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{{Short description|Public research university in Tübingen, Germany}}
'''Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen''' (German ''Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen'') is a state-supported university. It is located on the [[Neckar|Neckar river]], in [[Tübingen]], [[Baden-Württemberg]], [[Germany]]. It was founded in [[1477]] by Count [[Eberhard VI]] (Eberhard in the Beard, [[1445]] - [[1496]]), later the first duke of [[Württemberg]], a civic and ecclesiastic reformer who established the school after becoming absorbed in the [[Renaissance]] revival of learning during his travels to [[Italy]]. Its present name was conferred on it in 1769 by Duke Karl Eugen who appended his first name to that of the founder (<i>Karls</i> = genitive of <i>Karl</i>).
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox university
|name = University of Tübingen
|native_name = Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen
|native_name_lang = de
|image_name = University of Tübingen logo.svg
|caption =
|latin_name = Universitas Eberhardina Carolina
|motto = ''Attempto!''
|motto_lang = la
|mottoeng = I dare!
|established = {{start date|1477|||df=y}}
|type = [[Public university|Public]]
|budget = € 589.2 million<ref name="Zahlen und Fakten">{{Cite web|url=https://uni-tuebingen.de/universitaet/profil/zahlen-und-fakten/|title=Zahlen und Fakten | Universität Tübingen|website=uni-tuebingen.de}}</ref>
|rector = [[Karla Pollmann]]<ref name="rector">{{Cite web|url=https://uni-tuebingen.de/en/university/organisation-and-management/university-management/president/|title=University of Tübingen: President|website=uni-tuebingen.de|access-date=9 November 2022}}</ref>
|academic_staff = 3,604<ref name=staff>{{cite web |url=https://www.uni-tuebingen.de/index.php?eID=tx_nawsecuredl&u=0&g=0&t=1498103710&hash=9058de6bed19a72d634efeaecbe4fd1c2984f645&file=fileadmin/Uni_Tuebingen/Allgemein/Dokumente/Jahresberichte/UT_Jahresbericht_2016_DE-web.pdf |title=Jahresbericht 2016 |language=de |page=58 |publisher=University of Tübingen |access-date=21 June 2017}}</ref>
|administrative_staff = 1,375
|students = 27,196 <small>(WS2019/20)</small><ref name="Zahlen und Fakten"/>
|undergrad = c. 21,800 <small>(WS2016/17)<ref name="Zahlen und Fakten"/></small>
|postgrad = c. 4,600 <small>(WS2016/17)<ref name="Zahlen und Fakten"/></small>
|doctoral = c. 2,000 <small>(WS2016/17)<ref name="Zahlen und Fakten"/></small>
|academic_affiliation = [[U15 (German universities)|U15]], [[German Universities Excellence Initiative]], [[Guild of European Research-Intensive Universities]], [[Matariki Network of Universities|MNU]]
}}
The '''University of Tübingen''', officially the '''Eberhard Karl University of Tübingen''' ({{lang-de|Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen}}; {{lang-la|Universitas Eberhardina Carolina}}), is a [[public university|public]] [[research university]] located in the city of [[Tübingen]], [[Baden-Württemberg]], [[Germany]].
The university has a history of innovative thought, particularly in [[theology]], in which the university and the [[Tübinger Stift]] are famous till today. [[Philipp Melanchthon]] ([[1497]] - [[1560]]), the prime mover in building the German school system and a chief figure in the [[Protestant Reformation]], helped establish its direction. Among Tübingen's eminent students have been astronomer [[Johannes Kepler]], poet [[Friedrich Hölderlin]], and philosophers [[Friedrich Schelling]] and [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel]]. "The Tübingen Three" refers to Hölderlin, Hegel and Schelling. The university rose to the height of its prominence in the middle of the [[19th century]] with the teachings of poet and civic leader [[Ludwig Uhland]] and the Protestant theologian [[Ferdinand Christian Baur]], whose beliefs and disciples became known as the "Tübingen School" which initiated historical analysis of Biblical texts, an approach also generally referred to as the [[Higher criticism]]. The University of Tübingen also was the first German university to establish a faculty of [[natural science]]s, in [[1863]]. [[DNA]] was discovered in 1868 at the University of Tübingen by [[Friedrich Miescher]]. [[Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard]], the first female Nobel Prize winner in medicine in Germany, also works in Tübingen.
The University of Tübingen is one of eleven [[German Excellence Universities]]. The University of Tübingen is especially known as a centre for the study of plant biology, [[medicine]], [[law]], archeology, ancient cultures, philosophy, [[theology]], [[religious studies]], humanities, and more recently as a center of excellence for [[artificial intelligence]]. The university's noted alumni and faculty include presidents, a [[pope]], [[EU Commissioner]]s, and judges of the [[Federal Constitutional Court]]. The university is associated with eleven [[List of Nobel laureates|Nobel laureates]], especially in the fields of medicine and chemistry.
In the [[20th century]], Tübingen became dominated first by [[Marxist-Leninist]] philosophy and then by [[Adolf Hitler]]'s [[Nazi]] regime until the beginning of the Allied occupation in [[1945]]. In [[1970]] the university was restructured into a series of independent departments of study and research after the manner of [[France|French]] universities.
[[Image:Uni Tübingen Neue Aula Sommer.jpg|thumb|The ''Neue Aula'']]
Currently, about 22,000 students are enrolled, roughly one fourth of the total population of the city. The 17 hospitals in Tübingen affiliated with the university's faculty of medicine have 1,500 patient beds, and yearly cater to 66,000 in-patients and 200,000 out-patients.
==History==
Tübingen is one of four major university towns in Germany; the other three are [[Marburg]], [[Göttingen]], and [[Heidelberg]].
{{see also|History of Württemberg}}
The University of Tübingen was founded in 1477 by Count [[Eberhard I, Duke of Württemberg|Eberhard V]] (Eberhard im Bart, 1445–1496), later the first Duke of [[Württemberg]], a civic and ecclesiastic reformer who established the school after becoming absorbed in the [[Renaissance]] revival of learning during his travels to Italy. Its first rector was [[Johannes Nauclerus]].
Its present name was conferred on it in 1769 by Duke [[Karl Eugen, Duke of Württemberg|Karl Eugen]] who appended his first name to that of the founder. The university later became the principal university of the kingdom of Württemberg. Today, it is one of nine state universities funded by the German [[States of Germany|federal state]] of Baden-Württemberg.
==Famous Alumni==
[[File:Tübingen Alte Aula BW 2015-04-27 15-48-31.jpg|thumb|right|The ''Alte Aula'' (Old Auditorium)]]
===Nobel laureates===
The University of Tübingen has a history of innovative thought, particularly in theology, in which the university and the [[Tübinger Stift]] are famous to this day. [[Philipp Melanchthon]] (1497–1560), the prime mover in building the German school system and a chief figure in the [[Protestant Reformation]], helped establish its direction. Among Tübingen's eminent students (and/or professors) have been the astronomer [[Johannes Kepler]]; the economist [[Horst Köhler]] (President of Germany); Joseph Ratzinger ([[Pope Benedict XVI]]), poet [[Friedrich Hölderlin]], and the philosophers [[Friedrich Schelling]] and [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel]]. "The Tübingen Three" refers to Hölderlin, Hegel and Schelling, who were roommates at the Tübinger Stift. Theologian [[Helmut Thielicke]] revived postwar Tübingen when he took over a professorship at the reopened theological faculty in 1947, being made administrative head of the university and President of the Chancellor's Conference in 1951. Philosopher and theologian [[Ernst Bloch]] is another prominent figure associated with Tübingen's postwar revival.
