First inauguration of George Washington: Difference between revisions

First presidential inauguration of George Washington
Date	April 30, 1789; 235 years ago
Location	Federal Hall,; New York City
Participants	George Washington; 1st president of the United States; — Assuming office; Robert Livingston; Chancellor of New York; — Administering oath; John Adams; 1st vice president of the United States; — Assuming officeJohn Langdon; President pro tempore of the United States Senate; — Administering oath
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The first inauguration of George Washington as the first president of the United States was held on Thursday, April 30, 1789, on the balcony of Federal Hall in New York City, New York. The inauguration was held nearly two months after the beginning of the first four-year term of George Washington as president. Chancellor of New York Robert Livingston administered the presidential oath of office. With this inauguration, the executive branch of the United States government officially began operations under the new frame of government established by the 1787 Constitution. The inauguration of John Adams as vice president was on April 21, 1789, when he assumed his duties as presiding officer of the United States Senate; this also remains the only scheduled inauguration to take place on a day that was neither January nor March.

Start of the first presidential term

The first presidential term started on March 4, 1789, the date set by the Congress of the Confederation for the beginning of operations of the federal government under the new U.S. Constitution.^[1] However, logistical delays prevented the actual start of the operations of the Executive Branch on that day. On that date, the House of Representatives and the Senate convened for the first time, but both adjourned due to lack of a quorum.^[2] As a result, the votes of the Electoral College for president could not be counted or certified. On April 1, the House convened with a quorum present for the first time, and the representatives began their work, with the election of Frederick Muhlenberg as its first speaker. The Senate first achieved a quorum on April 6, and elected John Langdon as its first president pro tempore. That same day, the House and Senate met in joint session to count the electoral votes and certify the results; Senator Langdon presided. Washington and Adams were certified as having been elected president and vice president respectively.^[3]^[4]

Washington's journey to New York

Secretary of the Continental Congress Charles Thomson was appointed by the Senate to deliver to Washington the letter containing the news of his election.^[5] Thomson delivered the official notification to Washington at Mount Vernon on April 14, 1789. Washington replied immediately, and set out two days later for New York City,^[6] accompanied by David Humphreys and Thomson.^[7]

Along the way, Washington received triumphal welcomes in almost every town he passed through. These included Alexandria; Georgetown, Maryland (now part of Washington D.C.); Baltimore; and Havre de Grace. One of the places he spent the night was Spurrier's Tavern in Baltimore. Just after noon on April 20, Washington arrived to an elaborate welcome at Gray's Ferry in Philadelphia. On April 21, the Ladies of Trenton hosted his reception at Trenton.^[8] On April 23 he left Elizabethtown, New Jersey and took a small barge with 13 pilots through the Kill Van Kull tidal strait into the Upper New York Bay, and from there the city. A variety of boats surrounded him during the voyage, and Washington's approach was greeted by a series of cannon fire, first a thirteen gun salute by the Spanish warship Galveston, then by the North Carolina, and finally by other artillery.^[7] Thousands had gathered on the waterfront to see him arrive.^[9] Washington landed at Murray's Wharf (at the foot of Wall Street), where he was greeted by New York Governor George Clinton as well as other congressmen and citizens.^[7] A plaque now marks the landing site.^[10] They proceeded through the streets to what would be Washington's new official residence, 3 Cherry Street.^[9]

Inauguration

Since nearly first light on April 30, 1789, a crowd of people had begun to gather around Washington's home, and at noon they made their way to Federal Hall by way of Queen Street and Great Dock (both now Pearl Street) and Broad Street.^[7] Washington dressed in an American-made dark brown suit with white silk stockings and silver shoe buckles; he also wore a steel-hilted sword and dark red overcoat.^[11]

Upon his arrival at Federal Hall, then the nation's capitol and the site where the 1st United States Congress met, Washington was formally introduced to the House and Senate, after which Vice President John Adams announced it was time for the inauguration (Adams had already assumed the vice presidency on April 21, when he began presiding over the Senate sessions). Washington moved to the second-floor balcony. Chancellor of New York Robert Livingston, who had served on the Committee of Five which had drafted the Declaration of Independence, administered the presidential oath of office in view of throngs of people gathered on the streets.^[12]^[13] The Bible used in the ceremony was from St. John's Lodge No. 1,^[14] the Master of which was Jacob Morton, who served as Marshal of the Inauguration. The Bible was opened at random to Genesis 49:13 ("Zebulun shall dwell at the haven of the sea; and he shall be for an haven of ships; and his border shall be unto Zidon").^[11] Afterwards, Livingston shouted "Long live George Washington, President of the United States!" ^[15] to the crowd, which was replied to with cheers and a 13-gun salute.^[16] The first inaugural address was subsequently delivered by Washington in the Senate chamber,^[7] running 1,419 words in length.^[11] At this time there were no inaugural balls on the day of the ceremony, though a week later, on May 7, a ball was held in New York City to honor the first President.^[17]

George Washington had to borrow money just to get to New York City, which was the capital at the time. Although he owned 60,000 acres of land and 300 slaves,^[18] Washington had little in the way of cash, and could not get any by trading with other landowners, as they were equally strapped for cash. Washington said to his nephew that the salary was at least part of the reason why he accepted the presidency, "as my means are not adequate to the expense at which I have lived since my retirement."^[19]

Three days before George Washington took the oath of office as the first president of the United States, Congress passed the following resolution: "Resolved, That after the oath shall have been administered to the President, he, attended by the Vice President and members of the Senate and House of Representatives, shall proceed to St. Paul's Chapel, to hear divine service."^[20] Accordingly, the Right Rev. Samuel Provoost (1742–1815), newly appointed chaplain of the United States Senate and first Episcopal bishop of New York, officiated at a service in St. Paul's Chapel on April 30, 1789, immediately following Washington's inauguration, with the newly inaugurated President and members of Congress present.^[21]

In popular culture

The inauguration is depicted in an episode of the 2008 HBO miniseries, John Adams, although Robert Livingston is erroneously depicted as shouting "God bless George Washington!" at the conclusion of the ceremony, rather than "Long live George Washington!"
This event, its location, and date of April 30, are given particular significance in Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty.

