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{{redirect|E3b|the Pennsylvania Railroad locomotive|PRR E3b}}
{{redirect|E3b|the Pennsylvania Railroad locomotive|PRR E3b}}
{{Infobox haplogroup
{{Infobox haplogroup
|name=E-M215 (former E3b / E1b1b)
|name={{Hlist|E-M215|E1b1b}}
|origin-place=[[East Africa]]{{sfnp|Cruciani|La_Fratta|Santolamazza|Sellitto|2004}}{{sfn|Trombetta|2015}}
|origin-place=[[East Africa]]{{sfnp|Cruciani|La_Fratta|Santolamazza|Sellitto|2004}}{{sfn|Trombetta|2015}}
|origin-date=47,500 - 22,400 BP{{sfn|Trombetta|2015}}<ref name="ReferenceC">{{cite journal | vauthors = Haber M, Jones AL, Connel BA, Asan, Arciero E, Huanming Y, Thomas MG, Xue Y, Tyler-Smith C | title = A Rare Deep-Rooting D0 African Y-chromosomal Haplogroup and its Implications for the Expansion of Modern Humans Out of Africa | journal = Genetics | pages = 1421–1428 | date = June 2019 | pmid = 31196864 | doi = 10.1534/genetics.119.302368 | doi-access = free | pmc = 6707464 | volume = 212 | issue = 4 }}</ref><ref name = Cruciani2007/>
|origin-date=47,500—22,400 BP{{sfn|Trombetta|2015}}<ref name="ReferenceC">{{cite journal | vauthors = Haber M, Jones AL, Connel BA, Asan, Arciero E, Huanming Y, Thomas MG, Xue Y, Tyler-Smith C | title = A Rare Deep-Rooting D0 African Y-chromosomal Haplogroup and its Implications for the Expansion of Modern Humans Out of Africa | journal = Genetics | pages = 1421–1428 | date = June 2019 | pmid = 31196864 | doi = 10.1534/genetics.119.302368 | doi-access = free | pmc = 6707464 | volume = 212 | issue = 4 }}</ref><ref name = Cruciani2007/>
|TMRCA=34,800 BP<ref name="YFull">{{Cite web |url=https://www.yfull.com/tree/E-M215/ |title=E-M215 YTree}}</ref>
|TMRCA=34,800 BP<ref name="YFull">{{Cite web |url=https://www.yfull.com/tree/E-M215/ |title=E-M215 YTree}}</ref>
|ancestor=[[Haplogroup E-P2|E-P2]]
|ancestor=[[Haplogroup E-P2|E-P2]]
|descendants=[[Haplogroup E-M35|E-M35]], E-M281
|descendants={{Hlist|[[Haplogroup E-M35|E-M35]]|E-M281}}
|mutations=M215
|mutations=M215
|map=E1b1b.png|caption=Geographic distribution of the haplogroup E1b1b}}
}}


'''E-M215''', also known as '''E1b1b-M215''', is a [[human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup]]. E-M215 has two basal branches, [[Haplogroup E-M35|E-M35]] and E-M281. E-M35 is primarily distributed in [[North Africa]] and the [[Horn of Africa]], and occurs at lower frequencies in the [[Middle East]], [[Europe]], and [[Southern Africa]]. E-M281 occurs at a low frequency in [[Ethiopia]].
'''E-M215''' or '''E1b1b''', formerly known as '''E3b''', is a major [[human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup]]. E-M215 has two basal branches, [[Haplogroup E-M35|E-M35]] and E-M281. E-M35 is primarily distributed in [[North Africa]] and the [[Horn of Africa]], and occurs at moderate frequencies in the [[Middle East]], [[Europe]], and [[Southern Africa]]. E-M281 occurs at a low frequency in [[Ethiopia]].


==Origins==
==Origins==
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==Ancient DNA==
==Ancient DNA==


According to Lazaridis et al. (2016), [[Natufian culture|Natufian]] skeletal remains from the ancient [[Levant]] predominantly carried the Y-DNA haplogroup E1b1b. Of the five Natufian specimens analysed for paternal lineages, three belonged to the E1b1b1b2(xE1b1b1b2a,E1b1b1b2b), E1b1(xE1b1a1,E1b1b1b1) and E1b1b1b2(xE1b1b1b2a,E1b1b1b2b) subclades (60%). Haplogroup E1b1b was also found at moderate frequencies among fossils from the ensuing [[Pre-Pottery Neolithic B]] culture, with the E1b1b1 and E1b1b1b2(xE1b1b1b2a,E1b1b1b2b) subclades observed in two of seven PPNB specimens (~29%). The scientists suggest that the Levantine early farmers may have spread southward into East Africa, bringing along Western Eurasian and [[Basal Eurasian]] ancestral components separate from that which would arrive later in North Africa.
According to Lazaridis et al. (2016), [[Natufian culture|Natufian]] skeletal remains from the ancient [[Levant]] predominantly carried the Y-DNA haplogroup E1b1b. Of the five Natufian specimens analyzed for paternal lineages, three belonged to the E1b1b1b2(xE1b1b1b2a, E1b1b1b2b), E1b1(xE1b1a1, E1b1b1b1) and E1b1b1b2(xE1b1b1b2a, E1b1b1b2b) subclades (60%). Haplogroup E1b1b was also found at moderate frequencies among fossils from the ensuing [[Pre-Pottery Neolithic B]] culture, with the E1b1b1 and E1b1b1b2(xE1b1b1b2a, E1b1b1b2b) subclades observed in two of seven PPNB specimens (~29%). The scientists suggest that the Levantine early farmers may have spread southward into East Africa, bringing along Western Eurasian and [[Basal Eurasian]] ancestral components separate from that which would arrive later in North Africa.


Additionally, haplogroup E1b1b1 has been found in an [[ancient Egypt]]ian mummy excavated at the [[Abusir|Abusir el-Meleq]] archaeological site in Middle Egypt, which dates from a period between the late [[New Kingdom of Egypt|New Kingdom]] and the [[Egypt (Roman province)|Roman era]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Schuenemann, Verena J.|display-authors=etal|title=Ancient Egyptian mummy genomes suggest an increase of Sub-Saharan African ancestry in post-Roman periods|journal=Nature Communications|date=2017|volume=8|page=15694|pmid=28556824|doi=10.1038/ncomms15694|pmc=5459999|bibcode=2017NatCo...815694S}}</ref> Fossils at the [[Iberomaurusian]] site of [[Ifri N'Amr Ou Moussa]] in [[Morocco]], which have been dated to around 5,000 BCE, also carried haplotypes related to the E1b1b1b1a (E-M81) subclade. These ancient individuals bore an autochthonous Maghrebi genomic component that peaks among modern [[North Africans]], indicating that they were ancestral to populations in the area.<ref>{{cite bioRxiv|last1=Fregel|display-authors=etal|year=2018|title=Ancient genomes from North Africa evidence prehistoric migrations to the Maghreb from both the Levant and Europe|biorxiv=10.1101/191569}}</ref> The E1b1b haplogroup has likewise been observed in ancient [[Guanches|Guanche]] fossils excavated in [[Gran Canaria]] and [[Tenerife]] on the [[Canary Islands]], which have been radiocarbon-dated to between the 7th and 11th centuries CE. The clade-bearing individuals that were analysed for paternal DNA were inhumed at the Tenerife site, with all of these specimens found to belong to the E1b1b1b1a1 or E-M183 subclade (3/3; 100%).<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Rodrı́guez-Varela|display-authors=etal|title=Genomic Analyses of Pre-European Conquest Human Remains from the Canary Islands Reveal Close Affinity to Modern North Africans|journal=Current Biology|date=2017|volume=27|issue=1–7|pages=3396–3402.e5|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2017.09.059|pmid=29107554|doi-access=free}}</ref>
Additionally, haplogroup E1b1b1 has been found in an [[ancient Egypt]]ian mummy excavated at the [[Abusir|Abusir el-Meleq]] archaeological site in Middle Egypt, which dates from a period between the late [[New Kingdom of Egypt|New Kingdom]] and the [[Egypt (Roman province)|Roman era]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Schuenemann, Verena J.|display-authors=etal|title=Ancient Egyptian mummy genomes suggest an increase of Sub-Saharan African ancestry in post-Roman periods|journal=Nature Communications|date=2017|volume=8|page=15694|pmid=28556824|doi=10.1038/ncomms15694|pmc=5459999|bibcode=2017NatCo...815694S}}</ref> Fossils at the [[Iberomaurusian]] site of [[Ifri N'Amr Ou Moussa]] in [[Morocco]], which have been dated to around 5,000 BCE, also carried haplotypes related to the E1b1b1b1a (E-M81) subclade. These ancient individuals bore an autochthonous Maghrebi genomic component that peaks among modern [[North Africans]], indicating that they were ancestral to populations in the area.<ref>{{cite bioRxiv|last1=Fregel|display-authors=etal|year=2018|title=Ancient genomes from North Africa evidence prehistoric migrations to the Maghreb from both the Levant and Europe|biorxiv=10.1101/191569}}</ref> The E1b1b haplogroup has likewise been observed in ancient [[Guanches|Guanche]] fossils excavated in [[Gran Canaria]] and [[Tenerife]] on the [[Canary Islands]], which have been radiocarbon-dated to between the 7th and 11th centuries CE. The clade-bearing individuals that were analysed for paternal DNA were inhumed at the Tenerife site, with all of these specimens found to belong to the E1b1b1b1a1 or E-M183 subclade (3/3; 100%).<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Rodrı́guez-Varela|display-authors=etal|title=Genomic Analyses of Pre-European Conquest Human Remains from the Canary Islands Reveal Close Affinity to Modern North Africans|journal=Current Biology|date=2017|volume=27|issue=1–7|pages=3396–3402.e5|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2017.09.059|pmid=29107554|doi-access=free|bibcode=2017CBio...27E3396R |hdl=2164/13526|hdl-access=free}}</ref>