*[[Günter Blobel]], (1999, Physiology or Medicine)
*[[Karl Ferdinand Braun]], (1909, Physics)
*[[Eduard Buchner]], (1907, Chemistry)
*[[Adolf Butenandt]], (1939, Chemistry)
*[[Hartmut Michel]], (1988, Chemistry)
*[[Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard]], (1995, Physiology or Medicine)
*[[William Ramsay]], (1904, Chemistry)
*[[Bert Sakmann]], (1991, Physiology or Medicine)
*[[Georg Wittig]], (1979, Chemistry)
The university rose to the height of its prominence in the middle of the 19th century with the teachings of poet and civic leader [[Ludwig Uhland]] and the Protestant theologian [[Ferdinand Christian Baur]], whose circle, colleagues and students became known as the "Tübingen School", which pioneered the historical-critical analysis of biblical and early Christian texts, an approach generally referred to as "[[higher criticism]]". The University of Tübingen also was the first German university to establish a faculty of [[natural science]]s, in 1863. [[DNA]] was discovered in 1868 at the University of Tübingen by [[Friedrich Miescher]]. [[Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard]], the first female Nobel Prize winner in medicine in Germany, also works at Tübingen. The faculty for economics and business was founded in 1817 as the "Staatswissenschaftliche Fakultät" and was the first of its kind in Germany.
===Theology===
*[[Karl Barth]], Swiss Christian theologian
*[[Dietrich Bonhoeffer]], Lutheran theologian, preacher and opponent of the Nazi-Regime
*[[Walter Kasper]], Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church
*[[Joseph Cardinal Ratzinger|Joseph Ratzinger]], Dean of the College of Cardinals (since 2002)
Starting in the late 1990s at Tübingen, fundamental research on mRNA-based substances (e.g. for cancer treatment and [[vaccine]]s) was conducted by groups led by H. G. Rammensee and G. Jung. This work contributed to the Ph.D. and later research of [[Ingmar Hoerr]] and by extension to the [[COVID-19]] vaccine programs by [[BioNTech]], [[Moderna]] and [[Curevac]].
===Law===
*[[Martin Bangemann]], German minister of economy (1984-1988) and EU commissioner (1989-1999)
*[[Herta Däubler-Gmelin]], German minister of justice (1998-2002)
*[[Philipp Jenninger]], President of the German federal parliament (1984-1988)
*[[Klaus Kinkel]], foreign minister of Germany (1993-1998)
*[[Gebhard Müller]], President of the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany (1959-1971)
*[[Carlo Schmid]], German politician and one of the "fathers of the constitution"
===Economics===
===Nazi period===
{{see also|University education in Nazi Germany}}
*[[Helmut Haussmann]], German minister of economy (1988-1991)
The university played a leading role in efforts to legitimize the policies of the Third Reich as "scientific". Even before the victory of the Nazi Party in the general election in March 1933, there were hardly any Jewish faculty and a few Jewish students. Physicist [[Hans Bethe]] was dismissed on 20 April 1933 because of "non-Aryan" origin. Religion professor [[Traugott Konstantin Oesterreich]] and the mathematician [[Erich Kamke]] were forced to take early retirement, probably in both cases the "non-Aryan" origin of their wives.<ref>''[https://uni-tuebingen.de/fileadmin/Uni_Tuebingen/Allgemein/Dokumente/2006/06-01-19AkUniimNS.pdf Juden an der Universität Tübingen im Nationalsozialismus] (PDF; 132 kB)'', Bericht des Arbeitskreises „Universität Tübingen im Nationalsozialismus“, 19. Januar 2006</ref> At least 1,158 people were sterilized at the University Hospital.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://idw-online.de/de/news270590| title=Neuer Bericht des Arbeitskreises "Universität Tübingen im Nationalsozialismus" | author=Michael Seifert | institution=Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen | date=14 July 2008 |access-date=20 December 2014}}</ref>
*[[Horst Köhler]], director of the IMF (2000-2004) and president of Germany (since 2004)
===German===
===After the war===
In 1966, Joseph Ratzinger, who would later become [[Pope Benedict XVI]], was appointed to a chair in dogmatic theology in the [[Faculty of Roman-Catholic Theology, University of Tübingen|Faculty of Catholic Theology]] at Tübingen, where he was a colleague of [[Hans Küng]].[[File:Uni Tübingen Kupferbau.jpg|thumb|Kupferbau Auditorium]]In 1967, [[Jürgen Moltmann]] (b. 1926), one of the most influential Protestant theologians of the 20th century, was appointed Professor of Systematic Theology in the Faculty of Protestant Theology. Drafted in 1944 by Nazi Germany, he was an Allied prisoner of war 1945–1948. He was influenced by his Tübingen colleague and friend [[Ernst Bloch]], the Marxist philosopher.
*[[Eugen Gerstenmaier]], President of the German federal parliament (1954-1969)
*[[Martin Walser]], writer
*[[Christoph Martin Wieland]], poet
In 1970, the university was restructured into a series of [[Faculty (division)|faculties]] as independent departments of study and research after the manner of French universities.
===History===
*[[Kurt Georg Kiesinger]], chancellor of Germany (1966-1969)
*[[Rita Süssmuth]], President of the German federal parliament (1988-1998)
The university made the headlines in November 2009 when a group of left-leaning students occupied one of the main lecture halls, the Kupferbau, for several days. The students' goal was to protest tuition fees and maintain that education should be free for everyone.
===Philosophy===
*[[Friedrich Hölderlin]], poet
*[[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel]], philosopher
*[[Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von Schelling]], philosopher
In May 2010, Tübingen joined the [[Matariki Network of Universities]] (MNU) together with [[Dartmouth College]] (US), [[Durham University]] (UK), [[Queen's University at Kingston|Queen's University]] (Canada), [[University of Otago]] (New Zealand), [[University of Western Australia]] (Australia) and [[Uppsala University]] (Sweden).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.matarikinetwork.com/members.html|title=Members of the Matariki Network of Universities|access-date=21 July 2015}}</ref>
===Medicine===
*[[Alois Alzheimer]]
On 27 April 2022, for the first time, a woman was elected Rector in the person of [[Karla Pollmann]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Neue Rektorin für die Universität Tübingen {{!}} Universität Tübingen |url=https://uni-tuebingen.de/universitaet/aktuelles-und-publikationen/pressemitteilungen/newsfullview-pressemitteilungen/article/neue-rektorin-fuer-die-universitaet-tuebingen/ |access-date=2022-05-30 |website=uni-tuebingen.de}}</ref>
===Natural Sciences/Mathematics===
*[[Theodor Eimer]] ((1843-1898), zoology and comparative anatomy
*[[Hans Geiger]], physics
*[[Johann Georg Gmelin]] (1709-1755), botany
*[[Johannes Kepler]] (1571-1630), astronomy
==Research focus==
[[Category:German universities|Tubingen]]
The University of Tübingen undertakes a broad range of research projects in various fields. Among the more prominent ones in the natural sciences are the [[Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research]], which focuses on general, cognitive and cellular [[neurology]] as well as [[neurodegeneration]], and the [[Centre for Interdisciplinary Clinical Research]], which deals primarily with cell biology in diagnostics and therapy of organ system diseases. In the liberal arts, the University of Tübingen is noteworthy for having the only faculty of rhetoric in Germany – the department was founded by [[Walter Jens]], an important intellectual and literary critic. The university also boasts continued pre-eminence in its centuries-old traditions of research in the fields of [[philosophy]], [[theology]] and [[philology]]. Since at least the nineteenth century, Tübingen has been the home of world-class research in [[Prehistory|prehistoric studies]] and the study of antiquity, including the study of the [[ancient Near East]]; a particular focus of the research in these areas at the University of Tübingen has been [[Anatolia]], e.g., through the continued excavations of the university at [[Troy]]. The University of Tübingen is also host to a number of [[Collaborative Research Centres]], producing fundamental interdisciplinary research.
