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Manchu names are the names of the Manchu people in their own language. In addition to such names, most modern Manchus live in China and possess Chinese names.

Traditionally, Manchus were called only by their given names in daily life although each belonged to a clan with its own clan name (Manchu: hala). Each clan would be divided into several sub-clans (mukūn), but these did not have separate names.

Given names

Manchus given names are distinctive. Generally, there are several forms, such as bearing suffixes "-ngga", "-ngge" or "-nggo", meaning "having the quality of";^[1] bearing the suffixes "-tai" or "-tu", meaning "having";^[2]^[3] bearing the suffix, "-ju", "-boo";^[2] numerals^{[note 1]}^[2]^[3] or animal names.^{[note 2]}^[1]^[2]

Manchu given names were used solely or with titles but not with clan names. For example, Fiyanggū, who was from the Donggo clan, belonged to the Manchu Plain White Banner and distinguished himself in the campaigns against the Dzungars, was usually called "Fiyanggū be" (Lord Fiyanggū) since Fiyanggū (youngest) was a relatively major given name. Unlike Chinese and Europeans, he was not to be called by combination of family name and given name, i.e. Donggo Fiyanggū or Fiyanggū Donggo. Although we can find Aisin-Gioro Ulhicun and other figures, but it is a very modern practice. To specify the clan name, Manchus would have said something like "Donggo hala-i Fiyanggū" (Fiyanggū of the Donggo clan).

The Manchus had an immense variety of given names. For most of them, it is difficult to find the meanings. Some scholars try to categorize them. Erich Haenisch classified them into sixteen categories including animals (Eje: bull, Yelu: boar), plants (Fodo: willow, Maca: garlic), qualities (Ayan: big, Bayan: rich, Niowanggiyan: green), etc. Ch'en Chieh-hsien classified Manchu personal names into seven main categories. But there are many names that are not included in either categorization.

Some Manchu names seem nothing more than partial phonetic alternation of other ones. For example, the names of brothers of a clan were Ulušun, Hūlušun, Ilušun, Delušun, Fulušun and Jalušun in order of age, where only the initial syllables are changed. Another example is Nurhaci. His brothers were Šurgaci and Murhaci.

Like other non-Chinese terms, Manchu names are often transcribed into Chinese in a chaotic pattern since they were taken from Chinese sources. It is difficult to reconstruct original Manchu spellings from their Chinese transcription. Sometimes the first syllable of a Manchu given name is misinterpreted as a Chinese surname. For instance, the Manchu official Tulišen, who wrote a famous travel record, is mistaken for a Chinese man named "Tu Lishen".

The Jurchens and their Manchu descendants had Khitan linguistic and grammatical elements in their personal names like suffixes.^[4] Many Khitan names had a "ju" suffix.^[5]

Nikan (Han Chinese) was a common first name for Manchus.^[6] Nikan Wailan was a Jurchen leader who was an enemy of Nurhaci.^[7]^[8]^[9] Nikan was the name of one of the Aisin Gioro princes and grandsons of Nurhaci who supported Prince Dorgon.^[10]^[11]^[12] Nurhaci's first son was Cuyen, one of whose sons was Nikan.^[13]

During the Qing Dynasty, the Manchus gradually adopted two-character Chinese given names (but not family names), and used Manchu transcription of them. We can find a tendency to leave a space between two syllables of the name of an exalted personage in the Manchu script and to stick them together for common people. For example, the real name of the Qianlong Emperor was Hung li, which was derived from the Chinese name Hongli (弘曆). Certain combinations of Chinese sounds that never appeared at native Manchu terms make it difficult to determine syllable boundaries. The Manchus introduced what is called "Mongolian Sibe Syllable Boundary Marker" in Unicode. As the name says, it is formalized in the Sibe script but can also be found in Manchu literature. The marker represented as the grapheme of the middle form of letter A is put on a syllable boundary so that we can distinguish Guangying (Guwang'ing) from Guanjing (Guwanging), etc.