Loosdrecht et al. (2018) analysed genome-wide data from seven ancient [[Iberomaurusian]] individuals from the Grotte des Pigeons near [[Taforalt]] in eastern Morocco. The fossils were directly dated to between 15,100 and 13,900 calibrated years before present. The scientists found that five male specimens with sufficient nuclear DNA preservation belonged to the E1b1b1a1 (M78) subclade, with one skeleton bearing the E1b1b1a1b1 parent lineage to E-V13, another male specimen belonged to E1b1b (M215*).<ref name="Taforalt">{{cite journal | url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aar8380 | doi=10.1126/science.aar8380 | title=Pleistocene North African genomes link Near Eastern and sub-Saharan African human populations | journal=Science | date=4 May 2018 | volume=360 | issue=6388 | pages=548–552 | last1=Van De Loosdrecht | first1=Marieke | last2=Bouzouggar | first2=Abdeljalil | last3=Humphrey | first3=Louise | last4=Posth | first4=Cosimo | last5=Barton | first5=Nick | last6=Aximu-Petri | first6=Ayinuer | last7=Nickel | first7=Birgit | last8=Nagel | first8=Sarah | last9=Talbi | first9=El Hassan | last10=El Hajraoui | first10=Mohammed Abdeljalil | last11=Amzazi | first11=Saaïd | last12=Hublin | first12=Jean-Jacques | last13=Pääbo | first13=Svante | last14=Schiffels | first14=Stephan | last15=Meyer | first15=Matthias | last16=Haak | first16=Wolfgang | last17=Jeong | first17=Choongwon | last18=Krause | first18=Johannes | pmid=29545507 | bibcode=2018Sci...360..548V | s2cid=206666517 | doi-access=free }}</ref>
Loosdrecht et al. (2018) analysed genome-wide data from seven ancient [[Iberomaurusian]] individuals from the Grotte des Pigeons near [[Taforalt]] in eastern Morocco. The fossils were directly dated to between 15,100 and 13,900 calibrated years before present. The scientists found that five male specimens with sufficient nuclear DNA preservation belonged to the E1b1b1a1 (M78) subclade, with one skeleton bearing the E1b1b1a1b1 parent lineage to E-V13, another male specimen belonged to E1b1b (M215*).<ref name="Taforalt">{{cite journal | doi=10.1126/science.aar8380 | title=Pleistocene North African genomes link Near Eastern and sub-Saharan African human populations | journal=Science | date=4 May 2018 | volume=360 | issue=6388 | pages=548–552 | last1=Van De Loosdrecht | first1=Marieke | last2=Bouzouggar | first2=Abdeljalil | last3=Humphrey | first3=Louise | last4=Posth | first4=Cosimo | last5=Barton | first5=Nick | last6=Aximu-Petri | first6=Ayinuer | last7=Nickel | first7=Birgit | last8=Nagel | first8=Sarah | last9=Talbi | first9=El Hassan | last10=El Hajraoui | first10=Mohammed Abdeljalil | last11=Amzazi | first11=Saaïd | last12=Hublin | first12=Jean-Jacques | last13=Pääbo | first13=Svante | last14=Schiffels | first14=Stephan | last15=Meyer | first15=Matthias | last16=Haak | first16=Wolfgang | last17=Jeong | first17=Choongwon | last18=Krause | first18=Johannes | pmid=29545507 | bibcode=2018Sci...360..548V | s2cid=206666517 | doi-access=free }}</ref>


==Distribution==
==Distribution==
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Almost all E-M215 men are also in E-M35. In 2004, M215 was found to be older than M35 when individuals were found who have the M215 mutation, but do not have M35 mutation.<ref name=Cruciani2004/>
Almost all E-M215 men are also in E-M35. In 2004, M215 was found to be older than M35 when individuals were found who have the M215 mutation, but do not have M35 mutation.<ref name=Cruciani2004/>
In 2013, Di Cristofaro et al. (2013) found one individual in Khorasan, North-East Iran to be positive for M215 but negative for M35.<ref name="Di Cristofaro">{{cite journal |last1=Di Cristofaro |first1=Julie |display-authors=etal |title=Afghan Hindu Kush: Where Eurasian Sub-Continent Gene Flows Converge |journal=PLOS One |date=October 18, 2013 |volume=8 |issue=10 |page=e76748 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0076748 |pmid=24204668 |url=https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0076748 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=3799995 |oclc=5534533323 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...876748D |s2cid=16455960}}</ref>
In 2013, Di Cristofaro et al. (2013) found one individual in Khorasan, North-East Iran to be positive for M215 but negative for M35.<ref name="Di Cristofaro">{{cite journal |last1=Di Cristofaro |first1=Julie |display-authors=etal |title=Afghan Hindu Kush: Where Eurasian Sub-Continent Gene Flows Converge |journal=PLOS ONE |date=October 18, 2013 |volume=8 |issue=10 |page=e76748 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0076748 |pmid=24204668 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=3799995 |oclc=5534533323 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...876748D |s2cid=16455960 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

[[File:Geographic distribution of Y chromosome haplogroups of African and European.png|thumb|Geographic distribution of Y-chromosome haplogroups of select African, Middle Eastern and European populations.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Badro |first=Danielle A. |last2=Douaihy |first2=Bouchra |last3=Haber |first3=Marc |last4=Youhanna |first4=Sonia C. |last5=Salloum |first5=Angélique |last6=Ghassibe-Sabbagh |first6=Michella |last7=Johnsrud |first7=Brian |last8=Khazen |first8=Georges |last9=Matisoo-Smith |first9=Elizabeth |last10=Soria-Hernanz |first10=David F. |last11=Wells |first11=R. Spencer |last12=Tyler-Smith |first12=Chris |last13=Platt |first13=Daniel E. |last14=Zalloua |first14=Pierre A. |last15=Consortium |first15=The Genographic |date=2013-01-30 |title=Y-Chromosome and mtDNA Genetics Reveal Significant Contrasts in Affinities of Modern Middle Eastern Populations with European and African Populations |url=https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0054616 |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=e54616 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0054616 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=3559847 |pmid=23382925}}</ref>]]
E-M215 and E-M35 are quite common among [[Afroasiatic languages|Afroasiatic speakers]]. The linguistic group and carriers of E-M35 lineage have a high probability to have arisen and dispersed together from the [[Afroasiatic Urheimat]].{{sfnmp|1a1=Ehret|1a2=Keita|1a3=Newman|1y=2004|2a1=Keita|2a2=Boyce|2y=2005|3a1=Keita|3y=2008}} Amongst populations with an Afro-Asiatic speaking history, a significant proportion of [[Jews|Jewish]] male lineages are E-M35.<ref name="pmid13680527">{{Harvcoltxt|Behar|Thomas|Skorecki|Hammer|2003}}</ref> Haplogroup E-M35, which accounts for approximately 18%<ref name="Semino2004" /> to 20%<ref name="Behar2004">{{Harvcoltxt|Behar|Garrigan|Kaplan|Mobasher|2004}}</ref><ref name="Shen2004">{{Harvcoltxt|Shen|Lavi|Kivisild|Chou|2004}}</ref> of [[Ashkenazi Jews|Ashkenazi]] and 8.6%<ref name="Adams2008">{{Harvcoltxt|Adams|Bosch|Balaresque|Ballereau|2008}}</ref> to 30%<ref name="Semino2004" /> of [[Sephardi Jews|Sephardi]] Y-chromosomes, appears to be one of the major founding lineages of the Jewish population.<ref name=Nebel2001>{{Harvcoltxt|Nebel|Filon|Brinkmann|Majumder|2001}}</ref><ref group="Note">"Paragroup E-M35 * and haplogroup J-12f2a* fit the criteria for major AJ founding lineages because they are widespread both in AJ populations and in Near Eastern populations, and occur at much lower frequencies in European non-Jewish populations." {{Harvcoltxt|Behar|Garrigan|Kaplan|Mobasher|2004}}</ref>
E-M215 and E-M35 are quite common among [[Afroasiatic languages|Afroasiatic speakers]]. The linguistic group and carriers of E-M35 lineage have a high probability to have arisen and dispersed together from the [[Afroasiatic Urheimat]].{{sfnmp|1a1=Ehret|1a2=Keita|1a3=Newman|1y=2004|2a1=Keita|2a2=Boyce|2y=2005|3a1=Keita|3y=2008}} Amongst populations with an Afro-Asiatic speaking history, a significant proportion of [[Jews|Jewish]] male lineages are E-M35.<ref name="pmid13680527">{{Harvcoltxt|Behar|Thomas|Skorecki|Hammer|2003}}</ref> Haplogroup E-M35, which accounts for approximately 18%<ref name="Semino2004" /> to 20%<ref name="Behar2004">{{Harvcoltxt|Behar|Garrigan|Kaplan|Mobasher|2004}}</ref><ref name="Shen2004">{{Harvcoltxt|Shen|Lavi|Kivisild|Chou|2004}}</ref> of [[Ashkenazi Jews|Ashkenazi]] and 8.6%<ref name="Adams2008">{{Harvcoltxt|Adams|Bosch|Balaresque|Ballereau|2008}}</ref> to 30%<ref name="Semino2004" /> of [[Sephardi Jews|Sephardi]] Y-chromosomes, appears to be one of the major founding lineages of the Jewish population.<ref name=Nebel2001>{{Harvcoltxt|Nebel|Filon|Brinkmann|Majumder|2001}}</ref><ref group="Note">"Paragroup E-M35 * and haplogroup J-12f2a* fit the criteria for major AJ founding lineages because they are widespread both in AJ populations and in Near Eastern populations, and occur at much lower frequencies in European non-Jewish populations." {{Harvcoltxt|Behar|Garrigan|Kaplan|Mobasher|2004}}</ref>


