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{{Short description|American political scientist (1917–2018)}}
{{Infobox scientist
{{Infobox scientist
|name = Charles E. Lindblom
| name = Charles E. Lindblom
|image = <!--(filename only)-->
| image = <!--(filename only)-->
|caption =
| caption =
|birth_date = {{birth date|1917|03|21}}<ref name="familysearch" />
| birth_date = {{birth date|1917|03|21}}<ref name="familysearch" />
|birth_place =
| birth_place =
|death_date = {{death date and age |2018|01|30|1917|03|21}}
| death_date = {{death date and age |2018|01|30|1917|03|21}}
|death_place =
| death_place =
|residence =
| residence =
|citizenship = [[United States|American]]
| citizenship = [[United States|American]]
|nationality =
| nationality =
|fields = [[Political science]]
| fields = [[Political science]]
|workplaces = [[Yale University]]
| workplaces = [[Yale University]]
|alma_mater = [[University of Chicago]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Chicago]]
|doctoral_advisor = [[Frank H. Knight]]
| doctoral_advisor = [[Frank H. Knight]]
|academic_advisors =
| academic_advisors =
|doctoral_students =
| doctoral_students =
|notable_students =
| notable_students =
|known_for = Work on numerous political theories
| known_for = [[incrementalism]] (''muddling through''), [[Pluralism (political theory)|pluralism]], [[comparative politics]]
⚫
| awards =
''muddling through''
|influences =
| religion =
⚫
| signature = <!--(filename only)-->
|influenced = [[Robert A. Dahl]], [[Tom Malleson]], [[Edward J. Woodhouse]]
|awards =
| footnotes =
⚫
|religion =
⚫
|signature = <!--(filename only)-->
|footnotes =
}}
}}


'''Charles Edward Lindblom''' (March 21, 1917 – January 30, 2018) was an American academic who studied Economics<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Premfors|first=Rune|date=1981|title=Charles Lindblom and Aaron Wildavsky|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/193583|journal=British Journal of Political Science|volume=11|issue=2|pages=201–225|issn=0007-1234}}</ref> at the University of Chicago and was [[Sterling Professor]] Emeritus of [[Political Science]] and [[Economics]] at [[Yale University]]. He served as President of the [[American Political Science Association]] and the Association for Comparative Economic Studies, as well as Director of Yale's Institution for Social and Policy Studies.
'''Charles Edward Lindblom''' (March 21, 1917 – January 30, 2018) was an American academic who studied [[economics]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Premfors|first=Rune|date=1981|title=Charles Lindblom and Aaron Wildavsky|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/193583|journal=British Journal of Political Science|volume=11|issue=2|pages=201–225|doi=10.1017/S000712340000257X |jstor=193583 |s2cid=145720891 |issn=0007-1234}}</ref> at the [[University of Chicago]] and was [[Sterling Professor]] emeritus of [[political science]] and [[economics]] at [[Yale University]]. He served as president of the [[American Political Science Association]] and the [[Association for Comparative Economic Studies]], as well as director of Yale's Institute for Social and Policy Studies.