Clan names

《The Comprehensive Book of the Eight Manchurian Banners' Surname-Clans (八旗满洲氏族通谱, ᠵᠠᡴᡡᠨ
ᡤᡡᠰᠠᡳ
ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠᠰᠠᡳ
ᠮᡠᡴᡡᠨ
ᡥᠠᠯᠠ
ᠪᡝ
ᡠᡥᡝᡵᡳ
ᡝᠵᡝᡥᡝ
ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝJakūn Gūsai Manjusai Mukūn Hala be Uheri Ejehe Bithe）》 p.33

Like the Mongols, the Manchus were simply called by given name but they had their own clan names (hala in Manchu). Hala consisted of several mukūn, the unit of exogamy. Unlike hala, mukūn did not have corresponding names.

The Comprehensive Book of the Eight Manchurian Banners' Surname-Clans (八旗滿洲氏族通譜 Baqi Manzhou Zhizu Tongpu), compiled in the middle 18th century, records many Manchu clan names. Among more than a thousand names, about 600 names are the Manchus'.

Gioro, a major clan name, is one of the few hala that has various variants such as Irgen, Silin and Šušu, possibly to distinguish from the imperial family name Aisin-Gioro. Since the mid-to-late Qing Dynasty, Manchus have increasingly adopted Han Chinese surnames, and today, very few Manchus bear traditional Manchu family names.

Notes

^ e.g. Nadanju (70 in Manchu), Susai (5 in Manchu), Liošici (67, a Mandarin homophone) and Bašinu (85, a Mandarin homophone)^[2]
^ e.g. Dorgon (badger) and Arsalan (lion)^[1]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Aisin Gioro 2004, p. 979
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Elliott 2001, p. 243
^ ^a ^b Aisin Gioro 2004, p. 978
^ Toh, Hoong Teik (2005). Materials for a Genealogy of the Niohuru Clan: With Introductory Remarks on Manchu Onomastics. Vol. 10 of Aetas Manjurica. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 34, 35, 36. ISBN 3447051965. ISSN 0931-282X.
^ Toh, Hoong Teik (2005). Materials for a Genealogy of the Niohuru Clan: With Introductory Remarks on Manchu Onomastics. Vol. 10 of Aetas Manjurica. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 31. ISBN 3447051965. ISSN 0931-282X.
^ Elliott, Mark C. (2001). The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China. Stanford University Press. pp. 242–. ISBN 978-0-8047-4684-7.
^ Pamela Kyle Crossley (15 February 2000). A Translucent Mirror: History and Identity in Qing Imperial Ideology. University of California Press. pp. 172–. ISBN 978-0-520-92884-8.
^ FREDERIC WAKEMAN JR. (1985). The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-century China. University of California Press. pp. 49–. ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1.
^ Frederic Wakeman (1 January 1977). Fall of Imperial China. Simon and Schuster. pp. 83–. ISBN 978-0-02-933680-9.
^ Evelyn S. Rawski (15 November 1998). The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions. University of California Press. pp. 99–. ISBN 978-0-520-92679-0. nikan mandahai.
^ FREDERIC WAKEMAN JR. (1985). The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-century China. University of California Press. pp. 902–. ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1.
^ Adam Yuen-chung Lui (1 January 1989). Two Rulers in One Reign: Dorgon and Shun-chih, 1644-1660. Faculty of Asian Studies, Australian National University. pp. 41, 46. ISBN 978-0-7315-0654-5.
^ Serie orientale Roma. Istituto italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente. 1970. p. 174.

Stary, Giovanni. A Dictionary of Manchu Names: A Name Index to the Manchu Version of the "Complete Genealogies of the Manchu Clans and Families of the Eight Banners" Jakūn gūsai Manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithe Baqi Manzhou shizu tongpu, Wiesbaden, Harrassowitz ed., 2000. Aetas Manjurica 8.
Aisin Gioro (2004). Manchu language basic knowledge. Beijing: Xueyuan Press.

