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{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2014}}
{{Infobox aircraft occurrence
{{Infobox aircraft occurrence
|name = Dan-Air Flight 0034
| name = Dan-Air Flight 0034
|occurrence_type = Accident
| occurrence_type = Accident
|image = Dan Air HS748, Bournemouth, 1972 - Flickr - PhillipC.jpg
| image = Dan-Air London Hawker Siddeley HS-748 Volpati-1.jpg
|image_size = 350px
| image_size = 250px
|alt =
| alt =
|caption = A Dan-Air HS.748 similar to the accident aircraft
| caption = A Dan-Air HS.748 similar to the accident aircraft
|date = 31 July 1979
| date = 31 July 1979
|type = [[Maintenance error]] (Accidental engagement of [[gust lock]])
| type = Maintenance error (Accidental engagement of [[gust lock]])
|site = [[Sumburgh Airport]]
| site = [[Sumburgh Airport]]
|coordinates = {{coord|59.8820|N|1.2848|W|type:event_region:GB|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates = {{coord|59.8820|N|1.2848|W|type:event_region:GB|display=inline,title}}
⚫
| aircraft_type = [[Hawker Siddeley HS.748-105 series 1]]
<!--These 17 entries for single-aircraft occurrence:------>
⚫
| aircraft_name =
⚫
|aircraft_type = [[Hawker Siddeley HS.748-105 series 1]]
⚫
| operator = [[Dan-Air Services Ltd]]
⚫
|aircraft_name =
⚫
| tail_number = G-BEKF
⚫
|operator = [[Dan-Air Services Ltd]]
| origin = [[Sumburgh Airport]]
⚫
|tail_number = G-BEKF
|origin = [[Sumburgh Airport]]
| destination = [[Aberdeen Airport]]
| occupants = 47
|stopover =
⚫
| passengers = 44
|stopover0 =
⚫
| crew = 3
|stopover1 =
⚫
| injuries =
|stopover2 =
⚫
| fatalities = 17
|stopover3 =
⚫
| survivors = 30
|last_stopover =
}}
|destination = [[Aberdeen Airport]]
⚫
|passengers = 44
⚫
|crew = 3
⚫
|injuries = 0
⚫
|fatalities = 17
⚫
|survivors = 30}}


'''Dan-Air Flight 0034''' was a fatal accident involving a [[Hawker Siddeley HS 748]] series 1 [[turboprop]] aircraft operated by [[Dan-Air|Dan-Air Services Limited]] on an [[petroleum industry|oil industry]] [[charter flight]] from [[Sumburgh Airport]], [[Shetland Islands]], to [[Aberdeen Airport]].
'''Dan-Air Flight 0034''' was a fatal accident involving a [[Hawker Siddeley HS 748]] series 1 [[turboprop]] aircraft operated by [[Dan-Air|Dan-Air Services Limited]] on an [[petroleum industry|oil industry]] [[charter flight]] from [[Sumburgh Airport]], [[Shetland Islands]], to [[Aberdeen Airport]].


The crash, which occurred on 31 July 1979 {{convert|50|m|abbr=on}} offshore following the aircraft's failure to take off, resulted in the aircraft's destruction and 17 deaths of 47 on board (15 of 44 passengers and both pilots).<ref name="ASN">[http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19790731-0&lang=en ASN Aircraft accident description Avro 748-105 Srs. 1 G-BEKF — Sumburgh Airport (LSI)]</ref><ref name="Report_Summary">''The Sumburgh report summarised'', Flight International, 25 July 1981, pp. [http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1981/1981%20-%202384.html 216]/[http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1981/1981%20-%202385.html 7]</ref><ref name="Update">[http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1980/1980%20-%201299.html ''Safety update ...'', Air Transport, Flight International, 14 June 1980, p. 1239]</ref>
The crash, which occurred on 31 July 1979 {{convert|50|m|abbr=on}} offshore following the aircraft's failure to take off, resulted in the aircraft's destruction and 17 deaths of 47 on board (15 of 44 passengers and both pilots).<ref name="ASN">[http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19790731-0&lang=en ASN Aircraft accident description Avro 748-105 Srs. 1 G-BEKF—Sumburgh Airport (LSI)]</ref><ref name="Report_Summary">''The Sumburgh report summarised'', Flight International, 25 July 1981, pp. [http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1981/1981%20-%202384.html 216]/[http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1981/1981%20-%202385.html 7]</ref><ref name="Update">[http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1980/1980%20-%201299.html ''Safety update ...'', Air Transport, Flight International, 14 June 1980, p. 1239]</ref>


