Lipovans: Difference between revisions

Lipovans
Липоване (Russian)
	Flag of the Lipovans
	Lipovans during a ceremony in front of the Lipovan church in the Romanian village of Slava Cercheză in 2004
Regions with significant populations
Romania	23,487
Bulgaria	700–800
Languages
	Russian, Romanian, Ukrainian, Bulgarian
Religion
	Old Believers (Eastern Orthodox Christianity)
Related ethnic groups
	Russians

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The Lipovans or Lippovans (Russian: Липоване, romanized: Lipovane; Romanian: Lipoveni; Ukrainian: Липовани, romanized: Lypovany; Bulgarian: Липованци, romanized: Lipovantsi) are ethnic Russian Old Believers living in Romania, Ukraine, Moldova and Bulgaria who settled in the Principality of Moldavia, in the east of the Principality of Wallachia (Muntenia), and in the regions of Dobruja and Budjak during the 17th and 18th centuries. According to the 2011 Romanian census, there are a total of 23,487 Lipovans in Romania, mostly living in Northern Dobruja, in the Tulcea County but also in the Constanța County, and in the cities of Iași, Brăila and Bucharest. In Bulgaria, they inhabit two villages: Kazashko and Tataritsa.^[1]

Name

The origin of the name of the Lipovans is not known exactly, but it may come from the linden trees ("Lipa" or "Липа" in Russian) of the area they populate bordering the Wild Fields. Linguist Victor Vascenco [et] considers this to be folk etymology.^[2] Another hypothesis claims the name derives from the name "Filipp" (1672-1742) which is alleged to have been the true name of the son of Nikita Pustosvyat (d.1683) who according to a legend led the group of dissenters who emigrated to what is now Romania, his adepts being named Filippovtsy which became Lipovtsi and finally Lipovane.^[2] Another hypothesis derives it from "Filippovka", a holiday name dedicated to Saint Philip of Moscow.^{[citation needed]}

History

The Lipovans emigrated from Russia in the 18th century, as dissenters from the main Russian Orthodox Church. They settled along the Prut River in Moldavia and in the Danube Delta. They have maintained strong religious traditions which predate the reforms of the Russian Orthodox Church undertaken during the rule of Patriarch Nikon. When the Patriarch made changes to worship in 1652, some believers carried on worshipping in the "old way". In that sense, they continued to speak Old Russian, to cross themselves with two fingers instead of three, and to keep their beards. The Russian government and the Orthodox Church persecuted them, and as a result various sects arose whose goal was to commit suicide, e.g., by burning themselves (self-burners: сожигатели, sozhigateli),^[3] with many others being forced to emigrate.

Lipovans were considered to be schismatic by the Russian Orthodox Church, although relations have improved recently. (See main article on Old Believers.)^{[citation needed]}

Population

The main centre of the Lipovan community in Ukraine is the town of Vylkove, which has its own church, the St Nicholas Church. In order to construct their homes, the Lipovans create islets of dry land by digging mud out from trenches and making a series of canals. The house walls are made of reed and mud,^[4]^[5] and thatching is standard for the roofing.

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Constantin, Marin (2014). "The ethno-cultural belongingness of Aromanians, Vlachs, Catholics, and Lipovans/Old Believers in Romania and Bulgaria (1990–2012)" (PDF). Revista Română de Sociologie. 25 (3–4). Bucharest: 255–285.
^ ^a ^b Vascenco, Victor. "Melchisedec şi lipovenii" [Melchizedek and the Lipovans]. Romanoslavica (PDF) (in Romanian). Vol. XLII. University of Bucharest. p. 133. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 August 2009.
^ Coleman, Loren (2004). The Copycat Effect: How the Media and Popular Culture Trigger the Mayhem in Tomorrow's Headlines. New York: Paraview Pocket-Simon and Schuster. p. 46. ISBN 0-7434-8223-9.
^ "Water world". The Independent. London. 18 June 2005. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 7 May 2010.
^ "The Danube". Archived from the original on 4 May 2006.