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{{Refbegin}}
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* {{Citation|title=Y-Chromosome and mtDNA Genetics Reveal Significant Contrasts in Affinities of Modern Middle Eastern Populations with European and African Populations|year=2013|journal=PLOS ONE |volume=8| issue=1: e54616|pages=e54616|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0054616|last1=Badro |first1=Danielle A.|last2=Douaihy |first2=Bouchra|last3=Haber |first3=Marc|last4=Youhanna |first4=Sonia C.|last5=Salloum|first5=Angélique|last6=Ghassibe-Sabbagh|first6=Michella|last7=Johnsrud|first7=Brian|last8=Khazen|first8=Georges|last9=Matisoo-Smith|first9=Elizabeth|last10=Soria-Hernanz|first10=David F.|last11=Wells|first11=R. Spencer|last12=Tyler-Smith|first12=Chris|last13=Platt|first13=Daniel E.|last14=Zalloua|first14=Pierre A. |pmid=23382925 |pmc=3559847|bibcode=2013PLoSO...854616B|doi-access=free}}
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* {{Citation|last1=Bosch|last2=Calafell|first2=F.|title=Paternal and maternal lineages in the Balkans show a homogeneous landscape over linguistic barriers, except for the isolated Aromuns|journal=Annals of Human Genetics|volume=70|issue=4|pages=459–487|year=2006|url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/118548826/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121210100310/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/118548826/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-12-10|doi=10.1111/j.1469-1809.2005.00251.x|pmid=16759179|first1=E.|last3=Gonzalez-Neira|first3=A.|last4=Flaiz|first4=C.|last5=Mateu|first5=E.|last6=Scheil|first6=H.-G.|last7=Huckenbeck|first7=W.|last8=Efremovska|first8=L.|last9=Mikerezi|first9=I.|last10=Xirotiris|first10=N.|last11=Grasa|first11=C.|last12=Schmidt|first12=H.|last13=Comas|first13=D.|s2cid=23156886|display-authors=8}}
* {{Citation|last1=Bosch|last2=Calafell|first2=F.|title=Paternal and maternal lineages in the Balkans show a homogeneous landscape over linguistic barriers, except for the isolated Aromuns|journal=Annals of Human Genetics|volume=70|issue=4|pages=459–487|year=2006|url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/118548826/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121210100310/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/118548826/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-12-10|doi=10.1111/j.1469-1809.2005.00251.x|pmid=16759179|first1=E.|last3=Gonzalez-Neira|first3=A.|last4=Flaiz|first4=C.|last5=Mateu|first5=E.|last6=Scheil|first6=H.-G.|last7=Huckenbeck|first7=W.|last8=Efremovska|first8=L.|last9=Mikerezi|first9=I.|last10=Xirotiris|first10=N.|last11=Grasa|first11=C.|last12=Schmidt|first12=H.|last13=Comas|first13=D.|s2cid=23156886|display-authors=8}}
* {{Citation|last1=Cadenas|title=Y-chromosome diversity characterizes the Gulf of Oman|journal=European Journal of Human Genetics|year=2007|pages=1–13|doi=10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201934|volume=16|pmid=17928816|issue=3|last2=Zhivotovsky|first2=Lev A|last3=Cavalli-Sforza|first3=Luca L|last4=Underhill|first4=Peter A|last5=Herrera|first5=Rene J|doi-access=free}}
* {{Citation|last1=Cadenas|title=Y-chromosome diversity characterizes the Gulf of Oman|journal=European Journal of Human Genetics|year=2007|pages=1–13|doi=10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201934|volume=16|pmid=17928816|issue=3|last2=Zhivotovsky|first2=Lev A|last3=Cavalli-Sforza|first3=Luca L|last4=Underhill|first4=Peter A|last5=Herrera|first5=Rene J|doi-access=free}}
* {{Citation|last1=Capelli|title=A Y Chromosome Census of the British Isles|journal=Current Biology|volume=13|issue=11|pages=979–84|year=2003|doi=10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00373-7|pmid=12781138|first1=Cristian|last2=Redhead|first2=Nicola|last3=Abernethy|first3=Julia K.|last4=Gratrix|first4=Fiona|last5=Wilson|first5=James F.|last6=Moen|first6=Torolf|last7=Hervig|first7=Tor|last8=Richards|first8=Martin|last9=Stumpf|first9=Michael P.H.|last10=Underhill|first10=Peter A.|last11=Bradshaw|first11=Paul|last12=Shaha|first12=Alom|last13=Thomas|first13=Mark G.|last14=Bradman|first14=Neal|last15=Goldstein|first15=David B.|display-authors=8|doi-access=free}} also at [http://www.ucl.ac.uk/tcga/tcgapdf/capelli-CB-03.pdf]
* {{Citation|last1=Capelli|title=A Y Chromosome Census of the British Isles|journal=Current Biology|volume=13|issue=11|pages=979–84|year=2003|doi=10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00373-7|pmid=12781138|first1=Cristian|last2=Redhead|first2=Nicola|last3=Abernethy|first3=Julia K.|last4=Gratrix|first4=Fiona|last5=Wilson|first5=James F.|last6=Moen|first6=Torolf|last7=Hervig|first7=Tor|last8=Richards|first8=Martin|last9=Stumpf|first9=Michael P.H.|last10=Underhill|first10=Peter A.|last11=Bradshaw|first11=Paul|last12=Shaha|first12=Alom|last13=Thomas|first13=Mark G.|last14=Bradman|first14=Neal|last15=Goldstein|first15=David B.|display-authors=8|doi-access=free|bibcode=2003CBio...13..979C |hdl=20.500.11820/8acb01f3-a7c1-45f5-89de-b796266d651e|hdl-access=free}} also at [http://www.ucl.ac.uk/tcga/tcgapdf/capelli-CB-03.pdf]
* {{Citation|last1=Caratti|year=2009|title=Subtyping of Y-chromosomal haplogroup E-M78 (E1b1b1a) by SNP assay and its forensic application|journal=International Journal of Legal Medicine|doi=10.1007/s00414-009-0350-y|pmid=19430804|last2=Gino|first2=S.|last3=Torre|first3=C.|last4=Robino|first4=C.|volume=123|issue=4|pages=357–360|s2cid=5657112}}
* {{Citation|last1=Caratti|year=2009|title=Subtyping of Y-chromosomal haplogroup E-M78 (E1b1b1a) by SNP assay and its forensic application|journal=International Journal of Legal Medicine|doi=10.1007/s00414-009-0350-y|pmid=19430804|last2=Gino|first2=S.|last3=Torre|first3=C.|last4=Robino|first4=C.|volume=123|issue=4|pages=357–360|s2cid=5657112}}
* {{Citation|last1=Capelli|first1=Cristian|year=2009|title=Moors and Saracens in Europe: estimating the medieval North African male legacy in southern Europe|journal=European Journal of Human Genetics|doi=10.1038/ejhg.2008.258|pmid=19156170|pmc=2947089|volume=17|issue=6|last2=Onofri|first2=Valerio|last3=Brisighelli|first3=Francesca|last4=Boschi|first4=Ilaria|last5=Scarnicci|first5=Francesca|last6=Masullo|first6=Mara|last7=Ferri|first7=Gianmarco|last8=Tofanelli|first8=Sergio|last9=Tagliabracci|first9=Adriano|last10=Gusmao|first10=Leonor|last11=Amorim|first11=Antonio|last12=Gatto|first12=Francesco|last13=Kirin|first13=Mirna|last14=Merlitti|first14=Davide|last15=Brion|first15=Maria|last16=Verea|first16=Alejandro Blanco|last17=Romano|first17=Valentino|last18=Cali|first18=Francesco|last19=Pascali|first19=Vincenzo|pages=848–852|display-authors=8}}
* {{Citation|last1=Capelli|first1=Cristian|year=2009|title=Moors and Saracens in Europe: estimating the medieval North African male legacy in southern Europe|journal=European Journal of Human Genetics|doi=10.1038/ejhg.2008.258|pmid=19156170|pmc=2947089|volume=17|issue=6|last2=Onofri|first2=Valerio|last3=Brisighelli|first3=Francesca|last4=Boschi|first4=Ilaria|last5=Scarnicci|first5=Francesca|last6=Masullo|first6=Mara|last7=Ferri|first7=Gianmarco|last8=Tofanelli|first8=Sergio|last9=Tagliabracci|first9=Adriano|last10=Gusmao|first10=Leonor|last11=Amorim|first11=Antonio|last12=Gatto|first12=Francesco|last13=Kirin|first13=Mirna|last14=Merlitti|first14=Davide|last15=Brion|first15=Maria|last16=Verea|first16=Alejandro Blanco|last17=Romano|first17=Valentino|last18=Cali|first18=Francesco|last19=Pascali|first19=Vincenzo|pages=848–852|display-authors=8}}
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* {{Citation|last1=Cruciani|last2=La Fratta|first2=R.|title=Tracing Past Human Male Movements in Northern/Eastern Africa and Western Eurasia: New Clues from Y-Chromosomal Haplogroups E-M78 and J-M12|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=24|issue=6|pages=1300–1311|year=2007|url=http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/24/6/1300|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171010093322/https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article/24/6/1300/984002/Tracing-Past-Human-Male-Movements-in-Northern|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 10, 2017|doi=10.1093/molbev/msm049|pmid=17351267|first1=F.|last3=Trombetta|first3=B.|last4=Santolamazza|first4=P.|last5=Sellitto|first5=D.|last6=Colomb|first6=E. B.|last7=Dugoujon|first7=J.-M.|last8=Crivellaro|first8=F.|last9=Benincasa|first9=T.|last10=Pascone|first10=R.|last11=Moral|first11=P.|last12=Watson|first12=E.|last13=Melegh|first13=B.|last14=Barbujani|first14=G.|last15=Fuselli|first15=S.|last16=Vona|first16=G.|last17=Zagradisnik|first17=B.|last18=Assum|first18=G.|last19=Brdicka|first19=R.|last20=Kozlov|first20=A. I.|last21=Efremov|first21=G. D.|last22=Coppa|first22=A.|last23=Novelletto|first23=A.|last24=Scozzari|first24=R.|display-authors=8|doi-access=free}} Also see [https://archive.today/20121205040152/http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/msm049/DC1?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=cruciani&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&resourcetype=HWCIT Supplementary Data].
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* {{Citation|last1=Di Gaetano|last2=Cerutti|first2=Francesca|last3=Crobu|first3=Carlo|last4=Robino|year=2009|title=Differential Greek and northern African migrations to Sicily are supported by genetic evidence from the Y chromosome|journal=European Journal of Human Genetics|volume=17|issue=1|doi=10.1038/ejhg.2008.120|pages=91–99|pmid=18685561|pmc=2985948}}