==The aircraft==
==The aircraft==
The aircraft, operated by [[Dan-Air Services Ltd]], was a Hawker Siddeley HS 748-105 series 1 (construction/manufacturer's serial number: 1542, registration: G-BEKF) that had its first flight in 1962.<ref name="ASN"/> It entered service with [[Aerolíneas Argentinas]] the same year and was subsequently operated by [[Energy in Argentina|Argentinian state-owned oil company]] [[YPF|Yacimientos Petrolíferos Fiscales]] (YPF).<ref>''Drama in The Air'' by John Beattie – Robson Books Ltd – 1989 – {{ISBN|0-86051-664-4}}, p. 215</ref> It was one of seven Hawker Siddeley HS 748 series 1 aircraft [[Dan-Air]] acquired from YPF for oil industry support work in the [[North Sea]] in 1977.<ref>[http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1977/1977%20-%200113.htm ''Airliner Market'', Air Transport, Flight International, 15 January 1977, p. 113]</ref> At the time of the accident it had flown 29,007 hours.<ref name="ASN"/>
The aircraft, operated by [[Dan-Air Services Ltd]], was a Hawker Siddeley HS 748–105 series 1 (construction/manufacturer's serial number: 1542, registration: G-BEKF) that had its first flight in 1962.<ref name="ASN"/> It entered service with [[Aerolíneas Argentinas]] the same year and was subsequently operated by [[Energy in Argentina|Argentinian state-owned oil company]] [[YPF|Yacimientos Petrolíferos Fiscales]] (YPF).<ref>''Drama in The Air'' by John Beattie – Robson Books Ltd – 1989 – {{ISBN|0-86051-664-4}}, p. 215</ref> It was one of seven Hawker Siddeley HS 748 series 1 aircraft [[Dan-Air]] acquired from YPF for oil industry support work in the [[North Sea]] in 1977.<ref>[http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1977/1977%20-%200113.htm ''Airliner Market'', Air Transport, Flight International, 15 January 1977, p. 113]</ref> At the time of the accident, it had flown 29,007 hours.<ref name="ASN"/>


==Accident==
==Accident==
G-BEKF was engaged on regular charter flights between [[Aberdeen Airport|Aberdeen]] and [[Sumburgh Airport|Sumburgh]], carrying oil company personnel. The inbound flight to Sumburgh was made without incident and the crew had a seven-hour stopover before making the return flight to Aberdeen, Dan-Air 0034, with 44 passengers on board.<ref name="AAIB">{{cite wbe |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5423002ee5274a1317000a95/1-1981_G-BEKF.pdf |title=Report No: 1/1981. Report on the accident to BAe HS 748, G-BEKF at Sumburgh Airport, Shetland Islands, 31 July 1979 |publisher=Accidents Investigation Branch |date=12 May 1981 |accessdate=31 July 2021 }}</ref>
G-BEKF was engaged on regular charter flights between [[Aberdeen Airport|Aberdeen]] and [[Sumburgh Airport|Sumburgh]], carrying oil company personnel. The inbound flight to Sumburgh was made without incident and the crew had a seven-hour stopover before making the return flight to Aberdeen, Dan-Air 0034, with 44 passengers on board.<ref name="AAIB">{{cite web |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5423002ee5274a1317000a95/1-1981_G-BEKF.pdf |title=Report No: 1/1981. Report on the accident to BAe HS 748, G-BEKF at Sumburgh Airport, Shetland Islands, 31 July 1979 |publisher=Accidents Investigation Branch |date=12 May 1981 |accessdate=31 July 2021 }}</ref>