[[de:Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen]]
==Campus==
[[File:Uni-Tübingen IfP.jpg|thumb|Institute of Political Science|210x210px]]
The University of Tübingen is not a [[campus university]], but is spread throughout the town: Tübingen is one of five classical "university towns" in Germany. The other four are [[University of Marburg|Marburg]], [[University of Göttingen|Göttingen]], [[University of Freiburg|Freiburg]] and [[Heidelberg University|Heidelberg]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=University of Tubingen – Top University in Germany – GoToUniversity |url=https://www.gotouniversity.com/university/university-of-tubingen |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=gotouniversity.com |language=en-US}}</ref> In Tübingen there are four areas with a major concentration of university institutions.
*The university uses a number of buildings in the [[old town]] of Tübingen, some of which date back to the foundation of the university. Today, these are mainly used by smaller humanities departments, as is the adjacent [[medieval]] [[castle]], ''Schloss Hohentübingen''.
*Northeast of the old town, the ''Wilhelmstraße'' area surrounding the street of the same name is home to larger humanities departments as well as the university's administration. The main university library and main [[refectory]] are also in this area.
* A new campus for the sciences was built in the 1970s at ''Morgenstelle'', a hill north of the historic centre of Tübingen. Facilities include a large refectory.[[File:Psychiatre_Universität_Tübingen.jpg|alt=|thumb|208x208px|Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, part of the ''Klinikum'']]
* The university's [[teaching hospitals]] are located between the Wilhelmstraße area and the Morgenstelle campus in an area collectively known as the ''Klinikum''. The 17 hospitals in Tübingen affiliated with the university's faculty of medicine have 1,500 patient beds, and cater to 66,000 in-patients and 200,000 out-patients on an annual basis.<ref>[https://uni-tuebingen.de/uni/qvr/02/02v09-08sose.html Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen – Übersicht über die Zahl der Studierenden und Gasthörer im Sommersemester 2008] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606225446/http://www.uni-tuebingen.de/uni/qvr/02/02v09-08sose.html |date=6 June 2011 }}. University of Tübingen, 14 May 2008. Retrieved on 7 March 2009.</ref>
Accommodation provided by the Tübingen [[Studentenwerk]] is in several locations throughout the town. The largest of the eleven [[halls of residence]] are in the city's northern neighbourhood of ''Waldhäuser Ost'' (1,700 rooms) and in the city's southeasternmost neighbourhood, ''Französisches Viertel'' (500 rooms).<ref>[http://www.studentenwerk.uni-tuebingen.de/wohnen/wohnheime/ Studentenwerk Tübingen – Wohnheime] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070605083908/http://www.studentenwerk.uni-tuebingen.de/wohnen/wohnheime/ |date=5 June 2007 }}. Studentenwerk Tübingen. Retrieved on 30 January 2007.</ref>
== Museum ==
{{unreferenced section|date=October 2021}}
[[File:Pferd_vom_Vogelherd.tif|thumb|199x199px|Wild horse figurine ''Urpferd'' from the Vogelherdhöhle (40,000 years), UNESCO World Heritage]]
Since 2006, the Museum of the University of Tübingen (MUT) has made it its task to professionalize the 65 sometimes very old and singular teaching, show and research collections of the university from all faculties in terms of collection, curatorial and organizational aspects. In interdisciplinary exhibitions, both the broader public should be provided with insights into the history of science as well as researched in the field of science itself.
In addition, the master's degree program "Museum & Collections" of the MUT, with the participation of six humanities and cultural studies subjects, offers the training of students in the field of exhibitions.
[[File:MUT-9908.jpg|alt=MUT-9908.jpg|thumb|200x200px|Ancient Egyptian Coffin of Idi from Assiut, mid-12th dynasty]]
Eight scientific teaching collections – Origins of Art, Pile Dwellings + Celts, Cuneiform, Gods + Tombs, Ancient Art, Ancient Coins, Ancient Sculptures – are open to the public in the Museum Alte Kulturen and in the permanent exhibition WeltKulturen in Hohentübingen Castle. In addition, there are other, partially accessible scientific teaching collections on Hohentübingen: Cradle of Biochemistry (Schlosslabor), BildBestand, Everyday Culture, AntikenBilder, Professor Gallery (partial), Castle Church and TonSteineScherben.
The MUT – and thus the Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen – is the only university institution in the world to house artefacts with world heritage status, such as the oldest surviving figurative works of art and musical instruments of humanity, mammoth ivory figures and fragments of bone flutes. These come from the Vogelherdhöhle (Swabian Alb), which has been part of the UNESCO World Heritage "Caves and Ice Age Art in the Swabian Jura" since 2017.
==Libraries==
[[Image:TuebingenUniBibliothek.jpg|right|thumb| Entrance to the Historical Reading Hall of the University Library of Tübingen|208x208px]]
The [[University Library of Tübingen]] is not just available to those affiliated with the university, but also to the general public. The library provides more than three million individual volumes and more than 7,600 journals. Apart from the main library, more than 80 departmental libraries containing an additional three million volumes are also associated with the university.
The main lending library is located on Wilhelmstraße and consists of several different parts which are connected through corridors and walkways:
*The Bonatzbau, the library's oldest building, was built in 1912 and currently houses the historical reading room (Historischer Lesesaal), the university [[archive]], along with a number of [[manuscript]] collections.
*The library's main building, constructed in 1963, contains the information desk and research stations to access electronic catalogues and databases.
*[[File:Innenansicht_Bonatzbau.jpg|alt=|thumb|205x205px|Interior of the Historical Reading Hall]]The Ammerbau is the most recent addition to the library complex. Built in 2002, it offers users direct access to over 300,000 volumes and latest issues of newspapers, magazines and journals. It also contains numerous work places and separate individual rooms for group work.
The university is made up of seven faculties, some of which are subdivided into further departments.<ref>[https://uni-tuebingen.de/en/faculties.html Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen – Faculties]. University of Tübingen, 20 July 2016. Retrieved on 23 February 2017.</ref>
*Protestant Theology
*[[Faculty of Roman-Catholic Theology, University of Tübingen|Catholic Theology]]
*[[Tübingen University Faculty of Law|Law]]
*Medicine
*Humanities
*Economics and Social Sciences
*Science
===Governance===
The university is governed by three separate bodies sharing different functions and duties. However, some persons serve in more than one body.
