Pauls Kalniņš: Difference between revisions

Pauls Kalniņš
Pauls Kalniņš
Speaker of the Saeima
	In office; 20 March 1925 – 15 May 1934
President	Jānis Čakste ; Gustavs Zemgals ; Alberts Kviesis
Prime Minister	Hugo Celmiņš ; Kārlis Ulmanis ; Arturs Alberings ; Marģers Skujenieks ; Pēteris Juraševskis ; Hugo Celmiņš (2nd term) ; Kārlis Ulmanis (3nd term) ; Marģers Skujenieks (2nd term) ; Ādolfs Bļodnieks
Deputy	Kārlis Pauluks ; Jāzeps Rancāns ; Juris Pabērzs ; Alberts Kviesis ; Arturs Alberings ; Margers Skujenieks
Preceded by	Frīdrihs Vesmanis
Succeeded by	Position abolished
Acting President of Latvia
	In office; 14 March 1927 – 8 April 1927; As Acting President
Prime Minister	Marģers Skujenieks
Preceded by	Jānis Čakste
Succeeded by	Gustavs Zemgals
Personal details
Born	3 March 1872; Vilce Parish, Dobele District, Courland Governorate, Russian Empire
Died	26 August 1945 (aged 73); Lustenau, French-occupied Austria (now Vorarlberg, Austria)
Nationality	Latvian
Political party	LSDSP
Spouse	Klāra Kalniņa
Children	Brūno Kalniņš
Alma mater	University of Tartu
Profession	Doctor
Awards	Order of the Three Stars, 1st and 2nd Class
Signature

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Pauls Kalniņš (3 March 1872 – 26 August 1945) was a Latvian physician and politician (LSDSP), a long-term Speaker of the Saeima, one of the signatories of the Memorandum of the Latvian Central Council in 17 March 1944, and was the Acting President of Latvia (1927, 1944–1945).

Personal life

Pauls Kalniņš was born on 3 March 1872^[2]^[3]^[4] (from other sources – 3 April^[5]) at the Vilce Parish "Mazpečuļos" as a farmer's son. After graduating from the local parish school, he studied at Liepāja Gymnasium,^[5] where he met such later statesmen such as Miķelis Valters and Jānis Jansons-Brauns. He graduated from the gymnasium in 1892 and went to study natural sciences at Moscow University, but later moved to the University of Tartu, where he studied medicine, obtaining a medical degree as a Doctor of Medicine in 1898. He met his wife, Klāra Kalniņa, in 1895, and married her three years after.

Political career

As a member of Pīpkalonija [lv], in 1897, he was arrested together with other members of the New Current and deported from Latvia until 1901. The deportation was accompanied by Žagarė. After returning to Latvia, he became a prominent member of the Social Democrats, a participant in the 1905 Russian Revolution, and was a collaborator in the editorial staff of Cīņa (now Neatkarīgā Rīta Avīze). He joined the non-Bolshevik direction of social democracy. He became a Chairman of the LSDSP Central Committee (1918–1924), a member of the People's Council, a member of the Constitutional Assembly and a member of all the first free state Saeima, as a Chairman of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th Saeima.

Kalniņš ran in the Latvian presidential elections of 1930 and 1933. On both occasions, he lost to Alberts Kviesis.^[6] Kalniņš received the Order of the Three Stars 1st (1927) and 2nd Class (1926).^[7]

After the coup of K. Ulmanis, Kalniņš spent 4 months in the concentration camp of Liepāja.

During World War II and the occupation of the Baltic states, Kalniņš was one of the founders of the Latvian Central Council,^[8] the main political resistance movement, becoming its leader after the arrest of Konstantīns Čakste [lv] by the Gestapo.

In a meeting of the LCC on 8 September 1944, Kalniņš signed the Declaration on the Restoration of the Latvian State: "On the basis of the Satversme of the Republic of Latvia (Article 52), the position of the last President of the Saeima has passed to me as the last legally elected Speaker of the Saeima. On this day, I took up the position of the President until the election of a new President in accordance with the procedure provided for in the Satversme. [..] "^[9]^[10]

According to the Constitution of Latvia, as the last Speaker of the Saeima, he was the acting president until his death.^[11]^[12]

Death

In 1944 Kalniņš emigrated. He died on 26 August 1945 in the village of Becava near Lustenava, in the Allied occupied Austria.^[11]

He was survived by his wife Klāra Kalniņa and son Brūno Kalniņš, who were also notable employees of the Social Democrats.