When flight 0034 was cleared for takeoff from runway 09 at 15:59 hours, the engines were accelerated while the aircraft was held back by its brakes. The takeoff run commenced at exactly 16:00 hours. Evidence later retrieved from the aircraft's [[flight data recorder]] showed that it accelerated normally through the [[V1 speed|V<sub>1</sub> decision speed]] of {{convert|92|kn|abbr=on}}, to its [[V2 speed#V2|V<sub>2</sub> takeoff safety speed]] of {{convert|99|kn|abbr=on}}. However, no [[Takeoff|rotation]] was carried out even though the aircraft significantly exceeded its [[V speeds#vr|V<sub>R</sub> vertical rotation speed]] of {{convert|113|kn|abbr=on}}.<ref name="AAIB"/><ref>''Airliner Classics (Dan-Air – Popular British Charter operator: The Boeing 727)'', Key Publishing, Stamford, UK, November 2011, pp. 95/6</ref>
When flight 0034 was cleared for takeoff from runway 09 at 15:59 hours, the engines were accelerated while the aircraft was held back by its brakes. The takeoff run commenced at exactly 16:00 hours. Evidence later retrieved from the aircraft's [[flight data recorder]] showed that it accelerated normally through the [[V1 speed|V<sub>1</sub> decision speed]] of {{convert|92|kn|abbr=on}}, to its [[V2 speed#V2|V<sub>2</sub> takeoff safety speed]] of {{convert|99|kn|abbr=on}}. However, no [[Takeoff|rotation]] was carried out even though the aircraft significantly exceeded its [[V speeds#VR|V<sub>R</sub> vertical rotation speed]] of {{convert|113|kn|abbr=on}}.<ref name="AAIB"/><ref>''Airliner Classics (Dan-Air – Popular British Charter operator: The Boeing 727)'', Key Publishing, Stamford, UK, November 2011, pp. 95/6</ref>


About five seconds after reaching the scheduled rotation speed, the aircraft began to decelerate. It then crossed the airport perimeter road and passed over the inclined sea defences, losing its [[port (nautical)|port]] wing and breaking its fuselage in two in the process. After nose-diving into the sea {{convert|50|m|abbr=on}} from the shoreline, the aircraft sank in about one minute in approximately {{convert|10|m|abbr=on}} of water.<ref name="ASN"/><ref name="Report_Summary"/><ref name="AAIB"/><ref name="Bravery">''Airliner Classics (Dan-Air – Popular British Charter operator: The Boeing 727)'', Key Publishing, Stamford, UK, November 2011, p. 96</ref> Elizabeth Cowe, the sole [[flight attendant]], was among the 30 survivors. She assisted in the rescue of 26 of the 29 surviving passengers, which earned her an [[Member of the Order of the British Empire|MBE]] in recognition of her bravery.<ref name="Bravery"/> However, adverse weather conditions hampered rescue attempts mounted by boat and [[helicopter]]. This resulted in the remaining 15 passengers' and both pilots' deaths by drowning.<ref name="ASN"/><ref name="Report_Summary"/><ref name="Update"/><ref name="AAIB"/>
About five seconds after reaching the scheduled rotation speed, the aircraft began to decelerate. It then crossed the airport perimeter road and passed over the inclined sea defences, losing its [[port (nautical)|port]] wing and breaking its fuselage in two in the process. After nose-diving into the sea {{convert|50|m|abbr=on}} from the shoreline, the aircraft sank in about one minute in approximately {{convert|10|m|abbr=on}} of water.<ref name="ASN"/><ref name="Report_Summary"/><ref name="AAIB"/><ref name="Bravery">''Airliner Classics (Dan-Air – Popular British Charter operator: The Boeing 727)'', Key Publishing, Stamford, UK, November 2011, p. 96</ref> Elizabeth Cowe, the sole [[flight attendant]], was among the 30 survivors. She assisted in the rescue of 26 of the 29 surviving passengers, which earned her an [[Member of the Order of the British Empire|MBE]] in recognition of her bravery.<ref name="Bravery"/> However, adverse weather conditions hampered rescue attempts mounted by boat and [[helicopter]]. This resulted in the remaining 15 passengers' and both pilots' deaths by drowning.<ref name="ASN"/><ref name="Report_Summary"/><ref name="Update"/><ref name="AAIB"/>
Line 58: Line 53:
===Safety recommendations===
===Safety recommendations===
The AAIB made nine recommendations:<ref name="ASN"/><ref name="Report_Summary"/><ref name="AAIB"/>
The AAIB made nine recommendations:<ref name="ASN"/><ref name="Report_Summary"/><ref name="AAIB"/>

