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{{short description|Zimbabwean politician}}
{{short description|Zimbabwean politician}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2013}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix =
| honorific-prefix =
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| term_start = July 1963
| term_start = July 1963
| term_end = 18 March 1975
| term_end = 18 March 1975
| vicepresident = Leopold Takawira
| vicepresident = [[Leopold Takawira]]
| viceprimeminister =
| viceprimeminister =
| deputy =
| deputy =
| lieutenant = [[Josiah Tongogara]]
| lieutenant = [[Josiah Tongogara]]
| monarch =
| monarch =
| president = Ndabaningi Sithole
| president = [[Ndabaningi Sithole]]
| primeminister =
| primeminister =
| taoiseach =
| taoiseach =
| chancellor =
| chancellor =
| governor =
| governor =
| governor-general =
| governor_general =
| succeeding = <!-- For President-elect or equivalent -->
| predecessor = Post established
| predecessor = Post established
| successor = [[Robert Mugabe]]
| successor = [[Robert Mugabe]]
| constituency =
| constituency =
| majority =
| majority =
| order2 = <!-- Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number -->
| office2 = <!-- Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number -->
| term_start2 = <!-- Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number -->
| term_end2 = <!-- Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number -->
| vicepresident2 = <!-- Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number -->
| viceprimeminister2 = <!-- Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number -->
| deputy2 = <!-- Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number -->
| lieutenant2 = <!-- Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number -->
| monarch2 = <!-- Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number -->
| president2 = <!-- Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number -->
| primeminister2 = <!-- Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number -->
| governor2 = <!-- Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number -->
| succeeding2 = <!-- Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number -->
| predecessor2 = <!-- Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number -->
| successor2 = <!-- Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number -->
| constituency2 = <!-- Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number -->
| majority2 = <!-- Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number -->
| birth_date = 15 June 1923
| birth_date = 15 June 1923
| birth_place = [[Watsomba]], [[Nyanga District]], [[Southern Rhodesia]]<br/>(now Zimbabwe)
| birth_place = [[Watsomba]], [[Nyanga District]], [[Southern Rhodesia]]<br/>(now Zimbabwe)
| death_date = 18 March 1975 (aged 51)
| death_date = 18 March 1975 (aged 51)
| death_place = [[Lusaka]], Zambia
| death_place = [[Lusaka]], [[Zambia]]
| restingplace = Heroe's Acre, Warren Hills, Zimbabwe
| restingplace = [[National Heroes' Acre (Zimbabwe)|National Heroes' Acre]], [[Harare]], [[Zimbabwe]]
| restingplacecoordinates =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| birth_name =
| birth_name =
| nationality = Zimbabwean
| nationality = [[Zimbabwean]]
| party = [[Zimbabwe African National Union|ZANU]]
| party = [[Zimbabwe African National Union|ZANU]]
| otherparty = <!--For additional political affiliations -->
| otherparty = <!--For additional political affiliations -->
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| children =
| children =
| alma_mater = [[University of Fort Hare]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Fort Hare]]
| occupation = Barrister ; Nationalist Politician
| occupation = Barrister; Nationalist politician
| cabinet =
| cabinet =
| portfolio =
| portfolio =
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| commands = ZANLA
| commands = ZANLA
| battles =
| battles =
| awards = [[Zimbabwe National Hero Status]]
| awards = [[National Heroes' Acre (Zimbabwe)#National Heroes|Zimbabwe National Hero]]
| military_blank1 =
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'''Herbert Wiltshire Pfumaindini Chitepo''' (15 June 1923 – 18 March 1975) led the [[Zimbabwe African National Union]] (ZANU) until he was assassinated on March 1975. Although his murderer remains unidentified, the [[Rhodesia]]n author Peter Stiff says that a former soldier of the British [[Special Air Service]] (SAS), [[Hugh Hind]], was responsible.<ref name="death">[http://iwpr.net/report-news/mugabe-still-fears-chitepos-legacy Mugabe still fears Chitepo's legacy] Institute for War and Peace Reporting</ref>
'''Herbert Wiltshire Pfumaindini Chitepo''' (15 June 1923 – 18 March 1975) was a Zimbabwean politician and nationalist leader who led the [[Zimbabwe African National Union]] (ZANU) until he was assassinated in March 1975. Although his murderer remains unidentified, the [[Rhodesia]]n author Peter Stiff says that a former soldier of the British [[Special Air Service]] (SAS), [[Hugh Hind]], was responsible.<ref name="death">[http://iwpr.net/report-news/mugabe-still-fears-chitepos-legacy Mugabe still fears Chitepo's legacy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031192130/http://iwpr.net/report-news/mugabe-still-fears-chitepos-legacy |date=31 October 2013 }} Institute for War and Peace Reporting</ref>


