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{{short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] -->
[[Image:Jaguar sitting-edit1.jpg|thumb|The [[jaguar]] is the largest [[Felidae|felid]] in Nicaragua]]
[[Image:Jaguar sitting-edit1.jpg|thumb|The [[jaguar]] is the largest [[Felidae|felid]] in Nicaragua]]


The '''fauna of Nicaragua''' is characterized by a very high level of [[biodiversity]]. Much of [[Nicaragua]]'s wildlife lives in [[Protected areas of Nicaragua|protected areas]]. There are currently 78 protected areas in Nicaragua, covering more than {{convert|22000|km2|sp=us}}, or about 17% of its landmass.
The '''fauna of Nicaragua''' is characterized by a very high level of [[biodiversity]]. Much of [[Nicaragua]]'s wildlife lives in [[Protected areas of Nicaragua|protected areas]]. There are currently 78 protected areas in Nicaragua, covering more than {{convert|22000|km2|sp=us}}, or about 17% of its landmass.


These protected areas encompass a wide variety of [[habitat]]s, including [[rainforest]]s, lakes, mountains, and volcanoes throughout the country. For example, [[Bosawás Biosphere Reserve]] covers {{convert|7300|km2|sp=us}}, making it the second largest rainforest in the [[Americas]] after the [[Amazon Rainforest]] in [[Brazil]].
These protected areas encompass a wide variety of [[habitat]]s, including [[rainforest]]s, lakes, mountains, and volcanoes throughout the country. For example, [[Bosawás Biosphere Reserve]] in state of [[Jinotega]] (border with [[Honduras]]), covers {{convert|7300|km2|sp=us}}, making it the second largest rainforest in the [[Americas]] after the [[Amazon Rainforest]] in [[Brazil]].


==Vertebrates==
==Mammals==


===Mammals===
[[File:Capuchin Costa Rica.jpg|thumb|A [[white-headed capuchin]] monkey.]]
[[File:Capuchin Costa Rica.jpg|thumb|A [[white-headed capuchin]] monkey.]]
{{main|List of mammals of Nicaragua}}
{{main|List of mammals of Nicaragua}}


Nicaragua is home to several species of [[New World monkey]]s, including the [[Geoffroy's spider monkey]], which is currently listed by the [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] (IUCN) as an [[endangered species]].<ref name=iucn>{{IUCN2008|assessors=Cuarón, A.D., Morales, A., Shedden, A., Rodriguez-Luna, E. & de Grammont, P.C.|year=2008|id=2279|title=Ateles geoffroyi|downloaded=7 October 2008}} Database entry includes justification for why this species is endangered</ref> The [[jaguar]] is the largest [[Felidae|felid]] that is [[Indigenous (ecology)|indigenous]] to Nicaragua. Other species include the [[cougar]], [[jaguarundi]], [[margay]], and [[ocelot]]. There are a number of unusual mammals found in Nicaragua, including the [[three-toed sloth]], [[Northern Tamandua|northern tamandua]] (lesser anteater), and two species of [[armadillo]].<ref name="nicaragua.com">[http://www.nicaragua.com/wildlife/ Nicaragua.com - Wildlife - Nicaragua]</ref>
Nicaragua is home to several species of [[New World monkey]]s, including the [[Geoffroy's spider monkey]], which is currently listed by the [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] (IUCN) as an [[endangered species]].<ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn |author=Cortes-Ortíz, L. |author2=Solano-Rojas, D. |author3=Rosales-Meda, M. |author4=Williams-Guillén, K. |author5=Méndez-Carvajal, P.G. |author6=Marsh, L.K. |author7=Canales-Espinosa, D. |author8=Mittermeier, R.A. |date=2021 |title=''Ateles geoffroyi'' |volume=2021 |page=e.T2279A191688782 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T2279A191688782.en |access-date=11 November 2021}} Database entry includes justification for why this species is endangered</ref> The [[jaguar]] is the largest [[Felidae|felid]] that is [[Indigenous (ecology)|indigenous]] to Nicaragua. Other species include the [[cougar]], [[jaguarundi]], [[margay]], and [[ocelot]]. There are a number of unusual mammals found in Nicaragua, including the [[three-toed sloth]], [[northern tamandua]] (lesser anteater), and two species of [[armadillo]].<ref name="nicaragua.com">[http://www.nicaragua.com/wildlife/ Nicaragua.com - Wildlife - Nicaragua]</ref>