External links

Second-Hand Souls: Selected Writing by Nichita Danilov (translated from Romanian by Sean Cotter)
Lipovan's icons: The Bleschunov Municipal Museum of Personal Collections
Romania. Religious Freedom Report 1999 Archived 22 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine
Zorile newspaper published in Romanian and Russian

[robg-1] Constantin, Marin (2014). "The ethno-cultural belongingness of Aromanians, Vlachs, Catholics, and Lipovans/Old Believers in Romania and Bulgaria (1990–2012)" (PDF). Revista Română de Sociologie. 25 (3–4). Bucharest: 255–285.

[viva-2] Vascenco, Victor. "Melchisedec şi lipovenii" [Melchizedek and the Lipovans]. Romanoslavica (PDF) (in Romanian). Vol. XLII. University of Bucharest. p. 133. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 August 2009.

[3] Coleman, Loren (2004). The Copycat Effect: How the Media and Popular Culture Trigger the Mayhem in Tomorrow's Headlines. New York: Paraview Pocket-Simon and Schuster. p. 46. ISBN 0-7434-8223-9.

[4] "Water world". The Independent. London. 18 June 2005. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 7 May 2010.

[5] "The Danube". Archived from the original on 4 May 2006.

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[2]

[3]

[4]

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Russian Old Believer minority group located in Romania, Ukraine, Moldova and Bulgaria}}
-{{Redirect|Lipoveni||Lipoveni (disambiguation)}}
+{{Redirect|Lipoveni|Lipoveni (disambiguation)}}
+{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
 {{more footnotes|date=March 2016}}
+{{Infobox ethnic group
+| group = Lipovans
+| native_name      = {{native name|ru|Липоване}}
+| flag = Flag of the Lipovans.png
+| flag_caption = Flag of the Lipovans
+| image = Evstafiev-lipovane-slava-cherkeza.jpg
+| caption = Lipovans during a ceremony in front of the Lipovan church in the Romanian village of [[Slava Cercheză]] in 2004
+| population =
+| region1 = {{flagcountry|Romania}}
+| pop1 = 23,487
+| ref1 = <ref name="robg">{{cite journal|url=https://www.revistadesociologie.ro/pdf-uri/nr.3-4-2014/05-MConstantin.pdf |title=The ethno-cultural belongingness of Aromanians, Vlachs, Catholics, and Lipovans/Old Believers in Romania and Bulgaria (1990–2012) |first=Marin |last=Constantin |journal=Revista Română de Sociologie |location=[[Bucharest]] |volume=25 |issue=3–4 |pages=255–285 |year=2014}}</ref>
+| region2 = {{flagcountry|Ukraine}}
+| pop2 =
+| ref2 =
+| region3 = {{flagcountry|Moldova}}
+| pop3 =
+| ref3 =
+| region4 = {{flagcountry|Bulgaria}}
+| pop4 = 700–800
+| ref4 = <ref name="robg" />
+| religions = [[Old Believers]] ([[Eastern Orthodox Christianity]])
+| languages = [[Russian language|Russian]], [[Romanian language|Romanian]], [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]], [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]]
+| related = [[Russians]]
+| footnotes =
+}}
+The '''Lipovans''' or '''Lippovans''' ({{lang-ru|Липоване|translit=Lipovane}}; {{lang-ro|Lipoveni}}; {{lang-uk|Липовани|translit=Lypovany}}; {{lang-bg|Липованци|translit=Lipovantsi}}) are ethnic [[Russians|Russian]] [[Old Believers]] living in [[Romania]], [[Ukraine]], [[Moldova]] and [[Bulgaria]] who settled in the [[Principality of Moldavia]], in the east of the [[Principality of Wallachia]] ([[Muntenia]]), and in the regions of [[Dobruja]] and [[Budjak]] during the 17th and 18th centuries. According to the [[2011 Romanian census]], there are a total of 23,487 Lipovans in [[Romania]], mostly living in [[Northern Dobruja]], in the [[Tulcea County]] but also in the [[Constanța County]], and in the cities of [[Iași]], [[Brăila]] and [[Bucharest]]. In [[Bulgaria]], they inhabit two villages: [[Kazashko]] and [[Aydemir|Tataritsa]].<ref name="robg" />
-[[Image:Evstafiev-lipovane-slava-cherkeza.jpg|thumb|Lipovans (Russian Old Believers) during a ceremony in front of their church in the Romanian village of [[Slava Cercheză]] in 2004 (photo by [[Mikhail Evstafiev]].)]]
-'''Lipovans''' or '''Lippovans''' ({{lang-ru|Липовáне}}, {{lang-ro|Lipoveni}}, {{lang-uk|Липовани}}, {{lang-bg|Липованци}}) are [[Old Believers]] from [[Romania]], [[Moldova]], and [[Ukraine]], mostly of [[Russian people|Russian]] ethnic origin, who settled in the [[Moldavia|Moldavian Principality]], Eastern [[Wallachia]] ([[Muntenia]]), and in the regions of [[Dobruja]] and [[Budjak]], during the 17th and 18th centuries. According to the Romanian census of 2002, there are a total of 35,791 Lipovans in [[Romania]], of whom 21,623 live in Dobruja.
-==Name==
+== Name ==