Chitepo became the first black citizen of Rhodesia to become a [[barrister]].<ref name="firstlawyer">Preston, Matthew. ''Ending Civil War: Rhodesia and Lebanon in Perspective'', 2004. Page 98.</ref>
Chitepo became the first black citizen of Rhodesia to become a [[barrister]].<ref name="firstlawyer">Preston, Matthew. ''Ending Civil War: Rhodesia and Lebanon in Perspective'', 2004. Page 98.</ref>


==Early years==
==Early years==
Chitepo was born in Watsomba village in the Mutasa District of [[Southern Rhodesia]], now [[Zimbabwe]] on 15 June 1923.<ref name="herbertodnb"/> His family came from the Manyika clan (Samanyika) of the [[Shona people]]. He was educated at St David's Mission School, Bonda, St Augustine's School, Penhalonga and then at [[Adams College]], [[KwaZulu-Natal Province|Natal]], South Africa, where he qualified as a teacher in 1945. This was where he met [[Victoria Chitepo|Victoria Mahamba-Sithole]], a South African whom he married in 1955.<ref name="herbertodnb">Luise White, ‘Chitepo, Herbert Wiltshire Tfumaindini (1923–1975), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, May 2009 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/76007, accessed 7 Aug 2013]</ref>
Chitepo was born in Watsomba village in the Mutasa District of [[Southern Rhodesia]], now [[Zimbabwe]] on 15 June 1923.<ref name="herbertodnb"/> His family came from the Manyika clan (Samanyika) of the [[Shona people]]. He was educated at St David's Mission School, Bonda, St Augustine's School, Penhalonga and then at [[Adams College]], [[KwaZulu-Natal Province|Natal]], South Africa, where he qualified as a teacher in 1945. This was where he met [[Victoria Chitepo|Victoria Mahamba-Sithole]], a South African whom he married in 1955.<ref name="herbertodnb">Luise White, 'Chitepo, Herbert Wiltshire Tfumaindini (1923–1975)', ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', Oxford University Press, May 2009 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/76007, accessed 7 Aug 2013]</ref>