References

^ Maier, Pauline (2010). Ratification: The People Debate the Constitution where in 1787–1788. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 429.
^ "March 4: A forgotten huge day in American history". Philadelphia: National Constitution Center. March 4, 2013. Archived from the original on March 3, 2015. Retrieved January 5, 2017.
^ "Presidential Election of 1789". George Washington's Mount Vernon. Mount Vernon Ladies' Association. Retrieved January 5, 2016.
^ "Journal of the First Session of the Senate of The United States of America, Begun and Held at the City of New York, March 4, 1789, And In The Thirteenth Year of the Independence of the Said States". Senate Journal. Gales & Seaton. 1820. pp. 7–8.
^ "A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774 - 1875". memory.loc.gov.
^ Washington, George (1835). The Writings of George Washington : pt. III. American Stationers' Company. pp. 491–492.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e McMaster, John Bach (2006). A History of the People of the United States: From the Revolution to the Civil War. Cosimo, Inc. pp. 539–540. ISBN 978-1-59605-233-8.
^ Washington, George (April 21, 1789). "From George Washington to the Ladies of Trenton, 21 April 1789". Founders Online, National Archives.
^ ^a ^b "Cherry Clinton Playground". New York City Department of Parks & Recreation. Retrieved January 21, 2009.
^ "Plaque commemorating George Washington's landing at Murray's Wharf". The City University of New York. Archived from the original on May 22, 2011. Retrieved January 21, 2009.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Inauguration of President George Washington, 1789". Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies. Archived from the original on January 23, 2009. Retrieved January 21, 2009.
^ "George Washington's Inaugural Address". The National Archives. Retrieved January 29, 2009.
^ "Presidential Oaths of Office". Library of Congress. Retrieved January 21, 2009.
^ "St. John's Lodge No. 1 A.Y.M. - Oldest Masonic Lodge in N.Y." St. John's Lodge No. 1 A.Y.M.
^ http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsj&fileName=001/llsj001.db&recNum=15&itemLink=r?ammem/hlaw:@field(DOCID+@lit(sj0011)):%230010001&linkText=1 Senate Journal April 30, 1789.
^ "Our Documents - President George Washington's First Inaugural Speech (1789)". www.ourdocuments.gov. April 9, 2021.
^ "Inaugural Ball". Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies. Archived from the original on January 29, 2009. Retrieved January 22, 2009.
^ Randall, Willard Sterne (July 13, 2017). "Washington Was Broke? Why Founding Fathers Were Strapped for Cash". DAILY BEAST.
^ Giannini, Nathan (January 20, 2017). "11 strange moments from past US presidential inaugurations". Yahoo News. Retrieved January 20, 2017.
^ Annals of Congress, Vol. 1, p. 25, April 27, 1789
^ "Washington National Cathedral : Presidential Inaugural Prayer Services". Archived from the original on January 20, 2009. Retrieved January 16, 2009.

External links

[1] Maier, Pauline (2010). Ratification: The People Debate the Constitution where in 1787–1788. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 429.

[2] "March 4: A forgotten huge day in American history". Philadelphia: National Constitution Center. March 4, 2013. Archived from the original on March 3, 2015. Retrieved January 5, 2017.

[3] "Presidential Election of 1789". George Washington's Mount Vernon. Mount Vernon Ladies' Association. Retrieved January 5, 2016.

[4] "Journal of the First Session of the Senate of The United States of America, Begun and Held at the City of New York, March 4, 1789, And In The Thirteenth Year of the Independence of the Said States". Senate Journal. Gales & Seaton. 1820. pp. 7–8.

[5] "A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774 - 1875". memory.loc.gov.

[6] Washington, George (1835). The Writings of George Washington : pt. III. American Stationers' Company. pp. 491–492.

[McMaster-7] McMaster, John Bach (2006). A History of the People of the United States: From the Revolution to the Civil War. Cosimo, Inc. pp. 539–540. ISBN 978-1-59605-233-8.

[8] Washington, George (April 21, 1789). "From George Washington to the Ladies of Trenton, 21 April 1789". Founders Online, National Archives.

[cherry-9] "Cherry Clinton Playground". New York City Department of Parks & Recreation. Retrieved January 21, 2009.

[10] "Plaque commemorating George Washington's landing at Murray's Wharf". The City University of New York. Archived from the original on May 22, 2011. Retrieved January 21, 2009.

[Congress-11] "Inauguration of President George Washington, 1789". Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies. Archived from the original on January 23, 2009. Retrieved January 21, 2009.

[12] "George Washington's Inaugural Address". The National Archives. Retrieved January 29, 2009.

[13] "Presidential Oaths of Office". Library of Congress. Retrieved January 21, 2009.