-The origin of the name of the Lipovans is not known exactly , but it may come from the [[Tilia|linden tree]]s ("Lipa" or "Липа" in [[Russian language|Russian]]) of the area they populate bordering the [[Wild Fields]]. However, one story claims the name derives from the name "Filipp" (1672-1742) which is alleged to have been the true name of the son of [[Nikita Pustosvyat]] (d.1683) who according to the same rather dubious legend led the group of [[dissenters]] who emigrated to what is now Romania, his adepts being named ''Filippovtsy'' which became ''Lipovtsi'' and finally ''Lippovane''.<ref>Victor Vascenco, [http://www.unibuc.ro/uploads_en/29527/20/Romanoslavica_XLII.pdf "Melchisedec şi lipovenii"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090824134827/http://www.unibuc.ro/uploads_en/29527/20/Romanoslavica_XLII.pdf |date=2009-08-24 }}{{dubious|date=February 2018}}, ''Romanoslavica'' (University of Bucharest), XLII, p. 133</ref> Another story derives it from "Filippovka", a holiday name dedicated to [[Philip II, Metropolitan of Moscow|Saint Philip of Moscow]].
+The origin of the name of the Lipovans is not known exactly, but it may come from the [[Tilia|linden tree]]s ("Lipa" or "Липа" in [[Russian language|Russian]]) of the area they populate bordering the [[Wild Fields]]. Linguist {{ill|Victor Vascenco|et}} considers this to be [[folk etymology]].<ref name=viva/> Another hypothesis claims the name derives from the name "Filipp" (1672-1742) which is alleged to have been the true name of the son of [[Nikita Pustosvyat]] (d.1683) who according to a legend led the group of [[dissenters]] who emigrated to what is now Romania, his adepts being named ''Filippovtsy'' which became ''Lipovtsi'' and finally ''Lipovane''.<ref name=viva>{{cite book|first=Victor |last=Vascenco |url=http://www.unibuc.ro/uploads_en/29527/20/Romanoslavica_XLII.pdf |chapter=Melchisedec şi lipovenii |trans-chapter=Melchizedek and the Lipovans |language=ro |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090824134827/http://www.unibuc.ro/uploads_en/29527/20/Romanoslavica_XLII.pdf |archive-date=24 August 2009 |title=Romanoslavica |publisher=[[University of Bucharest]] |volume=XLII |pages=133}}</ref> Another hypothesis derives it from "Filippovka", a holiday name dedicated to [[Philip II, Metropolitan of Moscow|Saint Philip of Moscow]].{{cn|date=August 2021}}
-==History==
+== History ==
-[[File:Flag of the Lipovans.png|thumb|left|The flag of the Lipovans]]
+[[File:Вилкове.jpg|thumb|left|Lipovans in [[Vylkove]], Ukraine]]
-The Lipovans emigrated from Russia in the 18th century, as [[dissenters]] from the main [[Russian Orthodox Church]]. They settled along the [[Prut River]] in [[Moldavia]] and in the [[Danube Delta]]. They have maintained strong religious traditions which predate the reforms of the [[Russian Orthodox Church]] undertaken during the rule of [[Patriarch Nikon]]. When the Patriarch [[Old Believers#Specific Differences between Traditional Russian and New Practices|made changes]] to worship in 1652, some believers carried on worshipping in the "old way". In that sense, they continued to speak [[Old Russian]], to [[sign of the cross|cross]] themselves with two fingers instead of three, and to keep their beards. The Russian government and the Orthodox Church persecuted them, and as a result some committed suicide [[Self-immolation|by burning themselves]] (self-burning: ''soshigateli''),<ref>{{Cite book |first=Loren |last=Coleman |title=The Copycat Effect: How the Media and Popular Culture Trigger the Mayhem in Tomorrow's Headlines |url=https://archive.org/details/copycateffect00lore |url-access=registration |location=New York |publisher=Paraview Pocket-Simon and Schuster |year=2004 |page=[https://archive.org/details/copycateffect00lore/page/46 46] |isbn=0-7434-8223-9}}</ref> with many others being forced to emigrate.
+The Lipovans emigrated from Russia in the 18th century, as [[dissenters]] from the main [[Russian Orthodox Church]]. They settled along the [[Prut River]] in [[Moldavia]] and in the [[Danube Delta]]. They have maintained strong religious traditions which predate the reforms of the [[Russian Orthodox Church]] undertaken during the rule of [[Patriarch Nikon]]. When the Patriarch [[Old Believers#Specific Differences between Traditional Russian and New Practices|made changes]] to worship in 1652, some believers carried on worshipping in the "old way". In that sense, they continued to speak [[Old Russian]], to [[sign of the cross|cross]] themselves with two fingers instead of three, and to keep their beards. The Russian government and the Orthodox Church persecuted them, and as a result various sects arose whose goal was to commit suicide, e.g., [[Self-immolation|by burning themselves]] (self-burners: сожигатели, ''sozhigateli''),<ref>{{cite book |first=Loren |last=Coleman |title=The Copycat Effect: How the Media and Popular Culture Trigger the Mayhem in Tomorrow's Headlines |url=https://archive.org/details/copycateffect00lore |url-access=registration |location=New York |publisher=Paraview Pocket-Simon and Schuster |year=2004 |page=[https://archive.org/details/copycateffect00lore/page/46 46] |isbn=0-7434-8223-9}}</ref> with many others being forced to emigrate.