===Birds===
==Birds==

[[Image:Blue-crowned Motmot back 2.jpg|thumb|The barranquero (''[[blue-crowned motmot|Momotus momota]]'', ''Eumomota superciliosa'') is the national bird of Nicaragua.]]
[[Image:Blue-crowned Motmot 1.jpeg|thumb|The barranquero (''[[Lesson's motmot]]'', ''Mamota lessonii'') is the national bird of Nicaragua.]]
{{main|List of birds of Nicaragua}}
{{main|List of birds of Nicaragua}}


The [[List of birds of Nicaragua|birds of Nicaragua]] includes a total of 698 species. Eight of these species, including the [[golden-cheeked warbler]] (''Dendroica chrysoparia'') and the [[great green macaw]] (''Ara ambigua''), are currently listed by the IUCN as [[threatened species]].
The [[List of birds of Nicaragua|birds of Nicaragua]] includes a total of 698 species. Eight of these species, including the [[golden-cheeked warbler]] (''Dendroica chrysoparia'') and the [[great green macaw]] (''Ara ambigua''), are currently listed by the IUCN as [[threatened species]].


Many of Nicaragua's birds are brilliantly colored, including various species of [[True parrots|parrots]], [[motmot]]s, [[toucan]]s, [[trogon]]s, and [[hummingbird]]s. The [[turquoise-browed motmot|guardabarranco]] is the [[List of national birds|national bird]] of Nicaragua. Natural range for the scarlet macaw has been vastly reduced by the pet trade. Most of the Pacific region of Nicaragua no longer is inhabited by the species.jyryutrryuf
Many of Nicaragua's birds are brilliantly colored, including various species of [[True parrots|parrots]], [[toucan]]s, [[trogon]]s, and [[hummingbird]]s. [[Lesson's motmot]] is the [[List of national birds|national bird]] of Nicaragua. Natural range for the scarlet macaw has been vastly reduced by the pet trade. Most of the Pacific region of Nicaragua no longer is inhabited by the species.

⚫
==Reptiles==


⚫
Nicaragua is home to many nesting populations of [[sea turtle]]s, including the [[hawksbill sea turtle]], [[leatherback sea turtle]], [[loggerhead sea turtle]], [[olive ridley sea turtle]], and the [[Pacific green turtle]] (''Chelonia mydas agassisi''). All of these are endangered or [[critically endangered]] species, with declining global populations. [[Fauna and Flora International|Extensive efforts]] are currently underway to preserve them as much as possible.<ref name=Actionatlas>{{Cite web |url=http://actionatlas.org/conservation/oceans-coasts/conserving-nicaragua-s-marine-turtles/summary/pa377730CA9B79878C9E |title=Conserving Nicaragua's marine turtles |access-date=2011-01-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724223717/http://www.actionatlas.org/conservation/oceans-coasts/conserving-nicaragua-s-marine-turtles/summary/pa377730CA9B79878C9E |archive-date=2011-07-24 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fauna-flora.org/americas/turtles.html |title=FFI Americas - Leatherback Turtles |access-date=2007-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061018081639/http://www.fauna-flora.org/americas/turtles.html |archive-date=2006-10-18 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The country also harbors a large diversity of terrestrial snake and lizard species, and is home to the [[spectacled caiman]] and [[American crocodile]].
⚫
===Reptiles===


