Glenfinnan Viaduct: Difference between revisions

Glenfinnan Viaduct
Glenfinnan Viaduct
	The Jacobite steam train crossing the viaduct in 2022
Coordinates	56°52′35″N 5°25′55″W / 56.876285°N 5.431914°W
Carries	West Highland Line
Crosses	River Finnan
Owner	Network Rail
Characteristics
Material	Concrete
Total length	381 metres
Height	30 metres
Longest span	50 feet (15 m)
No. of spans	21
History
Engineering design by	Simpson & Wilson
Constructed by	Robert McAlpine & Sons
Construction start	1897
Construction end	October 1898
Opened	1 April 1901
Location

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The Glenfinnan Viaduct is a railway viaduct on the West Highland Line in Glenfinnan, Inverness-shire, Scotland, built from 1897 to 1901. Located at the top of Loch Shiel in the West Scottish Highlands, the viaduct overlooks the Glenfinnan Monument and the waters of Loch Shiel.

Construction

The West Highland Railway was built to Fort William by Lucas & Aird, but there were delays with the West Highland Railway Mallaig Extension (Guarantee) bill for the Mallaig Extension Railway in the House of Commons as the Tory and Liberal parties fought over the issue of subsidies for public transport. This Act did pass in 1896, by which time Lucas & Aird (and their workers) had moved south.^[1] New contractors were needed and Robert McAlpine & Sons were taken on with Simpson & Wilson as engineers. Robert McAlpine & Sons was headed by Robert McAlpine, nicknamed "Concrete Bob" for his innovative use of mass concrete.^[2] Concrete was used due to the difficulty of working the hard schist in the area.^[3] McAlpine's son Robert, then aged 28, took charge of construction, with his younger son Malcolm appointed as assistant.^[4]

Construction of the extension from Fort William to Mallaig began in January 1897, and the line opened on 1 April 1901.^[5]^[6] The Glenfinnan Viaduct, however, was complete enough by October 1898 to be used to transport materials across the valley.^[7] It was built at a cost of £18,904.^[3]^[8]

A long-established legend attached to the Glenfinnan Viaduct was that a horse had fallen into one of the piers during construction in 1898 or 1899.^[9]^[10] In 1987, Professor Roland Paxton failed to find evidence of a horse at Glenfinnan using a borescope inserted into boreholes in the only two piers large enough to accommodate a horse.^[10] In 1997, on the basis of local hearsay, he investigated the Loch nan Uamh Viaduct by the same method but found the piers to be full of rubble.^[9]^[10] Using scanning technology in 2001, the remains of the horse and cart were found at Loch nan Uamh, within the large central pylon.^[11]

Design

The viaduct is built from mass concrete, and has 21 semicircular spans of 50 feet (15 m).^[12] It is the longest concrete railway bridge in Scotland at 416 yards (380 m), and crosses the River Finnan at a height of 100 feet (30 m).^[12]^[8]^[13] The West Highland Line it carries is single track, and the viaduct is 18 feet (5.5 m) wide between the parapets.^[12] The viaduct is built on a curve of 792 feet (241 m).^[14]

The concrete used in the Glenfinnan Viaduct is mass concrete, which unlike reinforced concrete does not contain any metal reinforcement.^[15] It is formed by pouring concrete, typically using fine aggregate, into formwork, resulting in a material very strong in compression but weak in tension.^[15]^[16]

Services

The West Highland Line connects Fort William and Mallaig, and was a crucial artery for the local fishing industry and the Highland economy in general, which suffered enormously after the Highland Clearances of the 1800s.

The line is used by passenger trains operated by ScotRail between Glasgow Queen Street and Mallaig, with Class 153 and Class 156 diesel multiple units.^[17] In the summer, West Coast Railways operates The Jacobite steam train along the line. It is a popular tourist event in the area, and the viaduct is one of the major attractions of the line.^[18] The Royal Scotsman also operates on the line.^[19]

Depiction

The viaduct is commemorated on this Bank of Scotland £10 note.