+Lipovans were considered to be [[schism]]atic by the [[Russian Orthodox Church]], although relations have improved recently. (See main article on [[Old Believers]].){{cn|date=July 2022}}
-In 1876, the Lipovans were joined by members of the [[Skoptsy]] sect, who also emigrated to Romania to escape persecution.
+== Population ==
-Lipovans were considered to be [[schism]]atic by the [[Russian Orthodox Church]], although relations have improved recently. (See main article on [[Old Believers]].)
+The main centre of the Lipovan community in Ukraine is the town of [[Vylkove]], which has its own church, the [[St Nicholas Church (Vylkove)|St Nicholas Church]]. In order to construct their homes, the Lipovans create islets of dry land by digging mud out from trenches and making a series of canals. The house walls are made of [[Phragmites|reed]] and mud,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://travel.independent.co.uk/europe/article226573.ece |work=[[The Independent]] |location=London |title=Water world |date=18 June 2005 |access-date=7 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927210939/http://travel.independent.co.uk/europe/article226573.ece |archive-date=27 September 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kented.org.uk/ngfl/subjects/geography/rivers/Feature%20Articles/danube.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060504152834/http://www.kented.org.uk/ngfl/subjects/geography/rivers/Feature%2BArticles/danube.htm |archive-date=4 May 2006 |title=The Danube |url-status=dead}}</ref> and [[thatched roof|thatching]] is standard for the roofing.
-==Population==
+== See also ==
+* [[Community of the Lipovan Russians in Romania]]
-[[File:Lipovean.jpg|thumb|Lipovan fisherman in the Danube Delta]]
+* [[Lipovan Orthodox Old-Rite Church]]
-[[File:Вилкове.jpg|thumb|Lipovans in [[Vylkove]], Ukraine]]
-The main centre of the Lipovan community in Ukraine is the town of [[Vylkove]], which has its own church, [[St Nicholas Church (Vilkovo)|St Nicholas]]. In order to construct their homes, the Lipovans create islets of dry land by digging mud out from trenches and making a series of canals. The house walls are made of [[Phragmites|reed]] and mud,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://travel.independent.co.uk/europe/article226573.ece |work=The Independent |location=London |title=Water world |date=2005-06-18 |access-date=2010-05-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927210939/http://travel.independent.co.uk/europe/article226573.ece |archive-date=2007-09-27 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kented.org.uk/ngfl/subjects/geography/rivers/Feature%20Articles/danube.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060504152834/http://www.kented.org.uk/ngfl/subjects/geography/rivers/Feature%2BArticles/danube.htm |archive-date=2006-05-04 |title=The Danube |url-status=dead }}</ref> and [[thatched roof|thatching]] is standard for the roofing. For details on the Lipovans in Bulgaria, see [[Russians in Bulgaria]].
-==See also==
+== References ==
+{{Reflist|2}}
-*[[Community of the Lipovan Russians in Romania]]
-*[[Lipovan Orthodox Old-Rite Church]]
+== External links ==
-==References==
-{{Reflist}}
-==External links==
 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20031101025945/http://www.traktor.cz/twisted/second.html ''Second-Hand Souls: Selected Writing''] by Nichita Danilov (translated from Romanian by Sean Cotter)
 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051120020932/http://www.museum-collections.odessa.ua/english/vilkovo.html Lipovan's icons: The Bleschunov Municipal Museum of Personal Collections]
-* [http://atheism.about.com/library/irf/irf99/blirf_romania99.htm Romania. Religious Freedom Report 1999]
+* [http://atheism.about.com/library/irf/irf99/blirf_romania99.htm Romania. Religious Freedom Report 1999] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090722144043/http://atheism.about.com/library/irf/irf99/blirf_romania99.htm |date=22 July 2009 }}
 * [http://www.zorile.ro Zorile newspaper published in Romanian and Russian]

