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Kamal-ol-Molk
Kamal-ol-Molk
	Kamal-ol-Molk; photo by Antoin Sevruguin (1851–1933)
Born	Mohammad Ghaffari; September 29, 1848; Kashan, Qajar Iran
Died	August 18, 1940 (aged 91); Nishapur, Iran
Resting place	Mausoleum of Kamal-ol-Molk
Nationality	Iranian
Known for	Painting
Notable work	Talar-e Ayeneh [fa]
Movement	Persian miniature
Spouse	Zahra Khanoom (m. 1884; died 1919)
Children	2

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Mohammad Ghaffari (Persian: محمد غفاری; September 29, 1848 — August 18, 1940), better known as Kamal-ol-Molk ("Perfection of the Realm"; کمال‌المُلک), was an Iranian painter and part of the Ghaffari family in Kashan.

Biography

Mohammad Ghaffari, better known as Kamal-ol-Molk, born in Kashan in 1848, to a family with a strong artistic tradition, tracing their origins back to notable painters during the reign of Nader Shah. Kamal's uncle, Mirza Abolhassan Khan Ghaffari, known as Sanee-ol-Molk, a celebrated 19th-century painter, was notable for his watercolor portraiture. His father, Mirza Bozorg Ghaffari Kashani, was the founder of Iran's painting school and a famous artist as well. His brother, Abutorab Ghaffari, was also a distinguished painter of his time.^[1] Mohammad developed an interest in calligraphy and painting at a young age. In his childhood eagerness, he drew charcoal sketches on the walls of his room.^[2]

Upon completion of his primary education, Mohammad moved to Tehran. He may have studied painting for a time with Mirza Esma'il.^[3] To further his studies, he registered in Dar-ul-Funun School, a modern institute of higher learning in Persia, where he studied painting with Mozayyen-od-Doleh, a well-known painter who had visited Europe and studied Western art. He studied there for a period of three years.^[4] In his school days, the young Ghaffari was given the name Mirza Mohammad Kashi. During his education he began to attract public attention as a talented artist.

In his visits to Dar-ul-Funun, Naser al-Din Shah Qajar came to know Mohammad Ghaffari and invited him to the court. Mohammad further improved his technique, and Nasereddin Shah gave him the title "Kamal-ol-Molk" (Perfection on Land).

During the years he stayed at Nasereddin Shah Qajar's court, Kamal-ol-Molk created some of his most significant works. The paintings he did in this period, which lasted up until the assassination of Nasereddin Shah, were portraits of important people, landscapes, paintings of royal camps and hunting grounds, and various parts of royal palaces.

In this busiest period of Kamal-ol-Molk's artistic life, he created over 170 paintings. However, most of these paintings have either been destroyed or taken abroad.^{[citation needed]} The works he created in this period indicate his desire to develop his oil painting technique. He advanced so much that he even acquired laws of perspective by himself and applied them to his works. His mastery in the delicate use of a brush was as well as bright and lively colors distinguished him from his contemporaries.

Visit to Europe

Following Naser al-Din Shah Qajar's death, Kamal-ol-Molk found it impossible to work under his son, Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar. Therefore, he set out for Europe in 1898, at the age of 47 to improve his art.^[2] Once there, he had discussions with distinguished European artists on style and technique, and copied some of Rembrandt's works, including "Self Portrait", "Jonah", and "Saint Matthew". Kamal-ol-Molk visited most of Europe's museums and closely studied the works of some well-known artists such as Raphael, Titian, and adapted and altered some of their works. He stayed in Europe for about four years. In 1902, he returned to Iran, after which he became court painter to five shahs.^[5]

Migration to Iraq

The increasing pressure on Kamal-ol-Molk, originating in Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar's court, left him no option but to leave his country for Iraq, in spite of all the affection he felt for Iran. The visits he made to the holy cities in Iraq inspired his work at this time. "Karbala-ye-Moalla Square", and "Baghdad Jewish Fortune Tellers" are two of his most magnificent works of this period.

