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{{Short description|Extinct order of primates}}
{{For|an explanation of very similar terms|Lemuriformes|Strepsirrhini}}
{{Automatic taxobox
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = {{Geological range|56.0|11.1|latest=Miocene}}[[Eocene]] – [[Late Miocene]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=PBDB|url=https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=40748&is_real_user=1|access-date=2021-08-18|website=paleobiodb.org}}</ref>
⚫
| taxon = Adapiformes
⚫
| authority = [[Robert Hoffstetter|Hoffstetter]], 1977
| fossil_range = [[Eocene]] - [[Miocene]]
| image = Notharctus_tenebrosus_AMNH.jpg
| image = Notharctus_tenebrosus_AMNH.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Notharctus tenebrosus]]''
| image_caption = ''[[Notharctus tenebrosus]]''
⚫
| taxon = Adapoidea
⚫
| subdivision_ranks = [[Family (biology)|Families]]
| display_parents = 2
| authority = [[Édouard Louis Trouessart|Trouessart]], 1879
⚫
| parent_authority = [[Robert Hoffstetter|Hoffstetter]], 1977
⚫
| subdivision_ranks = Families
| subdivision = {{plainlist|
| subdivision = {{plainlist|
* {{extinct}}[[Notharctidae]]
* {{extinct}}[[Notharctidae]]
* {{extinct}}[[Sivaladapidae]]
* {{extinct}}[[Sivaladapidae]]
* {{extinct}}[[Asiadapidae]]<ref>{{cite journal|url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047248416300690 | doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2016.06.006 | volume=99 | title=New euprimate postcrania from the early Eocene of Gujarat, India, and the strepsirrhine–haplorhine divergence | year=2016 | journal=Journal of Human Evolution | pages=25–51 | last1 = Dunn | first1 = Rachel H.}}</ref><ref>[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/08/160815134827.htm Twenty-five little bones tell a puzzling story about early primate evolution]</ref>
* {{extinct}}[[Asiadapinae]]<ref>{{cite journal| doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2016.06.006 |pmid = 27650579| volume=99 | title=New euprimate postcrania from the early Eocene of Gujarat, India, and the strepsirrhine–haplorhine divergence | year=2016 | journal=Journal of Human Evolution | pages=25–51 | last1 = Dunn | first1 = Rachel H.| bibcode=2016JHumE..99...25D }}</ref><ref>[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/08/160815134827.htm Twenty-five little bones tell a puzzling story about early primate evolution]</ref>
* {{extinct}}[[Adapidae]]}}
* {{extinct}}[[Adapidae]]
* {{extinct}}[[Ekgmowechashalidae]]}}
| synonyms = [[Strepsirrhini]]
}}
}}

'''Adapiformes''' is an [[extinct]] group of early [[primate]]s. Adapiforms radiated throughout much of the northern continental mass (now [[Europe]], [[Asia]] and [[North America]]), reaching as far south as northern [[Africa]] and tropical Asia. They existed from the [[Eocene]] to the [[Miocene]] epoch. Some adapiforms looked similar to living [[lemur]]s.
'''Adapiformes''' is a group of early [[primate]]s. Adapiforms radiated throughout much of the northern continental mass (now [[Europe]], [[Asia]] and [[North America]]), reaching as far south as [[northern Africa]] and tropical Asia. They existed from the [[Eocene]] to the [[Miocene]] epoch. Some adapiforms resembled living [[lemur]]s.


Adapiforms are known from the fossil record only, and it is unclear whether they form a [[monophyletic]] or [[paraphyletic]] group. When assumed to be a [[clade]], they are usually grouped under the "wet-nosed" taxon [[Strepsirrhini]], which would make them more closely related to the lemurs and less so to the "dry-nosed" [[Haplorhini]] taxon that includes [[monkey]]s and [[ape]]s.<ref name=rosskay>Callum Ross, Richard F. Kay, ''Anthropoid origins: new visions'', Springer, 2004, {{ISBN|978-0-306-48120-8}}, p. 100</ref>
Adapiforms are known from the fossil record only, and it is unclear whether they form a [[monophyletic]] or [[paraphyletic]] group. When assumed to be a [[clade]], they are usually grouped under the "wet-nosed" taxon [[Strepsirrhini]], which would make them more closely related to the lemurs and less so to the "dry-nosed" [[Haplorhini]] taxon that includes [[monkey]]s and [[ape]]s.<ref name=rosskay>Callum Ross, Richard F. Kay, ''Anthropoid origins: new visions'', Springer, 2004, {{ISBN|978-0-306-48120-8}}, p. 100</ref>