==Early career==
==Early career==
After teaching for a year, he resumed his studies to graduate with a [[Bachelor of Arts]] from [[Fort Hare University]] College in 1949. He qualified as a [[Barrister|Barrister-at-Law]], and was called to the bar by [[Gray's Inn]], whose alumni included [[Winston Churchill]]. He was a research assistant at the [[School of Oriental and African Studies]]. He was the first African in Southern Rhodesia to qualify as a Barrister. In 1954, Chitepo became Rhodesia's second black lawyer after Prince Nguboyenja Khumalo son of King Lobengula (a special law was required to allow him to occupy chambers with white colleagues).<ref>Time Magazine, 31 March 1975</ref> On returning to Rhodesia in 1954, he practised as a lawyer and defended African nationalists such as [[Ndabaningi Sithole]] in court. In February 1960, he traveled to the US with support from the African-American Institute. [Ilanga Lasa Natal Ngomgqibelo (Saturday), February 27, 1960.] In 1961, he served as legal adviser to [[Joshua Nkomo]], founder of the [[ZAPU|Zimbabwe African Peoples Union]] (ZAPU), at the Southern Rhodesia Constitutional Conference in London. In the same year, he was also appointed to the Board of Governors of [[Bernard Mizeki College]] along with Sir. [[W. C .R. Honey]] and Sir [[Robert Tredgold]]. The Southern Rhodesian government did not detain him, as he did not come out in the open as an official of the nationalist movement, and the regime also feared that he was too internationally well known to be locked up.
After teaching for a year, he resumed his studies to graduate with a [[Bachelor of Arts]] from [[Fort Hare University]] College in 1949. He qualified as a [[Barrister|barrister-at-law]], and was called to the bar by [[Gray's Inn]], whose alumni included [[Winston Churchill]]. He was a research assistant at the [[School of Oriental and African Studies]]. He was the first African in Southern Rhodesia to qualify as a barrister. In 1954, Chitepo became Rhodesia's second black lawyer after Prince Nguboyenja Khumalo son of King Lobengula (a special law was required to allow him to occupy chambers with white colleagues).<ref>{{cite news |url=https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,879496,00.html |title=Milestones, Mar. 31, 1975 |work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=31 March 1975}}</ref> On returning to Rhodesia in 1954, he practised as a lawyer and defended African nationalists such as [[Ndabaningi Sithole]] in court. In February 1960, he travelled to the US with support from the African-American Institute.<ref>''[[Ilanga lase Natal]]'', 27 February 1960.</ref> In 1961, he served as legal adviser to [[Joshua Nkomo]], founder of the [[ZAPU|Zimbabwe African Peoples Union]] (ZAPU), at the Southern Rhodesia Constitutional Conference in London. In the same year, he was also appointed to the board of governors of [[Bernard Mizeki College]] along with Sir. [[W. C .R. Honey]] and Sir [[Robert Tredgold]]. The Southern Rhodesian government did not detain him, as he did not come out in the open as an official of the nationalist movement, and the regime also feared that he was too internationally well known to be locked up.


==ZANU==
==ZANU==
In May 1962 [[ZAPU]] was banned because of [[militarism]] and Chitepo was persuaded to go into voluntary exile to escape possible detention. He became [[Tanganyika (1961–1964)|Tanganyika]]'s first African Director of Public Prosecutions. The [[Ndabaningi Sithole]] and [[Joshua Nkomo]] factions of ZAPU split apart in July 1963. Nkomo's supporters founded the PCC-ZAPU (later just called ZAPU again) and favoured a more militaristic approach. As the more moderate faction, Chitepo sided with Sithole and was elected Chairman of ZANU (having defeated [[Nathan Shamuyarira]]) from its foundation. He held this post until 7 December 1974, when the [[Lusaka Accord]] was signed.
In May 1962 [[ZAPU]] was banned because of [[militarism]] and Chitepo was persuaded to go into voluntary exile to escape possible detention. He became [[Tanganyika (1961–1964)|Tanganyika]]'s first African director of public prosecutions. The [[Ndabaningi Sithole]] and [[Joshua Nkomo]] factions of ZAPU split apart in July 1963. Nkomo's supporters founded the PCC-ZAPU (later just called ZAPU again) and favoured a more militaristic approach. As the more moderate faction, Chitepo sided with Sithole and was elected chairman of ZANU (having defeated [[Nathan Shamuyarira]]) from its foundation. He held this post until 7 December 1974, when the [[Lusaka Accord]] was signed.


Both parties vied for domination but in 1964 both were banned and the leaders were all arrested. Both parties chose to leave the country and reorganise and form armies from outside Rhodesian borders, although they chose different countries to make their base. ZAPU based itself in the West and [[Zambia]] where it organised ZIPRA (the [[Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army]].) They allied with the [[Soviet Union]] and organised a vanguard of highly trained soldiers. ZANU, however, moved into [[Tanzania]] and then to [[Mozambique]] and set up ZANLA ([[Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army]]) which concentrated more on mobilising the masses in the countryside in a method pioneered by the Chinese.
Both parties vied for domination but in 1964 both were banned and the leaders were all arrested. Both parties chose to leave the country and reorganise and form armies from outside Rhodesian borders, although they chose different countries to make their base. ZAPU based itself in the West and [[Zambia]] where it organised ZIPRA (the [[Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army]].) They allied with the [[Soviet Union]] and organised a vanguard of highly trained soldiers. ZANU, however, moved into [[Tanzania]] and then to [[Mozambique]] and set up ZANLA ([[Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army]]) which concentrated more on mobilising the masses in the countryside in a method pioneered by the Chinese.