The '''Rectorate''' is the executive component of the university's governing body. The current [[Rector (academia)|rector]], Professor [[Karla Pollmann]], is supported by four deputies consisting of three [[prorector]]s and one [[Provost (education)|provost]]. All are also permanent members of the university senate.<ref>[https://uni-tuebingen.de/uni/qvr/03v/03v01-01-01.html Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen – Organe der Universität: Rektorat] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070208185310/http://www.uni-tuebingen.de/uni/qvr/03v/03v01-01-01.html |date=8 February 2007 }}. University of Tübingen, 31 October 2006. Retrieved on 30 January 2007.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20000914053011/http://www.uni-tuebingen.de/uni/qvr/03v/03v01-03-01.html Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen – Organe der Universität: Stellvertretung / Prorektoren]. University of Tübingen, 18 December 2006. Retrieved on 30 January 2007.</ref>
The '''Senate''' forms the legislative section of governance. Apart from the members of the rectorate, it includes the [[equal opportunity|equal opportunities]] commissioner, the deans and 20 elected members representing the professors, lecturers, students and non-academic staff. Two advisors represent the university's [[teaching hospital]]s.<ref>[https://uni-tuebingen.de/uni/qvr/03v/03v01-02.html Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen – Organe der Universität: Senat] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070607083923/http://www.uni-tuebingen.de/uni/qvr/03v/03v01-02.html |date=7 June 2007 }}. University of Tübingen, 4 October 2006. Retrieved on 30 January 2007.</ref>
The '''University Council''' (''Hochschulrat'' or ''Universitätsrat'') has 13 members, including its president and vice-president as well as five further internal and six external members.<ref>[https://uni-tuebingen.de/uni/qvr/03v/03v01-02-03.html Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen – Organe der Universität: Hochschulrat (Universitätsrat)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070129115338/http://www.uni-tuebingen.de/uni/qvr/03v/03v01-02-03.html |date=29 January 2007 }}. University of Tübingen, 17 July 2006. Retrieved on 30 January 2007.</ref>
==Rankings and reputation==
{{Infobox Germany university rankings
| QS = 213
| QS_N = 11
| QS_year = 2024
| QS_ref = <ref name="QS">{{cite web|url=https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2024|title=QS World University Rankings 2024|access-date=16 July 2023|website=[[QS World University Rankings]]}}</ref>
| THE = =95
| THE_N = 8
| THE_year = 2024
| THE_ref = <ref name="THE">{{cite web|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2024/world-ranking|title=World University Rankings 2024|access-date=27 September 2023|website=[[Times Higher Education World University Rankings]]|date=27 September 2023}}</ref>
| ARWU = 151–200
| ARWU_N = 6–9
| ARWU_year = 2023
| ARWU_ref = <ref name="ARWU">{{cite web|url=https://www.shanghairanking.com/rankings/arwu/2023|title=2023 Academic Ranking of World Universities|website=[[Academic Ranking of World Universities]]|access-date=15 August 2023}}</ref>
}}
As of the 2024 edition of the ''[[QS World University Rankings]]'', the University of Tübingen ranks 213th globally, which places it at 11th position nationally within Germany.<ref name="QS" /> The university's rank appears significantly higher in the 2024 ''[[Times Higher Education World University Rankings]]'', standing at an 95th position globally and 8th nationally.<ref name="THE" /> The ''[[Academic Ranking of World Universities]]'', also known as the Shanghai Ranking, for the year 2023 places the University of Tübingen in the 151–200 bracket globally, and within the 6–9 bracket in the national ranking.<ref name="ARWU" />
Since 2012, the University of Tübingen has been regarded as one of eleven [[German Universities Excellence Initiative|German Excellence Universities]] that have been successful in the competition of the [[German Universities Excellence Initiative]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bmbf.de/en/1321.php|title=Excellence Initiative for Cutting-Edge Research at Institutions of Higher Education|author=Redaktion: Referat LS 4 – Öffentlichkeitsarbeit, Internet|date=14 May 2013|access-date=21 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150629100712/http://www.bmbf.de/en/1321.php|archive-date=29 June 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> The award brings additional research funds for five years.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://uni-tuebingen.de/aktuelles/newsletter-uni-tuebingen-aktuell/2012/sonderausgabe/erfolg-in-der-exzellenzinitiative.html|title=Universität Tübingen – Erfolg in der Exzellenzinitiative|access-date=21 July 2015}}</ref> With three successful research Clusters of Excellence approved by the German Universities Excellence Initiative in 2018, Tübingen is one of the three universities with the highest research output in Germany and leading among universities in South Germany.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://uni-tuebingen.de/en/university/news-and-publications/press-releases/press-releases/article/tuebingen-successful-in-the-excellence-strategy/?tx_news_pi1%5Baction%5D=detail&cHash=fece29324468ad67079b9d2d33b611cf|title=Press Releases {{!}} University of Tübingen|website=uni-tuebingen.de|access-date=19 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://uni-tuebingen.de/en/university/news-and-publications/press-releases/archive/archivfullview-press-releases/article/three-new-clusters-of-excellence-for-tuebingen/?tx_news_pi1%5Baction%5D=detail|title=ArchivFullview-Press Releases {{!}} University of Tübingen|website=uni-tuebingen.de|access-date=19 July 2019}}</ref>
According to the funding report of the [[German Research Foundation]] (DFG) 2018, which breaks down the grants awarded to German universities from 2014 to 2016, the University of Tübingen was ranked 8th overall, 4th in [[humanities]] and [[social science]]s, and 6th in [[Life Sciences|life sciences]] including [[medicine]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=DFG – Förderatlas 2018: Förderumfang|url=https://www.dfg.de/sites/foerderatlas2018/themen/ranking.html|access-date=2021-06-06|website=dfg.de}}</ref> This ranking is based on a selection of best research projects nationwide and thus regarded as an indicator of the quality of research.
[[U.S. News & World Report Best Global University Ranking|US News Best Global Universities]] and also ranked Tübingen amongst the top ten universities in Germany overall in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=U.S. News Best Global Universities in Germany|url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/germany}}</ref>
Traditionally, Tübingen has been particularly strong in the fields of [[humanities]], especially in [[theology]] and [[religious studies]], [[medicine]], and [[law]]. The Tübingen Law School was ranked second nationwide by the [[Wirtschaftswoche]] University Ranking.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bernau|first=Varinia|title=Hochschulranking 2021: Alle Ergebnisse zum Uni-Ranking im Überblick|url=https://www.wiwo.de/my/erfolg/hochschule/hochschulranking-2021-alle-ergebnisse-zum-uni-ranking-im-ueberblick/27225376.html|access-date=2021-06-06|website=wiwo.de|date=31 May 2021 |language=de}}</ref> Also according to international rankings, Tübingen regularly ranks among the top ten law schools in Germany.<ref>{{Cite web|title=QS World University Rankings by Subject 2021: Law & Legal Studies|url=https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/university-subject-rankings/2021/law-legal-studies|access-date=2021-06-06|website=Top Universities|language=en}}</ref>
===Controversies===
Since 2018, the university has been part of a wider artificial intelligence research initiative named Cyber Valley.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cyber-valley.de/|title=About {{!}} Cyber Valley|last=Williams|first=Jonathan|website=cyber-valley.de|access-date=19 October 2019}}</ref> Cyber Valley has seen investments from [[multinational corporation|multinational companies]] poured into establishing research centers, research groups, and professorships in the city. The investing organisations and corporations include [[Google]], [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]], [[BMW]], [[IAV]], [[Mercedes-Benz Group|Daimler]], [[Porsche]], and [[Robert Bosch GmbH|Bosch]]. The Cyber Valley initiative has attracted criticism from student groups and [[activism|activist groups]] alike, with many protest actions, including [[Occupation (protest)|building occupations]] and [[Demonstration (protest)|demonstrations]], having taken place decrying both the [[commercialisation]] of university research and the involvement of the university with organisations that are engaged in [[military research]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/the-valley-of-ai-draws-the-ire-of-students/article25699132.ece|title=The Valley of AI draws the ire of students|first=Emran|last=Feroz |date=8 December 2018|work=The Hindu}}</ref>
==Student life==
[[Image:Tue-MST-Skulptur.jpg|right|thumb|Sculpture ''Urpferd'' at campus ''Morgenstelle'']]
The university's students make up roughly a third of the total population of Tübingen and the town's culture can seem to be largely dominated by them. As a result there is a slump of activity during university holidays, particularly over the summer when a large number of otherwise regular events are not happening.