With the advent of the Constitutional Movement, after a two-year stay in Iraq, Kamal-ol-Molk returned to Iran and joined the Constitutionalists because of the hatred he had developed towards Mazaffareddin Shah's government. Portraits like "Commander Asa'd Bakhtiari" and "Azad-ol-Molk" signify this period.

Kamal-ol-Molk Art School

The post-Constitutional Movement era of Persia brought about a new atmosphere for the artist. The Constitutionalists were cultured and appreciated art more than did their predecessors, thus respect for Kamal-ol-Molk and his works increased.

The master established Sanaye Mostazrafeh Art School, better known as Kamal-ol-Molk Art School, pursued his artistic career and steadied a new style in Iranian art.^[6] The School's goal was to find new talents, embrace them and educate them in the best possible way. Kamal-ol-Molk did not confine himself to painting. Rather, he introduced other arts and crafts such as carpet weaving, mosaic designing, and woodwork to his school in order to revive the dying fine arts. In addition to teaching art, through his kind behavior he also taught students love, morals and humanity. Many a time he stayed late at school, teaching. He even allotted a portion of his monthly payment to poor students.

Death

The tomb of Kamal-ol-Molk in Nishapur, Iran, in 1940. His mourners, especially family and closely related friends, marched his body next to the tomb of Sufi poet, Attar.

Gallery

Painting of Vosough od-Dowleh
Painting of Ali-Qoli Khan Bakhtiari
Painting of Naser al-Din Shah Qajar
Portrait of a music group in Naser al-din shah era, 1886
The spring hall of Golestan Palace, 1889
Beggar Girls, painting by Kamal-ol-molk in 1889
The Baqdadi goldsmith, 1901
The Azod-ol-Molk, 1910
The Zoka-ol-Molk I, 1913
The Damavand Village, 1915
The Kamal-ol-molk profile portrait, 1925

References

^ "Kamal-ol-molk: Eminent Iranian Artist", Iran Review, Online:
^ ^a ^b "KAMĀL-AL-MOLK, MOḤAMMAD ḠAFFĀRI, A. Ashraf with Layla Diba, Encyclopaedia Iranica". Iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 2014-01-21.
^ Booth-Clibborn, E., Pūrjavādī, N.A. and Abrams, H. N., The Splendour of Iran, Volume 1, Booth-Clibborn Editions, 2001, p. 103
^ The Land of Kings, Regional Cooperation for Development, 1971, p. 98
^ Issa, R., Pākbāz,R. and Shayegan, D., Iranian Contemporary Art, Booth-Clibborn Editions, 2001, p. 14
^ Issa, R., Pākbāz,R. and Shayegan, D., Iranian Contemporary Art, Booth-Clibborn Editions, 2001, pp 14-15

External links

[1] "Kamal-ol-molk: Eminent Iranian Artist", Iran Review, Online:

[iranicaonline.org-2] "KAMĀL-AL-MOLK, MOḤAMMAD ḠAFFĀRI, A. Ashraf with Layla Diba, Encyclopaedia Iranica". Iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 2014-01-21.

[3] Booth-Clibborn, E., Pūrjavādī, N.A. and Abrams, H. N., The Splendour of Iran, Volume 1, Booth-Clibborn Editions, 2001, p. 103

[4] The Land of Kings, Regional Cooperation for Development, 1971, p. 98

[5] Issa, R., Pākbāz,R. and Shayegan, D., Iranian Contemporary Art, Booth-Clibborn Editions, 2001, p. 14

[6] Issa, R., Pākbāz,R. and Shayegan, D., Iranian Contemporary Art, Booth-Clibborn Editions, 2001, pp 14-15