In January 1966 Chitepo resigned as Director of Public Prosecutions and moved to [[Zambia]] to concentrate on the armed struggle. He toured world capitals canvassing support for [[ZANU]] and for the enforcement of total economic sanctions against Rhodesia. With his friendly disposition, he was very effective and earned for ZANU international recognition and respect.
In January 1966 Chitepo resigned as director of Public Prosecutions and moved to [[Zambia]] to concentrate on the armed struggle. He toured world capitals canvassing support for [[ZANU]] and for the enforcement of total economic sanctions against Rhodesia. With his friendly disposition, he was very effective and earned for ZANU international recognition and respect.


Sithole and others prepared a comprehensive document giving powers to Chitepo to lead ZANU while Rev. Sithole was in detention and specifically authorising him to carry out the armed struggle. Accordingly, Herbert Chitepo with the military supremo [[Josiah Tongogara]] from the Karanga ethnic community, organised and planned successful military guerilla attacks and underground activities in Rhodesia from 1966 onwards. In 1972, he co-ordinated war operations with FRELIMO and opened up the north eastern region of Zimbabwe as a new and effective war front.
Sithole and others prepared a comprehensive document giving powers to Chitepo to lead ZANU while Rev. Sithole was in detention and specifically authorising him to carry out the armed struggle. Accordingly, Herbert Chitepo with the military supremo [[Josiah Tongogara]] from the Karanga ethnic community, organised and planned successful military guerilla attacks and underground activities in Rhodesia from 1966 onwards. In 1972, he co-ordinated war operations with FRELIMO and opened up the north eastern region of Zimbabwe as a new and effective war front.


==Assassination==
==Death==
Chitepo died on 18 March 1975 in [[Lusaka]], [[Zambia]] when a car bomb, placed in his Volkswagen Beetle the night before, exploded. He and Silas Shamiso, one of his bodyguards, were killed instantly. Sadat Kufamadzuba, his other bodyguard, was injured. The explosion sent part of the car onto the roof of his house and uprooted a tree next door. Hours later one of his neighbours died of injuries he sustained in the explosion.<ref name="details">White, Luise. ''The Assassination of Herbert Chitepo: Texts and Politics in Zimbabwe.'' Page 1.</ref> [[ZANU]] at the time blamed the [[Rhodesian Security Forces]].
Chitepo died on 18 March 1975 in [[Lusaka]], Zambia, when a car bomb, placed in his [[Volkswagen Beetle]] the night before, exploded. He and Silas Shamiso, one of his bodyguards, were killed instantly. Sadat Kufamadzuba, his other bodyguard, was injured. The explosion sent part of the car onto the roof of his house and uprooted a tree next door. Hours later one of his neighbours died of injuries he sustained in the explosion.<ref name="details">White, Luise. ''The Assassination of Herbert Chitepo: Texts and Politics in Zimbabwe.'' Page 1.</ref> [[ZANU]] at the time blamed the [[Rhodesian Security Forces]].


Zambian president [[Kenneth Kaunda]] commissioned an inquiry into Chitepo's death. Documents released in October 2001, placed the blame on ZANU infighting. However, in his biographical account, ''The Legend of The Selous Scouts'', Lt Col [[Ronald Reid-Daly]], Officer Commanding, [[Selous Scouts|Selous Scouts Regiment]], Rhodesian Security Forces, clearly states that the Rhodesian [[Central Intelligence Organization]] (CIO) under the leadership of Director General [[Ken Flower]], masterminded the assassination of Herbert Chitepo, subsequently planting documentary evidence blaming ZANU members.
Zambian president [[Kenneth Kaunda]] commissioned an inquiry into Chitepo's death. Documents released in October 2001, placed the blame on ZANU infighting. However, in his biographical account, ''The Legend of the Selous Scouts'', Lt Col [[Ronald Reid-Daly]], officer commanding, [[Selous Scouts|Selous Scouts Regiment]], Rhodesian Security Forces, clearly states that the Rhodesian [[Central Intelligence Organization]] (CIO) under the leadership of Director General [[Ken Flower]], masterminded the assassination of Herbert Chitepo, subsequently planting documentary evidence blaming ZANU members.


