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{{short description|Person who makes shoes}} |
{{short description|Person who makes shoes}} |
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[[Image:Capri - 7224.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|A cordwainer [[Shoemaking|making shoes]], [[Capri]], |
[[Image:Capri - 7224.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|A cordwainer [[Shoemaking|making shoes]], [[Capri]], Italy]] |
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[[File:Schuhmacherwerkstatt HH.jpg|thumb|A cordwainer's desk in [[Hamburg]], in the background a shelf with [[last]]s]] |
[[File:Schuhmacherwerkstatt HH.jpg|thumb|A cordwainer's desk in [[Hamburg]], in the background a shelf with [[last]]s]] |
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[[File:Tombstone Xanthippos BM Sc628.jpg|thumb|Tombstone of the shoemaker Xanthippos. Marble, Greek artwork, ca. |
[[File:Tombstone Xanthippos BM Sc628.jpg|thumb|Tombstone of the shoemaker Xanthippos. Marble, Greek artwork, ca. 430–420 BC. From Athens.]] |
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A '''cordwainer''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|ɔr|d|ˌ|w|eɪ|n|ər}}) is a [[ |
A '''cordwainer''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|ɔr|d|ˌ|w|eɪ|n|ər}}) is a [[shoemaker]] who makes new shoes from new leather. The cordwainer's trade can be contrasted with the cobbler's trade, according to a tradition in Britain that restricted cobblers to repairing shoes.<ref name=HCCwhat>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehcc.org/backgrnd.htm |title=What is a Cordwainer? |publisher=The Honourable Cordwainers’ Company |access-date=19 Oct 2015}}</ref> This [[usage]] distinction is not universally observed, as the word ''cobbler'' is widely used for tradespersons who make or repair shoes.<ref name="AHD">{{Citation |author=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |title=The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |url=https://ahdictionary.com/ |postscript=. |access-date=2015-10-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925104737/https://ahdictionary.com/ |archive-date=2015-09-25 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="MW_Collegiate">{{Citation |author=Merriam-Webster |author-link=Merriam-Webster |title=Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary |publisher=Merriam-Webster |url=http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com/collegiate/ |postscript=. |access-date=2015-10-31 |archive-date=2020-10-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201010163505/https://unabridged.merriam-webster.com/subscriber/login?redirect_to=%2Fcollegiate%2F |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="MWU">{{Citation |author=Merriam-Webster |author-link=Merriam-Webster |title=Merriam-Webster's Unabridged Dictionary |publisher=Merriam-Webster |url=http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com/unabridged/ |postscript=. |access-date=2015-10-31 |archive-date=2020-05-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200525084504/https://unabridged.merriam-webster.com/subscriber/login?redirect_to=%2Funabridged%2F |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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The [[Oxford English Dictionary]]<ref name="OxfordDictionaries">{{Citation |author=Oxford Dictionaries |author-link=OxfordDictionaries.com |title=Oxford Dictionaries Online |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/ |postscript=.}}</ref> says that the word ''cordwainer'' is archaic, "still used in the names of guilds, for example, ''the Cordwainers' Company''"; but its definition of ''cobbler'' mentions only mending,<ref name="OxfordDictionaries"/> reflecting the older distinction. Play 14 of the [[Chester Mystery Plays |
The [[Oxford English Dictionary]]<ref name="OxfordDictionaries">{{Citation |author=Oxford Dictionaries |author-link=OxfordDictionaries.com |title=Oxford Dictionaries Online |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010516042450/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 16, 2001 |postscript=.}}</ref> says that the word ''cordwainer'' is archaic, "still used in the names of guilds, for example, ''the Cordwainers' Company''"; but its definition of ''cobbler'' mentions only mending,<ref name="OxfordDictionaries"/> reflecting the older distinction. Play 14 of the [[Chester Mystery Plays]] was presented by the [[guild]] of ''corvisors'', known to mean shoemakers.<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/chesterplayscol00wrig/chesterplayscol00wrig_djvu.txt The Chester Plays]</ref><ref>[https://www.british-history.ac.uk/lincoln-wills/vol1/pp243-262#p169 This glossary] defines corvisor or corvysor as shoemaker</ref> |
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==Etymology== |
==Etymology== |