* {{Citation|last1=Dugoujon|year=2009|url=http://npu.edu.ua/!e-book/book/djvu/A/iif_kgpm_Errico_Becoming_Eloquent_pdf.pdf|title=The Berber and the Berbers: Genetic and linguistic diversities|journal=Becoming Eloquent Advances in the Emergence of Language, Human Cognition, and Modern Cultures|pages=123–146|last2=Coudray|last3=Torroni|last4=Cruciani|last5=Scozzari|last6=Moral|last7=Louali|last8=Kossmann|editor1-last=d'Errico|editor2-last=Hombert|doi=10.1075/z.152.05ch4|isbn=978-90-272-3269-4}}
* {{Citation|last1=Dugoujon|year=2009|url=http://npu.edu.ua/!e-book/book/djvu/A/iif_kgpm_Errico_Becoming_Eloquent_pdf.pdf|title=The Berber and the Berbers: Genetic and linguistic diversities|journal=Becoming Eloquent Advances in the Emergence of Language, Human Cognition, and Modern Cultures|pages=123–146|last2=Coudray|last3=Torroni|last4=Cruciani|last5=Scozzari|last6=Moral|last7=Louali|last8=Kossmann|editor1-last=d'Errico|editor2-last=Hombert|doi=10.1075/z.152.05ch4|isbn=978-90-272-3269-4|access-date=2013-01-26|archive-date=2016-10-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019104102/http://npu.edu.ua/!e-book/book/djvu/A/iif_kgpm_Errico_Becoming_Eloquent_pdf.pdf|url-status=dead}}
* {{Citation|last1=Ehret|first1=C.|year=2004|title=The Origins of Afroasiatic|journal=Science|issue=5702|page=1680|doi=10.1126/science.306.5702.1680c|volume=306|pmid=15576591|last2=Keita|first2=SO|last3=Newman|first3=P|s2cid=8057990}}
* {{Citation|last1=Ehret|first1=C.|year=2004|title=The Origins of Afroasiatic|journal=Science|issue=5702|page=1680|doi=10.1126/science.306.5702.1680c|volume=306|pmid=15576591|last2=Keita|first2=SO|last3=Newman|first3=P|s2cid=8057990}}
* {{Citation|last1=El-Sibai|first1=Mirvat|year=2009|title=Geographical Structure of the Y-chromosomal Genetic Landscape of the Levant: A coastal-inland contrast|journal=Annals of Human Genetics |doi=10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00538.x|pmid=19686289|last2=Platt|first2=Daniel E.|last3=Haber|first3=Marc|last4=Xue|first4=Yali|last5=Youhanna|first5=Sonia C.|last6=Wells|first6=R. Spencer|last7=Izaabel|first7=Hassan|last8=Sanyoura|first8=May F.|last9=Harmanani|first9=Haidar|last10=Bonab|first10=Maziar Ashrafian|last11=Behbehani|first11=Jaafar|last12=Hashwa|first12=Fuad|last13=Tyler-Smith|first13=Chris|last14=Zalloua|first14=Pierre A.|last15=Genographic|first15=Consortium|volume=73|issue=6|pages=568–581|display-authors=8|pmc=3312577}}
* {{Citation|last1=El-Sibai|first1=Mirvat|year=2009|title=Geographical Structure of the Y-chromosomal Genetic Landscape of the Levant: A coastal-inland contrast|journal=Annals of Human Genetics |doi=10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00538.x|pmid=19686289|last2=Platt|first2=Daniel E.|last3=Haber|first3=Marc|last4=Xue|first4=Yali|last5=Youhanna|first5=Sonia C.|last6=Wells|first6=R. Spencer|last7=Izaabel|first7=Hassan|last8=Sanyoura|first8=May F.|last9=Harmanani|first9=Haidar|last10=Bonab|first10=Maziar Ashrafian|last11=Behbehani|first11=Jaafar|last12=Hashwa|first12=Fuad|last13=Tyler-Smith|first13=Chris|last14=Zalloua|first14=Pierre A.|last15=Genographic|first15=Consortium|volume=73|issue=6|pages=568–581|display-authors=8|pmc=3312577}}
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* {{Citation|last1=Flores|year=2005|title=Isolates in a corridor of migrations: a high-resolution analysis of Y-chromosome variation in Jordan|journal=J Hum Genet|volume=50|pages=435–441|doi=10.1007/s10038-005-0274-4|pmid=16142507|last2=Maca-Meyer|first2=Nicole|last3=Larruga|first3=Jose M.|last4=Cabrera|first4=Vicente M.|last5=Karadsheh|first5=Naif|last6=Gonzalez|first6=Ana M.|issue=9|doi-access=free}}
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* {{Citation|year=2005|title=Genetics, Egypt, and History: Interpreting Geographical Patterns of Y Chromosome Variation|journal=History in Africa|volume=32|pages=221–246|url=http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/history_in_africa/v032/32.1keita.html|last1=Keita|first1=S. O. Y.|doi=10.1353/hia.2005.0013|last2=Boyce|first2=A. J. (Anthony J.)|s2cid=163020672}}
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* {{Citation|date=April 1, 2007|title=Paleolithic Y-haplogroup heritage predominates in a Cretan highland plateau|first1=Laisel|last1=Martinez|last2=Underhill|first2=Peter A|last3=Zhivotovsky|first3=Lev A|last4=Gayden|first4=Tenzin|last5=Moschonas|first5=Nicholas K|last6=Chow|first6=Cheryl-Emiliane T|last7=Conti|first7=Simon|last8=Mamolini|first8=Elisabetta|last9=Cavalli-Sforza|first9=L Luca|last10=Herrera|first10=Rene|journal=European Journal of Human Genetics|issn=1018-4813|volume=15|doi=10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201769|pmid=17264870|issue=4|pages=485–493|doi-access=free}}
* {{Citation|last1=Mendizabal|first1=Isabel|year=2008|title=Genetic origin, admixture, and asymmetry in maternal and paternal human lineages in Cuba|journal=BMC Evol. Biol.|volume=8|page=213|doi=10.1186/1471-2148-8-213|pmid=18644108|pmc=2492877|last2=Sandoval|first2=Karla|last3=Berniell-Lee|first3=Gemma|last4=Calafell|first4=Francesc|last5=Salas|first5=Antonio|last6=Martinez-Fuentes|first6=Antonio|last7=Comas|first7=David}}
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* {{Citation|last1=Nebel|first1=Almut|year=2001|title=The Y Chromosome Pool of Jews as Part of the Genetic Landscape of the Middle East|journal=[[American Journal of Human Genetics]]|volume=69|issue=5|pages=1095–1112|doi=10.1086/324070|pmc=1274378|pmid=11573163|last2=Filon|first2=D|last3=Brinkmann|first3=B|last4=Majumder|first4=P|last5=Faerman|first5=M|last6=Oppenheim|first6=A}}
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* {{Citation|last1=Rosser|last2=Zerjal|first2=T|title=Y-Chromosomal Diversity in Europe Is Clinal and Influenced Primarily by Geography, Rather than by Language|journal=[[American Journal of Human Genetics]]|volume=67|issue=6|pages=1526–1543|year=2000|url=http://www.ajhg.org/AJHG/abstract/S0002-9297(07)63221-2|doi=10.1086/316890|pmid=11078479|pmc=1287948|first1=Z|last3=Hurles|first3=M|last4=Adojaan|first4=M|last5=Alavantic|first5=D|last6=Amorim|first6=A|last7=Amos|first7=W|last8=Armenteros|first8=M|last9=Arroyo|first9=E|last10=Barbujani|first10=G|last11=Beckman|first11=G|last12=Beckman|first12=L|last13=Bertranpetit|first13=J|last14=Bosch|first14=E|last15=Bradley|first15=D. G.|last16=Brede|first16=G|last17=Cooper|first17=G|last18=Côrte-Real|first18=H. B.|last19=De Knijff|first19=P|last20=Decorte|first20=R|last21=Dubrova|first21=Y. E.|last22=Evgrafov|first22=O|last23=Gilissen|first23=A|last24=Glisic|first24=S|last25=Gölge|first25=M|last26=Hill|first26=E. W.|last27=Jeziorowska|first27=A|last28=Kalaydjieva|first28=L|last29=Kayser|first29=M|last30=Kivisild|first30=T|display-authors=8|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080506041100/http://www.ajhg.org/AJHG/abstract/S0002-9297(07)63221-2|archive-date=2008-05-06}}
* {{Citation|last1=Rosser|last2=Zerjal|first2=T|title=Y-Chromosomal Diversity in Europe Is Clinal and Influenced Primarily by Geography, Rather than by Language|journal=[[American Journal of Human Genetics]]|volume=67|issue=6|pages=1526–1543|year=2000|url=http://www.ajhg.org/AJHG/abstract/S0002-9297(07)63221-2|doi=10.1086/316890|pmid=11078479|pmc=1287948|first1=Z|last3=Hurles|first3=M|last4=Adojaan|first4=M|last5=Alavantic|first5=D|last6=Amorim|first6=A|last7=Amos|first7=W|last8=Armenteros|first8=M|last9=Arroyo|first9=E|last10=Barbujani|first10=G|last11=Beckman|first11=G|last12=Beckman|first12=L|last13=Bertranpetit|first13=J|last14=Bosch|first14=E|last15=Bradley|first15=D. G.|last16=Brede|first16=G|last17=Cooper|first17=G|last18=Côrte-Real|first18=H. B.|last19=De Knijff|first19=P|last20=Decorte|first20=R|last21=Dubrova|first21=Y. E.|last22=Evgrafov|first22=O|last23=Gilissen|first23=A|last24=Glisic|first24=S|last25=Gölge|first25=M|last26=Hill|first26=E. W.|last27=Jeziorowska|first27=A|last28=Kalaydjieva|first28=L|last29=Kayser|first29=M|last30=Kivisild|first30=T|display-authors=8|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080506041100/http://www.ajhg.org/AJHG/abstract/S0002-9297(07)63221-2|archive-date=2008-05-06}}
* {{Citation|last1=Sanchez |last2=Hallenberg|first2=Charlotte|title=High frequencies of Y chromosome lineages characterized by E3b1, DYS19-11, DYS392-12 in Somali males|journal=European Journal of Human Genetics|volume=13|issue=7|pages=856–866|year=2005|doi=10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201390|pmid=15756297|first1=Juan J|last3=Børsting|first3=Claus|last4=Hernandez|first4=Alexis|last5=Gorlin|first5=RJ|doi-access=free}}. Published online 9 March 2005
* {{Citation|last1=Sanchez |last2=Hallenberg|first2=Charlotte|title=High frequencies of Y chromosome lineages characterized by E3b1, DYS19-11, DYS392-12 in Somali males|journal=European Journal of Human Genetics|volume=13|issue=7|pages=856–866|year=2005|doi=10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201390|pmid=15756297|first1=Juan J|last3=Børsting|first3=Claus|last4=Hernandez|first4=Alexis|last5=Gorlin|first5=RJ|doi-access=free}}. Published online 9 March 2005
* {{Citation|last1=Scozzari|first1=Rosaria|year=2001|journal=Human Immunology|volume=62|title=Human Y-Chromosome Variation in the Western Mediterranean Area: Implications for the Peopling of the Region|url=http://evolutsioon.ut.ee/publications/Scozzari2001.pdf|doi=10.1016/S0198-8859(01)00286-5|pages=871–884|pmid=11543889|issue=9|last2=Cruciani|first2=F|last3=Pangrazio|first3=A|last4=Santolamazza|first4=P|last5=Vona|first5=G|last6=Moral|first6=P|last7=Latini|first7=V|last8=Varesi|first8=L|last9=Memmi|first9=MM|last10=Romano|first10=Valentino|last11=De Leo|first11=Giacomo|last12=Gennarelli|first12=Massimo|last13=Jaruzelska|first13=Jadwiga|last14=Villems|first14=Richard|last15=Parik|first15=Jüri|last16=MacAulay|first16=Vincent|last17=Torroni|first17=Antonio|display-authors=8|citeseerx=10.1.1.408.4857}}