Glenfinnan Viaduct has been used as a location in several films and television series, including Ring of Bright Water, Charlotte Gray, Monarch of the Glen, Stone of Destiny, The Crown, and four of the Harry Potter films. After its appearance in Harry Potter, British Transport Police had to warn fans not to walk on the viaduct after a handful of near misses with trains had occurred.^[20] It is also featured in the 2018 video game Forza Horizon 4.

The Glenfinnan Viaduct features on some Scottish banknotes. The 2007 series of notes issued by the Bank of Scotland depicts different bridges in Scotland as examples of Scottish engineering, and the £10 note features the Glenfinnan Viaduct.^[21]^[22]

References

^ Thomas 1971, pp. 92–95
^ Miers, Mary (2008). The Western Seaboard: An Illustrated Architectural Guide. Rutland Press. ISBN 978-1-873190-29-6.
^ ^a ^b Paxton, Roland; Shipway, J. (2007). Civil Engineering Heritage Scotland: Highlands and islands. Thomas Telford. pp. 186–187. ISBN 978-0-7277-3488-4.
^ Thomas 1971, pp. 95–96
^ Thomas 1971, pp. 177–178
^ Awdry, Christopher (1990). Encyclopaedia of British Railway Companies. Sparkford: Patrick Stephens Ltd. p. 169. ISBN 1-8526-0049-7. OCLC 19514063. CN 8983.
^ Chartered Civil Engineer. Institution of Civil Engineers. 1956. p. 8.
^ ^a ^b Concrete Bob's Scottish masterpiece Rail issue 312 27 August 1997 pages 40-41
^ ^a ^b "Jim Shipway". The Herald. 23 August 2013. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
^ ^a ^b ^c "The Horse in the Viaduct - a tale of Victorian engineering". moidart.org.uk. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
^ Historic Environment Scotland. "Loch Nan Uamh Viaduct (22716)". Canmore. Retrieved 30 December 2014.
^ ^a ^b ^c Historic Environment Scotland. "Glenfinnan Railway Viaduct (23340)". Canmore. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
^ Historic Environment Scotland. "Glenfinnan Railway Viaduct over River Finnan (Category A Listed Building) (LB310)". Retrieved 26 March 2019.
^ Thomas, John; Turnock, David (1993). The North of Scotland. A Regional History of the Railways of Great Britain Vol. 15 (2nd ed.). Pan Books. p. 278. ISBN 0-330-02479-5.
^ ^a ^b Historic Concrete in Scotland Part 1: History and Development (PDF). Historic Scotland. 2013. ISBN 978-1-84917-119-9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
^ Practical Building Conservation: Concrete. Ashgate Publishing. 2012. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-7546-4565-8.
^ West Highlands timetable Archived 16 May 2022 at the Wayback Machine ScotRail
^ The Jacobite West Coast Railways
^ Western Scenic Wonders Royal Scotsman
^ "Harry Potter fans warned after near misses on Glenfinnan Viaduct". BBC News. 19 May 2017.
^ "Current Banknotes : Bank of Scotland". The Committee of Scottish Clearing Bankers. Retrieved 29 October 2008.
^ Bridges on Euro notes

Sources

Thomas, John (1971). The West Highland Railway. Pan Books. ISBN 0-330-02479-5.

External links

Media related to Glenfinnan Viaduct at Wikimedia Commons

[1] Thomas 1971, pp. 92–95

[2] Miers, Mary (2008). The Western Seaboard: An Illustrated Architectural Guide. Rutland Press. ISBN 978-1-873190-29-6.

[rp1867-3] Paxton, Roland; Shipway, J. (2007). Civil Engineering Heritage Scotland: Highlands and islands. Thomas Telford. pp. 186–187. ISBN 978-0-7277-3488-4.

[4] Thomas 1971, pp. 95–96

[5] Thomas 1971, pp. 177–178

[6] Awdry, Christopher (1990). Encyclopaedia of British Railway Companies. Sparkford: Patrick Stephens Ltd. p. 169. ISBN 1-8526-0049-7. OCLC 19514063. CN 8983.

[7] Chartered Civil Engineer. Institution of Civil Engineers. 1956. p. 8.

[Rail312-8] Concrete Bob's Scottish masterpiece Rail issue 312 27 August 1997 pages 40-41

[high-9] "Jim Shipway". The Herald. 23 August 2013. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 1 January 2015.