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Iranian painter}}
 {{Infobox artist
 | name          = Kamal-ol-Molk
 | image         = Antoin Sevruguin Kamal al Mulk Muhammad Ghaffari artist SI.jpg
-| imagesize     = 200px
+| image_size    = 200px
-| caption       =
+| caption       = Kamal-ol-Molk; photo by [[Antoin Sevruguin]] (1851–1933)
 | birth_name    = Mohammad Ghaffari
 | birth_date    = {{birth date|1848|9|29}}
-| birth_place   = [[Kashan]], [[Iran]]
+| birth_place   = [[Kashan]], [[Qajar Iran]]
 | death_date    = {{death date and age|1940|8|18|1848|9|29}}
-| death_place   = [[Nishapur]],  Iran
+| death_place   = [[Nishapur]], [[Pahlavi Iran|Iran]]
+| resting_place = [[Mausoleum of Kamal-ol-Molk]]
 | nationality   = [[Iran]]ian
 | field         = [[Painting]]
+| spouse        = {{marriage|Zahra Khanoom|1884|1919|reason=died}}
-| movement      =
-| works         =
+| children      = 2
+| movement      = [[Persian miniature]]
+| works         = ''{{ill|Talar-e Ayeneh|fa|تالار آینه}}''
 | patrons       =
 | awards        =
 }}
 [[File:DushanTappe.jpg|thumb|[[The Doshan Tappeh Street]], 1899 ]]
-[[File:Mirror Hall.jpg|thumb|''Mirror Hall'', which he believed to be his best work. He painted it over a five-year period.]]
+[[File:Mirror Hall by Kamal-ol-molk.JPG|thumb|''Mirror Hall'', which he believed to be his best work. He painted it over a five-year period.]]
-'''Mohammad Ghaffari''' ({{lang-fa| محمد غفاری}}), better known as '''Kamal-ol-Molk''' ({{lang|fa|کمال‌المُلک}}), was an Iranian [[Painting|painter]] and part of the [[Ghaffari]] family in [[Kashan]].
+'''Mohammad Ghaffari''' ({{lang-fa|محمد غفاری}}; September 29, 1848 — August 18, 1940), better known as '''Kamal-ol-Molk''' ("Perfection of the Realm"; {{lang|fa|کمال‌المُلک}}), was an [[Iranian peoples|Iranian]] [[Painting|painter]] and part of the [[Ghaffari family]] in [[Kashan]].
 ==Biography==
-Mohammad Ghaffari, better known as Kamal-ol-Molk, born in [[Kashan]] in 1848, to a family with a strong artistic tradition, tracing their origins back to notable painters during the reign of [[Nader Shah]]. Kamal's uncle, [[Mirza Abolhassan Khan Ghaffari]], known as Sanee-ol-Molk, a celebrated 19th-century celebrated painter, was notable for his watercolor portraiture. His father, [[Mirza Bozorg Ghaffari Kashani]], was the founder of Iran's painting school and a famous artist as well. His brother, [[Abutorab Ghaffari]], was also a distinguished painter of his time. <ref>"Kamal-ol-molk: Eminent Iranian Artist," ''Iran Review,'' [http://www.iranreview.org/content/Documents/Kamal_ol_Molk_Eminent_Iranian_Painter.htm Online:]</ref> Mohammad developed an interest in calligraphy and painting at a young age. In his childhood eagerness, he drew charcoal sketches on the walls of his room.<ref name="iranicaonline.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/kamal-al-molk-mohammad-gaffari |title=KAMĀL-AL-MOLK, MOḤAMMAD ḠAFFĀRI, A. Ashraf with Layla Diba, '&#39;'Encyclopaedia Iranica'&#39;' |publisher=Iranicaonline.org |date= |accessdate=2014-01-21}}</ref>
+Mohammad Ghaffari, better known as Kamal-ol-Molk, born in [[Kashan]] in 1848, to a family with a strong artistic tradition, tracing their origins back to notable painters during the reign of [[Nader Shah]]. Kamal's uncle, [[Mirza Abolhassan Khan Ghaffari]], known as Sanee-ol-Molk, a celebrated 19th-century  painter, was notable for his watercolor [[portraiture]]. His father, [[Mirza Bozorg Ghaffari Kashani]], was the founder of Iran's painting school and a famous artist as well. His brother, [[Abutorab Ghaffari]], was also a distinguished painter of his time.<ref>"Kamal-ol-molk: Eminent Iranian Artist", ''Iran Review,'' [http://www.iranreview.org/content/Documents/Kamal_ol_Molk_Eminent_Iranian_Painter.htm Online:]</ref> Mohammad developed an interest in [[calligraphy]] and painting at a young age. In his childhood eagerness, he drew charcoal sketches on the walls of his room.<ref name="iranicaonline.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/kamal-al-molk-mohammad-gaffari |title=KAMĀL-AL-MOLK, MOḤAMMAD ḠAFFĀRI, A. Ashraf with Layla Diba, '''Encyclopaedia Iranica''' |publisher=Iranicaonline.org |access-date=2014-01-21}}</ref>