[4] .g. Nadanju (70 in Manchu), Susai (5 in Manchu), Liošici (67, a Mandarin homophone) and Bašinu (85, a Mandarin homophone)^[2]

[5] .g. Dorgon (badger) and Arsalan (lion)^[1]

[杂识979-1] Aisin Gioro 2004, p. 979

[Elliott243-2] Elliott 2001, p. 243

[杂识978-3] Aisin Gioro 2004, p. 978

[6] Toh, Hoong Teik (2005). Materials for a Genealogy of the Niohuru Clan: With Introductory Remarks on Manchu Onomastics. Vol. 10 of Aetas Manjurica. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 34, 35, 36. ISBN 3447051965. ISSN 0931-282X.

[7] Toh, Hoong Teik (2005). Materials for a Genealogy of the Niohuru Clan: With Introductory Remarks on Manchu Onomastics. Vol. 10 of Aetas Manjurica. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 31. ISBN 3447051965. ISSN 0931-282X.

[Elliott2001-8] Elliott, Mark C. (2001). The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China. Stanford University Press. pp. 242–. ISBN 978-0-8047-4684-7.

[Crossley2000-9] Pamela Kyle Crossley (15 February 2000). A Translucent Mirror: History and Identity in Qing Imperial Ideology. University of California Press. pp. 172–. ISBN 978-0-520-92884-8.

[JR.1985-10] FREDERIC WAKEMAN JR. (1985). The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-century China. University of California Press. pp. 49–. ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1.

[Wakeman1977-11] Frederic Wakeman (1 January 1977). Fall of Imperial China. Simon and Schuster. pp. 83–. ISBN 978-0-02-933680-9.

[Rawski1998_2-12] Evelyn S. Rawski (15 November 1998). The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions. University of California Press. pp. 99–. ISBN 978-0-520-92679-0. nikan mandahai.

[JR.1985_2-13] FREDERIC WAKEMAN JR. (1985). The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-century China. University of California Press. pp. 902–. ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1.

[Lui1989-14] Adam Yuen-chung Lui (1 January 1989). Two Rulers in One Reign: Dorgon and Shun-chih, 1644-1660. Faculty of Asian Studies, Australian National University. pp. 41, 46. ISBN 978-0-7315-0654-5.

[15] Serie orientale Roma. Istituto italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente. 1970. p. 174.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[note 1]