[moi-10] "The Horse in the Viaduct - a tale of Victorian engineering". moidart.org.uk. Retrieved 1 January 2015.

[11] Historic Environment Scotland. "Loch Nan Uamh Viaduct (22716)". Canmore. Retrieved 30 December 2014.

[can-12] Historic Environment Scotland. "Glenfinnan Railway Viaduct (23340)". Canmore. Retrieved 2 January 2015.

[13] Historic Environment Scotland. "Glenfinnan Railway Viaduct over River Finnan (Category A Listed Building) (LB310)". Retrieved 26 March 2019.

[14] Thomas, John; Turnock, David (1993). The North of Scotland. A Regional History of the Railways of Great Britain Vol. 15 (2nd ed.). Pan Books. p. 278. ISBN 0-330-02479-5.

[ch-15] Historic Concrete in Scotland Part 1: History and Development (PDF). Historic Scotland. 2013. ISBN 978-1-84917-119-9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 2 January 2015.

[16] Practical Building Conservation: Concrete. Ashgate Publishing. 2012. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-7546-4565-8.

[17] West Highlands timetable Archived 16 May 2022 at the Wayback Machine ScotRail

[18] The Jacobite West Coast Railways

[19] Western Scenic Wonders Royal Scotsman

[20] "Harry Potter fans warned after near misses on Glenfinnan Viaduct". BBC News. 19 May 2017.

[scotbanks-21] "Current Banknotes : Bank of Scotland". The Committee of Scottish Clearing Bankers. Retrieved 29 October 2008.