-Upon completion of his primary education, Mohammad moved to [[Tehran]]. He may have studied painting for a time with  Mirza Esma'il. <ref>Booth-Clibborn, E., Pūrjavādī, N.A. and Abrams, H. N., ''The Splendour of Iran,'' Volume 1, Booth-Clibborn Editions, 2001, p. 103</ref>  To further his studies, he registered in [[Dar ul-Funun (Persia)|Dar-ul-Funun School]], a modern institute of higher learning in Persia, where he studied painting with Mozayyen-od-Doleh, a well-known painter who had visited Europe and studied Western art. He studied there for a period of three years. <ref>''The Land of Kings,''
+Upon completion of his primary education, Mohammad moved to [[Tehran]]. He may have studied painting for a time with  Mirza Esma'il.<ref>Booth-Clibborn, E., Pūrjavādī, N.A. and Abrams, H. N., ''The Splendour of Iran,'' Volume 1, Booth-Clibborn Editions, 2001, p. 103</ref>  To further his studies, he registered in [[Dar ul-Funun (Persia)|Dar-ul-Funun School]], a modern institute of higher learning in Persia, where he studied painting with Mozayyen-od-Doleh, a well-known painter who had visited Europe and studied Western art. He studied there for a period of three years.<ref>''The Land of Kings,''
-Regional Cooperation for Development, 1971, p. 98</ref>In his school days, the young Ghaffari was given the name Mirza Mohammad Kashi. During his education he began to attract public attention as a talented artist.
+Regional Cooperation for Development, 1971, p. 98</ref> In his school days, the young Ghaffari was given the name Mirza Mohammad Kashi. During his education he began to attract public attention as a talented artist.
 In his visits to Dar-ul-Funun, [[Naser al-Din Shah Qajar]] came to know Mohammad Ghaffari and invited him to the court. Mohammad further improved his technique, and Nasereddin Shah gave him the title "Kamal-ol-Molk" (Perfection on Land).
-During the years he stayed at Nasereddin Shah Qajar's court, Kamal-ol-Molk created some of his most significant works. The paintings he did in this period, which lasted up until the assassination of Nasereddin Shah, were portraits of important people, landscapes, paintings of royal camps and hunting grounds, and various parts of royal palaces.
+During the years he stayed at [[Nasereddin Shah]] Qajar's court, Kamal-ol-Molk created some of his most significant works. The paintings he did in this period, which lasted up until the assassination of Nasereddin Shah, were portraits of important people, landscapes, paintings of royal camps and hunting grounds, and various parts of royal palaces.
 In this busiest period of Kamal-ol-Molk's artistic life, he created over 170 paintings. However, most of these paintings have either been destroyed or taken abroad.{{citation needed|date=November 2012}} The works he created in this period indicate his desire to develop his oil painting technique. He advanced so much that he even acquired laws of perspective by himself and applied them to his works. His mastery in the delicate use of a brush was as well as bright and lively colors distinguished him from his contemporaries.
@@ Line 34: / Line 38: @@
 ==Visit to Europe==