[14] "St. John's Lodge No. 1 A.Y.M. - Oldest Masonic Lodge in N.Y." St. John's Lodge No. 1 A.Y.M.

[15] ttps://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsj&fileName=001/llsj001.db&recNum=15&itemLink=r?ammem/hlaw:@field(DOCID+@lit(sj0011)):%230010001&linkText=1 Senate Journal April 30, 1789.

[16] "Our Documents - President George Washington's First Inaugural Speech (1789)". www.ourdocuments.gov. April 9, 2021.

[17] "Inaugural Ball". Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies. Archived from the original on January 29, 2009. Retrieved January 22, 2009.

[18] Randall, Willard Sterne (July 13, 2017). "Washington Was Broke? Why Founding Fathers Were Strapped for Cash". DAILY BEAST.

[19] Giannini, Nathan (January 20, 2017). "11 strange moments from past US presidential inaugurations". Yahoo News. Retrieved January 20, 2017.

[20] Annals of Congress, Vol. 1, p. 25, April 27, 1789

[21] "Washington National Cathedral : Presidential Inaugural Prayer Services". Archived from the original on January 20, 2009. Retrieved January 16, 2009.

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   |Image_Caption  =
   |AKA            =
-  |Participants   = [[George Washington]]<br />1st President of the United States<br>''— Assuming office''<br><hr>[[Robert R. Livingston (chancellor)|Robert Livingston]]<br>[[New York Court of Chancery|Chancellor of New York]]<br>''— Administering oath''<br><hr>[[John Adams]]<br>1st Vice President of the United States<br />''— Assuming office''<hr>[[John Langdon (politician)|John Langdon]]<br>[[President pro tempore of the United States Senate]]<br>''— Administering oath''
+  |Participants   = [[George Washington]]<br />1st president of the United States<br>''— Assuming office''<br><hr>[[Robert R. Livingston (chancellor)|Robert Livingston]]<br>[[New York Court of Chancery|Chancellor of New York]]<br>''— Administering oath''<br><hr>[[John Adams]]<br>1st vice president of the United States<br />''— Assuming office''<hr>[[John Langdon (politician)|John Langdon]]<br>[[President pro tempore of the United States Senate]]<br>''— Administering oath''
   |Location       = [[Federal Hall]],<br/>[[New York City]]
   |Date           = {{Start date and age|1789|04|30}}
@@ Line 17: / Line 17: @@
 ==Start of the first presidential term==
-The first presidential term started on March 4, 1789, the date set by the [[Congress of the Confederation]] for the beginning of operations of the [[Federal government of the United States|federal government]] under the new U.S. Constitution.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Maier|first1=Pauline |title=Ratification: The People Debate the Constitution where in 1787–1788|date=2010|publisher=Simon & Schuster|location=New York|page=429}}</ref> However, logistical delays prevented the actual start of the operations of the Executive Branch on that day. On that date, the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] and the [[United States Senate|Senate]] convened for the first time, but both adjourned due to lack of a [[quorum]].<ref>{{cite web|title=March 4: A forgotten huge day in American history|url=http://blog.constitutioncenter.org/2013/03/march-4-a-forgotten-huge-day-in-american-politics/|publisher=[[National Constitution Center]]|access-date=January 5, 2017|location=Philadelphia|date=March 4, 2013}}</ref> As a result, the votes of the [[Electoral College (United States)|Electoral College]] for president could not be counted or certified. On April 1, the House convened with a quorum present for the first time, and the representatives began their work, with the election of [[Frederick Muhlenberg]] as its first [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|speaker]]. The Senate first achieved a quorum on April 6, and elected [[John Langdon (politician)|John Langdon]] as its first [[president pro tempore of the United States Senate|president pro tempore]]. That same day, the House and Senate met in [[Joint session of the United States Congress|joint session]] to count the electoral votes and certify the results; Senator Langdon presided. Washington and Adams were certified as having been elected president and vice president respectively.<ref>{{cite web|title=Presidential Election of 1789|url=http://www.mountvernon.org/research-collections/digital-encyclopedia/article/presidential-election-of-1789/|website=George Washington's Mount Vernon|publisher=Mount Vernon Ladies' Association|access-date=January 5, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | work=Senate Journal | title=Journal of the First Session of the Senate of The United States of America, Begun and Held at the City of New York, March 4, 1789, And In The Thirteenth Year of the Independence of the Said States | publisher=Gales & Seaton | year=1820 | url=http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsj&fileName=001/llsj001.db&recNum=4 | pages=7–8}}</ref>
+The first presidential term started on March 4, 1789, the date set by the [[Congress of the Confederation]] for the beginning of operations of the [[Federal government of the United States|federal government]] under the new U.S. Constitution.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Maier|first1=Pauline |title=Ratification: The People Debate the Constitution where in 1787–1788|date=2010|publisher=Simon & Schuster|location=New York|page=429}}</ref> However, logistical delays prevented the actual start of the operations of the Executive Branch on that day. On that date, the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] and the [[United States Senate|Senate]] convened for the first time, but both adjourned due to lack of a [[quorum]].<ref>{{cite web|title=March 4: A forgotten huge day in American history|url=http://blog.constitutioncenter.org/2013/03/march-4-a-forgotten-huge-day-in-american-politics/|publisher=[[National Constitution Center]]|access-date=January 5, 2017|location=Philadelphia|date=March 4, 2013|archive-date=March 3, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150303182056/http://blog.constitutioncenter.org/2013/03/march-4-a-forgotten-huge-day-in-american-politics/|url-status=dead}}</ref> As a result, the votes of the [[Electoral College (United States)|Electoral College]] for president could not be counted or certified. On April 1, the House convened with a quorum present for the first time, and the representatives began their work, with the election of [[Frederick Muhlenberg]] as its first [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|speaker]]. The Senate first achieved a quorum on April 6, and elected [[John Langdon (politician)|John Langdon]] as its first [[president pro tempore of the United States Senate|president pro tempore]]. That same day, the House and Senate met in [[Joint session of the United States Congress|joint session]] to count the electoral votes and certify the results; Senator Langdon presided. Washington and Adams were certified as having been elected president and vice president respectively.<ref>{{cite web|title=Presidential Election of 1789|url=http://www.mountvernon.org/research-collections/digital-encyclopedia/article/presidential-election-of-1789/|website=George Washington's Mount Vernon|publisher=Mount Vernon Ladies' Association|access-date=January 5, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | work=Senate Journal | title=Journal of the First Session of the Senate of The United States of America, Begun and Held at the City of New York, March 4, 1789, And In The Thirteenth Year of the Independence of the Said States | publisher=Gales & Seaton | year=1820 | url=http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsj&fileName=001/llsj001.db&recNum=4 | pages=7–8}}</ref>