In 2009, Franzen and colleagues placed the newly described genus ''[[Darwinius]]'' in the "Adapoidea group of early primates representative of early haplorhine diversification" so that, according to these authors, the adapiforms would not be within the Strepsirrhini lineage as hitherto assumed but qualify as a stem "missing link" between Strepsirrhini and Haplorrhini.<ref name="plos">{{cite journal |last=Franzen |first=Jens L. |authorlink= |year=2009 |month= |title=Complete Primate Skeleton from the Middle Eocene of Messel in Germany: Morphology and Paleobiology |journal=[[PLoS ONE]] |volume=4 |issue=5 |pages=e5723 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0005723 |url=http://www.plosone.org/doi/pone.0005723 |accessdate= |quote= |pmid=19492084 |pmc=2683573 |bibcode=2009PLoSO...4.5723F |editor1-last=Hawks |editor1-first=John|display-authors=etal}}</ref> However, subsequent analysis on the ''Darwinius'' fossil by Erik Seiffert and colleagues rejects this "missing link" idea, classifying ''Darwinius'' and other adapiforms within the Strepsirrhini.<ref>{{cite web|title=Primate fossil called only a distant relative|author=Ritter, M.|url=https://www.usnews.com/science/articles/2009/10/21/primate-fossil-called-only-a-distant-relative|publisher=[[Associated Press]]|date=October 21, 2009|accessdate=2012-01-12}}</ref>
In 2009, Franzen and colleagues placed the newly described genus ''[[Darwinius]]'' in the "Adapoidea group of early primates representative of early haplorhine diversification" so that, according to these authors, the adapiforms would not be within the Strepsirrhini lineage as hitherto assumed but qualify as a stem "missing link" between Strepsirrhini and Haplorrhini.<ref name="plos">{{cite journal |last=Franzen |first=Jens L. |year=2009 |title=Complete Primate Skeleton from the Middle Eocene of Messel in Germany: Morphology and Paleobiology |journal=[[PLoS ONE]] |volume=4 |issue=5 |pages=e5723 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0005723 |pmid=19492084 |pmc=2683573 |bibcode=2009PLoSO...4.5723F |editor1-last=Hawks |editor1-first=John|display-authors=etal|doi-access=free }}</ref> However, subsequent analysis on the ''Darwinius'' fossil by Erik Seiffert and colleagues rejects this "missing link" idea, classifying ''Darwinius'' and other adapiforms within the Strepsirrhini.<ref>{{cite web|title=Primate fossil called only a distant relative|author=Ritter, M.|url=https://www.usnews.com/science/articles/2009/10/21/primate-fossil-called-only-a-distant-relative|publisher=[[Associated Press]]|date=October 21, 2009|access-date=2012-01-12}}</ref>

Boyer et al. found that the crown Strepsirrhini likely emerged deep in the Adapiformes tree, possibly as sister of a group which include e.g. ''[[Aframonius]]'' and [[Notharctidae]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Boyer|first1=Doug M.|last2=Maiolino|first2=Stephanie A.|last3=Holroyd|first3=Patricia A.|last4=Morse|first4=Paul E.|last5=Bloch|first5=Jonathan I.|date=2018-09-01|title=Oldest evidence for grooming claws in euprimates|journal=Journal of Human Evolution|volume=122|pages=1–22|doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2018.03.010|pmid=29935935|issn=0047-2484|doi-access=free|bibcode=2018JHumE.122....1B }}</ref> The Adapiformes are thus found not to be literally extinct (in the sense of having no living descendants), and becomes a junior synonym to the Strepsirrhini. Below is a simplified cladogram.