v t e Ethnic groups in Romania
Dominant group	Romanians (16,792,868)
Officially recognised minorities	Hungarians (1,227,623) Romani (621,573) Ukrainians (50,920) Germans (36,042) Turks (27,698) Lipovans (23,487) Tatars (divided into Crimean Tatars and Nogais) (20,282) Serbs (18,076) Slovaks (13,654) Bulgarians (7,336) Croats (5,408) Greeks (3,668) Jews (3,271) Italians (3,203) Poles (2,543) Czechs (2,477) Armenians (1,361) Macedonians (1,264) Albanians (520) Rusyns (262)
Non-recognized minorities	Aromanians (26,500) Hutsuls* (self-declared, 3,890) Csángós* (self-declared, 1,536) Megleno-Romanians (1,200–2,000) Székelys* (self-declared, 532) Krashovani* (self-declared, 207) Slovenes (175) Gagauz (5)
Historical ethnic groups	Circassians (approximately 10,000 in the mid-19th century) Dobrujan Arabs (145 in 1850)
Immigrant groups	Citizens of the Republic of Moldova (177,000) Arabs (5,000) Afghans (2,384) Chinese (2,243) Indians (1,000) Filipinos (800) Africans (700) Pakistanis (700) Iranians (610) Kurds (500) Mexicans (224) Bangladeshis (100)
* = Subgroups of officially recognized ethnicities that are not treated by the Romanian authorities as separate minorities.

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