[note 2]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] -->
 {{Essay-like|date=June 2010}}
 '''Manchu names''' are the names of the [[Manchu people]] in their [[Manchu language|own language]]. In addition to such names, most modern Manchus live in [[China]] and possess [[Chinese name]]s.
@@ Line 5: / Line 6: @@
 == Given names ==
-Manchus given names are distinctive. Generally, there are several forms, such as bearing suffixes "-ngga", "-ngge" or "-nggo", meaning "having the quality of";<ref name="杂识979" >{{harvnb|Aisin Gioro|2004|p=979}}</ref> bearing the suffixes "-tai" or "-tu", meaning "having";<ref name="Elliott243">{{harvnb|Elliott|2001|p=243}}</ref><ref name="杂识978" >{{harvnb|Aisin Gioro|2004|p=978}}</ref> bearing the suffix, "-ju", "-boo";<ref name="Elliott243" /> numerals {{#tag:ref|e.g. Nadanju (70 in Manchu), Susai (5 in Manchu), Liošici (67, a Mandarin homophone) and Bašinu (85, a Mandarin homophone)<ref name="Elliott243" />|group=note}}<ref name="Elliott243" /><ref name="杂识978" /> or animal names{{#tag:ref|e.g. [[Dorgon]] (badger) and Arsalan (lion)<ref name="杂识979" />|group=note}}.<ref name="杂识979" /><ref name="Elliott243" />
+Manchus given names are distinctive. Generally, there are several forms, such as bearing suffixes "-ngga", "-ngge" or "-nggo", meaning "having the quality of";<ref name="杂识979" >{{harvnb|Aisin Gioro|2004|p=979}}</ref> bearing the suffixes "-tai" or "-tu", meaning "having";<ref name="Elliott243">{{harvnb|Elliott|2001|p=243}}</ref><ref name="杂识978" >{{harvnb|Aisin Gioro|2004|p=978}}</ref> bearing the suffix, "-ju", "-boo";<ref name="Elliott243" /> numerals{{#tag:ref|e.g. Nadanju (70 in Manchu), Susai (5 in Manchu), Liošici (67, a Mandarin homophone) and Bašinu (85, a Mandarin homophone)<ref name="Elliott243" />|group=note}}<ref name="Elliott243" /><ref name="杂识978" /> or animal names.{{#tag:ref|e.g. [[Dorgon]] (badger) and Arsalan (lion)<ref name="杂识979" />|group=note}}<ref name="杂识979" /><ref name="Elliott243" />
 Manchu given names were used solely or with titles but not with clan names. For example, Fiyanggū, who was from the Donggo clan, belonged to the Manchu [[Plain White Banner]] and distinguished himself in the campaigns against the [[Dzungars]], was usually called "Fiyanggū be" (Lord Fiyanggū) since Fiyanggū (youngest) was a relatively major given name. Unlike Chinese and Europeans, he was not to be called by combination of family name and given name, i.e. Donggo Fiyanggū or Fiyanggū Donggo. Although we can find [[Aisin-Gioro Ulhicun]] and other figures, but it is a very modern practice. To specify the clan name, Manchus would have said something like "Donggo hala-i Fiyanggū" (Fiyanggū of the Donggo clan).
@@ Line 13: / Line 14: @@
 Some Manchu names seem nothing more than partial phonetic alternation of other ones. For example, the names of brothers of a clan were Ulušun, Hūlušun, Ilušun, Delušun, Fulušun and Jalušun in order of age, where only the initial syllables are changed. Another example is [[Nurhaci]]. His brothers were [[Šurgaci]] and Murhaci.
-Like other non-Chinese terms, Manchu names are often transcribed into Chinese in a chaotic pattern since they were taken from Chinese sources. It is difficult to reconstruct original Manchu spellings from their Chinese transcription. Sometimes the first syllable of a Manchu given name is misinterpreted as a Chinese surname. For instance, the Manchu official [[Tulišen]], who wrote [[Narrative of the Chinese Embassy to the Khan of the Tourgouth Tartars, in the years 1712, 13, 14, and 15|a famous travel record]], is mistaken for a Chinese man named "Tu Lishen."
+Like other non-Chinese terms, Manchu names are often transcribed into Chinese in a chaotic pattern since they were taken from Chinese sources. It is difficult to reconstruct original Manchu spellings from their Chinese transcription. Sometimes the first syllable of a Manchu given name is misinterpreted as a Chinese surname. For instance, the Manchu official [[Tulišen]], who wrote [[Narrative of the Chinese Embassy to the Khan of the Tourgouth Tartars, in the years 1712, 13, 14, and 15|a famous travel record]], is mistaken for a Chinese man named "Tu Lishen".