* {{Citation|last1=Scozzari|first1=Rosaria|year=2001|journal=Human Immunology|volume=62|title=Human Y-Chromosome Variation in the Western Mediterranean Area: Implications for the Peopling of the Region|url=http://evolutsioon.ut.ee/publications/Scozzari2001.pdf|doi=10.1016/S0198-8859(01)00286-5|pages=871–884|pmid=11543889|issue=9|last2=Cruciani|first2=F|last3=Pangrazio|first3=A|last4=Santolamazza|first4=P|last5=Vona|first5=G|last6=Moral|first6=P|last7=Latini|first7=V|last8=Varesi|first8=L|last9=Memmi|first9=MM|last10=Romano|first10=Valentino|last11=De Leo|first11=Giacomo|last12=Gennarelli|first12=Massimo|last13=Jaruzelska|first13=Jadwiga|last14=Villems|first14=Richard|last15=Parik|first15=Jüri|last16=MacAulay|first16=Vincent|last17=Torroni|first17=Antonio|display-authors=8|citeseerx=10.1.1.408.4857|access-date=2009-03-01|archive-date=2012-12-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121217135021/http://evolutsioon.ut.ee/publications/Scozzari2001.pdf|url-status=dead}}
* {{Citation|last1=Semino|first1=O.|year=2000|title=The Genetic Legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in Extant Europeans: A Y Chromosome Perspective|periodical=Science|volume=290|pages=1155–59|url=http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/Science_2000_v290_p1155.pdf|doi=10.1126/science.290.5494.1155|pmid=11073453|issue=5494|last2=Passarino|first2=G|last3=Oefner|first3=PJ|last4=Lin|first4=AA|last5=Arbuzova|first5=S|last6=Beckman|first6=LE|last7=De Benedictis|first7=G|last8=Francalacci|first8=P|last9=Kouvatsi|first9=A|last10=Limborska|first10=S|last11=Marcikiae|first11=M|last12=Mika|first12=A|last13=Mika|first13=B|last14=Primorac|first14=D|last15=Santachiara-Benerecetti|first15=A. S.|last16=Cavalli-Sforza|first16=L. L.|last17=Underhill|first17=P. A.|display-authors=8|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031125151213/http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/Science_2000_v290_p1155.pdf|archive-date=2003-11-25|bibcode=2000Sci...290.1155S}}.
* {{Citation|last1=Semino|first1=O.|year=2000|title=The Genetic Legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in Extant Europeans: A Y Chromosome Perspective|periodical=Science|volume=290|pages=1155–59|url=http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/Science_2000_v290_p1155.pdf|doi=10.1126/science.290.5494.1155|pmid=11073453|issue=5494|last2=Passarino|first2=G|last3=Oefner|first3=PJ|last4=Lin|first4=AA|last5=Arbuzova|first5=S|last6=Beckman|first6=LE|last7=De Benedictis|first7=G|last8=Francalacci|first8=P|last9=Kouvatsi|first9=A|last10=Limborska|first10=S|last11=Marcikiae|first11=M|last12=Mika|first12=A|last13=Mika|first13=B|last14=Primorac|first14=D|last15=Santachiara-Benerecetti|first15=A. S.|last16=Cavalli-Sforza|first16=L. L.|last17=Underhill|first17=P. A.|display-authors=8|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031125151213/http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/Science_2000_v290_p1155.pdf|archive-date=2003-11-25|bibcode=2000Sci...290.1155S}}.
* {{Citation|last1=Semino|year=2002|title=Ethiopians and Khoisan share the deepest clades of the human Y-chromosome phylogeny|periodical=Am J Hum Genet|volume=70|pages=265–268|url=http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/AJHG_2002_v70_p265-268.pdf|doi=10.1086/338306|pmid=11719903|pmc=384897|last2=Santachiara-Benerecetti|first2=A. Silvana|last3=Falaschi|first3=Francesco|last4=Cavalli-Sforza|first4=L. Luca|last5=Underhill|first5=Peter A.|issue=1|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060315210510/http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/AJHG_2002_v70_p265-268.pdf|archive-date=2006-03-15}}
* {{Citation|last1=Semino|year=2002|title=Ethiopians and Khoisan share the deepest clades of the human Y-chromosome phylogeny|periodical=Am J Hum Genet|volume=70|pages=265–268|url=http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/AJHG_2002_v70_p265-268.pdf|doi=10.1086/338306|pmid=11719903|pmc=384897|last2=Santachiara-Benerecetti|first2=A. Silvana|last3=Falaschi|first3=Francesco|last4=Cavalli-Sforza|first4=L. Luca|last5=Underhill|first5=Peter A.|issue=1|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060315210510/http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/AJHG_2002_v70_p265-268.pdf|archive-date=2006-03-15}}
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* {{Citation|last1=Thomas|year=2006|title=Evidence for an apartheid-like social structure in early Anglo-Saxon England|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B|issue=1601|url=http://publishing.royalsociety.org/media/proceedings_b/papers/RSPB20063627.pdf|doi=10.1098/rspb.2006.3627|pages=2651–2657|volume=273|last2=Stumpf|first2=M. P.H|last3=Harke|first3=H.|pmid=17002951|pmc=1635457|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090305052141/http://publishing.royalsociety.org/media/proceedings_b/papers/RSPB20063627.pdf|archive-date=2009-03-05}}
* {{Citation|last1=Thomas|year=2006|title=Evidence for an apartheid-like social structure in early Anglo-Saxon England|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B|issue=1601|url=http://publishing.royalsociety.org/media/proceedings_b/papers/RSPB20063627.pdf|doi=10.1098/rspb.2006.3627|pages=2651–2657|volume=273|last2=Stumpf|first2=M. P.H|last3=Harke|first3=H.|pmid=17002951|pmc=1635457|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090305052141/http://publishing.royalsociety.org/media/proceedings_b/papers/RSPB20063627.pdf|archive-date=2009-03-05}}
* {{Citation|last1=Trombetta|last2=Cruciani|last3=Sellitto|last4=Scozzari|title=A New Topology of the Human Y Chromosome Haplogroup E1b1 (E-P2) Revealed through the Use of Newly Characterized Binary Polymorphisms|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=6|issue=1|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0016073|year=2011|pmid=21253605|pmc=3017091|editor1-last=MacAulay|editor1-first=Vincent|first1=Beniamino|first2=Fulvio|first3=Daniele|first4=Rosaria|pages=e16073|bibcode=2011PLoSO...616073T|doi-access=free}}
* {{Citation|last1=Trombetta|last2=Cruciani|last3=Sellitto|last4=Scozzari|title=A New Topology of the Human Y Chromosome Haplogroup E1b1 (E-P2) Revealed through the Use of Newly Characterized Binary Polymorphisms|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=6|issue=1|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0016073|year=2011|pmid=21253605|pmc=3017091|editor1-last=MacAulay|editor1-first=Vincent|first1=Beniamino|first2=Fulvio|first3=Daniele|first4=Rosaria|pages=e16073|bibcode=2011PLoSO...616073T|doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Trombetta |first1=Beniamino |display-authors=etal |title=Phylogeographic Refinement and Large Scale Genotyping of Human Y Chromosome Haplogroup E Provide New Insights into the Dispersal of Early Pastoralists in the African Continent |journal=Genome Biology and Evolution |date=July 2015 |volume=7 |issue=7 |page=1940–1950 |doi=10.1093/gbe/evv118 |url=https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/7/7/1940/631621 |pmid=26108492 |issn=1759-6653 |pmc=4524485 |oclc=5854174538 |s2cid=16352575}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Trombetta |first1=Beniamino |display-authors=etal |title=Phylogeographic Refinement and Large Scale Genotyping of Human Y Chromosome Haplogroup E Provide New Insights into the Dispersal of Early Pastoralists in the African Continent |journal=Genome Biology and Evolution |date=July 2015 |volume=7 |issue=7 |pages=1940–1950 |doi=10.1093/gbe/evv118 |url=https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/7/7/1940/631621 |pmid=26108492 |issn=1759-6653 |pmc=4524485 |oclc=5854174538 |s2cid=16352575 }}
* {{Citation|last1=Underhill|first1=Peter A.|year=2000|title=Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations|periodical=Nat Genet|volume=26|pages=358–361|doi=10.1038/81685|pmid=11062480|issue=3|last2=Shen|first2=Peidong|last3=Lin|first3=Alice A.|last4=Jin|first4=Li|last5=Passarino|first5=Giuseppe|last6=Yang|first6=Wei H.|last7=Kauffman|first7=Erin|last8=Bonné-Tamir|first8=Batsheva|last9=Bertranpetit|first9=Jaume|last10=Francalacci|first10=Paolo|last11=Ibrahim|first11=Muntaser|last12=Jenkins|first12=Trefor|last13=Kidd|first13=Judith R.|last14=Mehdi|first14=S. Qasim|last15=Seielstad|first15=Mark T.|last16=Wells|first16=R. Spencer|last17=Piazza|first17=Alberto|last18=Davis|first18=Ronald W.|last19=Feldman|first19=Marcus W.|last20=Cavalli-Sforza|first20=L. Luca|last21=Oefner|first21=Peter. J.|s2cid=12893406|display-authors=8}}
* {{Citation|last1=Underhill|first1=Peter A.|year=2000|title=Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations|periodical=Nat Genet|volume=26|pages=358–361|doi=10.1038/81685|pmid=11062480|issue=3|last2=Shen|first2=Peidong|last3=Lin|first3=Alice A.|last4=Jin|first4=Li|last5=Passarino|first5=Giuseppe|last6=Yang|first6=Wei H.|last7=Kauffman|first7=Erin|last8=Bonné-Tamir|first8=Batsheva|last9=Bertranpetit|first9=Jaume|last10=Francalacci|first10=Paolo|last11=Ibrahim|first11=Muntaser|last12=Jenkins|first12=Trefor|last13=Kidd|first13=Judith R.|last14=Mehdi|first14=S. Qasim|last15=Seielstad|first15=Mark T.|last16=Wells|first16=R. Spencer|last17=Piazza|first17=Alberto|last18=Davis|first18=Ronald W.|last19=Feldman|first19=Marcus W.|last20=Cavalli-Sforza|first20=L. Luca|last21=Oefner|first21=Peter. J.|s2cid=12893406|display-authors=8}}
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Revision as of 09:41, 11 July 2024