==Academic work==
==Academic work==
Lindblom was one of the early developers and advocates of the theory of [[incrementalism]] in policy and decision-making.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199646135.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199646135-e-33|title=Charles E. Lindblom, "The Science of Muddling Through"|last=Migone|first=Andrea|last2=Howlett|first2=Michael|date=2016-07-07|publisher=Oxford University Press|editor-last=Lodge|editor-first=Martin|volume=1|language=en|doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199646135.013.33|editor-last2=Page|editor-first2=Edward C.|editor-last3=Balla|editor-first3=Steven J.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bendor|first=Jonathan|date=1995|title=A Model of Muddling Through|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-political-science-review/article/model-of-muddling-through/7A5F5EE0409247B7546502BE6C1D0FF5|journal=American Political Science Review|language=en|volume=89|issue=4|pages=819–840|doi=10.2307/2082511|issn=1537-5943}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Allison|first=Christine Rothmayr|last2=Saint-Martin|first2=Denis|date=2011|title=Half a century of “muddling”: Are we there yet?|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polsoc.2010.12.001|journal=Policy and Society|volume=30|issue=1|pages=1–8|doi=10.1016/j.polsoc.2010.12.001|issn=1449-4035|hdl=1866/18545|hdl-access=free}}</ref> This view (also called [[gradualism]]) takes a "baby-steps", "Muddling Through" or "Echternach Theory" approach to decision-making processes. In it, policy change is, under most circumstances, [[evolutionary]] rather than [[revolution]]ary. He came to this view through his extensive studies of [[Welfare (financial aid)|Welfare]] policies and [[Trade Unions]] throughout the industrialized world. These views are set out in two articles, separated by 20 years: "The Science Of 'Muddling Through'" (1959) and “Still Muddling, Not yet through” (1979), both published in [[Public Administration Review]].
Lindblom was one of the early developers and advocates of the theory of [[incrementalism]] in policy and decision-making.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199646135.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199646135-e-33|title=Charles E. Lindblom, "The Science of Muddling Through"|last1=Migone|first1=Andrea|last2=Howlett|first2=Michael|date=2016-07-07|publisher=Oxford University Press|editor-last=Lodge|editor-first=Martin|volume=1|language=en|doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199646135.013.33|isbn=978-0-19-964613-5 |editor-last2=Page|editor-first2=Edward C.|editor-last3=Balla|editor-first3=Steven J.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bendor|first=Jonathan|date=1995|title=A Model of Muddling Through|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-political-science-review/article/model-of-muddling-through/7A5F5EE0409247B7546502BE6C1D0FF5|journal=American Political Science Review|language=en|volume=89|issue=4|pages=819–840|doi=10.2307/2082511|jstor=2082511 |s2cid=145339241 |issn=1537-5943}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Allison|first1=Christine Rothmayr|last2=Saint-Martin|first2=Denis|date=2011|title=Half a century of "muddling": Are we there yet?|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polsoc.2010.12.001|journal=Policy and Society|volume=30|issue=1|pages=1–8|doi=10.1016/j.polsoc.2010.12.001|issn=1449-4035|hdl=1866/18545|s2cid=143551170 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> That view (also called [[gradualism]]) takes a "baby-steps," "muddling through," or "[[Dancing procession of Echternach|Echternach]]-theory" approach to decision-making processes. In it, policy change is, under most circumstances, [[evolutionary]], rather than [[revolutionary]]. He came to that view through his extensive studies of [[welfare (financial aid)|welfare]] policies and [[trade unions]] throughout the [[Developed country|industrialized world]]. Those views are set out in two articles separated by 20 years: "The Science Of 'Muddling Through'" (1959) and “Still Muddling, Not yet through” (1979), both of which were published in [[Public Administration Review]].


Together with his friend, colleague and fellow Yale professor [[Robert A. Dahl]], Lindblom was a champion of the [[Polyarchy]] (or [[Pluralism (political theory)|''Pluralistic'']]) view of political elites and governance in the late 1950s and early 1960s. According to this view, no single, monolithic [[elite]] controls government and society, but rather a series of specialized elites compete and bargain with one another for control. It is this peaceful competition and compromise between elites in politics and the marketplace that drives free-market democracy and allows it to thrive.
Together with his friend, colleague, and fellow Yale Professor [[Robert A. Dahl]], Lindblom was a champion of the [[polyarchy]] (or [[pluralism (political theory)|pluralistic]]) view of political elites and governance in the late 1950s and the early 1960s. According to that view, no single monolithic [[elite]] controls government and society but rather a series of specialized elites competing and bargaining with one another for control. It is this peaceful competition and compromise between elites in politics and the marketplace that drives [[Free market democracy|free-market democracy]] and allows it to thrive.


However, Lindblom soon began to see the shortcomings of Polyarchy with regard to democratic governance. When certain groups of elites gain crucial advantages, become too successful and begin to collude with one another instead of compete, Polyarchy can easily turn into [[Corporatism]].
However, Lindblom soon began to see the shortcomings of polyarchy with regard to [[Democracy|democratic governance]]. When certain groups of elites gain crucial advantages, become too successful and begin to [[Collusion|collude]] with one another instead of compete, polyarchy can easily turn into [[corporatism]] or [[oligarchy]].