References

^ Saeimas stenogrammas (from 1925 to 1934) (in Latvian). periodika.lv.
^ Ērglis, Artis (2005). "Kalniņš Pauls". Personu rādītāji, letonika.lv.
^ Kalniņš Pauls (in Latvian). Vol. 4. Riga: Latvian Soviet Encyclopedia. 1983. p. 577.
^ Saeimas stenogrammas, IX sesija (from April 27, 1934 – May 15, 1934) (in Latvian). Saeima.
^ ^a ^b "Pauls Kalnins". Saeima. 30 October 2008. Archived from the original on 30 October 2008.
^ "Alberts Kviesis". president.lv. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015.
^ "Ievērojamie mediķi - Kalnins Pauls". www.ieverojamiemediki.lv. Retrieved 16 November 2020.
^ "Latviešu Centrālās padomes un Latviešu Centrālās komitejas pirmsākumi". vestnesis.lv.
^ "Latvijas Centrālā Padome". historia.lv. 12 February 2012. Archived from the original on 12 February 2012.
^ "Latvian Central Council - Camps in Germany for refugees from Baltic". Latvian National Archive. Retrieved 22 March 2023.
^ ^a ^b Bulmanis, Nikolajs. "LUSTENAVAS VASARA". Jaunā Gaita, zagarins.net.
^ Pleps, Jānis (6 June 2008). "Pazudušais prezidents". politika.lv.

External links

[1] Saeimas stenogrammas (from 1925 to 1934) (in Latvian). periodika.lv.

[2] Ērglis, Artis (2005). "Kalniņš Pauls". Personu rādītāji, letonika.lv.

[3] Kalniņš Pauls (in Latvian). Vol. 4. Riga: Latvian Soviet Encyclopedia. 1983. p. 577.

[4] Saeimas stenogrammas, IX sesija (from April 27, 1934 – May 15, 1934) (in Latvian). Saeima.

[Saeima-5] "Pauls Kalnins". Saeima. 30 October 2008. Archived from the original on 30 October 2008.

[6] "Alberts Kviesis". president.lv. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015.

[7] "Ievērojamie mediķi - Kalnins Pauls". www.ieverojamiemediki.lv. Retrieved 16 November 2020.

[8] "Latviešu Centrālās padomes un Latviešu Centrālās komitejas pirmsākumi". vestnesis.lv.

[9] "Latvijas Centrālā Padome". historia.lv. 12 February 2012. Archived from the original on 12 February 2012.

[10] "Latvian Central Council - Camps in Germany for refugees from Baltic". Latvian National Archive. Retrieved 22 March 2023.

[Bulmanis-11] Bulmanis, Nikolajs. "LUSTENAVAS VASARA". Jaunā Gaita, zagarins.net.