⚫
==Fish==
⚫
Nicaragua is home to many nesting populations of [[sea turtle]]s, including the [[hawksbill sea turtle]], [[leatherback sea turtle]], [[loggerhead sea turtle]], [[olive ridley sea turtle]], and the [[Pacific green turtle]] (''Chelonia mydas agassisi''). All of these are endangered or [[critically endangered]] species, with declining global populations. [[Fauna and Flora International|Extensive efforts]] are currently underway to preserve them as much as possible.<ref name=Actionatlas>[http://actionatlas.org/conservation/oceans-coasts/conserving-nicaragua-s-marine-turtles/summary/pa377730CA9B79878C9E Conserving Nicaragua's marine turtles]</ref><ref>http://www.fauna-flora.org/americas/turtles.html</ref>


⚫
===Fish===
[[File:Bullshark Beqa Fiji 2007.jpg|thumb|A [[bull shark]], which can survive in fresh water.]]
[[File:Bullshark Beqa Fiji 2007.jpg|thumb|A [[bull shark]], which can survive in fresh water.]]


The [[bull shark]] is a species of shark that can survive for an extended period of time in fresh water. It can be found in [[Lake Nicaragua]] and the [[San Juan River (Nicaragua)|San Juan River]], where it is often referred to as the "Nicaragua shark".<ref>[http://www.nature.org/wherewework/centralamerica/nicaragua/ The Nature Conservancy in Nicaragua - Nicaragua Nature - Nicaragua Conservation - Nicaragua Environment - Nature and Conservation]</ref> Nicaragua has recently banned freshwater fishing of the Nicaragua shark and the [[sawfish]] in response to the declining populations of these animals.<ref>[http://www.underwatertimes.com/news.php?article_id=05437210968 UnderwaterTimes|Nicaragua bans freshwater shark fishing amid dwindling population numbers]</ref>
The [[bull shark]] is a species of shark that can survive for an extended period of time in fresh water. It can be found in [[Lake Nicaragua]] and the [[San Juan River (Nicaragua)|San Juan River]], where it is often referred to as the "Nicaragua shark".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nature.org/wherewework/centralamerica/nicaragua/ |title=The Nature Conservancy in Nicaragua - Nicaragua Nature - Nicaragua Conservation - Nicaragua Environment - Nature and Conservation |access-date=2007-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070405074947/http://www.nature.org/wherewework/centralamerica/nicaragua/ |archive-date=2007-04-05 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Nicaragua has recently banned freshwater fishing of the Nicaragua shark and the [[sawfish]] in response to the declining populations of these animals.<ref>[http://www.underwatertimes.com/news.php?article_id=05437210968 UnderwaterTimes|Nicaragua bans freshwater shark fishing amid dwindling population numbers]</ref>


The [[Midas cichlid]], native to the San Juan River basin in Nicaragua and Costar Rica, is now recognized as a species complex with dozens of species, most or all of them inhabiting extremely reduced ranges.<ref>[http://www.gaianicaragua.org/Geiger_et_al_2010.pdf Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|Not a Simple Case - A First Comprehensive Phylogenetic Hypothesis for the Midas Cichlid Species Complex in Nicaragua (Teleostei: Cichlidae: ''Amphilophus'')]</ref> Five species from a Lake Apoyo, a volcanic crater lake, have been described recently.<ref>[http://www.gaianicaragua.org/three%20new%20species%20of%20cichlids%20from%20Lake%20Apoyo.pdf Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington|Three new species of cichlid fishes (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from Lake Apoyo, Nicaragua]</ref><ref>[http://www.gaianicaragua.org/geiger2010sps.pdf Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington|Description of two new species of the Midas cichlid complex (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from Lake Apoyo, Nicaragua]</ref>
The [[Midas cichlid]], native to the San Juan River basin in Nicaragua and Costar Rica, is now recognized as a species complex with dozens of species, most or all of them inhabiting extremely reduced ranges.<ref>[http://www.gaianicaragua.org/Geiger_et_al_2010.pdf Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|Not a Simple Case - A First Comprehensive Phylogenetic Hypothesis for the Midas Cichlid Species Complex in Nicaragua (Teleostei: Cichlidae: ''Amphilophus'')] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003195914/http://www.gaianicaragua.org/Geiger_et_al_2010.pdf |date=October 3, 2011 }}</ref> Five species from a Lake Apoyo, a volcanic crater lake, have been described recently.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gaianicaragua.org/three%20new%20species%20of%20cichlids%20from%20Lake%20Apoyo.pdf |title=Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington{{!}}Three new species of cichlid fishes (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from Lake Apoyo, Nicaragua |access-date=2012-01-01 |archive-date=2011-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003195733/http://www.gaianicaragua.org/three%20new%20species%20of%20cichlids%20from%20Lake%20Apoyo.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gaianicaragua.org/geiger2010sps.pdf |title=Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington{{!}}Description of two new species of the Midas cichlid complex (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from Lake Apoyo, Nicaragua |access-date=2012-01-01 |archive-date=2011-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003195857/http://www.gaianicaragua.org/geiger2010sps.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>