Around 30 ''[[Studentenverbindung]]en'', the German type of [[fraternities and sororities|fraternities]], are associated with the university. While famous for their parties, public academic lectures and the yearly "Stocherkahn-Rennen" punting-boat race on the Neckar river, some of them are the subject of ongoing controversy surrounding alleged [[Right-wing politics|rightwing]] policial views, leading to strong criticism from [[Left-wing politics|leftist]] groups.<ref>[http://clubhausia.fsrvv.de/ AK Clubhausia: Argumente gegen das Hofieren reaktionärer Seilschaften]. Fachschaftsräte-VV. Retrieved on 25 October 2007.</ref> The university itself takes a neutral stance on this issue. However, all of Tübingen's fraternities distance themselves from the fraternities of the [[Deutsche Burschenschaft]], which have been widely criticized as adhering to far-right principles.
[[File:Akademische_Gesellschaft_Stuttgardia.jpg|alt=|thumb|219x219px|Fraternity house on the ''Österberg'']]
Also closely linked to the university are a number of student societies representing mainly the arts and [[political party|political parties]]. Most notable are a number of [[choir]]s as well as student [[theatre]] groups affiliated with the faculty of Modern Languages, some of which perform in foreign languages. ''Radio Uniwelle Tübingen'' is the [[Campus radio|university's radio station]], airing seven hours of programmes a week produced by students under the supervision of staff employed by the university.<ref>[https://uni-tuebingen.de/uniradio/index.html Uniwelle Tübingen – Radioprogramm der Universität Tübingen] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070506064151/http://www.uni-tuebingen.de/uniradio/index.html |date=6 May 2007 }}. University of Tübingen. Retrieved on 13 April 2007.</ref>
The university also offers [[gym]] and [[sport]]s classes called ''Hochschulsport''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://medien2.ifs.sozialwissenschaften.uni-tuebingen.de/sportarten/index.html|title=Universität Tübingen – Hochschulsport|access-date=27 June 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070627104528/http://medien2.ifs.sozialwissenschaften.uni-tuebingen.de/sportarten/index.html|archive-date=27 June 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> Since Tübingen has a department of [[sports science]] with a broad range of facilities, students of other subjects have the possibility to participate in various kinds of sports courses in teams or as individuals. Furthermore, even exotic sports, such as [[parachuting]] or [[martial arts]], are offered. Students may attend courses either for free or at reduced rates. The sports department is located close to the ''Wilhelmstraße'' area of university buildings and is served by a number of frequent bus routes.
[[File:Traditional Stocherkahn Race.jpg|alt=|thumb|''Stocherkähne'' during the traditional annual race]]
Unlike in some major cities, student discounts are not widely available in Tübingen. [[Cinema (place)|Cinema]]s and the [[town council]]'s [[public library]] in particular do not offer discounts for students, and there are only a handful of restaurants which have reduced [[lunch]] deals. However, students may benefit from the ''Semesterticket'', a heavily discounted [[public transport]] season pass offering six months of unlimited travel on trains and buses in the [[Verkehrsverbund Neckar-Alb-Donau|naldo]] ''Verkehrsverbund'' [[transport association]] for approximately €62.50.<ref>[http://www.naldo.de/Semesterticket.308.0.html NALDO – Verkehrsverbund Neckar-Alb-Donau GmbH: Semesterticket] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070723020505/http://www.naldo.de/Semesterticket.308.0.html |date=23 July 2007 }}. Verkehrsverbund Neckar-Alb-Donau. Retrieved on 1 July 2007.</ref> The [[Landestheater Tübingen]] theatre and all public swimming pools also have discounts for students.
Nightlife in Tübingen is centered on the numerous [[pub]]s in the old town along with a number of [[nightclub|clubs]], most of which dedicate themselves to non-mainstream music. During the semester, the [[Studentenwerk]]-owned ''Clubhaus'' at the centre of the Wilhelmstraße university area hosts the weekly ''Clubhausfest'' on Thursday nights. This popular, free-entry club night is organized and promoted by student societies and ''Fachschaft'' student representative bodies and all proceeds go towards their activities in support of students.
== Notable academic staff ==
{{See also|Category:Academic staff of the University of Tübingen}}
* [[Eberhard Jüngel]] (1934–2021), German Lutheran theologian
* [[Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard]] (born 1942), German developmental biologist and 1995 Nobel Prize-winner
* [[Hildegard Temporini-Gräfin Vitzthum]], (1939–2004), German ancient historian
<gallery class="center">
File:Küng3.JPG|[[Hans Küng]] (1928–2021), Swiss Catholic priest, theologian, and author
File:Pope Benedict XVI Blessing.jpg|[[Pope Benedict XVI]] (2005–2013)
</gallery>
== Notable alumni ==
{{See also|Category:University of Tübingen alumni}}
<gallery class="center">
File:Schirmherr der Initiative „Deutschland – Land der Ideen“ Bundespräsident Horst Köhler.jpg|[[Horst Köhler]], [[President of Germany]] (2004–2010) and Head of the [[International Monetary Fund]] (2000–2004)
File:Roman Herzog 2012.JPG|[[Roman Herzog]], [[President of Germany]] (1994–1999) and judge of the [[Federal Constitutional Court]] (1983–1994)
File:Günther Oettinger - 2019102200254 2019-04-12 Radio Regenbogen Award 2019 - Sven - 1D X MK II - 1183 - AK8I0353.jpg|[[Günther Oettinger]], [[European Commissioner]] (2010–2019)
File:JuergenStark.jpg|[[Jürgen Stark]], Chief Economist and Member of the Executive Committee of the [[European Central Bank]] (2006–2012)
File:Ralf Dahrendorf.jpg|[[Ralf Dahrendorf]], [[sociologist]], [[European Commissioner]] (1970–1977), Director of the [[London School of Economics|LSE]] (1974–1984), founder of the Tübingen Institute of Sociology (1960–1964)
File:Kurt Georg Kiesinger (Nürburgring, 1969).jpg|[[Kurt Georg Kiesinger]], [[Chancellor of Germany]] (1966–1969)
File:Walter Eucken2.jpg|[[Walter Eucken]], [[economist]] and father of [[ordoliberalism]] (1891–1950)
File:Erwin Baelz.jpg|[[Erwin Bälz]], [[physician]] and cofounder of modern western medicine in Japan (1849–1913)
File:Hegel by Schlesinger.jpg|[[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel]], [[philosopher]] (1770–1831)
File:Portrait Confused With Johannes Kepler 1610.jpg|[[Johannes Kepler]], [[astronomer]] (1571–1630)
</gallery>
The University of Tübingen has a long list of notable alumni and staff. As of 2023, eleven [[List of Nobel laureates|Nobel Laureates]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nobelpreisträger {{!}} Universität Tübingen|url=https://uni-tuebingen.de/universitaet/profil/preise-und-auszeichnungen/nobelpreistraeger/|access-date=2021-06-06|website=uni-tuebingen.de}}</ref> 18 [[Leibniz Prize|Leibniz Laureates]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Leibniz-Preise {{!}} Universität Tübingen|url=https://uni-tuebingen.de/universitaet/profil/preise-und-auszeichnungen/leibniz-preise/|access-date=2021-06-06|website=uni-tuebingen.de}}</ref> and five [[Alexander von Humboldt Professorship]]s<ref>{{Cite web|title=Humboldt-Professuren {{!}} Universität Tübingen|url=https://uni-tuebingen.de/universitaet/profil/preise-und-auszeichnungen/humboldt-professuren/|access-date=2021-06-06|website=uni-tuebingen.de}}</ref> are affiliated with the university.