Lindblom died on January 30, 2018 at the age of 100.<ref name="obit" />
Lindblom died on January 30, 2018, at the age of 100.<ref name="obit" />


=== ''Politics and Markets (1977)'' ===
=== ''Politics and Markets (1977)'' ===
In his best known work, ''Politics And Markets'' (1977), Lindblom notes the "Privileged position of business in Polyarchy". He also introduces the concept of "circularity", or "controlled volitions" where "even in the democracies, masses are persuaded to ask from elites only what elites wish to give them." Thus any real choices and competition are limited. Worse still, any development of alternative choices or even any serious discussion and consideration of them is effectively discouraged. An example of this is the [[political party]] system in the United States, which is almost completely dominated by two powerful parties that often reduce complex issues and decisions down to two simple choices. Related to this is the concurrent concentration of the U.S. mass communications media into an [[Oligopoly]], which effectively controls who gets to participate in the national dialogue and who suffers a censorship of silence.
In his best known work, ''Politics And Markets'' (1977), Lindblom notes the "privileged position of business in polyarchy". He also introduces the concept of "circularity", or "controlled volitions," in which "even in the democracies, masses are persuaded to ask from elites only what elites wish to give them." Thus, any real choices and competition are limited. Worse still, any development of alternative choices or even any serious discussion and consideration of them is effectively discouraged. An example is the [[political party]] [[Political system|system]] in the United States, which is almost completely dominated by two powerful parties, which often reduce complex issues and decisions to two simple choices. Related to that is the concurrent concentration of the [[Mass media|mass communications media]] into an [[oligopoly]], which effectively controls who gets to participate in the national dialogue and who suffers a [[censorship]] of silence.


''Politics And Markets'' provoked a wide range of critical reactions that extended beyond the realms of academia. The Mobil Corporation took out a full page ad in ''[[The New York Times]]'' to denounce it.<ref name="mobil" /> This helped the book achieve greater notoriety, which in turn helped it get onto [[The New York Times Best Seller list|''The New York Times'' Best Seller list]] (a rarity for a scholarly work). Due to his criticism of democratic capitalism and polyarchy, and also for his seeming praise for the political-economy of [[Josip Broz Tito|Tito's]] [[Yugoslavia]], Lindblom was (perhaps predictably) labeled a "Closet Communist" and a "Creeping Socialist" by conservative critics in the west. [[Marxist]] and Communist critics chided him for not going far enough. Originally, Dahl, too, disagreed with many of Lindblom's observations and conclusions; but in a recent work ''[[How Democratic Is the American Constitution?]]'' he also has become critical of polyarchy in general and its U.S. form in particular.
''Politics And Markets'' provoked a wide range of critical reactions that extended beyond the realms of [[Academy|academia]]. The [[ExxonMobil|Mobil Corporation]] took out a full page ad in ''[[The New York Times]]'' to denounce it.<ref name="mobil" /> This helped the book achieve greater notoriety, which in turn helped it get onto [[The New York Times Best Seller list|''The New York Times'' Best Seller list]], a rarity for a scholarly work. His criticism of democratic capitalism and polyarchy and his seeming praise for the political economy of [[Josip Broz Tito|Tito]]'s [[Yugoslavia]], Lindblom was (perhaps predictably) labeled a "closet communist" and a "creeping socialist" by conservative critics in the west. [[Marxist]] and communist critics chided him for not going far enough. Originally, Dahl too disagreed with many of Lindblom's observations and conclusions, but in a later work ''[[How Democratic Is the American Constitution?]]'', he also became critical of polyarchy in general and its U.S. form in particular.


Lindblom elaborated on his work in a 1982 ''Journal of Politics'' article.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lindblom|first=Charles E.|date=1982-05-01|title=The Market as Prison|journal=The Journal of Politics|volume=44|issue=2|pages=324–336|doi=10.2307/2130588|issn=0022-3816|jstor=2130588}}</ref> According to Lindblom, it is hard for politicians to implement change when those changes adversely affect those who control capital, because those who control capital create the conditions that determine the success of society. Unlike other actors, who must proactively advocate for and against policies, the owners of capital can by virtue of their importance for society shape public policy decisions.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fung|first=Archon|date=2008-01-01|title=The Principle of Affected Interests: An Interpretation and Defense|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266297530}}</ref>
Lindblom elaborated on his work in a 1982 ''Journal of Politics'' article.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lindblom|first=Charles E.|date=1982-05-01|title=The Market as Prison|journal=The Journal of Politics|volume=44|issue=2|pages=324–336|doi=10.2307/2130588|issn=0022-3816|jstor=2130588|s2cid=153609636}}</ref> According to Lindblom, it is difficult for politicians to implement change when those changes adversely affect those who control [[Capital (economics)|capital]], who also create the conditions that determine the success of society. Unlike other actors, who must proactively advocate for and against policies, the [[Capitalism|owners of capital]] can, by virtue of their importance for society, shape public policy decisions.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fung|first=Archon|date=2008-01-01|title=The Principle of Affected Interests: An Interpretation and Defense|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266297530}}</ref>