 ===Washington's journey to New York===
 Secretary of the [[Continental Congress]] [[Charles Thomson]] was appointed by the Senate to deliver to Washington the letter containing the news of his election.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsj&fileName=001/llsj001.db&recNum=5&itemLink=r?ammem/hlaw:@field(DOCID+@lit(sj0011)):#0010001&linkText=1|title=A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774 - 1875|website=memory.loc.gov}}</ref> Thomson delivered the official notification to Washington at [[Mount Vernon]] on April 14, 1789. Washington replied immediately, and set out two days later for New York City,<ref>{{cite book |author=Washington, George |title= The Writings of George Washington : pt. III |publisher=American Stationers' Company |year=1835 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bEkPAAAAYAAJ |pages=491–492}}</ref> accompanied by [[David Humphreys (soldier)|David Humphreys]] and Thomson.<ref name=McMaster>{{cite book |first=John Bach |last=McMaster |title=A History of the People of the United States: From the Revolution to the Civil War |publisher= Cosimo, Inc  |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-59605-233-8 |pages=539–540 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b6GlhRwt9mEC}}</ref>
-Along the way, Washington received triumphal welcomes in almost every town he passed through. These included [[Alexandria, Virginia|Alexandria]]; [[Georgetown, Washington, D.C.|Georgetown, Maryland]] (now part of [[Washington D.C.]]); [[Baltimore]]; and [[Havre de Grace, Maryland|Havre de Grace]].  One of the places he spent the night was [[Spurrier's Tavern]] in Baltimore. Just after noon on April 20, Washington arrived to an elaborate welcome at [[Grays Ferry, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|Gray's Ferry]] in [[Philadelphia]]. On April 21, the Ladies of Trenton hosted [[George Washington's reception at Trenton|his reception at Trenton]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Washington |first1=George |author-link=George Washington |title=From George Washington to the Ladies of Trenton, 21 April 1789 |url=https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/05-02-02-0095 |publisher=[[National Archives and Records Administration|Founders Online, National Archives]] |date=April 21, 1789}}</ref> On April 23 he took a small barge with 13 pilots through the [[Kill Van Kull]] tidal strait into the [[Upper New York Bay]], and from there the city. A variety of boats surrounded him during the voyage, and Washington's approach was greeted by a series of cannon fire, first a thirteen gun salute by the [[Spain|Spanish]] warship ''Galveston'', then by the ''North Carolina'', and finally by other artillery.<ref name=McMaster/> Thousands had gathered on the waterfront to see him arrive.<ref name=cherry>{{cite web |title=Cherry Clinton Playground |url=http://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/M171/ |publisher=New York City Department of Parks & Recreation |access-date=January 21, 2009}}</ref> Washington landed at Murray's Wharf (at the foot of [[Wall Street]]), where he was greeted by [[List of Governors of New York|New York Governor]] [[George Clinton (vice president)|George Clinton]] as well as other congressmen and citizens.<ref name=McMaster/>  A plaque now marks the landing site.<ref>{{cite web |title=Plaque commemorating George Washington's landing at Murray's Wharf |url=http://dspace.nitle.org/handle/10090/6964 |publisher=The City University of New York |access-date=January 21, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522015731/http://dspace.nitle.org/handle/10090/6964 |archive-date=May 22, 2011 }}</ref> They proceeded through the streets to what would be Washington's new official residence, 3 [[Cherry Street (Manhattan)|Cherry Street]].<ref name=cherry/>
+Along the way, Washington received triumphal welcomes in almost every town he passed through. These included [[Alexandria, Virginia|Alexandria]]; [[Georgetown, Washington, D.C.|Georgetown, Maryland]] (now part of [[Washington D.C.]]); [[Baltimore]]; and [[Havre de Grace, Maryland|Havre de Grace]].  One of the places he spent the night was [[Spurrier's Tavern]] in Baltimore. Just after noon on April 20, Washington arrived to an elaborate welcome at [[Grays Ferry, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|Gray's Ferry]] in [[Philadelphia]]. On April 21, the Ladies of Trenton hosted [[George Washington's reception at Trenton|his reception at Trenton]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Washington |first1=George |author-link=George Washington |title=From George Washington to the Ladies of Trenton, 21 April 1789 |url=https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/05-02-02-0095 |publisher=[[National Archives and Records Administration|Founders Online, National Archives]] |date=April 21, 1789}}</ref> On April 23 he left [[Elizabethtown, New Jersey]] and took a small barge with 13 pilots through the [[Kill Van Kull]] tidal strait into the [[Upper New York Bay]], and from there the city. A variety of boats surrounded him during the voyage, and Washington's approach was greeted by a series of cannon fire, first a thirteen gun salute by the [[Spain|Spanish]] warship ''Galveston'', then by the ''North Carolina'', and finally by other artillery.<ref name=McMaster/> Thousands had gathered on the waterfront to see him arrive.<ref name=cherry>{{cite web |title=Cherry Clinton Playground |url=http://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/M171/ |publisher=New York City Department of Parks & Recreation |access-date=January 21, 2009}}</ref> Washington landed at Murray's Wharf (at the foot of [[Wall Street]]), where he was greeted by [[List of Governors of New York|New York Governor]] [[George Clinton (vice president)|George Clinton]] as well as other congressmen and citizens.<ref name=McMaster/>  A plaque now marks the landing site.<ref>{{cite web |title=Plaque commemorating George Washington's landing at Murray's Wharf |url=http://dspace.nitle.org/handle/10090/6964 |publisher=The City University of New York |access-date=January 21, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522015731/http://dspace.nitle.org/handle/10090/6964 |archive-date=May 22, 2011 }}</ref> They proceeded through the streets to what would be Washington's new official residence, 3 [[Cherry Street (Manhattan)|Cherry Street]].<ref name=cherry/>