"The decision by Ken Flower...to assassinate Herbert Chitepo, head of the ZANU War Council, now showed how badly Flower has misread the ZANU/ZANLA situation. The death of Chitepo purged ZANU of its many dissenting factions and a new and highly successful leader emerged. Robert Mugabe gave ZANLA the means to consolidate its efforts by providing ZANLA with an indispensable factor – unity." [pg. 173 ''The Legend of The Selous Scouts'']
"The decision by Ken Flower&nbsp;... to assassinate Herbert Chitepo, head of the ZANU War Council, now showed how badly Flower has misread the ZANU/ZANLA situation. The death of Chitepo purged ZANU of its many dissenting factions and a new and highly successful leader emerged. Robert Mugabe gave ZANLA the means to consolidate its efforts by providing ZANLA with an indispensable factor – unity." [pg. 173 ''The Legend of The Selous Scouts'']


==See also==
==See also==
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[[Category:Politicians assassinated in 1975]]

Revision as of 19:08, 8 July 2024

Herbert Wiltshire Pfumaindini Chitepo
Leader of Zimbabwe African National Union
In office
July 1963 – 18 March 1975
PresidentNdabaningi Sithole
Vice PresidentLeopold Takawira
LieutenantJosiah Tongogara
Preceded byPost established
Succeeded byRobert Mugabe
Personal details
Born15 June 1923
Watsomba, Nyanga District, Southern Rhodesia
(now Zimbabwe)
Died18 March 1975 (aged 51)
Lusaka, Zambia
Resting placeNational Heroes' Acre, Harare, Zimbabwe
Political partyZANU
SpouseVictoria Fikile Chitepo
RelationsEdgar Tekere
Alma materUniversity of Fort Hare
OccupationBarrister; Nationalist politician
AwardsZimbabwe National Hero
Military service
AllegianceZANLA
Years of service1962–1975
CommandsZANLA

Herbert Wiltshire Pfumaindini Chitepo (15 June 1923 – 18 March 1975) was a Zimbabwean politician and nationalist leader who led the Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU) until he was assassinated in March 1975. Although his murderer remains unidentified, the Rhodesian author Peter Stiff says that a former soldier of the British Special Air Service (SAS), Hugh Hind, was responsible.[1]

Chitepo became the first black citizen of Rhodesia to become a barrister.[2]

Early years

Chitepo was born in Watsomba village in the Mutasa District of Southern Rhodesia, now Zimbabwe on 15 June 1923.[3] His family came from the Manyika clan (Samanyika) of the Shona people. He was educated at St David's Mission School, Bonda, St Augustine's School, Penhalonga and then at Adams College, Natal, South Africa, where he qualified as a teacher in 1945. This was where he met Victoria Mahamba-Sithole, a South African whom he married in 1955.[3]

Early career

After teaching for a year, he resumed his studies to graduate with a Bachelor of Arts from Fort Hare University College in 1949. He qualified as a barrister-at-law, and was called to the bar by Gray's Inn, whose alumni included Winston Churchill. He was a research assistant at the School of Oriental and African Studies. He was the first African in Southern Rhodesia to qualify as a barrister. In 1954, Chitepo became Rhodesia's second black lawyer after Prince Nguboyenja Khumalo son of King Lobengula (a special law was required to allow him to occupy chambers with white colleagues).[4] On returning to Rhodesia in 1954, he practised as a lawyer and defended African nationalists such as Ndabaningi Sithole in court. In February 1960, he travelled to the US with support from the African-American Institute.[5] In 1961, he served as legal adviser to Joshua Nkomo, founder of the Zimbabwe African Peoples Union (ZAPU), at the Southern Rhodesia Constitutional Conference in London. In the same year, he was also appointed to the board of governors of Bernard Mizeki College along with Sir. W. C .R. Honey and Sir Robert Tredgold. The Southern Rhodesian government did not detain him, as he did not come out in the open as an official of the nationalist movement, and the regime also feared that he was too internationally well known to be locked up.