In ''The Market System: What It Is, How It Works, and What to Make of It'' (2001), Lindblom echoed and expanded upon many of his concerns raised in ''Politics And Markets''. The most important of these is that while the [[Market System]] is the best mechanism yet devised for creating and fostering wealth and innovation, it is not very efficient at assigning non-economic values and distributing social or economic justice.
In ''The Market System: What It Is, How It Works, and What to Make of It'' (2001), Lindblom echoed and expanded upon many of his concerns raised in ''Politics And Markets''. The most important of them is that the [[market system]] is the best mechanism yet devised for creating and fostering [[wealth]] and innovation, but it is not very efficient at assigning non-economic values and distributing [[Social justice|social]] or [[economic justice]].


==Select bibliography==
==Select bibliography==
Line 52: Line 50:
* Lindblom, Charles E.; Braybrooke, David (1963), ''A strategy of decision: policy evaluation as a social process''. Free Press.
* Lindblom, Charles E.; Braybrooke, David (1963), ''A strategy of decision: policy evaluation as a social process''. Free Press.
* Lindblom, Charles E. (1965), ''The intelligence of democracy'', [[Free Press (publisher)|Free Press]].
* Lindblom, Charles E. (1965), ''The intelligence of democracy'', [[Free Press (publisher)|Free Press]].
* Lindblom, Charles E.; [[Robert A. Dahl|Dahl, Robert A.]] (1976), ''Politics, economics, and welfare: planning and politico-economic systems resolved into basic social processes'', with a new pref. by the authors. Chicago: [[University of Chicago Press]].
* Lindblom, Charles E.; [[Robert A. Dahl|Dahl, Robert A.]] (1976), ''Politics, economics, and welfare: planning and politico-economic systems resolved into basic social processes'', with a new preface by the authors. Chicago: [[University of Chicago Press]].
* Lindblom, Charles E. (1977), ''Politics and markets: the world's political-economic systems'', New York: Basic.
* Lindblom, Charles E. (1977), ''Politics and markets: the world's political-economic systems'', New York: Basic Books.
* Lindblom, Charles E. (1979), ''Still muddling, not yet through'' "Public Administration Review", '''39''', pp.&nbsp;517–526.
* Lindblom, Charles E. (1979), ''Still muddling, not yet through'' "Public Administration Review", '''39''', pp.&nbsp;517–526.
* Lindblom, Charles E.; [[David K. Cohen|Cohen, David K.]] (1979), ''Usable knowledge: social science and social problem solving'' Yale University Press
* Lindblom, Charles E.; [[David K. Cohen|Cohen, David K.]] (1979), ''Usable knowledge: social science and social problem solving'', New Haven : Yale University Press
* Lindblom, Charles E. (1984), ''The policy-making process, 2nd edition'', Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
* Lindblom, Charles E. (1984), ''The policy-making process (2nd edition)'', Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
* Lindblom, Charles E. (1990), "Inquiry and change: the troubled attempt to understand and shape society", [[Yale University Press]]
* Lindblom, Charles E. (1990), "Inquiry and change: the troubled attempt to understand and shape society", [[Yale University Press]]
* Lindblom, Charles E.; Woodhouse, Edward J. (1993), ''The policy-making process, 3rd. ed.'' [[Englewood Cliffs]], New Jersey: [[Prentice Hall]].
* Lindblom, Charles E.; Woodhouse, Edward J. (1993), ''The policy-making process, 3rd. ed.'' [[Englewood Cliffs]], New Jersey: [[Prentice Hall]].
Line 64: Line 62:
==References==
==References==
{{reflist|refs=
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="familysearch">{{cite web|title=California, Birth Index, 1905–1995|url=https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/V258-R1S|access-date=2 August 2013}}</ref>
<ref name="familysearch">{{cite web|title=California, Birth Index, 1905–1995|website=[[FamilySearch]] |url=https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/V258-R1S|access-date=2 August 2013}}</ref>
<ref name="mobil">Mobil Corporation, 'Business and Pluralism,' New York Times, 9 February 1978, A21</ref>
<ref name="mobil">Mobil Corporation, 'Business and Pluralism,' New York Times, 9 February 1978, A21</ref>
<ref name="obit">{{cite web|title=Charles Edward Lindblom Obituary, Santa Fe New Mexican|url=http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/santafenewmexican/obituary.aspx?pid=188132038|access-date=13 February 2017}}</ref>
<ref name="obit">{{cite web|title=Charles Edward Lindblom Obituary, Santa Fe New Mexican| website=[[Legacy.com]] |url=http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/santafenewmexican/obituary.aspx?pid=188132038|access-date=13 February 2017}}</ref>
}}
}}