[22] Bridges on Euro notes

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{short description|Railway viaduct in Highland, Scotland, UK}}
+{{pp|small=yes}}
-{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
+{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
 {{Use British English|date=April 2017}}
 {{Infobox bridge
@@ Line 33: / Line 34: @@
 {{History of WHL viaducts}} The Glenfinnan Viaduct, however, was complete enough by October 1898 to be used to transport materials across the valley.<ref>{{cite book|title=Chartered Civil Engineer|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X_IRAQAAMAAJ|year=1956|publisher=[[Institution of Civil Engineers]]|page=8}}</ref> It was built at a cost of [[Pound sterling|£]]18,904.<ref name=rp1867/><ref name=Rail312>Concrete Bob's Scottish masterpiece ''[[Rail (magazine)|Rail]]'' issue 312 27 August 1997 pages 40-41</ref>
-A long-established legend attached to the Glenfinnan Viaduct was that a horse had fallen into one of the piers during construction in 1898 or 1899.<ref name=high>{{cite news |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-35045158.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924192908/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-35045158.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 September 2015 |title=Jim Shipway |work=[[The Herald (Glasgow)|The Herald]]|date=23 August 2013 |access-date=1 January 2015}}</ref><ref name=moi>{{cite web |url=http://www.moidart.org.uk/justoutside/horseinviaduct/horseinviaduct.htm |title=The Horse in the Viaduct - a tale of Victorian engineering |publisher=moidart.org.uk |access-date=1 January 2015}}</ref> In 1987, Professor Roland Paxton failed to find evidence of a horse at Glenfinnan using a [[borescope]] inserted into boreholes in the only two piers large enough to accommodate a horse.<ref name=moi/> In 1997, on the basis of local hearsay, he investigated the [[Loch nan Uamh Viaduct]] by the same method but found the piers to be full of rubble.<ref name=high/><ref name=moi/> Using scanning technology in 2001, the remains of the horse and cart were found at Loch nan Uamh, within the large central pylon.<ref>{{Canmore |num=22716 |desc=Loch Nan Uamh Viaduct |access-date=30 December 2014}}</ref>
+A long-established legend attached to the Glenfinnan Viaduct was that a horse had fallen into one of the piers during construction in 1898 or 1899.<ref name=high>{{cite news |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-35045158.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924192908/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-35045158.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 September 2015 |title=Jim Shipway |work=[[The Herald (Glasgow)|The Herald]]|date=23 August 2013 |access-date=1 January 2015}}</ref><ref name=moi>{{cite web |url=http://www.moidart.org.uk/justoutside/horseinviaduct/horseinviaduct.htm |title=The Horse in the Viaduct - a tale of Victorian engineering |publisher=moidart.org.uk |access-date=1 January 2015}}</ref> In 1987, Professor Roland Paxton failed to find evidence of a horse at Glenfinnan using a [[borescope]] inserted into boreholes in the only two piers large enough to accommodate a horse.<ref name=moi/> In 1997, on the basis of local hearsay, he investigated the [[Loch nan Uamh Viaduct]] by the same method but found the piers to be full of rubble.<ref name=high/><ref name=moi/> Using scanning technology in 2001, the remains of the horse and cart were found at [[Loch_nan_Uamh_Viaduct|Loch nan Uamh]], within the large central pylon.<ref>{{Canmore |num=22716 |desc=Loch Nan Uamh Viaduct |access-date=30 December 2014}}</ref>
 ==Design==
 The viaduct is built from [[mass concrete]], and has 21 semicircular spans of {{convert|50|ft}}.<ref name=can>{{Canmore |num=23340 |desc=Glenfinnan Railway Viaduct |access-date=2 January 2015}}</ref> It is the longest concrete railway bridge in Scotland at {{convert|416|yds}}, and crosses the River Finnan at a height of {{convert|100|ft}}.<ref name=can/><ref name=Rail312/><ref>{{Historic Environment Scotland|num=LB310 |desc=Glenfinnan Railway Viaduct over River Finnan|cat=A|access-date=26 March 2019}}</ref> The West Highland Line it carries is [[Single track (rail)|single track]], and the viaduct is {{convert|18|ft}} wide between the parapets.<ref name=can/> The viaduct is built on a curve of {{convert|792|ft}}.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Thomas|first1=John|last2=Turnock|first2=David|title=The North of Scotland|edition=2nd|series=A Regional History of the Railways of Great Britain Vol. 15|year=1993|publisher=[[Pan Books]]|isbn=0-330-02479-5|page=278}}</ref>
-The concrete used in the Glenfinnan Viaduct is mass concrete, which unlike [[reinforced concrete]] does not contain any metal reinforcement.<ref name=ch>{{cite book |url=http://conservation.historic-scotland.gov.uk/historic-concrete-short-guide.pdf |title=Historic Concrete in Scotland Part 1: History and Development |year=2013 |publisher=[[Historic Scotland]]|isbn=978-1-84917-119-9}}</ref> It is formed by pouring concrete, typically using fine [[Construction aggregate|aggregate]], into [[formwork]], resulting in a material very strong in compression but weak in tension.<ref name=ch/><ref>{{cite book|title=Practical Building Conservation: Concrete|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cWBAR0rR_HoC&pg=PA6|year=2012|publisher=[[Ashgate Publishing]]|isbn=978-0-7546-4565-8|page=6}}</ref>