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The term ''cordwainer'' entered English as ''cordewaner(e)'', from the [[Anglo-Norman language|Anglo-Norman]] ''cordewaner'' (from [[Old French]] |
The term ''cordwainer'' entered English as ''cordewaner(e)'', from the [[Anglo-Norman language|Anglo-Norman]] ''cordewaner'' (from [[Old French]] {{lang|fro|cordoanier}}, ''{{lang|fro|-ouanier}}'', ''{{lang|fro|-uennier}}'', etc.), and initially denoted a worker in cordwain or [[Shell cordovan|cordovan]], the leather historically produced in Moorish [[Córdoba, Spain]] in the Middle Ages, as well as, more narrowly, a shoemaker.<ref name=OED>{{Cite OED |term=cordwainer |id=41483}}</ref> The earliest attestation in English is a reference to "Randolf se cordewan[ere]", ''ca.'' 1100.<ref name=HCCwhat/><ref name=OED/> |
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According to the ''OED'', the term is now considered obsolete except where it persists in the name of a trade-guild or company, or where otherwise employed by trade unions.<ref name=OED/> |
According to the ''OED'', the term is now considered obsolete except where it persists in the name of a trade-guild or company, or where otherwise employed by trade unions.<ref name=OED/> |
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==History== |
==History== |
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British tradition distinguishes the terms ''cordwainer'' and ''cobbler'', restricting cobblers to repairing shoes.<ref name=HCCwhat/> In this usage, a ''cordwainer'' is someone who makes new shoes using new leather, whereas a ''cobbler'' is someone who repairs shoes.<ref name=HCCwhat/> Medieval cordwainers used cordovan leather for the highest-quality shoes, but cordwainers also used domestically produced leathers and were not solely producers of luxury footwear. |
British tradition distinguishes the terms ''cordwainer'' and ''cobbler'', restricting cobblers to repairing shoes.<ref name=HCCwhat/> In this usage, a ''cordwainer'' is someone who makes new shoes using new leather, whereas a ''cobbler'' is someone who repairs shoes.<ref name=HCCwhat/> Medieval cordwainers used [[shell cordovan|cordovan leather]] for the highest-quality shoes, but cordwainers also used domestically produced leathers and were not solely producers of luxury footwear. |
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===British Isles=== |
===British Isles=== |
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In the historic London [[guild system]], the cobblers and cordwainers formed separate guilds,<ref name=wcc /> and the cobblers were forbidden by the Mayor of London in 1395 from working in new leather, and cordwainers similarly forbidden to meddle with old shoes. Historically, cobblers also made shoes, but only using old leather recovered from discarded or repaired shoes.<ref name="stt">{{cite book |author1= Goubitz, Olaf |author2= van Driel-Murray, Carol |author3= Groenman-Van Waateringe, Willy |title= Stepping through time : archaeological footwear from prehistoric times until 1800 |location= Zwolle [Netherlands] |publisher= Stichting Promotie Archeologie |date= 2001}}</ref> Today, many makers of [[bespoke]] shoes will also repair their own work, but shoe repairers are not normally in a position to manufacture new footwear.{{citation needed|date=May 2020}} |
In the historic London [[guild system]], the cobblers and cordwainers formed separate guilds,<ref name=wcc /> and the cobblers were forbidden by the Mayor of London in 1395 from working in new leather, and cordwainers similarly forbidden to meddle with old shoes. Historically, cobblers also made shoes, but only using old leather recovered from discarded or repaired shoes.<ref name="stt">{{cite book |author1= Goubitz, Olaf |author2= van Driel-Murray, Carol |author3= Groenman-Van Waateringe, Willy |title= Stepping through time : archaeological footwear from prehistoric times until 1800 |location= Zwolle [Netherlands] |publisher= Stichting Promotie Archeologie |date= 2001}}</ref> Today, many makers of [[bespoke]] shoes will also repair their own work, but shoe repairers are not normally in a position to manufacture new footwear.{{citation needed|date=May 2020}} |
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[[Image:Cordwainer statue Watling Street.jpg|thumb |A statue of a cordwainer in the [[ |
[[Image:Cordwainer statue Watling Street.jpg|thumb |A statue of a cordwainer in the [[Cordwainer ward]] of the [[City of London]].]] |
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In [[London]], the [[guild]] of the [[Worshipful Company of Cordwainers]] historically controlled the occupation of cordwainer. Granted a [[royal charter]] of incorporation in 1439, the Guild had received its first ordinance in 1272.<ref name=wcc /> Historically, most of London's cordwainers lived and worked in the ward of the [[City of London]] named [[Cordwainer (ward)|Cordwainer]].<ref name=wcc> |