==Invertebrates==
==Invertebrates==
Line 37: Line 39:
{{Further|List of non-marine molluscs of Nicaragua}}
{{Further|List of non-marine molluscs of Nicaragua}}


Many species of [[Mollusca|molluscs]] are indigenous to Nicaragua, including at least 79 species of terrestrial [[Gastropoda|snails and slugs]].<ref name="Pérez 2008">{{sp icon}} Pérez A. M., Sotelo M., Arana I. & López A. (2008). "Diversidad de moluscos gasterópodos terrestres en la región del Pacífico de Nicaragua y sus preferencias de hábitat". ''[[Rev. Biol. Trop.]]'' '''56'''(1): 317-332,. [http://www.bio-nica.info/biblioteca/Perez2008Moluscos.pdf PDF]</ref>
Many species of [[Mollusca|molluscs]] are indigenous to Nicaragua, including at least 79 species of terrestrial [[Gastropoda|snails and slugs]].<ref name="Pérez 2008">{{in lang|es}} Pérez A. M., Sotelo M., Arana I. & López A. (2008). "Diversidad de moluscos gasterópodos terrestres en la región del Pacífico de Nicaragua y sus preferencias de hábitat". ''[[Rev. Biol. Trop.]]'' '''56'''(1): 317-332,. [http://www.bio-nica.info/biblioteca/Perez2008Moluscos.pdf PDF]</ref>


==Protected areas==
==Protected areas==
{{main|National System of Protected Areas (Nicaragua)|Protected areas of Nicaragua}}
{{main|National System of Protected Areas (Nicaragua)|Protected areas of Nicaragua}}


There are currently 78 protected areas in Nicaragua, covering more than {{convert|22000|km2|sp=us}}, or about 17% of its landmass. These include [[wildlife refuge]]s and [[nature reserve]]s that shelter a wide range of [[ecosystem]]s. There are more than 1,400 animal species classified thus far in Nicaragua. Some 12,000 species of plants have been [[Biological classification|classified]] thus far in Nicaragua, with an estimated 5,000 species not yet classified.<ref>[http://centralamerica.com/nicaragua/parks/nationalpark.htm National Parks and Protected Areas of Nicaragua]</ref>
There are currently 78 protected areas in Nicaragua, covering more than {{convert|22000|km2|sp=us}}, or about 17% of its landmass. These include [[wildlife refuge]]s and [[nature reserve]]s that shelter a wide range of [[ecosystem]]s. There are more than 1,400 animal species classified thus far in Nicaragua. Some 12,000 species of plants have been [[Biological classification|classified]] thus far in Nicaragua, with an estimated 5,000 species not yet classified.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://centralamerica.com/nicaragua/parks/nationalpark.htm |title=National Parks and Protected Areas of Nicaragua |access-date=2007-02-24 |archive-date=2017-08-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802185044/http://centralamerica.com/nicaragua/parks/nationalpark.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
{{Portal|Nicaragua}}
* [[List of amphibians of Nicaragua]]
* [[List of amphibians of Nicaragua]]
* [[:Category:Flora of Nicaragua|Flora of Nicaragua]]
* [[:Category:Flora of Nicaragua|Flora of Nicaragua]]
Line 54: Line 57:


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


==External links==
==External links==
* [http://www.nicaragua.com/wildlife/ Nicaragua.com] on Wildlife
* [http://www.nicaragua.com/wildlife/ Nicaragua.com] on Wildlife
* [http://www.underwatertimes.com/news.php?article_id=05437210968 underwatertimes.com] Article on endangered shark in Nicaragua.
* [http://www.underwatertimes.com/news.php?article_id=05437210968 underwatertimes.com] Article on endangered shark in Nicaragua.
* [http://www.mcsuk.org/marineworld/turtles/wildlife+conservation+society,+nicaragua WCS] Adopt-a-turtle fund
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927040407/http://www.mcsuk.org/marineworld/turtles/wildlife+conservation+society,+nicaragua WCS] Adopt-a-turtle fund
* [http://centralamerica.com/nicaragua/parks/nationalpark.htm CentralAmerica.com] Information about National Parks
* [http://centralamerica.com/nicaragua/parks/nationalpark.htm CentralAmerica.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802185044/http://centralamerica.com/nicaragua/parks/nationalpark.htm |date=2017-08-02 }} Information about National Parks
* [http://toursnicaragua.com/country_info.html More info] on reserves
* [http://toursnicaragua.com/country_info.html More info] on reserves
* [http://www.lagunadeapoyo.blogspot.com] Wildlife of Laguna de Apoyo Nature Reserve, Nicaragua
* [http://www.lagunadeapoyo.blogspot.com] Wildlife of Laguna de Apoyo Nature Reserve, Nicaragua
* [http://lagunadeapoyo.blogspot.com/2013/01/illegal-traffic-in-nicaraguan-wildlife.html Illegal Traffic in Scarlet Macaws]
* [http://lagunadeapoyo.blogspot.com/2013/01/illegal-traffic-in-nicaraguan-wildlife.html Illegal Traffic in Scarlet Macaws]
* [https://ecoterranicaragua.com/] on reserve


{{Nicaragua topics}}
{{Nicaragua topics}}
{{North America topic|Fauna of}}
{{North America topic|Fauna of}}


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[[Category:Fauna of Nicaragua| ]]
[[Category:Environment of Nicaragua]]
[[Category:Environment of Nicaragua]]
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[[Category:Fauna of Nicaragua]]

Revision as of 03:40, 15 July 2024

The jaguar is the largest felid in Nicaragua

The fauna of Nicaragua is characterized by a very high level of biodiversity. Much of Nicaragua's wildlife lives in protected areas. There are currently 78 protected areas in Nicaragua, covering more than 22,000 square kilometers (8,500 sq mi), or about 17% of its landmass.

These protected areas encompass a wide variety of habitats, including rainforests, lakes, mountains, and volcanoes throughout the country. For example, Bosawás Biosphere Reserve in state of Jinotega (border with Honduras), covers 7,300 square kilometers (2,800 sq mi), making it the second largest rainforest in the Americas after the Amazon Rainforest in Brazil.

Mammals

A white-headed capuchin monkey.
Main article: List of mammals of Nicaragua

Nicaragua is home to several species of New World monkeys, including the Geoffroy's spider monkey, which is currently listed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) as an endangered species.[1] The jaguar is the largest felid that is indigenous to Nicaragua. Other species include the cougar, jaguarundi, margay, and ocelot. There are a number of unusual mammals found in Nicaragua, including the three-toed sloth, northern tamandua (lesser anteater), and two species of armadillo.[2]

Birds

The barranquero (Lesson's motmot, Mamota lessonii) is the national bird of Nicaragua.
Main article: List of birds of Nicaragua

The birds of Nicaragua includes a total of 698 species. Eight of these species, including the golden-cheeked warbler (Dendroica chrysoparia) and the great green macaw (Ara ambigua), are currently listed by the IUCN as threatened species.

Many of Nicaragua's birds are brilliantly colored, including various species of parrots, toucans, trogons, and hummingbirds. Lesson's motmot is the national bird of Nicaragua. Natural range for the scarlet macaw has been vastly reduced by the pet trade. Most of the Pacific region of Nicaragua no longer is inhabited by the species.