-Following [[Naser al-Din Shah Qajar]]'s death, Kamal-ol-Molk found it impossible to work under his son, [[Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar]]. Therefore, he set out for [[Europe]] in 1898, at the age of 47 to improve his art.<ref name="iranicaonline.org" /> Once there, he had discussions with distinguished European artists on style and technique, and copied some of Rembrandt's works, including  "Self Portrait", "Jonah", and "Saint Matthew". Kamal-ol-Molk visited most of Europe's museums and closely studied the works of some well-known artists such as [[Raphael]], [[Titian]],  and adapted and altered some of their works. He stayed in Europe for about four years. In 1912, he returned to [[Iran]], after which he became court painter to five shahs.<ref>Issa, R., Pākbāz,R. and Shayegan, D., ''Iranian Contemporary Art,'' Booth-Clibborn Editions, 2001, p. 14</ref>
+Following [[Naser al-Din Shah Qajar]]'s death, Kamal-ol-Molk found it impossible to work under his son, [[Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar]]. Therefore, he set out for [[Europe]] in 1898, at the age of 47 to improve his art.<ref name="iranicaonline.org" /> Once there, he had discussions with distinguished European artists on style and technique, and copied some of Rembrandt's works, including  "Self Portrait", "Jonah", and "Saint Matthew". Kamal-ol-Molk visited most of Europe's museums and closely studied the works of some well-known artists such as [[Raphael]], [[Titian]],  and adapted and altered some of their works. He stayed in Europe for about four years. In 1902, he returned to [[Iran]], after which he became court painter to five shahs.<ref>Issa, R., Pākbāz,R. and Shayegan, D., ''Iranian Contemporary Art,'' Booth-Clibborn Editions, 2001, p. 14</ref>
-==Migration to Iran==
+==Migration to Iraq==
 The increasing pressure on Kamal-ol-Molk, originating in [[Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar]]'s court, left him no option but to leave his country for [[Iraq]], in spite of all the affection he felt for [[Iran]]. The visits he made to the holy cities in Iraq inspired his work at this time. "Karbala-ye-Moalla Square", and "Baghdad Jewish Fortune Tellers" are two of his most magnificent works of this period.
@@ Line 43: / Line 47: @@
 ==Kamal-ol-Molk Art School==
-[[File:Kamal-al-molk-ghabr.jpg|thumb|left|Tomb of Kamal-ol-Molk, [[Nishapur]].]]
+[[File:Kamal-al-molk-ghabr.jpg|thumb|left|[[Tomb of Kamal-ol-molk]], [[Nishapur]].]]
 The post-[[Constitutional]] Movement era of Persia brought about a new atmosphere for the artist. The Constitutionalists were cultured and appreciated art more than did their predecessors, thus respect for Kamal-ol-Molk and his works increased.
-The master established '''Sanaye Mostazrafeh Art School''', better known as '''Kamal-ol-Molk Art School''', pursued his artistic career and steadied a new style in [[Iranian art]]. <ref>Issa, R., Pākbāz,R. and Shayegan, D., ''Iranian Contemporary Art,'' Booth-Clibborn Editions, 2001, pp 14-15</ref> The School's goal was to find new talents, embrace them and educate them in the best possible way. Kamal-ol-Molk did not confine himself to painting. Rather, he introduced other arts and crafts such as carpet weaving, [[mosaic]] designing, and [[woodwork]] to his school in order to revive the dying fine arts. In addition to teaching art, through his kind behavior he also taught students love, morals and humanity. Many a time he stayed late at school, teaching. He even allotted a portion of his monthly payment to poor students.