ZANU

In May 1962 ZAPU was banned because of militarism and Chitepo was persuaded to go into voluntary exile to escape possible detention. He became Tanganyika's first African director of public prosecutions. The Ndabaningi Sithole and Joshua Nkomo factions of ZAPU split apart in July 1963. Nkomo's supporters founded the PCC-ZAPU (later just called ZAPU again) and favoured a more militaristic approach. As the more moderate faction, Chitepo sided with Sithole and was elected chairman of ZANU (having defeated Nathan Shamuyarira) from its foundation. He held this post until 7 December 1974, when the Lusaka Accord was signed.

Both parties vied for domination but in 1964 both were banned and the leaders were all arrested. Both parties chose to leave the country and reorganise and form armies from outside Rhodesian borders, although they chose different countries to make their base. ZAPU based itself in the West and Zambia where it organised ZIPRA (the Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army.) They allied with the Soviet Union and organised a vanguard of highly trained soldiers. ZANU, however, moved into Tanzania and then to Mozambique and set up ZANLA (Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army) which concentrated more on mobilising the masses in the countryside in a method pioneered by the Chinese.

In January 1966 Chitepo resigned as director of Public Prosecutions and moved to Zambia to concentrate on the armed struggle. He toured world capitals canvassing support for ZANU and for the enforcement of total economic sanctions against Rhodesia. With his friendly disposition, he was very effective and earned for ZANU international recognition and respect.

Sithole and others prepared a comprehensive document giving powers to Chitepo to lead ZANU while Rev. Sithole was in detention and specifically authorising him to carry out the armed struggle. Accordingly, Herbert Chitepo with the military supremo Josiah Tongogara from the Karanga ethnic community, organised and planned successful military guerilla attacks and underground activities in Rhodesia from 1966 onwards. In 1972, he co-ordinated war operations with FRELIMO and opened up the north eastern region of Zimbabwe as a new and effective war front.

Death

Chitepo died on 18 March 1975 in Lusaka, Zambia, when a car bomb, placed in his Volkswagen Beetle the night before, exploded. He and Silas Shamiso, one of his bodyguards, were killed instantly. Sadat Kufamadzuba, his other bodyguard, was injured. The explosion sent part of the car onto the roof of his house and uprooted a tree next door. Hours later one of his neighbours died of injuries he sustained in the explosion.[6] ZANU at the time blamed the Rhodesian Security Forces.

Zambian president Kenneth Kaunda commissioned an inquiry into Chitepo's death. Documents released in October 2001, placed the blame on ZANU infighting. However, in his biographical account, The Legend of the Selous Scouts, Lt Col Ronald Reid-Daly, officer commanding, Selous Scouts Regiment, Rhodesian Security Forces, clearly states that the Rhodesian Central Intelligence Organization (CIO) under the leadership of Director General Ken Flower, masterminded the assassination of Herbert Chitepo, subsequently planting documentary evidence blaming ZANU members.

"The decision by Ken Flower ... to assassinate Herbert Chitepo, head of the ZANU War Council, now showed how badly Flower has misread the ZANU/ZANLA situation. The death of Chitepo purged ZANU of its many dissenting factions and a new and highly successful leader emerged. Robert Mugabe gave ZANLA the means to consolidate its efforts by providing ZANLA with an indispensable factor – unity." [pg. 173 The Legend of The Selous Scouts]

See also

References

  1. ^ Mugabe still fears Chitepo's legacy Archived 31 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine Institute for War and Peace Reporting
  2. ^ Preston, Matthew. Ending Civil War: Rhodesia and Lebanon in Perspective, 2004. Page 98.
  3. ^ a b Luise White, 'Chitepo, Herbert Wiltshire Tfumaindini (1923–1975)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, May 2009 accessed 7 Aug 2013
  4. ^ "Milestones, Mar. 31, 1975". Time. 31 March 1975.
  5. ^ Ilanga lase Natal, 27 February 1960.
  6. ^ White, Luise. The Assassination of Herbert Chitepo: Texts and Politics in Zimbabwe. Page 1.