[12] Pleps, Jānis (6 June 2008). "Pazudušais prezidents". politika.lv.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{short description|Wikimedia disambiguation page}}
+{{Short description|Latvian physician and politician}}
 {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
 {{Infobox officeholder
-| name = Pauls Kalniņš
+| name                = Pauls Kalniņš
+| image               = Pauls Kalnins, łotewski polityk, kandydat w wyborach prezydenckich - fotografia sytuacyjna.jpg
-| image = Pauls_Kalniņš.jpg
-| office = [[Speaker of the Saeima]]
+| office              = [[Speaker of the Saeima]]
-| predecessor = [[Frīdrihs Vesmanis]]
+| predecessor         = [[Frīdrihs Vesmanis]]
-| successor = ''[[1934 Latvian coup d'état|Position abolished]]''
+| successor           = ''[[1934 Latvian coup d'état|Position abolished]]''
-| term_start = 20 March 1925
+| term_start          = 20 March 1925
-| term_end =  15 May 1934
+| term_end            = 15 May 1934
-| president = [[Jānis Čakste]] <br> [[Gustavs Zemgals]] <br> [[Alberts Kviesis]]
+| president           = [[Jānis Čakste]] <br> [[Gustavs Zemgals]] <br> [[Alberts Kviesis]]
-| primeminister = [[Hugo Celmiņš]] <br> [[Kārlis Ulmanis]] <br> [[Arturs Alberings]] <br> [[Marģers Skujenieks]] <br> [[Pēteris Juraševskis]] <br> Hugo Celmiņš <small>(2nd term)</small> <br> Kārlis Ulmanis <small>(3nd term)</small> <br> Marģers Skujenieks <small>(2nd term)</small> <br> [[Ādolfs Bļodnieks]]
+| primeminister       = [[Hugo Celmiņš]] <br> [[Kārlis Ulmanis]] <br> [[Arturs Alberings]] <br> [[Marģers Skujenieks]] <br> [[Pēteris Juraševskis]] <br> Hugo Celmiņš <small>(2nd term)</small> <br> Kārlis Ulmanis <small>(3nd term)</small> <br> Marģers Skujenieks <small>(2nd term)</small> <br> [[Ādolfs Bļodnieks]]
-| deputy = Kārlis Pauluks <br> Jāzeps Rancāns <br> Juris Pabērzs <br> [[Alberts Kviesis]] <br> [[Arturs Alberings]] <br> [[Margers Skujenieks]]<ref>{{cite book|publisher=periodika.lv|language = Latvian|title=Saeimas stenogrammas (from 1925 to 1934)}}</ref>
+| deputy              = Kārlis Pauluks <br> Jāzeps Rancāns <br> Juris Pabērzs <br> [[Alberts Kviesis]] <br> [[Arturs Alberings]] <br> [[Margers Skujenieks]]<ref>{{cite book|publisher=periodika.lv|language = Latvian|title=Saeimas stenogrammas (from 1925 to 1934)}}</ref>
-| order1 = [[List of Presidents of Latvia|2nd]]
+| order1              = [[List of Presidents of Latvia|Acting]]
-| office1 = President of Latvia
+| office1             = President of Latvia
-| term_start1 = 14 March 1927
+| term_start1         = 14 March 1927
-| term_end1 = 8 April 1927<br><small>As Acting President</small>
+| term_end1           = 8 April 1927<br><small>As Acting President</small>
-| primeminister1 = [[Marģers Skujenieks]]
+| primeminister1      = [[Marģers Skujenieks]]
-| predecessor1 = [[Jānis Čakste]]
+| predecessor1        = [[Jānis Čakste]]
-| successor1 = [[Gustavs Zemgals]]
+| successor1          = [[Gustavs Zemgals]]
-| birth_date = 3 March 1872
+| birth_date          = 3 March 1872
-| birth_place =  [[Vilce Parish]], [[Dobele District]], [[Courland Governorate|Kurzeme]], Russia
+| birth_place         = [[Vilce Parish]], [[Dobele District]], [[Courland Governorate]], [[Russian Empire]]
-| death_date = 26 August 1945 (aged 73)
+| death_date          = 26 August 1945 (aged 73)
-| death_place = Lustenava, French-occupied Austria (now [[Vorarlberg]], [[Austria]])
+| death_place         = [[Lustenau]], French-occupied Austria (now [[Vorarlberg]], [[Austria]])
-| party = [[Latvian Social Democratic Workers' Party|LSDSP]]
+| party               = [[Latvian Social Democratic Workers' Party|LSDSP]]
-| nationality = [[Latvians|Latvian]]
+| nationality         = [[Latvians|Latvian]]
-| spouse = [[Klāra Kalniņa]]
+| spouse              = [[Klāra Kalniņa]]
-| profession = Doctor
+| profession          = Doctor
-| alma_mater = [[University of Tartu]]
+| alma_mater          = [[University of Tartu]]
-| children = [[Brūno Kalniņš]]
+| children            = [[Brūno Kalniņš]]
+| awards              = [[Order of the Three Stars]], 1st and 2nd Class
+| signature           = Signature of Pauls Kalniņš.svg
 }}