Haplogroup
  • E-M215
  • E1b1b
Geographic distribution of the haplogroup E1b1b
Possible time of origin47,500—22,400 BP[1][2][3]
Coalescence age34,800 BP[4]
Possible place of originEast Africa[5][1]
AncestorE-P2
Descendants
Defining mutationsM215

E-M215 or E1b1b, formerly known as E3b, is a major human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. E-M215 has two basal branches, E-M35 and E-M281. E-M35 is primarily distributed in North Africa and the Horn of Africa, and occurs at moderate frequencies in the Middle East, Europe, and Southern Africa. E-M281 occurs at a low frequency in Ethiopia.

Origins

E1b1b1 origins map
E1b1b1 origins map

The origins of E-M215 were dated by Cruciani in 2007 to about 22,400 years ago in East Africa.[3][Note 1]

Ancient DNA

According to Lazaridis et al. (2016), Natufian skeletal remains from the ancient Levant predominantly carried the Y-DNA haplogroup E1b1b. Of the five Natufian specimens analyzed for paternal lineages, three belonged to the E1b1b1b2(xE1b1b1b2a, E1b1b1b2b), E1b1(xE1b1a1, E1b1b1b1) and E1b1b1b2(xE1b1b1b2a, E1b1b1b2b) subclades (60%). Haplogroup E1b1b was also found at moderate frequencies among fossils from the ensuing Pre-Pottery Neolithic B culture, with the E1b1b1 and E1b1b1b2(xE1b1b1b2a, E1b1b1b2b) subclades observed in two of seven PPNB specimens (~29%). The scientists suggest that the Levantine early farmers may have spread southward into East Africa, bringing along Western Eurasian and Basal Eurasian ancestral components separate from that which would arrive later in North Africa.