Besides several [[Minister (government)|Federal Ministers of Germany]] and [[Minister president (Germany)|Minister Presidents of German States]], politicians associated with the University of Tübingen include six founding fathers of the [[Germany|Federal Republic of Germany]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bildung|first=Bundeszentrale für politische|title=Die Mütter und Väter des Grundgesetzes {{!}} bpb|url=https://www.bpb.de/geschichte/deutsche-geschichte/grundgesetz-und-parlamentarischer-rat/39043/biografien|access-date=2021-06-06|website=bpb.de|date=September 2008 |language=de}}</ref> a [[Chancellor of Germany]],{{CN|date=January 2023}} two [[President of Germany|Presidents of Germany]],{{CN|date=January 2023}} and several [[European Commissioner]]s.
As Tübingen has traditionally been home to one of the most prestigious law schools in Germany, alumni in the legal profession include at least 19 judges of the [[Federal Constitutional Court|Federal Constitutional Court of Germany]],{{CN|date=January 2023}} the first female German judge at the [[European Court of Justice]],{{CN|date=January 2023}} an [[Advocate general|Advocate General]] at the European Court of Justice,{{CN|date=January 2023}} as well as several judges at the [[Federal Court of Justice]], the [[Federal Fiscal Court]], and the [[Federal Labour Court]]. Notable legal scholars associated with Tübingen include [[Dieter Medicus]], [[Klaus Hopt]] and [[Wolfgang Ernst]].
Affiliates in the field of religious studies include many of the most influential theologians of the last centuries such as [[Pope Benedict XVI]], [[Karl Barth]], [[Dietrich Bonhoeffer]], [[Eduard Mörike]], [[Miroslav Volf|Miroslav Volv]], [[Paul Tillich]], [[David Strauss]] and [[Philip Melanchthon]]. The field of religious studies in Tübingen has also been the educational center for the philosophers [[Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling]], [[Friedrich Hölderlin]] und [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel]]. Tübingen is therefore sometimes considered as the home of [[German idealism]], a philosophical movement which had a severe impact on modern western thinking.
Faculty members and alumni who have been awarded with the [[Nobel Prize]]:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.uni-tuebingen.de/universitaet/profil/preise-und-auszeichnungen/nobelpreistraeger.html|title=Nobelpreisträger {{!}} Universität Tübingen|website=uni-tuebingen.de|language=de|access-date=11 December 2017}}</ref>
*[[William Ramsay]] (1904, Chemistry)
*[[Eduard Buchner]] (1907, Chemistry), faculty
*[[Karl Ferdinand Braun]] (1909, Physics), faculty
*"Tübingen does not ''have'' a university, Tübingen ''is'' a university." – [[Walter Jens]]
*"One need merely say 'Tübingen Seminary' to understand what German philosophy is at bottom: an insidious theology. The Swabians are the best liars in Germany: they lie innocently." – [[Friedrich Nietzsche]], 1888<ref>Friedrich Nietzsche, ''[[The Antichrist (book)|The Antichrist]]'', translated by H. L. Mencken (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1918), Chapter 10.</ref>
== See also ==
* [[Efferenn's Trust]]
* [[List of medieval universities]]
* [[List of universities in Germany]]
* [[Friedrich Althoff]]
* [[Robert-Bosch-Hospital]]
* [[Pi-Chacán]]
* [[Plato's unwritten doctrines]], for the influential Tübingen School of Plato interpretation
== References ==
{{reflist}}
===Bibliography===
*Martin Biastoch, ''Tübinger Studenten im Kaiserreich. Eine sozialgeschichtliche Untersuchung'': Contubernium – Tübinger Beiträge zur Universitäts- und Wissenschaftsgeschichte, Vol. 44 (Sigmaringen, 1996, {{ISBN|3-515-08022-8}})
* [[Walter Jens]], ''Eine deutsche Universität. 500 Jahre Tübinger Gelehrtenrepublik'' (Munich : Kindler, 1977)
* ''Tubingensia: Impulse zur Stadt- und Universitätsgeschichte. Festschrift für Wilfried Setzler zum 65. Geburtstag'' (Tübinger Bausteine zur Landesgeschichte, 10), edited by Sönke Lorenz and Volker [Karl] Schäfer (Ostfildern: Jan Thorbecke Verlag, 2008)
==External links==
{{Commons and category|Universität Tübingen|University of Tübingen}}
{{Wikisource|Category:University of Tübingen|University of Tübingen}}
*[https://www.uni-tuebingen.de/en University of Tubingen Official website]
*[https://uni-tuebingen.de/en/international/study-in-tuebingen/erasmus-and-exchange-to-tuebingen/ Erasmus and exchange to Tübingen]
*[https://ojs.uclouvain.be/index.php/RETE/article/view/67293 Scholars and Literati at the University of Tübingen (1477–1800)], in [https://ojs.uclouvain.be/index.php/RETE/index Repertorium Eruditorum Totius Europae/RETE].
{{German U15}}
{{German Excellence Universities}}
{{Guild of European Research-Intensive Universities}}
{{Matariki Network}}
{{Universities in Germany}}
{{Universities and colleges in Baden-Württemberg}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tubingen, University of}}
[[Category:University of Tübingen| ]]
[[Category:1470s establishments in the Holy Roman Empire]]
[[Category:1477 establishments in Europe]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in the 15th century]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Tübingen]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Tübingen]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Baden-Württemberg]]
The University of Tübingen was founded in 1477 by Count Eberhard V (Eberhard im Bart, 1445–1496), later the first Duke of Württemberg, a civic and ecclesiastic reformer who established the school after becoming absorbed in the Renaissance revival of learning during his travels to Italy. Its first rector was Johannes Nauclerus.
Its present name was conferred on it in 1769 by Duke Karl Eugen who appended his first name to that of the founder. The university later became the principal university of the kingdom of Württemberg. Today, it is one of nine state universities funded by the German federal state of Baden-Württemberg.
The Alte Aula (Old Auditorium)
The University of Tübingen has a history of innovative thought, particularly in theology, in which the university and the Tübinger Stift are famous to this day. Philipp Melanchthon (1497–1560), the prime mover in building the German school system and a chief figure in the Protestant Reformation, helped establish its direction. Among Tübingen's eminent students (and/or professors) have been the astronomer Johannes Kepler; the economist Horst Köhler (President of Germany); Joseph Ratzinger (Pope Benedict XVI), poet Friedrich Hölderlin, and the philosophers Friedrich Schelling and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel. "The Tübingen Three" refers to Hölderlin, Hegel and Schelling, who were roommates at the Tübinger Stift. Theologian Helmut Thielicke revived postwar Tübingen when he took over a professorship at the reopened theological faculty in 1947, being made administrative head of the university and President of the Chancellor's Conference in 1951. Philosopher and theologian Ernst Bloch is another prominent figure associated with Tübingen's postwar revival.