+'''Pauls Kalniņš''' (3 March 1872 – 26 August 1945) was a [[Latvians|Latvian]] physician and politician ([[Latvian Social Democratic Workers' Party|LSDSP]]), a long-term [[Speaker of the Saeima]], one of the signatories of the Memorandum of the [[Latvian Central Council]] in 17 March 1944, and was the [[Acting president|Acting]] [[President of Latvia]] (1927, 1944–1945).
-'''Pauls Kalniņš''' (born 3 March 1872 in [[Vilce Parish]], died on 26 August 1945 in Lustenava, [[Austria]]) was a Latvian physician and politician ([[Latvian Social Democratic Workers' Party|LSDSP]]), a long-term [[Speaker of the Saeima]], one of the signatories of the Memorandum of the Central Council of Latvia in 17 March 1944, and was the [[Acting president|Acting]] [[President of Latvia]] (1944–1945).
 == Personal life ==
-Pauls Kalniņš was born on 3 March 1872<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.letonika.lv/groups/default.aspx?cid=39097&r=89&lid=39097&q=&h=221|title=Kalniņš Pauls|publisher=Personu rādītāji, letonika.lv|author=Ērglis, Artis|year=2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|publisher=Latvian Soviet Encyclopedia|year=1983|language = Latvian|title=Kalniņš Pauls|page=577|volume=4|location=Riga}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| title = Saeimas stenogrammas, IX sesija (from April 27, 1934 – May 15, 1934)| language = Latvian| publisher = [[Saeima]]}}</ref> (from other sources – 3 April<ref name = Saeima>{{cite web|date=30 October 2008|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081030020936/http://www.saeima.lv/Informacija/Kaln.htm|title=Pauls Kalnins|publisher=[[Saeima]]}}</ref>) at the [[Vilce Parish]] "Mazpečuļos" as a farmer's son. After graduating from the local parish school, he studied at [[Liepāja Gymnasium]],<ref name = Saeima /> where he met such later statesmen such as [[Miķelis Valters]] and Jānis Jansons-Brauns. He graduated from the gymnasium in 1892 and went to study natural sciences at [[Moscow University]], but later moved to the [[University of Tartu]], where he studied medicine, obtaining a [[medical degree]] as a [[Doctor of Medicine]] in 1898. He met his wife, [[Klāra Kalniņa]], in 1895, and married her three years after.
+Pauls Kalniņš was born on 3 March 1872<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.letonika.lv/groups/default.aspx?cid=39097&r=89&lid=39097&q=&h=221|title=Kalniņš Pauls|publisher=Personu rādītāji, letonika.lv|author=Ērglis, Artis|year=2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|publisher=Latvian Soviet Encyclopedia|year=1983|language = Latvian|title=Kalniņš Pauls|page=577|volume=4|location=Riga}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| title = Saeimas stenogrammas, IX sesija (from April 27, 1934 – May 15, 1934)| language = Latvian| publisher = [[Saeima]]}}</ref> (from other sources – 3 April<ref name = Saeima>{{cite web|date=30 October 2008|url=http://www.saeima.lv/Informacija/Kaln.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081030020936/http://www.saeima.lv/Informacija/Kaln.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 October 2008|title=Pauls Kalnins|publisher=[[Saeima]]}}</ref>) at the [[Vilce Parish]] "Mazpečuļos" as a farmer's son. After graduating from the local parish school, he studied at [[Liepāja Gymnasium]],<ref name = Saeima /> where he met such later statesmen such as [[Miķelis Valters]] and [[Jānis Jansons-Brauns]]. He graduated from the gymnasium in 1892 and went to study natural sciences at [[Moscow University]], but later moved to the [[University of Tartu]], where he studied medicine, obtaining a [[medical degree]] as a [[Doctor of Medicine]] in 1898. He met his wife, [[Klāra Kalniņa]], in 1895, and married her three years after.
 == Political career ==