+The Jurchens and their Manchu descendants had Khitan linguistic and grammatical elements in their personal names like suffixes.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Toh |first1=Hoong Teik |title=Materials for a Genealogy of the Niohuru Clan: With Introductory Remarks on Manchu Onomastics |date=2005 |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag |volume=10 of Aetas Manjurica |issn=0931-282X |isbn=3447051965 |pages=34, 35, 36 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZSNMGosP0cAC&pg=PA34}}</ref> Many Khitan names had a "ju" suffix.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Toh |first1=Hoong Teik |title=Materials for a Genealogy of the Niohuru Clan: With Introductory Remarks on Manchu Onomastics |date=2005 |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag |volume=10 of Aetas Manjurica |issn=0931-282X |isbn=3447051965 |page=31 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZSNMGosP0cAC&pg=PA31}}</ref>
-Nikan (Han Chinese) was a common first name for Manchus.<ref name="Elliott2001">{{cite book|author=Mark C. Elliott|title=The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_qtgoTIAiKUC&pg=PA242|year=2001|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0-8047-4684-7|pages=242–}}</ref> [[Nikan Wailan]] was a Jurchen leader who was an enemy of Nurhaci.<ref name="Crossley2000">{{cite book|author=Pamela Kyle Crossley|title=A Translucent Mirror: History and Identity in Qing Imperial Ideology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wn4iv_RJv8oC&q=nikan+wailan+chinese+official&pg=PA172|date=15 February 2000|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-92884-8|pages=172–}}</ref><ref name="JR.1985">{{cite book|author=FREDERIC WAKEMAN JR.|title=The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-century China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8nXLwSG2O8AC&q=nikan+wailan+chinese+official&pg=PA49|year=1985|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-04804-1|pages=49–}}</ref><ref name="Wakeman1977">{{cite book|author=Frederic Wakeman|title=Fall of Imperial China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ORBmFSFcJKoC&q=nikan+wailan+chinese+official&pg=PA83|date=1 January 1977|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-0-02-933680-9|pages=83–}}</ref> Nikan was the name of one the [[Aisin Gioro]] princes and grandsons of Nurhaci who supported Prince [[Dorgon]].<ref name="Rawski1998 2">{{cite book|author=Evelyn S. Rawski|title=The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions|url=https://archive.org/details/lastemperorssoc00raws|url-access=registration|quote=nikan mandahai.|date=15 November 1998|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-92679-0|pages=[https://archive.org/details/lastemperorssoc00raws/page/99 99]–}}</ref><ref name="JR.1985 2">{{cite book|author=FREDERIC WAKEMAN JR.|title=The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-century China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8nXLwSG2O8AC&q=nikan+mandahai&pg=PA902|year=1985|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-04804-1|pages=902–}}</ref><ref name="Lui1989">{{cite book|author=Adam Yuen-chung Lui|title=Two Rulers in One Reign: Dorgon and Shun-chih, 1644-1660|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OtJwAAAAMAAJ&q=nikan+mandahai|date=1 January 1989|publisher=Faculty of Asian Studies, Australian National University|isbn=978-0-7315-0654-5|pages=41, 46}}</ref> Nurhaci's first son was [[Cuyen]], one of whose sons was Nikan.<ref>{{cite book|title=Serie orientale Roma|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CB08AAAAIAAJ&q=nikan+mandahai|year=1970|publisher=Istituto italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente|page=174}}</ref>
+Nikan (Han Chinese) was a common first name for Manchus.<ref name="Elliott2001">{{cite book|first=Mark C. |last=Elliott|title=The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_qtgoTIAiKUC&pg=PA242|year=2001|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0-8047-4684-7|pages=242–}}</ref> [[Nikan Wailan]] was a Jurchen leader who was an enemy of Nurhaci.<ref name="Crossley2000">{{cite book|author=Pamela Kyle Crossley|title=A Translucent Mirror: History and Identity in Qing Imperial Ideology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wn4iv_RJv8oC&q=nikan+wailan+chinese+official&pg=PA172|date=15 February 2000|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-92884-8|pages=172–}}</ref><ref name="JR.1985">{{cite book|author=FREDERIC WAKEMAN JR.