Additionally, haplogroup E1b1b1 has been found in an ancient Egyptian mummy excavated at the Abusir el-Meleq archaeological site in Middle Egypt, which dates from a period between the late New Kingdom and the Roman era.[6] Fossils at the Iberomaurusian site of Ifri N'Amr Ou Moussa in Morocco, which have been dated to around 5,000 BCE, also carried haplotypes related to the E1b1b1b1a (E-M81) subclade. These ancient individuals bore an autochthonous Maghrebi genomic component that peaks among modern North Africans, indicating that they were ancestral to populations in the area.[7] The E1b1b haplogroup has likewise been observed in ancient Guanche fossils excavated in Gran Canaria and Tenerife on the Canary Islands, which have been radiocarbon-dated to between the 7th and 11th centuries CE. The clade-bearing individuals that were analysed for paternal DNA were inhumed at the Tenerife site, with all of these specimens found to belong to the E1b1b1b1a1 or E-M183 subclade (3/3; 100%).[8]

Loosdrecht et al. (2018) analysed genome-wide data from seven ancient Iberomaurusian individuals from the Grotte des Pigeons near Taforalt in eastern Morocco. The fossils were directly dated to between 15,100 and 13,900 calibrated years before present. The scientists found that five male specimens with sufficient nuclear DNA preservation belonged to the E1b1b1a1 (M78) subclade, with one skeleton bearing the E1b1b1a1b1 parent lineage to E-V13, another male specimen belonged to E1b1b (M215*).[9]

Distribution

In Africa, E-M215 is distributed in highest frequencies in the Horn of Africa and North Africa, specifically in the countries Somalia and Morocco, whence it has in recent millennia expanded as far south as South Africa, and northwards into Western Asia and Europe (especially the Mediterranean and the Balkans).[10][11][12][13] E-M281 has been found in Ethiopia.[11]

Almost all E-M215 men are also in E-M35. In 2004, M215 was found to be older than M35 when individuals were found who have the M215 mutation, but do not have M35 mutation.[10] In 2013, Di Cristofaro et al. (2013) found one individual in Khorasan, North-East Iran to be positive for M215 but negative for M35.[14]

E-M215 and E-M35 are quite common among Afroasiatic speakers. The linguistic group and carriers of E-M35 lineage have a high probability to have arisen and dispersed together from the Afroasiatic Urheimat.[15] Amongst populations with an Afro-Asiatic speaking history, a significant proportion of Jewish male lineages are E-M35.[16] Haplogroup E-M35, which accounts for approximately 18%[11] to 20%[17][18] of Ashkenazi and 8.6%[19] to 30%[11] of Sephardi Y-chromosomes, appears to be one of the major founding lineages of the Jewish population.[20][Note 2]

E-M215 association with endurance

Moran et al. (2004) observed that among Y-DNA (paternal) clades borne by elite endurance athletes in Ethiopia, the haplogroup E3b1 was negatively correlated with elite athletic endurance performance,[21] whereas the haplogroups E*, E3*, K*(xP),[21] and J*(xJ2) were significantly more frequent among the elite endurance athletes.[21]

Subclades

E-M35

Haplogroup E-M35 is a subclade of E-M215.

E-M281

Haplogroup E-M281 is a subclade of E-M215.

Phylogenetics

Phylogenetic history

Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.

YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand) (α) (β) (γ) (δ) (ε) (ζ) (η) YCC 2002 (Longhand) YCC 2005 (Longhand) YCC 2008 (Longhand) YCC 2010r (Longhand) ISOGG 2006 ISOGG 2007 ISOGG 2008 ISOGG 2009 ISOGG 2010 ISOGG 2011 ISOGG 2012
E-P29 21 III 3A 13 Eu3 H2 B E* E E E E E E E E E E
E-M33 21 III 3A 13 Eu3 H2 B E1* E1 E1a E1a E1 E1 E1a E1a E1a E1a E1a
E-M44 21 III 3A 13 Eu3 H2 B E1a E1a E1a1 E1a1 E1a E1a E1a1 E1a1 E1a1 E1a1 E1a1
E-M75 21 III 3A 13 Eu3 H2 B E2a E2 E2 E2 E2 E2 E2 E2 E2 E2 E2
E-M54 21 III 3A 13 Eu3 H2 B E2b E2b E2b E2b1 - - - - - - -
E-P2 25 III 4 14 Eu3 H2 B E3* E3 E1b E1b1 E3 E3 E1b1 E1b1 E1b1 E1b1 E1b1
E-M2 8 III 5 15 Eu2 H2 B E3a* E3a E1b1 E1b1a E3a E3a E1b1a E1b1a E1b1a E1b1a1 E1b1a1
E-M58 8 III 5 15 Eu2 H2 B E3a1 E3a1 E1b1a1 E1b1a1 E3a1 E3a1 E1b1a1 E1b1a1 E1b1a1 E1b1a1a1a E1b1a1a1a
E-M116.2 8 III 5 15 Eu2 H2 B E3a2 E3a2 E1b1a2 E1b1a2 E3a2 E3a2 E1b1a2 E1b1a2 E1ba12 removed removed
E-M149 8 III 5 15 Eu2 H2 B E3a3 E3a3 E1b1a3 E1b1a3 E3a3 E3a3 E1b1a3 E1b1a3 E1b1a3 E1b1a1a1c E1b1a1a1c
E-M154 8 III 5 15 Eu2 H2 B E3a4 E3a4 E1b1a4 E1b1a4 E3a4 E3a4 E1b1a4 E1b1a4 E1b1a4 E1b1a1a1g1c E1b1a1a1g1c
E-M155 8 III 5 15 Eu2 H2 B E3a5 E3a5 E1b1a5 E1b1a5 E3a5 E3a5 E1b1a5 E1b1a5 E1b1a5 E1b1a1a1d E1b1a1a1d
E-M10 8 III 5 15 Eu2 H2 B E3a6 E3a6 E1b1a6 E1b1a6 E3a6 E3a6 E1b1a6 E1b1a6 E1b1a6 E1b1a1a1e E1b1a1a1e
E-M35 25 III 4 14 Eu4 H2 B E3b* E3b E1b1b1 E1b1b1 E3b1 E3b1 E1b1b1 E1b1b1 E1b1b1 removed removed
E-M78 25 III 4 14 Eu4 H2 B E3b1* E3b1 E1b1b1a E1b1b1a1 E3b1a E3b1a E1b1b1a E1b1b1a E1b1b1a E1b1b1a1 E1b1b1a1
E-M148 25 III 4 14 Eu4 H2 B E3b1a E3b1a E1b1b1a3a E1b1b1a1c1 E3b1a3a E3b1a3a E1b1b1a3a E1b1b1a3a E1b1b1a3a E1b1b1a1c1 E1b1b1a1c1
E-M81 25 III 4 14 Eu4 H2 B E3b2* E3b2 E1b1b1b E1b1b1b1 E3b1b E3b1b E1b1b1b E1b1b1b E1b1b1b E1b1b1b1 E1b1b1b1a
E-M107 25 III 4 14 Eu4 H2 B E3b2a E3b2a E1b1b1b1 E1b1b1b1a E3b1b1 E3b1b1 E1b1b1b1 E1b1b1b1 E1b1b1b1 E1b1b1b1a E1b1b1b1a1
E-M165 25 III 4 14 Eu4 H2 B E3b2b E3b2b E1b1b1b2 E1b1b1b1b1 E3b1b2 E3b1b2 E1b1b1b2a E1b1b1b2a E1b1b1b2a E1b1b1b2a E1b1b1b1a2a
E-M123 25 III 4 14 Eu4 H2 B E3b3* E3b3 E1b1b1c E1b1b1c E3b1c E3b1c E1b1b1c E1b1b1c E1b1b1c E1b1b1c E1b1b1b2a
E-M34 25 III 4 14 Eu4 H2 B E3b3a* E3b3a E1b1b1c1 E1b1b1c1 E3b1c1 E3b1c1 E1b1b1c1 E1b1b1c1 E1b1b1c1 E1b1b1c1 E1b1b1b2a1
E-M136 25 III 4 14 Eu4 H2 B E3ba1 E3b3a1 E1b1b1c1a E1b1b1c1a1 E3b1c1a E3b1c1a E1b1b1c1a1 E1b1b1c1a1 E1b1b1c1a1 E1b1b1c1a1 E1b1b1b2a1a1

Research publications

The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC Tree.