+The master established '''[[Sanaye Mostazrafeh Art School]]''', better known as '''Kamal-ol-Molk Art School''', pursued his artistic career and steadied a new style in [[Iranian art]].<ref>Issa, R., Pākbāz,R. and Shayegan, D., ''Iranian Contemporary Art,'' Booth-Clibborn Editions, 2001, pp 14-15</ref> The School's goal was to find new talents, embrace them and educate them in the best possible way. Kamal-ol-Molk did not confine himself to painting. Rather, he introduced other arts and crafts such as carpet weaving, [[mosaic]] designing, and [[woodwork]] to his school in order to revive the dying fine arts. In addition to teaching art, through his kind behavior he also taught students love, morals and humanity. Many a time he stayed late at school, teaching. He even allotted a portion of his monthly payment to poor students.
 ==Death==
-Kamal-ol-Molk died in [[Nishapur]], [[Iran]], in 1940. His mourners, especially family and closely related friends, marched his body next to the tomb of [[Sufi poet]], [[Attar of Nishapur|Attar]].
+[[The tomb of Kamal-ol-Molk]] in [[Nishapur]], [[Iran]], in 1940. His mourners, especially family and closely related friends, marched his body next to the tomb of [[Sufi poet]], [[Attar of Nishapur|Attar]].
 {{Clear}}
 ==Gallery==
-<gallery class="center" widths=160px heights=130>
+<gallery class="center" widths="160px" heights="130">
 File:Hassan Vosough od-Dowleh.jpg|Painting of [[Vosough od-Dowleh]]
-File:Ali RezaKhanAzodalMolk.jpg| The [[Azod al-Molk]], 1910
 File:Sardar-assad-bakhtiary.jpg|Painting of [[Ali-Qoli Khan Bakhtiari]]
 File:Naser edin shah by Kamalolmolk.jpg|Painting of [[Naser al-Din Shah Qajar]]
+File:IranianMusicGroup.jpg|Portrait of a music group in Naser al-din shah era, 1886
+File:Golestan palace springhouse.JPG|''The spring hall of Golestan Palace'', 1889
+File:Begger girls by Kamalolmolk.jpg|''Beggar Girls'', painting by Kamal-ol-molk in 1889
 File:Goldworker in Baghdad.jpg|The Baqdadi goldsmith, 1901
+File:Ali RezaKhanAzodalMolk.jpg| The [[Azod-ol-Molk]], 1910
+File:Forooghi kamalolmolk.jpg|''[[The Zoka-ol-Molk I]]'', 1913
 File:Damavand by Kamalolmolk.jpg|''The Damavand Village'', 1915
 File:Kamal-ol-molk.JPG|''The Kamal-ol-molk profile portrait'', 1925
-File:Golestan palace springhouse.JPG|''The spring hall of Golestan Palace'', 1889
-File:Begger girls by Kamalolmolk.jpg|''Beggar Girls'', painting by Kamal-ol-molk in 1889
-File:William-Adolphe Bouguereau (1825-1905) - Petites Mendiantes (1880).jpg|''Petites Mendiantes'' by [[William-Adolphe Bouguereau]], 1880
 </gallery>
 ==See also==
+* [[Iranian art]]
 * [[Islamic art]]
-* [[Iranian art]]
 * [[Islamic calligraphy]]
 * [[List of Iranian artists]]
 == References ==
@@ Line 82: / Line 86: @@
 *[http://www.ghaffaris.com Ghaffari Clan website]
 *[https://web.archive.org/web/20131224104536/http://551.ir/en/neyshabur/tourism/panoramic-images-of-attar-and-kamalalmolk-tombs  Panoramic Images of Kamal Tombs] Neyshabur Day
-* [http://www.kamalalmolk.info/sn/collectioners/pt/full/id/92 Biography and works of Kamal-ol-molk (in [[Persian language]]) ]
+* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140202095036/http://www.kamalalmolk.info/sn/collectioners/pt/full/id/92 Biography and works of Kamal-ol-molk] (in [[Persian language]])
-* [http://www.kamalalmolk.info/sn/works/pt/full/id/53 Biography and works of Kamal-ol-molk (in Persian language) ]
+* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140202095033/http://www.kamalalmolk.info/sn/works/pt/full/id/53 Biography and works of Kamal-ol-molk (in Persian language) ]
 {{Authority control}}
@@ Line 91: / Line 95: @@
 [[Category:1940 deaths]]
 [[Category:People from Kashan]]
-[[Category:1898 paintings]]
 [[Category:Modern paintings]]
 [[Category:Paintings by Kamal-ol-molk]]
 [[Category:20th-century Iranian painters]]
 [[Category:19th-century Iranian painters]]
+[[Category:People of Qajar Iran]]
+[[Category:Ghaffari family]]

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