|title=The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-century China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8nXLwSG2O8AC&q=nikan+wailan+chinese+official&pg=PA49|year=1985|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-04804-1|pages=49–}}</ref><ref name="Wakeman1977">{{cite book|author=Frederic Wakeman|title=Fall of Imperial China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ORBmFSFcJKoC&q=nikan+wailan+chinese+official&pg=PA83|date=1 January 1977|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-0-02-933680-9|pages=83–}}</ref> Nikan was the name of one of the [[Aisin Gioro]] princes and grandsons of Nurhaci who supported Prince [[Dorgon]].<ref name="Rawski1998 2">{{cite book|author=Evelyn S. Rawski|title=The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions|url=https://archive.org/details/lastemperorssoc00raws|url-access=registration|quote=nikan mandahai.|date=15 November 1998|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-92679-0|pages=[https://archive.org/details/lastemperorssoc00raws/page/99 99]–}}</ref><ref name="JR.1985 2">{{cite book|author=FREDERIC WAKEMAN JR.|title=The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-century China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8nXLwSG2O8AC&q=nikan+mandahai&pg=PA902|year=1985|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-04804-1|pages=902–}}</ref><ref name="Lui1989">{{cite book|author=Adam Yuen-chung Lui|title=Two Rulers in One Reign: Dorgon and Shun-chih, 1644-1660|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OtJwAAAAMAAJ&q=nikan+mandahai|date=1 January 1989|publisher=Faculty of Asian Studies, Australian National University|isbn=978-0-7315-0654-5|pages=41, 46}}</ref> Nurhaci's first son was [[Cuyen]], one of whose sons was Nikan.<ref>{{cite book|title=Serie orientale Roma|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CB08AAAAIAAJ&q=nikan+mandahai|year=1970|publisher=Istituto italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente|page=174}}</ref>
 During the [[Qing Dynasty]], the Manchus gradually adopted two-character Chinese given names (but not family names), and used Manchu transcription of them. We can find a tendency to leave a space between two syllables of the name of an exalted personage in the [[Manchu script]] and to stick them together for common people. For example, the real name of the [[Qianlong Emperor]] was ''Hung li'', which was derived from the Chinese name Hongli (弘曆). Certain combinations of Chinese sounds that never appeared at native Manchu terms make it difficult to determine syllable boundaries. The Manchus introduced what is called "Mongolian Sibe Syllable Boundary Marker" in Unicode. As the name says, it is formalized in the [[Xibe script|Sibe script]] but can also be found in Manchu literature. The marker represented as the grapheme of the middle form of letter A is put on a syllable boundary so that we can distinguish Guangying (Guwang'ing) from Guanjing (Guwanging), etc.
@@ Line 25: / Line 28: @@
 ''The Comprehensive Book of the Eight Manchurian [[Banner (Manchu)|Banner]]s' Surname-Clans'' (八旗滿洲氏族通譜 ''Baqi Manzhou Zhizu Tongpu''), compiled in the middle 18th century, records many Manchu clan names. Among more than a thousand names, about 600 names are the Manchus'.
-Gioro, a major clan name, is the one of the few ''hala'' that has various variants such as Irgen, Silin and Šušu, possibly to distinguish from the imperial family name Aisin-Gioro.  Since the mid-to-late Qing Dynasty, Manchus have increasingly adopted Han Chinese surnames, and today, very few Manchus bear traditional Manchu family names.
+Gioro, a major clan name, is one of the few ''hala'' that has various variants such as Irgen, Silin and Šušu, possibly to distinguish from the imperial family name Aisin-Gioro.  Since the mid-to-late Qing Dynasty, Manchus have increasingly adopted Han Chinese surnames, and today, very few Manchus bear traditional Manchu family names.
 ==See also==
@@ Line 37: / Line 40: @@
 {{reflist}}
 *Stary, Giovanni. ''A Dictionary of Manchu Names: A Name Index to the Manchu Version of the "Complete Genealogies of the Manchu Clans and Families of the Eight Banners" Jakūn gūsai Manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithe Baqi Manzhou shizu tongpu'', Wiesbaden, Harrassowitz ed., 2000. Aetas Manjurica 8.
+* {{cite book |author=Aisin Gioro |title=Manchu language basic knowledge |date=2004 |location=Beijing |publisher=Xueyuan Press}}
 {{names in world cultures}}
-[[Category:Manchu people]]
+[[Category:Manchu culture]]
 [[Category:Chinese given names]]
-[[Category:Names by culture|Manchu]]
+[[Category:Names by language|Manchu]]
 [[Category:Manchu language|Name]]