*That the gust lock system be redesigned to ensure positive operation at all times and avoid misleading the crew as to the position of any lock.
*That the gust lock system be redesigned to ensure positive operation at all times and avoid misleading the crew as to the position of any lock.
*That [[cockpit voice recorder]]s be fitted to all public transport aircraft over {{convert|11400|kg|abbr=on}} maximum weight.
*That [[cockpit voice recorder]]s be fitted to all public transport aircraft over {{convert|11400|kg|abbr=on}} maximum weight.
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[[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents in Scotland]]
[[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents in Scotland]]
[[Category:Aviation in Shetland]]
[[Category:Aviation in Shetland]]
[[Category:1979 in aviation]]
[[Category:Accidents and incidents involving the Hawker Siddeley HS 748]]
[[Category:Accidents and incidents involving the Hawker Siddeley HS 748]]
[[Category:Dan-Air accidents and incidents]]
[[Category:Dan-Air accidents and incidents]]

Latest revision as of 18:33, 2 July 2024

Dan-Air Flight 0034
A Dan-Air HS.748 similar to the accident aircraft
Accident
Date31 July 1979
SummaryMaintenance error (Accidental engagement of gust lock)
SiteSumburgh Airport
59°52′55″N 1°17′05″W / 59.8820°N 1.2848°W / 59.8820; -1.2848
Aircraft
Aircraft typeHawker Siddeley HS.748-105 series 1
OperatorDan-Air Services Ltd
RegistrationG-BEKF
Flight originSumburgh Airport
DestinationAberdeen Airport
Occupants47
Passengers44
Crew3
Fatalities17
Survivors30

Dan-Air Flight 0034 was a fatal accident involving a Hawker Siddeley HS 748 series 1 turboprop aircraft operated by Dan-Air Services Limited on an oil industry charter flight from Sumburgh Airport, Shetland Islands, to Aberdeen Airport.

The crash, which occurred on 31 July 1979 50 m (160 ft) offshore following the aircraft's failure to take off, resulted in the aircraft's destruction and 17 deaths of 47 on board (15 of 44 passengers and both pilots).[1][2][3]

The aircraft

[edit]

The aircraft, operated by Dan-Air Services Ltd, was a Hawker Siddeley HS 748–105 series 1 (construction/manufacturer's serial number: 1542, registration: G-BEKF) that had its first flight in 1962.[1] It entered service with Aerolíneas Argentinas the same year and was subsequently operated by Argentinian state-owned oil company Yacimientos Petrolíferos Fiscales (YPF).[4] It was one of seven Hawker Siddeley HS 748 series 1 aircraft Dan-Air acquired from YPF for oil industry support work in the North Sea in 1977.[5] At the time of the accident, it had flown 29,007 hours.[1]

Accident

[edit]

G-BEKF was engaged on regular charter flights between Aberdeen and Sumburgh, carrying oil company personnel. The inbound flight to Sumburgh was made without incident and the crew had a seven-hour stopover before making the return flight to Aberdeen, Dan-Air 0034, with 44 passengers on board.[6]

When flight 0034 was cleared for takeoff from runway 09 at 15:59 hours, the engines were accelerated while the aircraft was held back by its brakes. The takeoff run commenced at exactly 16:00 hours. Evidence later retrieved from the aircraft's flight data recorder showed that it accelerated normally through the V1 decision speed of 92 kn (170 km/h; 106 mph), to its V2 takeoff safety speed of 99 kn (183 km/h; 114 mph). However, no rotation was carried out even though the aircraft significantly exceeded its VR vertical rotation speed of 113 kn (209 km/h; 130 mph).[6][7]

About five seconds after reaching the scheduled rotation speed, the aircraft began to decelerate. It then crossed the airport perimeter road and passed over the inclined sea defences, losing its port wing and breaking its fuselage in two in the process. After nose-diving into the sea 50 m (160 ft) from the shoreline, the aircraft sank in about one minute in approximately 10 m (33 ft) of water.[1][2][6][8] Elizabeth Cowe, the sole flight attendant, was among the 30 survivors. She assisted in the rescue of 26 of the 29 surviving passengers, which earned her an MBE in recognition of her bravery.[8] However, adverse weather conditions hampered rescue attempts mounted by boat and helicopter. This resulted in the remaining 15 passengers' and both pilots' deaths by drowning.[1][2][3][6]