-As a member of the Pīkalkalonia, in 1897, he was arrested together with other members of the [[New Current]] and deported from [[Latvia]] until 1901. The deportation was accompanied by [[Žagarė]] . After returning to [[Latvia]], he became a prominent member of the [[Social Democrats]], a participant in the [[1905 Russian Revolution]], and was a collaborator in the editorial staff of '''Cīņa, Neatkarīgā Cīņa''' (now [[Neatkarīgā Rīta Avīze]]). He joined the non-[[Bolshevik]] direction of social democracy. He became a Chairman of the [[Latvian Social Democratic Workers' Party|LSDSP]] Central Committee (1918–1924), a member of the [[People's Council of Latvia|People's Council]], a member of the [[Constitutional Assembly of Latvia|Constitutional Assembly]] and a member of all the first free state [[Saeima]], as a Chairman of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th Saeima. According to K. Ulmanisspent, he spent 4 months in prison after the [[1934 Latvian coup d'état|coup]]. According to the [[Constitution of Latvia]], as the last [[Speaker of the Saeima]], he was the acting president until his death.<ref name = Bulmanis>{{cite web|author=Bulmanis, Nikolajs|title=LUSTENAVAS VASARA|publisher=Jaunā Gaita, zagarins.net|url=http://www.zagarins.net/JG/jg213/JG213_Bulmanis.htm}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogi.politika.lv/index.php?id=60756|publisher=politika.lv|title= Pazudušais prezidents|author=Pleps, Jānis|date=6 June 2008}}</ref> For this and other reasons, during the [[German occupation of Latvia during World War II|German occupation]], Kalniņš was one of the founders of the [[Latvian Central Council]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vestnesis.lv/ta/id/10832|publisher=vestnesis.lv|title=Latviešu Centrālās padomes un Latviešu Centrālās komitejas pirmsākumi}}</ref>
+As a member of {{Ill|Pīpkalonija|lv}}, in 1897, he was arrested together with other members of the [[New Current]] and deported from [[Latvia]] until 1901. The deportation was accompanied by [[Žagarė]]. After returning to [[Latvia]], he became a prominent member of the [[Social Democratic Party "Harmony"|Social Democrats]], a participant in the [[1905 Russian Revolution]], and was a collaborator in the editorial staff of '''Cīņa''' (now [[Neatkarīgā Rīta Avīze]]). He joined the non-[[Bolshevik]] direction of social democracy. He became a Chairman of the [[Latvian Social Democratic Workers' Party|LSDSP]] Central Committee (1918–1924), a member of the [[People's Council of Latvia|People's Council]], a member of the [[Constitutional Assembly of Latvia|Constitutional Assembly]] and a member of all the first free state [[Saeima]], as a Chairman of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th Saeima.
-Kalniņš ran in the Latvian presidential elections of 1930 and 1933. On both occasions, he lost to [[Alberts Kviesis]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924081748/http://www.president.lv/pk/content/?cat_id=905|title=Alberts Kviesis|publisher=president.lv}}</ref>
+Kalniņš ran in the Latvian presidential elections of [[1930 Latvian presidential election|1930]] and [[1933 Latvian presidential election|1933]]. On both occasions, he lost to [[Alberts Kviesis]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.president.lv/pk/content/?cat_id=905|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924081748/http://www.president.lv/pk/content/?cat_id=905|url-status=dead|archive-date=2015-09-24|title=Alberts Kviesis|publisher=president.lv}}</ref> Kalniņš received the [[Order of the Three Stars]] 1st (1927) and 2nd Class (1926).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ievērojamie mediķi - Kalnins Pauls|url=http://www.ieverojamiemediki.lv/k/kalnins-pauls/|access-date=2020-11-16|website=www.ieverojamiemediki.lv}}</ref>
+After the [[1934 Latvian coup d'état|coup]] of K. Ulmanis, Kalniņš spent 4 months in the concentration camp of Liepāja.
-At the meeting of the Central Council of Latvia on 8 September 1944, Kalniņš signed a declaration on the restoration of the Latvian state: "On the basis of the Satversme of the Republic of Latvia (Article 52), the position of the last President of the Saeima has passed to me as the last legally elected Speaker of the Saeima. On this day, I took up the position of the President until the election of a new President in accordance with the procedure provided for in the Satversme. [..] "<ref>{{cite web|date=12 February 2012|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120212201347/http://www.historia.lv/alfabets/L/la/latvijas_centrala_padome/latvijas_centrala_padome.htm||title=Latvijas Centrālā Padome|publisher=historia.lv}}</ref>