Reptiles

Nicaragua is home to many nesting populations of sea turtles, including the hawksbill sea turtle, leatherback sea turtle, loggerhead sea turtle, olive ridley sea turtle, and the Pacific green turtle (Chelonia mydas agassisi). All of these are endangered or critically endangered species, with declining global populations. Extensive efforts are currently underway to preserve them as much as possible.[3][4] The country also harbors a large diversity of terrestrial snake and lizard species, and is home to the spectacled caiman and American crocodile.

Fish

A bull shark, which can survive in fresh water.

The bull shark is a species of shark that can survive for an extended period of time in fresh water. It can be found in Lake Nicaragua and the San Juan River, where it is often referred to as the "Nicaragua shark".[5] Nicaragua has recently banned freshwater fishing of the Nicaragua shark and the sawfish in response to the declining populations of these animals.[6]

The Midas cichlid, native to the San Juan River basin in Nicaragua and Costar Rica, is now recognized as a species complex with dozens of species, most or all of them inhabiting extremely reduced ranges.[7] Five species from a Lake Apoyo, a volcanic crater lake, have been described recently.[8][9]

Invertebrates

Molluscs

Further information: List of non-marine molluscs of Nicaragua

Many species of molluscs are indigenous to Nicaragua, including at least 79 species of terrestrial snails and slugs.[10]

Protected areas

Main articles: National System of Protected Areas (Nicaragua) and Protected areas of Nicaragua

There are currently 78 protected areas in Nicaragua, covering more than 22,000 square kilometers (8,500 sq mi), or about 17% of its landmass. These include wildlife refuges and nature reserves that shelter a wide range of ecosystems. There are more than 1,400 animal species classified thus far in Nicaragua. Some 12,000 species of plants have been classified thus far in Nicaragua, with an estimated 5,000 species not yet classified.[11]

See also

General:

References

  1. ^ Cortes-Ortíz, L.; Solano-Rojas, D.; Rosales-Meda, M.; Williams-Guillén, K.; Méndez-Carvajal, P.G.; Marsh, L.K.; Canales-Espinosa, D.; Mittermeier, R.A. (2021). "Ateles geoffroyi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T2279A191688782. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T2279A191688782.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021. Database entry includes justification for why this species is endangered
  2. ^ Nicaragua.com - Wildlife - Nicaragua
  3. ^ "Conserving Nicaragua's marine turtles". Archived from the original on 2011-07-24. Retrieved 2011-01-23.
  4. ^ "FFI Americas - Leatherback Turtles". Archived from the original on 2006-10-18. Retrieved 2007-02-24.
  5. ^ "The Nature Conservancy in Nicaragua - Nicaragua Nature - Nicaragua Conservation - Nicaragua Environment - Nature and Conservation". Archived from the original on 2007-04-05. Retrieved 2007-02-24.
  6. ^ UnderwaterTimes|Nicaragua bans freshwater shark fishing amid dwindling population numbers
  7. ^ Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|Not a Simple Case - A First Comprehensive Phylogenetic Hypothesis for the Midas Cichlid Species Complex in Nicaragua (Teleostei: Cichlidae: Amphilophus) Archived October 3, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
  8. ^ "Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington|Three new species of cichlid fishes (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from Lake Apoyo, Nicaragua" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-10-03. Retrieved 2012-01-01.
  9. ^ "Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington|Description of two new species of the Midas cichlid complex (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from Lake Apoyo, Nicaragua" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-10-03. Retrieved 2012-01-01.
  10. ^ (in Spanish) Pérez A. M., Sotelo M., Arana I. & López A. (2008). "Diversidad de moluscos gasterópodos terrestres en la región del Pacífico de Nicaragua y sus preferencias de hábitat". Rev. Biol. Trop. 56(1): 317-332,. PDF
  11. ^ "National Parks and Protected Areas of Nicaragua". Archived from the original on 2017-08-02. Retrieved 2007-02-24.
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