In [[London]], the [[guild]] of the [[Worshipful Company of Cordwainers]] historically controlled the occupation of cordwainer. Granted a [[royal charter]] of incorporation in 1439, the Guild had received its first ordinance in 1272.<ref name=wcc /> Historically, most of London's cordwainers lived and worked in the ward of the [[City of London]] named [[Cordwainer (ward)|Cordwainer]].<ref name=wcc> |
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{{cite web |url=http://cordwainers.org/about-us/ |title=What is a Cordwainer? |publisher=The Worshipful Company of Cordwainers |access-date=19 Oct 2015}}</ref> |
{{cite web |url=http://cordwainers.org/about-us/ |title=What is a Cordwainer? |publisher=The Worshipful Company of Cordwainers |access-date=19 Oct 2015}}</ref> |
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Until 2000 a Cordwainers' Technical College existed in London. For over a hundred years, the college had been recognised{{by whom|date=May 2020}} as one of the world's leading establishments for training shoemakers and leather workers. It produced some of the leading [[fashion design]]ers, including [[Jimmy Choo]] ( |
Until 2000 a Cordwainers' Technical College existed in London. For over a hundred years, the college had been recognised{{by whom|date=May 2020}} as one of the world's leading establishments for training shoemakers and leather workers. It produced some of the leading [[fashion design]]ers, including [[Jimmy Choo]] (born 1948) and [[Patrick Cox]] (born 1963). In 2000 Cordwainers' College was absorbed into the [[London College of Fashion]], the shoe-design and accessories departments of which have become "Cordwainers at London College of Fashion". |
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In Scotland, in 1722, the cordwainers petitioned |
In Scotland, in 1722, the cordwainers petitioned "to be incorporated and separated from the shoe-makers or those who make single-soled shoes".<ref name=OED/> |
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===United States=== |
===United States=== |
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|publisher= Charles Annand |date= 1869 |
|publisher= Charles Annand |date= 1869 |
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|pages= [https://archive.org/details/cihm_25914/page/n531 506]–557 |
|pages= [https://archive.org/details/cihm_25914/page/n531 506]–557 |
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|isbn= 9780665259142 |
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}} |
}} |
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</ref> |
</ref> |
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== See also == |
== See also == |
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* [[Daughters of St. Crispin]], an American |
* [[Daughters of St. Crispin]], an American labor union of female shoemakers |
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* [[List of shoe styles]] |
* [[List of shoe styles]] |
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* [[Order of the Knights of St. Crispin]], an American labor union of 50,000 shoemakers c. 1870 |
* [[Order of the Knights of St. Crispin]], an American labor union of 50,000 shoemakers c. 1870 |
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Latest revision as of 21:43, 30 June 2024
A cordwainer (/ˈkɔːrdˌweɪnər/) is a shoemaker who makes new shoes from new leather. The cordwainer's trade can be contrasted with the cobbler's trade, according to a tradition in Britain that restricted cobblers to repairing shoes.[1] This usage distinction is not universally observed, as the word cobbler is widely used for tradespersons who make or repair shoes.[2][3][4]
The Oxford English Dictionary[5] says that the word cordwainer is archaic, "still used in the names of guilds, for example, the Cordwainers' Company"; but its definition of cobbler mentions only mending,[5] reflecting the older distinction. Play 14 of the Chester Mystery Plays was presented by the guild of corvisors, known to mean shoemakers.[6][7]
Etymology
[edit]The term cordwainer entered English as cordewaner(e), from the Anglo-Norman cordewaner (from Old French cordoanier, -ouanier, -uennier, etc.), and initially denoted a worker in cordwain or cordovan, the leather historically produced in Moorish Córdoba, Spain in the Middle Ages, as well as, more narrowly, a shoemaker.[8] The earliest attestation in English is a reference to "Randolf se cordewan[ere]", ca. 1100.[1][8]
According to the OED, the term is now considered obsolete except where it persists in the name of a trade-guild or company, or where otherwise employed by trade unions.[8]
History
[edit]British tradition distinguishes the terms cordwainer and cobbler, restricting cobblers to repairing shoes.[1] In this usage, a cordwainer is someone who makes new shoes using new leather, whereas a cobbler is someone who repairs shoes.[1] Medieval cordwainers used cordovan leather for the highest-quality shoes, but cordwainers also used domestically produced leathers and were not solely producers of luxury footwear.