Investigation

[edit]

The accident was notified by Sumburgh Air Traffic Control at 17:30 hours on 31 July 1979. The Air Accidents Investigation Branch (AAIB) commenced their investigation the following morning.[6]

The entire wreckage was salvaged and removed for a detailed examination, which needed to take into account the additional damage that had resulted from the action of the sea and the salvage operation. Both engines were stripped down and examined, but no evidence of pre-impact failure was found. The propeller control units were tested and were discovered to perform within specification. No evidence of fire, smoke, or overheating was found.[6]

Although the compass selector was discovered to have been switched to the co-pilot's instrument, it was not established which pilot handled the takeoff (company regulations stated that the commander should perform this if the co-pilot was inexperienced). It was however considered possible that it had been moved during evacuation or salvage.[6]

Cause

[edit]

The AAIB investigation concluded that the accident was caused by the locked condition of the aircraft's elevators which prevented the aircraft rotating into a flying attitude. It was thought likely that the elevator gust lock became re-engaged during the pilots' pre-takeoff checks, and that it was not noticed until the takeoff was so far advanced that a successful abandonment within the overrun area could not be made. The re-engagement of the gust lock was made possible by the condition of the gust lock lever gate plate and gate-stop strip, to which non-standard repairs had been made.[1][6][9][10]

Safety recommendations

[edit]

The AAIB made nine recommendations:[1][2][6]

  • That the gust lock system be redesigned to ensure positive operation at all times and avoid misleading the crew as to the position of any lock.
  • That cockpit voice recorders be fitted to all public transport aircraft over 11,400 kg (25,100 lb) maximum weight.
  • That the authorities of airports with runways facing out to sea liaise with the Department of Trade through HM Coastguard to agree procedures for close offshore rescue.
  • That aerodromes operated by the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) be licensed as per the [same] requirements for other aerodromes.
  • That the CAA Publication 168 Licensing of Aerodromes[11] be reviewed in the interests of upgrading its listed safety margins.
  • That the CAA reconsider the possibility of supplying some kind of retardation device in or beyond the overrun areas at critical aerodromes.
  • Demonstrations of how to don and operate lifejackets be required, and individual safety leaflets be provided on all public transport flights which takeoff or land over water.
  • Lifejacket stowage in HS 748 and aircraft with similar arrangements be repositioned to improve accessibility.
  • A suitable launching device for lifelines be devised and supplied to coastal aerodromes.
  • Where not already provided, loudhailers be included in the emergency equipment at all aerodromes of Category VI and above.

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g ASN Aircraft accident description Avro 748-105 Srs. 1 G-BEKF—Sumburgh Airport (LSI)
  2. ^ a b c d The Sumburgh report summarised, Flight International, 25 July 1981, pp. 216/7
  3. ^ a b Safety update ..., Air Transport, Flight International, 14 June 1980, p. 1239
  4. ^ Drama in The Air by John Beattie – Robson Books Ltd – 1989 – ISBN 0-86051-664-4, p. 215
  5. ^ Airliner Market, Air Transport, Flight International, 15 January 1977, p. 113
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Report No: 1/1981. Report on the accident to BAe HS 748, G-BEKF at Sumburgh Airport, Shetland Islands, 31 July 1979" (PDF). Accidents Investigation Branch. 12 May 1981. Retrieved 31 July 2021.
  7. ^ Airliner Classics (Dan-Air – Popular British Charter operator: The Boeing 727), Key Publishing, Stamford, UK, November 2011, pp. 95/6
  8. ^ a b Airliner Classics (Dan-Air – Popular British Charter operator: The Boeing 727), Key Publishing, Stamford, UK, November 2011, p. 96
  9. ^ Sumburgh report cites locked elevators, World News, Flight International, 11 July 1981, p. 74
  10. ^ The Sumburgh report summarised ..., Flight International, 25 July 1981, p. 217
  11. ^ "CAP 168: Licensing of Aerodromes" (PDF). Civil Aviation Authority. February 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 September 2007.

References

[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dan-Air_Flight_0034&oldid=1232242924"