 ==Inauguration==
@@ Line 29: / Line 29: @@
 Since nearly first light on April 30, 1789, a crowd of people had begun to gather around Washington's home, and at noon they made their way to Federal Hall by way of Queen Street and Great Dock (both now [[Pearl Street (Manhattan)|Pearl Street]]) and [[Broad Street (Manhattan)|Broad Street]].<ref name="McMaster"/> Washington dressed in an American-made dark brown suit with white silk stockings and silver shoe buckles; he also wore a steel-hilted sword and dark red overcoat.<ref name="Congress">{{cite web |title=Inauguration of President George Washington, 1789 |url=http://inaugural.senate.gov/history/chronology/gwashington1789.cfm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090123023710/http://inaugural.senate.gov/history/chronology/gwashington1789.cfm |archive-date=January 23, 2009 |access-date=January 21, 2009 |publisher=Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies}}</ref>
-Upon his arrival at Federal Hall, [[List of capitals in the United States#Former national capitals|then the nation's capitol]] and the site where the [[1st United States Congress]] met, Washington was formally introduced to the [[United States House of Representatives|House]] and [[United States Senate|Senate]], after which Vice President John Adams announced it was time for the inauguration (Adams had already assumed the office of Vice President on April 21, when he began presiding over the Senate sessions). Washington moved to the second-floor balcony. Chancellor of New York [[Robert R. Livingston (chancellor)|Robert Livingston]], who had served on the [[Committee of Five]] which had drafted the [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]], administered the presidential oath of office in view of throngs of people gathered on the streets.<ref>{{cite web |title=George Washington's Inaugural Address |url=https://www.archives.gov/legislative/features/gw-inauguration/ |publisher=The National Archives |access-date=January 29, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Presidential Oaths of Office |url=http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/pihtml/pioaths.html |publisher=Library of Congress |access-date=January 21, 2009}}</ref> The [[George Washington Inaugural Bible|Bible]] used in the ceremony was from St. John's Lodge No. 1, A.Y.M.,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://stjohns1.org/|title=St. John's Lodge No. 1 A.Y.M. - Oldest Masonic Lodge in N.Y.|website=St. John's Lodge No. 1 A.Y.M.}}</ref> and due to haste, it was opened at random to Genesis 49:13 ("[[Zebulun]] shall dwell at the haven of the sea; and he shall be for an haven of ships; and his border shall be unto [[Zidon]]").<ref name=Congress/>   Afterwards, Livingston shouted "Long live George Washington, President of the United States!" <ref>http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsj&fileName=001/llsj001.db&recNum=15&itemLink=r?ammem/hlaw:@field(DOCID+@lit(sj0011)):%230010001&linkText=1 Senate Journal April 30, 1789.</ref> to the crowd, which was replied to with cheers and a 13-gun salute.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=11|title=Our Documents - President George Washington's First Inaugural Speech (1789)|website=www.ourdocuments.gov}}</ref>  The first inaugural address was subsequently delivered by Washington in the Senate chamber,<ref name=McMaster/> running 1,419 words in length.<ref name=Congress/>
+Upon his arrival at Federal Hall, [[List of capitals in the United States#Former national capitals|then the nation's capitol]] and the site where the [[1st United States Congress]] met, Washington was formally introduced to the [[United States House of Representatives|House]] and [[United States Senate|Senate]], after which Vice President John Adams announced it was time for the inauguration (Adams had already assumed the vice presidency on April 21, when he began presiding over the Senate sessions). Washington moved to the second-floor balcony. Chancellor of New York [[Robert R. Livingston (chancellor)|Robert Livingston]], who had served on the [[Committee of Five]] which had drafted the [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]], administered the presidential oath of office in view of throngs of people gathered on the streets.<ref>{{cite web |title=George Washington's Inaugural Address |url=https://www.archives.gov/legislative/features/gw-inauguration/ |publisher=The National Archives |access-date=January 29, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Presidential Oaths of Office |url=http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/pihtml/pioaths.html |publisher=Library of Congress |access-date=January 21, 2009}}</ref> The [[George Washington Inaugural Bible|Bible]] used in the ceremony was from [[St. John's Lodge (New York City)|St. John's Lodge No. 1]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://stjohns1.org/|title=St. John's Lodge No. 1 A.Y.M. - Oldest Masonic Lodge in N.Y.|website=St. John's Lodge No. 1 A.Y.M.}}</ref> the Master of which was [[Jacob Morton]], who served as Marshal of the Inauguration. The Bible was opened at random to Genesis 49:13 ("[[Zebulun]] shall dwell at the haven of the sea; and he shall be for an haven of ships; and his border shall be unto [[Zidon]]").<ref name=Congress/> Afterwards, Livingston shouted "Long live George Washington, President of the United States!" <ref>http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsj&fileName=001/llsj001.db&recNum=15&itemLink=r?ammem/hlaw:@field(DOCID+@lit(sj0011)):%230010001&linkText=1 Senate Journal April 30, 1789.</ref> to the crowd, which was replied to with cheers and a 13-gun salute.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=11|title=Our Documents - President George Washington's First Inaugural Speech (1789)|website=www.ourdocuments.gov|date=April 9, 2021 }}</ref> The first inaugural address was subsequently delivered by Washington in the Senate chamber,<ref name=McMaster/> running 1,419 words in length.<ref name=Congress/>
-At this time there were no [[inaugural ball]]s on the day of the ceremony, though a week later, on May 7, a ball was held in New York City to honor the first President.<ref>{{cite web |title=Inaugural Ball |url=http://inaugural.senate.gov/history/daysevents/inauguralball.cfm |publisher=Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies |access-date=January 22, 2009}}</ref>
+At this time there were no [[inaugural ball]]s on the day of the ceremony, though a week later, on May 7, a ball was held in New York City to honor the first President.<ref>{{cite web |title=Inaugural Ball |url=http://inaugural.senate.gov/history/daysevents/inauguralball.cfm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090129191908/http://inaugural.senate.gov/history/daysevents/inauguralball.cfm |archive-date=January 29, 2009 |access-date=January 22, 2009 |publisher=Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies}}</ref>