British Isles
[edit]In the historic London guild system, the cobblers and cordwainers formed separate guilds,[9] and the cobblers were forbidden by the Mayor of London in 1395 from working in new leather, and cordwainers similarly forbidden to meddle with old shoes. Historically, cobblers also made shoes, but only using old leather recovered from discarded or repaired shoes.[10] Today, many makers of bespoke shoes will also repair their own work, but shoe repairers are not normally in a position to manufacture new footwear.[citation needed]
In London, the guild of the Worshipful Company of Cordwainers historically controlled the occupation of cordwainer. Granted a royal charter of incorporation in 1439, the Guild had received its first ordinance in 1272.[9] Historically, most of London's cordwainers lived and worked in the ward of the City of London named Cordwainer.[9]
Until 2000 a Cordwainers' Technical College existed in London. For over a hundred years, the college had been recognised[by whom?] as one of the world's leading establishments for training shoemakers and leather workers. It produced some of the leading fashion designers, including Jimmy Choo (born 1948) and Patrick Cox (born 1963). In 2000 Cordwainers' College was absorbed into the London College of Fashion, the shoe-design and accessories departments of which have become "Cordwainers at London College of Fashion".
In Scotland, in 1722, the cordwainers petitioned "to be incorporated and separated from the shoe-makers or those who make single-soled shoes".[8]
United States
[edit]Settlers who sailed to Virginia in 1607 to settle in Jamestown included cordwainers. By 1616 the secretary of Virginia reported that the leather- and shoe-trades were flourishing. Christopher Nelme, of England, was the earliest recorded named shoemaker in the American colonies; he sailed to Virginia from Bristol in 1619.[1]
In 1620 the Pilgrims landed in Massachusetts near the site of modern Provincetown. Nine years later, in 1629, the first shoemakers arrived, bringing their skills with them.[1]
In 1984 a group of shoemakers and historians founded the Honourable Cordwainers' Company as a modern guild; they drew up its charter in the following year. In 1987 the Company "incorporated as a non-profit, tax-exempt educational organization in the state of Virginia, the home of America's first shoemakers", and was granted official status through recognition by The Master of The Worshipful Company of Cordwainers, London, England.[11]
Canada
[edit]The early settlers of Canada also included cordwainers. On 14 June 1749, the newly appointed Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia, Edward Cornwallis, arrived off Chebucto Head, Nova Scotia in the sloop-of-war HMS Sphinx with the objective of establishing the settlement now called Halifax. By 27 June, thirteen transport-ships following the Sphinx reached the harbour with the initial 2,576 British settlers – among them nineteen cordwainers.[12]
See also
[edit]- Daughters of St. Crispin, an American labor union of female shoemakers
- List of shoe styles
- Order of the Knights of St. Crispin, an American labor union of 50,000 shoemakers c. 1870
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f "What is a Cordwainer?". The Honourable Cordwainers’ Company. Retrieved 19 Oct 2015.
- ^ Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, archived from the original on 2015-09-25, retrieved 2015-10-31.
- ^ Merriam-Webster, Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, archived from the original on 2020-10-10, retrieved 2015-10-31.
- ^ Merriam-Webster, Merriam-Webster's Unabridged Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, archived from the original on 2020-05-25, retrieved 2015-10-31.
- ^ a b Oxford Dictionaries, Oxford Dictionaries Online, Oxford University Press, archived from the original on May 16, 2001.
- ^ The Chester Plays
- ^ This glossary defines corvisor or corvysor as shoemaker
- ^ a b c d "cordwainer". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
- ^ a b c "What is a Cordwainer?". The Worshipful Company of Cordwainers. Retrieved 19 Oct 2015.
- ^ Goubitz, Olaf; van Driel-Murray, Carol; Groenman-Van Waateringe, Willy (2001). Stepping through time : archaeological footwear from prehistoric times until 1800. Zwolle [Netherlands]: Stichting Promotie Archeologie.
- ^ "History of the H.C.C." The Honourable Cordwainer's Company. Retrieved 19 Oct 2015.
- ^ Akins, Thomas Beamish, ed. (1869). "List of the Settlers Who Came Out with Governor Cornwallis to Chebucto, in June 1749". Selections from the Public Documents of the Province of Nova Scotia. Halifax, NS: Charles Annand. pp. 506–557. ISBN 9780665259142.