The university rose to the height of its prominence in the middle of the 19th century with the teachings of poet and civic leader Ludwig Uhland and the Protestant theologian Ferdinand Christian Baur, whose circle, colleagues and students became known as the "Tübingen School", which pioneered the historical-critical analysis of biblical and early Christian texts, an approach generally referred to as "higher criticism". The University of Tübingen also was the first German university to establish a faculty of natural sciences, in 1863. DNA was discovered in 1868 at the University of Tübingen by Friedrich Miescher. Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard, the first female Nobel Prize winner in medicine in Germany, also works at Tübingen. The faculty for economics and business was founded in 1817 as the "Staatswissenschaftliche Fakultät" and was the first of its kind in Germany.
Starting in the late 1990s at Tübingen, fundamental research on mRNA-based substances (e.g. for cancer treatment and vaccines) was conducted by groups led by H. G. Rammensee and G. Jung. This work contributed to the Ph.D. and later research of Ingmar Hoerr and by extension to the COVID-19 vaccine programs by BioNTech, Moderna and Curevac.
The university played a leading role in efforts to legitimize the policies of the Third Reich as "scientific". Even before the victory of the Nazi Party in the general election in March 1933, there were hardly any Jewish faculty and a few Jewish students. Physicist Hans Bethe was dismissed on 20 April 1933 because of "non-Aryan" origin. Religion professor Traugott Konstantin Oesterreich and the mathematician Erich Kamke were forced to take early retirement, probably in both cases the "non-Aryan" origin of their wives.[4] At least 1,158 people were sterilized at the University Hospital.[5]
In 1967, Jürgen Moltmann (b. 1926), one of the most influential Protestant theologians of the 20th century, was appointed Professor of Systematic Theology in the Faculty of Protestant Theology. Drafted in 1944 by Nazi Germany, he was an Allied prisoner of war 1945–1948. He was influenced by his Tübingen colleague and friend Ernst Bloch, the Marxist philosopher.
In 1970, the university was restructured into a series of faculties as independent departments of study and research after the manner of French universities.
The university made the headlines in November 2009 when a group of left-leaning students occupied one of the main lecture halls, the Kupferbau, for several days. The students' goal was to protest tuition fees and maintain that education should be free for everyone.
On 27 April 2022, for the first time, a woman was elected Rector in the person of Karla Pollmann.[7]
Research focus
The University of Tübingen undertakes a broad range of research projects in various fields. Among the more prominent ones in the natural sciences are the Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, which focuses on general, cognitive and cellular neurology as well as neurodegeneration, and the Centre for Interdisciplinary Clinical Research, which deals primarily with cell biology in diagnostics and therapy of organ system diseases. In the liberal arts, the University of Tübingen is noteworthy for having the only faculty of rhetoric in Germany – the department was founded by Walter Jens, an important intellectual and literary critic. The university also boasts continued pre-eminence in its centuries-old traditions of research in the fields of philosophy, theology and philology. Since at least the nineteenth century, Tübingen has been the home of world-class research in prehistoric studies and the study of antiquity, including the study of the ancient Near East; a particular focus of the research in these areas at the University of Tübingen has been Anatolia, e.g., through the continued excavations of the university at Troy. The University of Tübingen is also host to a number of Collaborative Research Centres, producing fundamental interdisciplinary research.
Campus
Institute of Political Science
The University of Tübingen is not a campus university, but is spread throughout the town: Tübingen is one of five classical "university towns" in Germany. The other four are Marburg, Göttingen, Freiburg and Heidelberg.[8] In Tübingen there are four areas with a major concentration of university institutions.
The university uses a number of buildings in the old town of Tübingen, some of which date back to the foundation of the university. Today, these are mainly used by smaller humanities departments, as is the adjacent medievalcastle, Schloss Hohentübingen.
Northeast of the old town, the Wilhelmstraße area surrounding the street of the same name is home to larger humanities departments as well as the university's administration. The main university library and main refectory are also in this area.
A new campus for the sciences was built in the 1970s at Morgenstelle, a hill north of the historic centre of Tübingen. Facilities include a large refectory.Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, part of the Klinikum
The university's teaching hospitals are located between the Wilhelmstraße area and the Morgenstelle campus in an area collectively known as the Klinikum. The 17 hospitals in Tübingen affiliated with the university's faculty of medicine have 1,500 patient beds, and cater to 66,000 in-patients and 200,000 out-patients on an annual basis.[9]
Accommodation provided by the Tübingen Studentenwerk is in several locations throughout the town. The largest of the eleven halls of residence are in the city's northern neighbourhood of Waldhäuser Ost (1,700 rooms) and in the city's southeasternmost neighbourhood, Französisches Viertel (500 rooms).[10]
Wild horse figurine Urpferd from the Vogelherdhöhle (40,000 years), UNESCO World Heritage
Since 2006, the Museum of the University of Tübingen (MUT) has made it its task to professionalize the 65 sometimes very old and singular teaching, show and research collections of the university from all faculties in terms of collection, curatorial and organizational aspects. In interdisciplinary exhibitions, both the broader public should be provided with insights into the history of science as well as researched in the field of science itself.
In addition, the master's degree program "Museum & Collections" of the MUT, with the participation of six humanities and cultural studies subjects, offers the training of students in the field of exhibitions.
Ancient Egyptian Coffin of Idi from Assiut, mid-12th dynasty
Eight scientific teaching collections – Origins of Art, Pile Dwellings + Celts, Cuneiform, Gods + Tombs, Ancient Art, Ancient Coins, Ancient Sculptures – are open to the public in the Museum Alte Kulturen and in the permanent exhibition WeltKulturen in Hohentübingen Castle. In addition, there are other, partially accessible scientific teaching collections on Hohentübingen: Cradle of Biochemistry (Schlosslabor), BildBestand, Everyday Culture, AntikenBilder, Professor Gallery (partial), Castle Church and TonSteineScherben.
The MUT – and thus the Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen – is the only university institution in the world to house artefacts with world heritage status, such as the oldest surviving figurative works of art and musical instruments of humanity, mammoth ivory figures and fragments of bone flutes. These come from the Vogelherdhöhle (Swabian Alb), which has been part of the UNESCO World Heritage "Caves and Ice Age Art in the Swabian Jura" since 2017.
Libraries
Entrance to the Historical Reading Hall of the University Library of Tübingen
The University Library of Tübingen is not just available to those affiliated with the university, but also to the general public. The library provides more than three million individual volumes and more than 7,600 journals. Apart from the main library, more than 80 departmental libraries containing an additional three million volumes are also associated with the university.
The main lending library is located on Wilhelmstraße and consists of several different parts which are connected through corridors and walkways:
The Bonatzbau, the library's oldest building, was built in 1912 and currently houses the historical reading room (Historischer Lesesaal), the university archive, along with a number of manuscript collections.
The library's main building, constructed in 1963, contains the information desk and research stations to access electronic catalogues and databases.
Interior of the Historical Reading HallThe Ammerbau is the most recent addition to the library complex. Built in 2002, it offers users direct access to over 300,000 volumes and latest issues of newspapers, magazines and journals. It also contains numerous work places and separate individual rooms for group work.