+During World War II and the [[occupation of the Baltic states]], Kalniņš was one of the founders of the [[Latvian Central Council]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vestnesis.lv/ta/id/10832|publisher=vestnesis.lv|title=Latviešu Centrālās padomes un Latviešu Centrālās komitejas pirmsākumi}}</ref> the main political resistance movement, becoming its leader after the arrest of {{Ill|Konstantīns Čakste|lv}} by the [[Gestapo]].
+In a meeting of the LCC on 8 September 1944, Kalniņš signed the ''Declaration on the Restoration of the Latvian State'': "On the basis of the [[Constitution of Latvia|Satversme]] of the Republic of Latvia (Article 52), the position of the last President of the Saeima has passed to me as the last legally elected Speaker of the Saeima. On this day, I took up the position of the President until the election of a new President in accordance with the procedure provided for in the Satversme. [..] "<ref>{{cite web|date=12 February 2012|url=http://www.historia.lv/alfabets/L/la/latvijas_centrala_padome/latvijas_centrala_padome.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120212201347/http://www.historia.lv/alfabets/L/la/latvijas_centrala_padome/latvijas_centrala_padome.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 February 2012|title=Latvijas Centrālā Padome|publisher=historia.lv}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Latvian Central Council - Camps in Germany for refugees from Baltic |url=https://www.archiv.org.lv/baltijas_dp_vacija/?lang=en&id=28 |access-date=2023-03-22 |website=Latvian National Archive}}</ref>
+According to the [[Constitution of Latvia]], as the last [[Speaker of the Saeima]], he was the acting president until his death.<ref name = Bulmanis>{{cite web|author=Bulmanis, Nikolajs|title=LUSTENAVAS VASARA|publisher=Jaunā Gaita, zagarins.net|url=http://www.zagarins.net/JG/jg213/JG213_Bulmanis.htm}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogi.politika.lv/index.php?id=60756|publisher=politika.lv|title= Pazudušais prezidents|author=Pleps, Jānis|date=6 June 2008}}</ref>
 == Death ==
-In 1944 he emigrated. He died on 26 August 1945 in the village of Becava near Lustenava, in the Allied occupied Austria.<ref name = Bulmanis />
+In 1944 Kalniņš emigrated. He died on 26 August 1945 in the village of Becava near Lustenava, in the Allied occupied Austria.<ref name = Bulmanis />
 He was survived by his wife [[Klāra Kalniņa]] and son [[Brūno Kalniņš]], who were also notable employees of the Social Democrats.
 == References ==
-{{reflist}}
+{{Reflist}}
+== External links ==
+* [https://www.president.lv/en/print/pdf/node/114 Pauls Kalniņš as the Acting President of Latvia (1944–1945)] by the Chancellery of the [[President of Latvia]]
+* [https://eng.lsm.lv/article/features/video/documentary-examines-the-latvian-central-councils-effort-to-maintain-statehood.a375504/ Latvian TV documentary examines the Latvian Central Council's effort to maintain statehood - eng.Lsm.lv]
+{{Authority control}}
 {{DEFAULTSORT:Kalnins, Pauls}}
 [[Category:1872 births]]
 [[Category:1945 deaths]]
+[[Category:People from Jelgava Municipality]]
+[[Category:People from Courland Governorate]]
+[[Category:Latvian Social Democratic Workers' Party politicians]]
 [[Category:Presidents of Latvia]]
 [[Category:Speakers of the Saeima]]
-[[Category:University of Tartu alumni]]
+[[Category:Members of the People's Council of Latvia]]
-[[Category:Latvian people]]
+[[Category:Deputies of the Constitutional Assembly of Latvia]]
-[[Category:Latvian politicians]]
+[[Category:Deputies of the 1st Saeima]]
+[[Category:Deputies of the 2nd Saeima]]
+[[Category:Deputies of the 3rd Saeima]]
+[[Category:Deputies of the 4th Saeima]]
 [[Category:Latvian physicians]]
-[[Category:Latvian Social Democratic Workers' Party politicians]]
+[[Category:University of Tartu alumni]]
 [[Category:Latvian World War II refugees]]
 [[Category:Latvian expatriates in Austria]]
+[[Category:Physicians from the Russian Empire]]
+[[Category:20th-century Latvian physicians]]

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