+The concrete used in the Glenfinnan Viaduct is mass concrete, which unlike [[reinforced concrete]] does not contain any metal reinforcement.<ref name=ch>{{cite book |url=http://conservation.historic-scotland.gov.uk/historic-concrete-short-guide.pdf |title=Historic Concrete in Scotland Part 1: History and Development |year=2013 |publisher=[[Historic Scotland]] |isbn=978-1-84917-119-9 |access-date=2 January 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304024157/http://conservation.historic-scotland.gov.uk/historic-concrete-short-guide.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is formed by pouring concrete, typically using fine [[Construction aggregate|aggregate]], into [[formwork]], resulting in a material very strong in compression but weak in tension.<ref name=ch/><ref>{{cite book|title=Practical Building Conservation: Concrete|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cWBAR0rR_HoC&pg=PA6|year=2012|publisher=[[Ashgate Publishing]]|isbn=978-0-7546-4565-8|page=6}}</ref>
 ==Services==
-The [[West Highland Line]] connects [[Fort William railway station|Fort William]] and [[Mallaig railway station|Mallaig]], and was a crucial artery for the local fishing industry and the highlands economy in general, which suffered enormously after the [[Highland Clearances]] of the 1800s.
+The [[West Highland Line]] connects [[Fort William railway station|Fort William]] and [[Mallaig railway station|Mallaig]], and was a crucial artery for the local fishing industry and the Highland economy in general, which suffered enormously after the [[Highland Clearances]] of the 1800s.
-The line is used by passenger trains operated by [[ScotRail]] between [[Glasgow Queen Street railway station|Glasgow Queen Street]] and Mallaig, with [[British Rail Class 153|Class 153]] and [[British Rail Class 156|Class 156]] [[diesel multiple unit]]s.<ref>[https://www.scotrail.co.uk/sites/default/files/assets/download_ct/20220512/WHPtGSXS8aKkVtZ6zraYyGu2Velt_o3Z0DndrBcMQW4/sr248_west_highlands.pdf West Highlands timetable] [[ScotRail]]</ref> In the summer, [[West Coast Railways]] operates ''[[The Jacobite (Steam Train)|The Jacobite]]'' steam train along the line. It is a popular tourist event in the area, and the viaduct is one of the major attractions of the line.<ref>[https://westcoastrailways.co.uk/jacobite/steam-train-trip The Jacobite] [[West Coast Railways]]</ref> The ''[[Royal Scotsman]]'' also operates on the line.<ref>[https://www.belmond.com/trains/europe/scotland/belmond-royal-scotsman/journeys/western-scenic-wonders?adults=2&departureDate=2022-06-17&packageCode=SWEST Western Scenic Wonders] [[Royal Scotsman]]</ref>
+The line is used by passenger trains operated by [[ScotRail]] between [[Glasgow Queen Street railway station|Glasgow Queen Street]] and Mallaig, with [[British Rail Class 153|Class 153]] and [[British Rail Class 156|Class 156]] [[diesel multiple unit]]s.<ref>[https://www.scotrail.co.uk/sites/default/files/assets/download_ct/20220512/WHPtGSXS8aKkVtZ6zraYyGu2Velt_o3Z0DndrBcMQW4/sr248_west_highlands.pdf West Highlands timetable] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516040616/https://www.scotrail.co.uk/sites/default/files/assets/download_ct/20220512/WHPtGSXS8aKkVtZ6zraYyGu2Velt_o3Z0DndrBcMQW4/sr248_west_highlands.pdf |date=16 May 2022 }} [[ScotRail]]</ref> In the summer, [[West Coast Railways]] operates ''[[The Jacobite (Steam Train)|The Jacobite]]'' steam train along the line. It is a popular tourist event in the area, and the viaduct is one of the major attractions of the line.<ref>[https://westcoastrailways.co.uk/jacobite/steam-train-trip The Jacobite] [[West Coast Railways]]</ref> The ''[[Royal Scotsman]]'' also operates on the line.<ref>[https://www.belmond.com/trains/europe/scotland/belmond-royal-scotsman/journeys/western-scenic-wonders?adults=2&departureDate=2022-06-17&packageCode=SWEST Western Scenic Wonders] [[Royal Scotsman]]</ref>
 ==Depiction==
-[[File:Bank-of-Scotland-ten-pounds.jpg|thumb|270px|The viaduct is commemorated on this Bank of Scotland £10 note]]
+[[File:Bank-of-Scotland-ten-pounds.jpg|thumb|270px|The viaduct is commemorated on this Bank of Scotland £10 note.]]
 Glenfinnan Viaduct has been used as a location in several films and television series, including ''[[Ring of Bright Water (film)|Ring of Bright Water]]'',  ''[[Charlotte Gray (film)|Charlotte Gray]]'', ''[[Monarch of the Glen (TV series)|Monarch of the Glen]]'', ''[[Stone of Destiny (film)|Stone of Destiny]]'', ''[[The Crown (TV series)|The Crown]],'' and four of the [[Harry Potter (film series)|''Harry Potter'' films]]. After its appearance in ''Harry Potter'', [[British Transport Police]] had to warn fans not to walk on the viaduct after a handful of near misses with trains had occurred.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-highlands-islands-39976271|title=Harry Potter fans warned after near misses on Glenfinnan Viaduct|work=[[BBC News]]|date=19 May 2017}}</ref> It is also featured in the 2018 video game ''[[Forza Horizon 4]]''.