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[[Category:1917 births]]
[[Category:1917 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:American centenarians]]
[[Category:American men centenarians]]
[[Category:American political scientists]]
[[Category:American political scientists]]
[[Category:American political philosophers]]
[[Category:Yale Sterling Professors]]
[[Category:Yale Sterling Professors]]
[[Category:21st-century American male writers]]
[[Category:21st-century American male writers]]

Latest revision as of 21:06, 28 June 2024

Charles E. Lindblom
Born(1917-03-21)March 21, 1917[1]
DiedJanuary 30, 2018(2018-01-30) (aged 100)
CitizenshipAmerican
Alma materUniversity of Chicago
Known forincrementalism (muddling through), pluralism, comparative politics
Scientific career
FieldsPolitical science
InstitutionsYale University
Doctoral advisorFrank H. Knight

Charles Edward Lindblom (March 21, 1917 – January 30, 2018) was an American academic who studied economics[2] at the University of Chicago and was Sterling Professor emeritus of political science and economics at Yale University. He served as president of the American Political Science Association and the Association for Comparative Economic Studies, as well as director of Yale's Institute for Social and Policy Studies.

Academic work

[edit]

Lindblom was one of the early developers and advocates of the theory of incrementalism in policy and decision-making.[3][4][5] That view (also called gradualism) takes a "baby-steps," "muddling through," or "Echternach-theory" approach to decision-making processes. In it, policy change is, under most circumstances, evolutionary, rather than revolutionary. He came to that view through his extensive studies of welfare policies and trade unions throughout the industrialized world. Those views are set out in two articles separated by 20 years: "The Science Of 'Muddling Through'" (1959) and “Still Muddling, Not yet through” (1979), both of which were published in Public Administration Review.

Together with his friend, colleague, and fellow Yale Professor Robert A. Dahl, Lindblom was a champion of the polyarchy (or pluralistic) view of political elites and governance in the late 1950s and the early 1960s. According to that view, no single monolithic elite controls government and society but rather a series of specialized elites competing and bargaining with one another for control. It is this peaceful competition and compromise between elites in politics and the marketplace that drives free-market democracy and allows it to thrive.

However, Lindblom soon began to see the shortcomings of polyarchy with regard to democratic governance. When certain groups of elites gain crucial advantages, become too successful and begin to collude with one another instead of compete, polyarchy can easily turn into corporatism or oligarchy.

Lindblom died on January 30, 2018, at the age of 100.[6]

Politics and Markets (1977)

[edit]

In his best known work, Politics And Markets (1977), Lindblom notes the "privileged position of business in polyarchy". He also introduces the concept of "circularity", or "controlled volitions," in which "even in the democracies, masses are persuaded to ask from elites only what elites wish to give them." Thus, any real choices and competition are limited. Worse still, any development of alternative choices or even any serious discussion and consideration of them is effectively discouraged. An example is the political party system in the United States, which is almost completely dominated by two powerful parties, which often reduce complex issues and decisions to two simple choices. Related to that is the concurrent concentration of the mass communications media into an oligopoly, which effectively controls who gets to participate in the national dialogue and who suffers a censorship of silence.

Politics And Markets provoked a wide range of critical reactions that extended beyond the realms of academia. The Mobil Corporation took out a full page ad in The New York Times to denounce it.[7] This helped the book achieve greater notoriety, which in turn helped it get onto The New York Times Best Seller list, a rarity for a scholarly work. His criticism of democratic capitalism and polyarchy and his seeming praise for the political economy of Tito's Yugoslavia, Lindblom was (perhaps predictably) labeled a "closet communist" and a "creeping socialist" by conservative critics in the west. Marxist and communist critics chided him for not going far enough. Originally, Dahl too disagreed with many of Lindblom's observations and conclusions, but in a later work How Democratic Is the American Constitution?, he also became critical of polyarchy in general and its U.S. form in particular.