 [[File:George Washington 1797 cropped.jpg|thumb|George Washington had to borrow money to travel to his first inauguration. (Photo by Universal History Archive/Getty Images)]]
-George Washington had to borrow money to attend his own inauguration. While the final price tag for Trump’s inauguration could be upwards of $200 million,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Fandos |first1=Nicholas |title=How Much Will the Inauguration Cost, and Who’s Paying? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/17/us/politics/trump-who-pays-for-inauguration-cost.html |website=The New York Times |publisher=The New York Times |access-date=January 17, 2017}}</ref> the first such event was a more frugal affair. In fact, George Washington had to borrow money just to get to New York City, which was the capital at the time. Despite owning 60,000 acres and 300 slaves,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Randall |first1=Willard Sterne |title=Washington Was Broke? Why Founding Fathers Were Strapped for Cash |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/washington-was-broke-why-founding-fathers-were-strapped-for-cash |website=DAILY BEAST |publisher=DAILY BEAST |access-date= |date=July 13, 2017 }}</ref> the cash-poor Washington couldn’t sell or rent any of them as most other landowners were equally strapped for cash. In fact, Washington confided in his nephew that at least part of the reason he took the job was the salary, “as my means are not adequate to the expense at which I have lived since my retirement."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Giannini |first1=Nathan |title=11 strange moments from past US presidential inaugurations |url=https://news.yahoo.com/best-us-president-inauguration-moments-123425939.html?fr=yhssrp_catchall |website=Yahoo News |publisher=Yahoo News |access-date=January 20, 2017}}</ref>
+George Washington had to borrow money just to get to New York City, which was the capital at the time. Although he owned 60,000 acres of land and 300 slaves,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Randall |first1=Willard Sterne |title=Washington Was Broke? Why Founding Fathers Were Strapped for Cash |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/washington-was-broke-why-founding-fathers-were-strapped-for-cash |website=DAILY BEAST |access-date= |date=July 13, 2017 }}</ref> Washington had little in the way of cash, and could not get any by trading with other landowners, as they were equally strapped for cash. Washington said to his nephew that the salary was at least part of the reason why he accepted the presidency, "as my means are not adequate to the expense at which I have lived since my retirement."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Giannini |first1=Nathan |title=11 strange moments from past US presidential inaugurations |url=https://news.yahoo.com/best-us-president-inauguration-moments-123425939.html?fr=yhssrp_catchall |website=Yahoo News |date=January 20, 2017 |access-date=January 20, 2017}}</ref>
-George Washington delivered his second oath-taking at Independence Hall, Philadelphia, March 4, 1793. Running only 134 words in length it was marked as the shortest inaugural address in American history. He said: "Fellow citizens: I am again called upon by the voice of my country to execute the functions of its chief magistrate. When the occasion proper for it shall arrive, I shall endeavor to express the high sense I entertain of this distinguished honor, and of the confidence which has been reposed in me by the people of United America.
-Previous to the execution of any official act of the President the Constitution requires an oath of office. This oath I am now about to take, and in your presence: that if I shall be found during my administration of the Government I have in any instance violated willingly or knowingly the injunctions there of, I may (besides incurring Constitutional punishment) be subject to the upbraidings of all who are now witnesses of the present solemn ceremony."<ref>{{cite web |last1=The Associated Press. |first1=The Associated Press. |title=George Washington Gave Shortest Inaugural Talk |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1949/01/21/84545776.html?pageNumber=6 |website=The New York Times |publisher=The New York Times |date=January 21, 1949 |access-date=}}</ref>
-Three days before George Washington took the oath of office as the first president of the United States, Congress passed the following resolution: Resolved, That after the oath shall have been administered to the President, he, attended by the Vice President and members of the Senate and House of Representatives, shall proceed to St. Paul’s Chapel, to hear divine service.<ref>Annals of Congress, Vol. 1, p. 25, April 27, 1789</ref>  Accordingly, the Right Rev. [[Samuel Provoost]] (1742–1815), newly appointed chaplain of the United States Senate and first Episcopal bishop of New York, officiated at a service in [[St. Paul's Chapel]] on April 30, 1789, immediately following Washington’s inauguration, with the newly inaugurated President and members of Congress present.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nationalcathedral.org/about/presidentialInaugurals.shtml |title=Washington National Cathedral : Presiential Inaugural Prayer Services |access-date=January 16, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090120055714/http://nationalcathedral.org/about/presidentialInaugurals.shtml |archive-date=January 20, 2009 }}</ref>
+Three days before George Washington took the oath of office as the first president of the United States, Congress passed the following resolution: "Resolved, That after the oath shall have been administered to the President, he, attended by the Vice President and members of the Senate and House of Representatives, shall proceed to St. Paul's Chapel, to hear divine service."<ref>Annals of Congress, Vol. 1, p. 25, April 27, 1789</ref> Accordingly, the Right Rev. [[Samuel Provoost]] (1742–1815), newly appointed chaplain of the United States Senate and first Episcopal bishop of New York, officiated at a service in [[St. Paul's Chapel]] on April 30, 1789, immediately following Washington's inauguration, with the newly inaugurated President and members of Congress present.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nationalcathedral.org/about/presidentialInaugurals.shtml |title=Washington National Cathedral : Presidential Inaugural Prayer Services |access-date=January 16, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090120055714/http://nationalcathedral.org/about/presidentialInaugurals.shtml |archive-date=January 20, 2009 }}</ref>
 ==In popular culture==
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 [[Category:United States presidential inaugurations|Washington 1789]]
 [[Category:Speeches by George Washington|Inaug 1]]
-[[Category:1789 speeches]]
+[[Category:1780s speeches]]
+[[Category:1789 works]]
 [[Category:New York City as the National Capital]]