{{Clade | style=font-size:75%;line-height:75%
| label1=[[Primates]]
| 1={{Clade
|1=[[Haplorrhini]]
|label2=[[Strepsirrhini]]/
|sublabel2='''Adapiformes'''
|2={{clade
|1=[[Donrussellia|''Donrussellia provincialis'']]
|2={{clade
|state1=double
|1=&nbsp; grade of extinct adapiform taxa
|2=[[Strepsirrhini|Crown Strepsirrhini]]
}}}}}}}}
A 2018 study puts ''[[Donrussellia]]'' as sister to crown primates.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Holroyd|first1=Patricia A.|last2=Silcox|first2=Mary T.|last3=López-Torres|first3=Sergi|date=2018-09-22|title=New omomyoids (Euprimates, Mammalia) from the late Uintan of southern California, USA, and the question of the extinction of the Paromomyidae (Plesiadapiformes, Primates)|journal=Palaeontologia Electronica|language=en|volume=21|issue=3|pages=1–28|doi=10.26879/756|issn=1094-8074|doi-access=free}}</ref>


== Classification ==
== Classification ==
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***Family [[Djebelemuridae]]
***Family [[Djebelemuridae]]


Rose (1995) suggests that early adapiformes and [[omomyidae|omoyiformes]] shared a common ancestor dating to the [[Thanetian]] [[epoch (geology)|epoch]].<ref name=ross2004>{{cite book|editor1-last=Ross |editor1-first=Callum |editor2-last=Kay |editor2-first=Richard F |title=Anthropoid Origins: New Visions |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |year=2004 |page=713|isbn=978-1461347002}}</ref>
Rose (1995) suggests that early adapiforms and [[omomyidae|omomyiforms]] shared a common ancestor dating to the [[Thanetian]] [[age (geology)|age]].<ref name=ross2004>{{cite book|editor1-last=Ross |editor1-first=Callum |editor2-last=Kay |editor2-first=Richard F |title=Anthropoid Origins: New Visions |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |year=2004 |page=713|isbn=978-1461347002}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
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==Sources==
==Sources==
{{refbegin}}
{{refbegin}}
* <!-- {{Sfn|Rose|2009}} -->{{cite book | last1 = Rose | first1 = K.D. | year = 2009 | title = The Beginning of the Age of Mammals | publisher = [[Johns Hopkins University Press]] | isbn = 978-0-801-89221-9 | oclc = 646769601 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=lyGqD_GWQ7oC&pg=PT286 | ref = harv}}
* <!-- {{Sfn|Rose|2009}} -->{{cite book | last1 = Rose | first1 = K.D. | year = 2009 | title = The Beginning of the Age of Mammals | publisher = [[Johns Hopkins University Press]] | isbn = 978-0-801-89221-9 | oclc = 646769601 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=lyGqD_GWQ7oC&pg=PT286 }}
* <!-- {{Sfn|Fleagle|2013}} -->{{cite book | last1 = Fleagle | first1 = J.G. | year = 2013 | title = Primate Adaptation and Evolution | edition = 3rd | publisher = [[Academic Press]] | isbn = 978-0-123-78633-3 | oclc = 820107187 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=--PNXm0q2O8C&pg=PA416 | ref = harv}}
* <!-- {{Sfn|Fleagle|2013}} -->{{cite book | last1 = Fleagle | first1 = J.G. | year = 2013 | title = Primate Adaptation and Evolution | edition = 3rd | publisher = [[Academic Press]] | isbn = 978-0-123-78633-3 | oclc = 820107187 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=--PNXm0q2O8C&pg=PA416 }}
{{refend}}
{{refend}}


==External links==
==External links==
*[http://www.fmnh.helsinki.fi/users/haaramo/Metazoa/Deuterostoma/Chordata/Synapsida/Eutheria/Primates/Strepsirrhini.htm Mikko's Phylogeny Archive]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080122062511/http://www.fmnh.helsinki.fi/users/haaramo/Metazoa/Deuterostoma/Chordata/Synapsida/Eutheria/Primates/strepsirrhini.htm Mikko's Phylogeny Archive]

{{Strepsirrhini|S.}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q135042}}


[[Category:Adapiformes| ]]
[[Category:Prehistoric strepsirrhines]]
[[Category:Prehistoric strepsirrhines]]
[[Category:Eocene first appearances]]
[[Category:Eocene first appearances]]
[[Category:Miocene extinctions]]
[[Category:Miocene extinctions]]
[[Category:Mammal infraorders]]
[[Category:Fossil taxa described in 1977]]
[[Category:Fossil taxa described in 1977]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Robert Hoffstetter]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Robert Hoffstetter]]
[[Category:Paraphyletic groups]]

Latest revision as of 15:03, 4 July 2024

For an explanation of very similar terms, see Lemuriformes and Strepsirrhini.

