978-0-86442-196-8.

[Rubin1975-2] Vera Rubin (1 January 1975). Cannabis and Culture. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 228–. ISBN 978-3-11-081206-0.

[PearcePearce2010-3] Charles E.M. Pearce; F. M. Pearce (17 June 2010). Oceanic Migration: Paths, Sequence, Timing and Range of Prehistoric Migration in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 77–. ISBN 978-90-481-3826-5.

[Campbell2012-4] Gwyn Campbell (3 April 2012). David Griffiths and the Missionary "History of Madagascar". BRILL. pp. 437–. ISBN 978-90-04-20980-0.

[Newman2010-5] Graeme R. Newman (19 October 2010). Crime and Punishment around the World: [Four Volumes]. ABC-CLIO. pp. 124–. ISBN 978-0-313-35134-1.

[6] "Legal status of cannabis in Madagascar - Cannaconnection.com". www.cannaconnection.com. Retrieved 2020-12-03.

[Arnold2005-7] Guy Arnold (2005). The International Drugs Trade. Taylor & Francis. pp. 192–. ISBN 978-1-57958-396-5.

[SchmelzerGurib-Fakim2008-8] Gabriella Harriet Schmelzer; Ameenah Gurib-Fakim (2008). Medicinal Plants. PROTA. pp. 368–. ISBN 978-90-5782-204-9.

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+{{short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] -->
 '''Cannabis in Madagascar''' is illegal, but is produced and consumed domestically.
 ==Terminology==
-Terms for cannabis in the Malagasy language include ''rangani''<ref name="SwaneyWillox1994">{{cite book|author1=Deanna Swaney|author2=Robert Willox|title=Madagascar & Comoros: a travel survival kit|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nB4uAQAAIAAJ|year=1994|publisher=Lonely Planet Publications|isbn=978-0-86442-196-8}}</ref> and ''zamal'', with the latter term being popular on Reunion, though possibly originating in Madagascar and being re-diffused there by Reunionese workers.<ref name="Rubin1975">{{cite book|author=Vera Rubin|title=Cannabis and Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gCRNRGOhNA4C&pg=PA228|date=1 January 1975|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-081206-0|pages=228–}}</ref>
+Terms for [[Cannabis (drug)|cannabis]] in the [[Malagasy language]] include ''rangani''<ref name="SwaneyWillox1994">{{cite book|author1=Deanna Swaney|author2=Robert Willox|title=Madagascar & Comoros: a travel survival kit|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nB4uAQAAIAAJ|year=1994|publisher=Lonely Planet Publications|isbn=978-0-86442-196-8}}</ref> and ''zamal'', with the latter term being popular on [[Réunion]], though possibly originating in [[Madagascar]] and being re-diffused there by [[Réunion Creole|Reunionese]] workers.<ref name="Rubin1975">{{cite book|author=Vera Rubin|title=Cannabis and Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gCRNRGOhNA4C&pg=PA228|date=1 January 1975|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-081206-0|pages=228–}}</ref>
 ==History==
 The discovery of cannabis pollen dating back two millennia on Madagascar has been cited as one of the points of evidence for the first arrival of the Malagasy people on the island.<ref name="PearcePearce2010">{{cite book|author1=Charles E.M. Pearce|author2=F. M. Pearce|title=Oceanic Migration: Paths, Sequence, Timing and Range of Prehistoric Migration in the Pacific and Indian Oceans|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rhQxc4GW8soC&pg=PA77|date=17 June 2010|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-90-481-3826-5|pages=77–}}</ref>
-Local usage of cannabis was reported by foreign visitors in the 1700s and 1800s, and under King [[Andrianampoinimerina]] consuming cannabis was made a capital crime.<ref name="Campbell2012">{{cite book|author=Gwyn Campbell|title=David Griffiths and the Missionary "History of Madagascar"|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7pDNL4apVpgC&pg=PA437|date=3 April 2012|publisher=BRILL|isbn=90-04-20980-8|pages=437–}}</ref>
+Local usage of cannabis was reported by foreign visitors in the 1700s and 1800s, and under [[Andrianampoinimerina|King Andrianampoinimerina]] consuming cannabis was made a [[Capital punishment|capital crime]].<ref name="Campbell2012">{{cite book|author=Gwyn Campbell|title=David Griffiths and the Missionary "History of Madagascar"|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7pDNL4apVpgC&pg=PA437|date=3 April 2012|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-20980-0|pages=437–}}</ref> Cannabis use was rife amongst his courtiers, and the king decried the practice saying: "when you smoke [[hemp]], you become half-witted... You smoke the long leaves and take leave of your senses; it is because of this I do not want it."<ref name="Campbell2012">{{cite book|author=Gwyn Campbell|title=David Griffiths and the Missionary "History of Madagascar"|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7pDNL4apVpgC&pg=PA437|date=3 April 2012|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-20980-0|pages=437–}}</ref>
 ==Economy==
-Cannabis produced in Madagascar is primarily for local consumption, where it is described as "ubiquitous",<ref name="Newman2010">{{cite book|author=Graeme R. Newman|title=Crime and Punishment around the World: &#91;Four Volumes&#93;|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2uK6bR9byVIC&pg=PA124|date=19 October 2010|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-35134-1|pages=124–}}</ref> with some limited export to neighboring African countries. Cannabis is largely grown in the provinces of [[Mahajanga]] and [[Antsiranana]] in the north, and [[Tulear]] and [[Fianarantsoa]] in the south.{{cn|date=January 2016}} Some of the types of cannabis cultivated in Madagascar are "wild varieties".<ref name="Arnold2005">{{cite book|author=Guy Arnold|title=The International Drugs Trade|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lmHyJJf_eJIC&pg=PA192|year=2005|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-57958-396-5|pages=192–}}</ref>
+Cannabis produced in Madagascar is primarily for local consumption, where it is described as "ubiquitous",<ref name="Newman2010">{{cite book|author=Graeme R. Newman|title=Crime and Punishment around the World: &#91;Four Volumes&#93;|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2uK6bR9byVIC&pg=PA124|date=19 October 2010|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-35134-1|pages=124–}}</ref> with some limited export to neighboring African countries. Cannabis is largely grown in the provinces of [[Mahajanga]] and [[Antsiranana]] in the north, and [[Tulear]] and [[Fianarantsoa]] in the south.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Legal status of cannabis in Madagascar - Cannaconnection.com|url=https://www.cannaconnection.com/blog/14772-legal-status-madagascar|access-date=2020-12-03|website=www.cannaconnection.com|language=en}}</ref> Some of the types of cannabis cultivated in Madagascar are "wild varieties".<ref name="Arnold2005">{{cite book|author=Guy Arnold|title=The International Drugs Trade|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lmHyJJf_eJIC&pg=PA192|year=2005|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-57958-396-5|pages=192–}}</ref>
 ==Legality==