Discussion

E-M215 and E1b1b1 are the currently accepted names found in the proposals of the Y Chromosome Consortium (YCC), for the clades defined by mutation M215 and M35 respectively, which can also be referred to as E-M215 and E-M35.[22] The nomenclature E3b (E-M215) and E3b1 (E-M35) respectively were the YCC defined names used to designate the same haplogroups in older literature with E-M35 branching as a separate subclade of E-M215 in 2004.[10] Prior to 2002 these haplogroups were not designated in a consistent way, and nor was their relationship to other related clades within haplogroup E and haplogroup DE. But in non-standard or older terminologies, E-M215 is for example approximately the same as "haplotype V", still used in publications such as Gérard et al. (2006).[23]

Phylogenetic trees

Cladogram with the main subclades:

E1b1b (M215

The following phylogenetic tree is based on the YCC 2008 tree and subsequent published research as summarized by ISOGG. It includes all known subclades as of June 2015 (Trombetta et al. 2015)[24][22][23]

  • E-M215 (E1b1b)
    • E-M215*. Rare or non-existent.
    • E-M35 (E1b1b1)
      • E-V68 (E1b1b1a)
        • E-V2009. Found in individuals in Sardinia and Morocco.
        • E-M78 (E1b1b1a1). North Africa, Horn of Africa, West Asia, Sicily. (Formerly "E1b1b1a".)
          • E-M78*
          • E-V1477. Found in Tunisian Jews.
          • E-V1083.
            • E-V1083*. Found only in Eritrea (1.1%) and Sardinia (0.3%).
            • E-V13
            • E-V22
          • E-V1129
            • E-V12
              • E-V12*
              • E-V32
            • E-V264
              • E-V259. Found in North Cameroon.
              • E-V65
                • E-CTS194
      • E-Z827 (E1b1b1b)[25]
        • E-V257/L19 (L19, V257) – E1b1b1b1[25]
          • E-PF2431
          • E-M81 (M81)
            • E-PF2546
              • E-PF2546*
              • E-CTS12227
                • E-MZ11
                  • E-MZ12
              • E-A929
                • E-Z5009
                  • E-Z5009*
                  • E-Z5010
                  • E-Z5013
                    • E-Z5013*
                    • E-A1152
                • E-A2227
                  • E-A428
                  • E-MZ16
                • E-PF6794
                  • E-PF6794*
                  • E-PF6789
                    • E-MZ21
                    • E-MZ23
                    • E-MZ80
                • E-A930
                • E-Z2198/E-MZ46
                  • E-A601
                  • E-L351
        • E-Z830 (Z830) – E1b1b1b2[25]
          • E-M123 (M123)
            • E-M34 (M34)
              • E-M84 (M84)
                • E-M136 (M136)
              • E-M290 (M290)
              • E-V23 (V23)
              • E-L791 (L791,L792)
          • E-V1515. E-V1515 and its subclades are mainly restricted to eastern Africa.
            • E-V1515*
            • E-V1486
              • E-V1486*
              • E-V2881
                • E-V2881*
                • E-V1792
                • E-V92
              • E-M293 (M293)
                • E-M293*
                • E-P72 (P72)
                • E-V3065*
            • E-V1700
              • E-V42 (V42)
              • E-V1785
                • E-V1785*
                • E-V6 (V6)
      • E-V16/E-M281 (E1b1b2). Rare. Found in individuals in Ethiopia, Yemen and Saudi Arabia.

See also

Genetics

Y-DNA E subclades

Y-DNA backbone tree

Notes

  1. ^ Cruciani et al. (2004): "Several observations point to eastern Africa as the homeland for haplogroup E3b—that is, it had (1) the highest number of different E3b clades (table 1), (2) a high frequency of this haplogroup and a high microsatellite diversity, and, finally, (3) the exclusive presence of the undifferentiated E3b* paragroup." As mentioned above, "E3b" is the old name for E-M215. Semino et al. (2004): "This inference is further supported by the presence of additional Hg E lineal diversification and by the highest frequency of E-P2* and E-M35* in the same region. The distribution of E-P2* appears limited to eastern African peoples. The E-M35* lineage shows its highest frequency (19.2%) in the Ethiopian Oromo but with a wider distribution range than E-P2*." For E-M215 Cruciani et al. (2007) reduced their estimate to 22,400 from 25,600 in Cruciani et al. (2004), re-calibrating the same data.
  2. ^ "Paragroup E-M35 * and haplogroup J-12f2a* fit the criteria for major AJ founding lineages because they are widespread both in AJ populations and in Near Eastern populations, and occur at much lower frequencies in European non-Jewish populations." Behar et al. (2004)

References

  1. ^ a b Trombetta 2015.
  2. ^ Haber M, Jones AL, Connel BA, Asan, Arciero E, Huanming Y, Thomas MG, Xue Y, Tyler-Smith C (June 2019). "A Rare Deep-Rooting D0 African Y-chromosomal Haplogroup and its Implications for the Expansion of Modern Humans Out of Africa". Genetics. 212 (4): 1421–1428. doi:10.1534/genetics.119.302368. PMC 6707464. PMID 31196864.
  3. ^ a b Cruciani et al. (2007)
  4. ^ "E-M215 YTree".
  5. ^ Cruciani et al. (2004).
  6. ^ Schuenemann, Verena J.; et al. (2017). "Ancient Egyptian mummy genomes suggest an increase of Sub-Saharan African ancestry in post-Roman periods". Nature Communications. 8: 15694. Bibcode:2017NatCo...815694S. doi:10.1038/ncomms15694. PMC 5459999. PMID 28556824.
  7. ^ Fregel; et al. (2018). "Ancient genomes from North Africa evidence prehistoric migrations to the Maghreb from both the Levant and Europe". bioRxiv 10.1101/191569.
  8. ^ Rodrı́guez-Varela; et al. (2017). "Genomic Analyses of Pre-European Conquest Human Remains from the Canary Islands Reveal Close Affinity to Modern North Africans". Current Biology. 27 (1–7): 3396–3402.e5. Bibcode:2017CBio...27E3396R. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.09.059. hdl:2164/13526. PMID 29107554.
  9. ^ Van De Loosdrecht, Marieke; Bouzouggar, Abdeljalil; Humphrey, Louise; Posth, Cosimo; Barton, Nick; Aximu-Petri, Ayinuer; Nickel, Birgit; Nagel, Sarah; Talbi, El Hassan; El Hajraoui, Mohammed Abdeljalil; Amzazi, Saaïd; Hublin, Jean-Jacques; Pääbo, Svante; Schiffels, Stephan; Meyer, Matthias; Haak, Wolfgang; Jeong, Choongwon; Krause, Johannes (4 May 2018). "Pleistocene North African genomes link Near Eastern and sub-Saharan African human populations". Science. 360 (6388): 548–552. Bibcode:2018Sci...360..548V. doi:10.1126/science.aar8380. PMID 29545507. S2CID 206666517.
  10. ^ a b c Cruciani et al. (2004)
  11. ^ a b c d Semino et al. (2004)
  12. ^ Rosser et al. (2000)
  13. ^ Firasat et al. (2006)
  14. ^ Di Cristofaro, Julie; et al. (October 18, 2013). "Afghan Hindu Kush: Where Eurasian Sub-Continent Gene Flows Converge". PLOS ONE. 8 (10): e76748. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...876748D. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0076748. ISSN 1932-6203. OCLC 5534533323. PMC 3799995. PMID 24204668. S2CID 16455960.
  15. ^ Ehret, Keita & Newman (2004); Keita & Boyce (2005); Keita (2008).
  16. ^ Behar et al. (2003)
  17. ^ Behar et al. (2004)
  18. ^ Shen et al. (2004)
  19. ^ Adams et al. (2008)
  20. ^ Nebel et al. (2001)
  21. ^ a b c Moran, Colin N.; et al. (2004). "Y chromosome haplogroups of elite Ethiopian endurance runners". Human Genetics. 115 (6): 492–7. doi:10.1007/s00439-004-1202-y. PMID 15503146. S2CID 13960753. Retrieved 6 February 2017.
  22. ^ a b Karafet et al. (2008)
  23. ^ a b Y Chromosome Consortium "YCC" (2002)
  24. ^ ISOGG (2011)
  25. ^ a b c ISOGG 2015

Bibliography

Sources for conversion tables