v t e United States presidential inaugurations
18th century	Washington (1789) Washington (1793) J. Adams (1797)
19th century	Jefferson (1801) Jefferson (1805) Madison (1809) Madison (1813) Monroe (1817) Monroe (1821) J. Q. Adams (1825) Jackson (1829) Jackson (1833) Van Buren (1837) W. H. Harrison (1841) Tyler (1841)* Polk (1845) Taylor (1849) Fillmore (1850)* Pierce (1853) Buchanan (1857) Lincoln (1861) Lincoln (1865) A. Johnson (1865)* Grant (1869) Grant (1873) Hayes (1877) Garfield (1881) Arthur (1881)* Cleveland (1885) B. Harrison (1889) Cleveland (1893) McKinley (1897)
20th century	McKinley (1901) T. Roosevelt (1901)* T. Roosevelt (1905) Taft (1909) Wilson (1913) Wilson (1917) Harding (1921) Coolidge (1923)* Coolidge (1925) Hoover (1929) F. D. Roosevelt (1933) F. D. Roosevelt (1937) F. D. Roosevelt (1941) F. D. Roosevelt (1945) Truman (1945)* Truman (1949) Eisenhower (1953) Eisenhower (1957) Kennedy (1961) L. B. Johnson (1963)* L. B. Johnson (1965) Nixon (1969) Nixon (1973) Ford (1974)* Carter (1977) Reagan (1981) Reagan (1985) G. H. W. Bush (1989) Clinton (1993) Clinton (1997)
21st century	G. W. Bush (2001) G. W. Bush (2005) Obama (2009) Obama (2013) Trump (2017) Biden (2021) TBD (2025)
*Intra-term inaugurations