Lindblom elaborated on his work in a 1982 Journal of Politics article.[8] According to Lindblom, it is difficult for politicians to implement change when those changes adversely affect those who control capital, who also create the conditions that determine the success of society. Unlike other actors, who must proactively advocate for and against policies, the owners of capital can, by virtue of their importance for society, shape public policy decisions.[9]

In The Market System: What It Is, How It Works, and What to Make of It (2001), Lindblom echoed and expanded upon many of his concerns raised in Politics And Markets. The most important of them is that the market system is the best mechanism yet devised for creating and fostering wealth and innovation, but it is not very efficient at assigning non-economic values and distributing social or economic justice.

Select bibliography

[edit]
  • Lindblom, Charles E. (1959), "The handling of norms in policy analysis", in Abramovitz, Moses; et al. (eds.), The allocation of economic resources: essays in honor of Bernard Francis Haley, Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, OCLC 490147128.
  • Lindblom, Charles E. (1959), The science of 'muddling through'. Public Administration Review, 19, pp. 79–88.
  • Lindblom, Charles E.; Braybrooke, David (1963), A strategy of decision: policy evaluation as a social process. Free Press.
  • Lindblom, Charles E. (1965), The intelligence of democracy, Free Press.
  • Lindblom, Charles E.; Dahl, Robert A. (1976), Politics, economics, and welfare: planning and politico-economic systems resolved into basic social processes, with a new preface by the authors. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Lindblom, Charles E. (1977), Politics and markets: the world's political-economic systems, New York: Basic Books.
  • Lindblom, Charles E. (1979), Still muddling, not yet through "Public Administration Review", 39, pp. 517–526.
  • Lindblom, Charles E.; Cohen, David K. (1979), Usable knowledge: social science and social problem solving, New Haven : Yale University Press
  • Lindblom, Charles E. (1984), The policy-making process (2nd edition), Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
  • Lindblom, Charles E. (1990), "Inquiry and change: the troubled attempt to understand and shape society", Yale University Press
  • Lindblom, Charles E.; Woodhouse, Edward J. (1993), The policy-making process, 3rd. ed. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
  • Lindblom, Charles E. (2001), The market system: what it is, how it works, and what to make of it, Yale University Press.
  • Blockland, Hans; Rune Premfors, and Ross Zucker (2018), "In Memoriam: Charles Edward Lindblom, APSA President (1980–1981)" PS: Political Science & Politics (Vol. 51, No.2, April 2018).

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "California, Birth Index, 1905–1995". FamilySearch. Retrieved 2 August 2013.
  2. ^ Premfors, Rune (1981). "Charles Lindblom and Aaron Wildavsky". British Journal of Political Science. 11 (2): 201–225. doi:10.1017/S000712340000257X. ISSN 0007-1234. JSTOR 193583. S2CID 145720891.
  3. ^ Migone, Andrea; Howlett, Michael (2016-07-07). Lodge, Martin; Page, Edward C.; Balla, Steven J. (eds.). Charles E. Lindblom, "The Science of Muddling Through". Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199646135.013.33. ISBN 978-0-19-964613-5.
  4. ^ Bendor, Jonathan (1995). "A Model of Muddling Through". American Political Science Review. 89 (4): 819–840. doi:10.2307/2082511. ISSN 1537-5943. JSTOR 2082511. S2CID 145339241.
  5. ^ Allison, Christine Rothmayr; Saint-Martin, Denis (2011). "Half a century of "muddling": Are we there yet?". Policy and Society. 30 (1): 1–8. doi:10.1016/j.polsoc.2010.12.001. hdl:1866/18545. ISSN 1449-4035. S2CID 143551170.
  6. ^ "Charles Edward Lindblom Obituary, Santa Fe New Mexican". Legacy.com. Retrieved 13 February 2017.
  7. ^ Mobil Corporation, 'Business and Pluralism,' New York Times, 9 February 1978, A21
  8. ^ Lindblom, Charles E. (1982-05-01). "The Market as Prison". The Journal of Politics. 44 (2): 324–336. doi:10.2307/2130588. ISSN 0022-3816. JSTOR 2130588. S2CID 153609636.
  9. ^ Fung, Archon (2008-01-01). "The Principle of Affected Interests: An Interpretation and Defense". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
[edit]
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