Organisation
Faculties
Theologicum
The university is made up of seven faculties, some of which are subdivided into further departments.[11]
The university is governed by three separate bodies sharing different functions and duties. However, some persons serve in more than one body.
The Rectorate is the executive component of the university's governing body. The current rector, Professor Karla Pollmann, is supported by four deputies consisting of three prorectors and one provost. All are also permanent members of the university senate.[12][13]
The Senate forms the legislative section of governance. Apart from the members of the rectorate, it includes the equal opportunities commissioner, the deans and 20 elected members representing the professors, lecturers, students and non-academic staff. Two advisors represent the university's teaching hospitals.[14]
The University Council (Hochschulrat or Universitätsrat) has 13 members, including its president and vice-president as well as five further internal and six external members.[15]
As of the 2024 edition of the QS World University Rankings, the University of Tübingen ranks 213th globally, which places it at 11th position nationally within Germany.[16] The university's rank appears significantly higher in the 2024 Times Higher Education World University Rankings, standing at an 95th position globally and 8th nationally.[17] The Academic Ranking of World Universities, also known as the Shanghai Ranking, for the year 2023 places the University of Tübingen in the 151–200 bracket globally, and within the 6–9 bracket in the national ranking.[18]
Since 2012, the University of Tübingen has been regarded as one of eleven German Excellence Universities that have been successful in the competition of the German Universities Excellence Initiative.[19] The award brings additional research funds for five years.[20] With three successful research Clusters of Excellence approved by the German Universities Excellence Initiative in 2018, Tübingen is one of the three universities with the highest research output in Germany and leading among universities in South Germany.[21][22]
According to the funding report of the German Research Foundation (DFG) 2018, which breaks down the grants awarded to German universities from 2014 to 2016, the University of Tübingen was ranked 8th overall, 4th in humanities and social sciences, and 6th in life sciences including medicine.[23] This ranking is based on a selection of best research projects nationwide and thus regarded as an indicator of the quality of research.
Traditionally, Tübingen has been particularly strong in the fields of humanities, especially in theology and religious studies, medicine, and law. The Tübingen Law School was ranked second nationwide by the Wirtschaftswoche University Ranking.[25] Also according to international rankings, Tübingen regularly ranks among the top ten law schools in Germany.[26]
Controversies
Since 2018, the university has been part of a wider artificial intelligence research initiative named Cyber Valley.[27] Cyber Valley has seen investments from multinational companies poured into establishing research centers, research groups, and professorships in the city. The investing organisations and corporations include Google, Amazon, BMW, IAV, Daimler, Porsche, and Bosch. The Cyber Valley initiative has attracted criticism from student groups and activist groups alike, with many protest actions, including building occupations and demonstrations, having taken place decrying both the commercialisation of university research and the involvement of the university with organisations that are engaged in military research.[28]
Student life
Sculpture Urpferd at campus Morgenstelle
The university's students make up roughly a third of the total population of Tübingen and the town's culture can seem to be largely dominated by them. As a result there is a slump of activity during university holidays, particularly over the summer when a large number of otherwise regular events are not happening.
Around 30 Studentenverbindungen, the German type of fraternities, are associated with the university. While famous for their parties, public academic lectures and the yearly "Stocherkahn-Rennen" punting-boat race on the Neckar river, some of them are the subject of ongoing controversy surrounding alleged rightwing policial views, leading to strong criticism from leftist groups.[29] The university itself takes a neutral stance on this issue. However, all of Tübingen's fraternities distance themselves from the fraternities of the Deutsche Burschenschaft, which have been widely criticized as adhering to far-right principles.
Fraternity house on the Österberg
Also closely linked to the university are a number of student societies representing mainly the arts and political parties. Most notable are a number of choirs as well as student theatre groups affiliated with the faculty of Modern Languages, some of which perform in foreign languages. Radio Uniwelle Tübingen is the university's radio station, airing seven hours of programmes a week produced by students under the supervision of staff employed by the university.[30]
The university also offers gym and sports classes called Hochschulsport.[31] Since Tübingen has a department of sports science with a broad range of facilities, students of other subjects have the possibility to participate in various kinds of sports courses in teams or as individuals. Furthermore, even exotic sports, such as parachuting or martial arts, are offered. Students may attend courses either for free or at reduced rates. The sports department is located close to the Wilhelmstraße area of university buildings and is served by a number of frequent bus routes.
Stocherkähne during the traditional annual race
Unlike in some major cities, student discounts are not widely available in Tübingen. Cinemas and the town council's public library in particular do not offer discounts for students, and there are only a handful of restaurants which have reduced lunch deals. However, students may benefit from the Semesterticket, a heavily discounted public transport season pass offering six months of unlimited travel on trains and buses in the naldoVerkehrsverbundtransport association for approximately €62.50.[32] The Landestheater Tübingen theatre and all public swimming pools also have discounts for students.
Nightlife in Tübingen is centered on the numerous pubs in the old town along with a number of clubs, most of which dedicate themselves to non-mainstream music. During the semester, the Studentenwerk-owned Clubhaus at the centre of the Wilhelmstraße university area hosts the weekly Clubhausfest on Thursday nights. This popular, free-entry club night is organized and promoted by student societies and Fachschaft student representative bodies and all proceeds go towards their activities in support of students.
"Tübingen does not have a university, Tübingen is a university." – Walter Jens
"One need merely say 'Tübingen Seminary' to understand what German philosophy is at bottom: an insidious theology. The Swabians are the best liars in Germany: they lie innocently." – Friedrich Nietzsche, 1888[38]
^Friedrich Nietzsche, The Antichrist, translated by H. L. Mencken (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1918), Chapter 10.
Bibliography
Martin Biastoch, Tübinger Studenten im Kaiserreich. Eine sozialgeschichtliche Untersuchung: Contubernium – Tübinger Beiträge zur Universitäts- und Wissenschaftsgeschichte, Vol. 44 (Sigmaringen, 1996, ISBN3-515-08022-8)
Walter Jens, Eine deutsche Universität. 500 Jahre Tübinger Gelehrtenrepublik (Munich : Kindler, 1977)
Tubingensia: Impulse zur Stadt- und Universitätsgeschichte. Festschrift für Wilfried Setzler zum 65. Geburtstag (Tübinger Bausteine zur Landesgeschichte, 10), edited by Sönke Lorenz and Volker [Karl] Schäfer (Ostfildern: Jan Thorbecke Verlag, 2008)
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Hans Küng (1928–2021), Swiss Catholic priest, theologian, and author
Pope Benedict XVI (2005–2013)
Horst Köhler, President of Germany (2004–2010) and Head of the International Monetary Fund (2000–2004)
Roman Herzog, President of Germany (1994–1999) and judge of the Federal Constitutional Court (1983–1994)
Günther Oettinger, European Commissioner (2010–2019)
Jürgen Stark, Chief Economist and Member of the Executive Committee of the European Central Bank (2006–2012)
Ralf Dahrendorf, sociologist, European Commissioner (1970–1977), Director of the LSE (1974–1984), founder of the Tübingen Institute of Sociology (1960–1964)
Kurt Georg Kiesinger, Chancellor of Germany (1966–1969)
Erwin Bälz, physician and cofounder of modern western medicine in Japan (1849–1913)
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, philosopher (1770–1831)
Johannes Kepler, astronomer (1571–1630)
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