v t e George Washington
1st President of the United States (1789–1797) Senior Officer of the Army (1798–1799) Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army (1775–1783) Delegate to the Second Continental Congress (1775) Delegate to the First Continental Congress (1774)
Military career Revolutionary War	Military career French and Indian War Jumonville Glen Battle of Fort Necessity Battle of the Monongahela Forbes Expedition Washington in the American Revolution Commander-in-chief, Continental Army Aides-de-camp Washington's headquarters office and sleeping tent Boston campaign Siege of Boston New York and New Jersey campaign Delaware River crossing Battle of Trenton Battle of the Assunpink Creek Battle of Princeton Philadelphia campaign Battle of Brandywine Battle of Germantown Battle of White Marsh Valley Forge Battle of Monmouth Battles of Saratoga Sullivan Expedition Yorktown campaign Siege of Yorktown Culper Spy Ring Newburgh Conspiracy Newburgh letter Asgill Affair Evacuation Day Resignation as commander-in-chief Badge of Military Merit Purple Heart Washington Before Boston Medal Horses Nelson Blueskin
Other U.S. founding events	Initiated, co-wrote, 1769 Virginia Association Initiated, 1774 Fairfax Resolves Continental Association Court of Appeals in Cases of Capture 1785 Mount Vernon Conference Chairman, 1787 Constitutional Convention George Washington's political evolution
Presidency (timeline)	1788–89 United States presidential election First inauguration inaugural bible 1792 presidential election Second inauguration Reception at Trenton Title of "Mr. President" Cabinet of the United States Secretary of State Attorney General Secretary of the Treasury Secretary of War Judiciary Act of 1789 Oath Administration Act Nonintercourse Act Whiskey Rebellion Militia Acts of 1792 Coinage Act of 1792 United States Mint Presidential Succession Act of 1792 United States Capitol cornerstone laying Proclamation of Neutrality Neutrality Act of 1794 Jay Treaty Pinckney's Treaty Slave Trade Act of 1794 Residence Act Thanksgiving Proclamation Farewell Address State of the Union Address 1790 1791 1792 1793 1796 Cabinet Federal judicial appointments John Rutledge Supreme Court nominations
Views and public image	Presidential library The Washington Papers Religious views Washington and slavery Town Destroyer Legacy
Life and homes	Early life Birthplace Ferry Farm boyhood home Mount Vernon Fishery Gristmill Whiskey distillery Woodlawn Plantation Longfellow House–Washington's Headquarters National Historic Site Ford Mansion, Washington's headquarters Hasbrouck House First Presidential Mansion Second Presidential Mansion President's House, Philadelphia Germantown White House Custis estate Washington's relations with the Iroquois Confederacy Potomac Company James River and Kanawha Canal Mountain Road Lottery Congressional Gold Medal Thanks of Congress President General of the Society of the Cincinnati Washington College Washington and Lee University Electoral history of George Washington Post-presidency of George Washington
Memorials and depictions	Washington, D.C. Washington state Washington Monument Mount Rushmore Washington's Birthday Purple Heart The Apotheosis of Washington Washington Monument (Boonsboro, Maryland) Washington Monument (Baltimore) George Washington (Houdon) plaster copy George Washington (Ceracchi) George Washington (Canova) George Washington (Greenough) George Washington (Trumbull) George Washington and the Revolutionary War Door Revolutionary War Door Washington Crossing the Delaware The Passage of the Delaware General George Washington at Trenton Washington at Verplanck's Point General George Washington Resigning His Commission Surrender of Lord Cornwallis Unfinished portrait Lansdowne portrait The Washington Family portrait Washington at Princeton paintings George Washington Taking the Salute at Trenton Reception at Trenton painting Statues Trenton Battle Monument Princeton Battle Monument Point of View sculpture George Washington on Horseback Austin statue Baltimore statue Boston statue Mexico City statue Morristown statue Newark statue New York City statue Wall Street statue Paris statue Perth Amboy statue Philadelphia statue Portland statue Washington, D.C. statue West Point monument George Washington University Washington University in St. Louis Washington Masonic National Memorial George Washington Memorial Parkway George Washington Bridge Washington and Jefferson National Forests Washington Square Park Arch U.S. Postage stamps Washington–Franklin Issues 1932 bicentennial Currency Washington quarter 50 State Quarters D.C. and territories quarters America the Beautiful quarters American Women quarters Washington dollar Lafayette dollar Silver bullion coins Washington nickel Washington half eagle 250th Anniversary half dollar Mount Rushmore Anniversary coins Mount Washington Cultural depictions George Washington (1984 miniseries 1986 sequel) A More Perfect Union (1989 film) The Crossing (2000 film) We Fight to Be Free (2006 film) Turn: Washington's Spies (2014–2017 series) The War that Made America (2006 miniseries) Washington (2020 miniseries) Hamilton (film)
Related	Bibliography List of articles Founders Online Founding Fathers of the United States Republicanism Federalist Party Federalist Era Virginia dynasty Coat of arms Cherry-tree anecdote River Farm Washington's Crossing Washington–Rochambeau Revolutionary Route 1751 Barbados trip Category Syng inkstand General of the Armies Conway Cabal American Foxhound American Philosophical Society American Revolution patriots Betsy Ross flag Mount Vernon Ladies' Association Mount Vernon replicas George Washington Memorial Building Attempted theft of Washington's skull
Family	Martha Washington (wife) John Parke Custis (stepson) George Washington Parke Custis (step-grandson, adopted son) Eleanor Parke Custis (step-granddaughter, adopted daughter) Augustine Washington (father) Mary Ball Washington (mother) Lawrence Washington (half-brother) Augustine Washington Jr. (half-brother) Elizabeth Washington Lewis (sister) Samuel Washington (brother) John A. Washington (brother) Charles Washington (brother) Lawrence Washington (grandfather) Mildred Gale (grandmother) John Washington (great-grandfather) George Reade (2nd great-grandfather) Bushrod Washington (nephew)
Slaves	List Betty Caroline Branham William Costin Sarah Johnson Oney Judge William Lee Hercules Posey Christopher Sheels Deborah Squash Harry Washington
John Adams → Category

v t e Robert Livingston
United States founding	Committee of Five (Declaration of Independence) New York Constitution (1777) United States Secretary of Foreign Affairs (1781-1783)
Events	Louisiana Purchase (negotiated) North River Steamboat
Legacy	Jefferson Memorial Committee of Five pediment Robert Livingston (1875 statue) SS Robert R. Livingston
Related	Robert Livingston (father) Edward Livingston (brother) Robert Livingston (grandfather) Clermont State Historic Site First inauguration of George Washington 1776 (1969 musical, 1972 film)