Adapiformes
Temporal range: 56.0–11.1 Ma Eocene – Late Miocene[1]
Notharctus tenebrosus
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Suborder: Strepsirrhini
Infraorder: †Adapiformes
Hoffstetter, 1977
Superfamily: †Adapoidea
Trouessart, 1879
Families
Synonyms

Strepsirrhini

Adapiformes is a group of early primates. Adapiforms radiated throughout much of the northern continental mass (now Europe, Asia and North America), reaching as far south as northern Africa and tropical Asia. They existed from the Eocene to the Miocene epoch. Some adapiforms resembled living lemurs.

Adapiforms are known from the fossil record only, and it is unclear whether they form a monophyletic or paraphyletic group. When assumed to be a clade, they are usually grouped under the "wet-nosed" taxon Strepsirrhini, which would make them more closely related to the lemurs and less so to the "dry-nosed" Haplorhini taxon that includes monkeys and apes.[4]

In 2009, Franzen and colleagues placed the newly described genus Darwinius in the "Adapoidea group of early primates representative of early haplorhine diversification" so that, according to these authors, the adapiforms would not be within the Strepsirrhini lineage as hitherto assumed but qualify as a stem "missing link" between Strepsirrhini and Haplorrhini.[5] However, subsequent analysis on the Darwinius fossil by Erik Seiffert and colleagues rejects this "missing link" idea, classifying Darwinius and other adapiforms within the Strepsirrhini.[6]

Boyer et al. found that the crown Strepsirrhini likely emerged deep in the Adapiformes tree, possibly as sister of a group which include e.g. Aframonius and Notharctidae.[7] The Adapiformes are thus found not to be literally extinct (in the sense of having no living descendants), and becomes a junior synonym to the Strepsirrhini. Below is a simplified cladogram.

Primates

Haplorrhini

Strepsirrhini/

Donrussellia provincialis

  grade of extinct adapiform taxa

Crown Strepsirrhini

Adapiformes

A 2018 study puts Donrussellia as sister to crown primates.[8]

Classification

[edit]
See also: List of fossil primates

Adapiforms belong to the infraorder Adapiformes, which contains a single superfamily, Adapoidea.[9] The group also is sometimes treated as a superfamily (Adapoidea) alongside the other living strepsirrhine superfamilies, Lemuroidea (lemurs) and Lorisoidea (lorises and galagos).[10]

Rose (1995) suggests that early adapiforms and omomyiforms shared a common ancestor dating to the Thanetian age.[11]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "PBDB". paleobiodb.org. Retrieved 2021-08-18.
  2. ^ Dunn, Rachel H. (2016). "New euprimate postcrania from the early Eocene of Gujarat, India, and the strepsirrhine–haplorhine divergence". Journal of Human Evolution. 99: 25–51. Bibcode:2016JHumE..99...25D. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2016.06.006. PMID 27650579.
  3. ^ Twenty-five little bones tell a puzzling story about early primate evolution
  4. ^ Callum Ross, Richard F. Kay, Anthropoid origins: new visions, Springer, 2004, ISBN 978-0-306-48120-8, p. 100
  5. ^ Franzen, Jens L.; et al. (2009). Hawks, John (ed.). "Complete Primate Skeleton from the Middle Eocene of Messel in Germany: Morphology and Paleobiology". PLoS ONE. 4 (5): e5723. Bibcode:2009PLoSO...4.5723F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0005723. PMC 2683573. PMID 19492084.
  6. ^ Ritter, M. (October 21, 2009). "Primate fossil called only a distant relative". Associated Press. Retrieved 2012-01-12.
  7. ^ Boyer, Doug M.; Maiolino, Stephanie A.; Holroyd, Patricia A.; Morse, Paul E.; Bloch, Jonathan I. (2018-09-01). "Oldest evidence for grooming claws in euprimates". Journal of Human Evolution. 122: 1–22. Bibcode:2018JHumE.122....1B. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2018.03.010. ISSN 0047-2484. PMID 29935935.
  8. ^ Holroyd, Patricia A.; Silcox, Mary T.; López-Torres, Sergi (2018-09-22). "New omomyoids (Euprimates, Mammalia) from the late Uintan of southern California, USA, and the question of the extinction of the Paromomyidae (Plesiadapiformes, Primates)". Palaeontologia Electronica. 21 (3): 1–28. doi:10.26879/756. ISSN 1094-8074.
  9. ^ Fleagle 2013, p. 415.
  10. ^ Rose 2009, p. 286.
  11. ^ Ross, Callum; Kay, Richard F, eds. (2004). Anthropoid Origins: New Visions. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 713. ISBN 978-1461347002.

Sources

[edit]
[edit]
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