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{{Short description|Figure skating jump}}
{{Short description|Figure skating jump}}
{{Infobox Figure Skating Element
{{Infobox Figure Skating Element
|image=
|image=1908 Olympic Games Ulrich Salchow.jpg
|imagesize=
|imagesize=
|caption=
|caption= [[Ulrich Salchow]], inventor of the salchow jump, in 1908
|element name= Salchow jump
|element name= Salchow jump
|alt name=
|alt name=
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}}
}}


The '''Salchow jump''' is an edge jump in [[figure skating]]. It was named after its inventor, [[Ulrich Salchow]], in 1909. The Salchow is accomplished with a takeoff from the back inside edge of one foot and a landing on the back outside edge of the opposite foot. It is "usually the first jump that skaters learn to double, and the first or second to triple".<ref name="cultureonice-284">Kestnbaum, p. 284</ref> Timing is critical because both the takeoff and landing must be on the backward edge. A Salchow is deemed cheated if the skate blade starts to turn forward before the takeoff, or if it has not turned completely backward when the skater lands back on the ice.<ref name="cultureonice-284"/>
The '''Salchow jump''' is an edge jump in [[figure skating]]. It was named after its inventor, [[Ulrich Salchow]], in 1909. The Salchow is accomplished with a takeoff from the back inside edge of one foot and a landing on the back outside edge of the opposite foot. It is "usually the first jump that skaters learn to double, and the first or second to triple".<ref name="cultureonice-284">Kestnbaum, p. 284</ref> Timing is critical because both the takeoff and landing must be on the backward edge. A Salchow is deemed cheated if the skate blade starts to turn forward before the takeoff, or if it has not turned completely backward when the skater lands back on the ice.<ref name="cultureonice-284"/>

⚫
In competitions, the base value of a single Salchow is 0.40, for a double Salchow it is 1.30, for a triple 4.30, and 9.70 for a quadruple.<ref>{{cite web |date=23 May 2018 |title=Communication No. 2168: Single & Pair Skating |url=https://www.isu.org/figure-skating/rules/fsk-communications/17142-isu-communication-2168/file |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321223247/https://www.isu.org/figure-skating/rules/fsk-communications/17142-isu-communication-2168/file |archive-date=21 March 2022 |access-date=28 June 2024 |publisher=International Skating Union |page=2 |location=Lausanne, Switzerland}}</ref>


==History==
==History==
[[File:1908 Olympic Games Ulrich Salchow.jpg|thumb|[[Ulrich Salchow]], inventor of the Salchow jump]]

The Salchow jump is an edge jump in the sport of [[figure skating]]. It was named after its inventor, Swedish world champion [[Ulrich Salchow]] in 1909.<ref name="mediaguide-13">Media Guide, p. 13</ref><ref>Hines, p. 193</ref> According to writer Ellyn Kestnbaum, American skater [[Theresa Weld]] "received reprimands" at the [[1920 Olympics]] "for performing a single Salchow jump because her skirt would fly up to her knees, creating an image deemed too risque".<ref>Kestnbaum, p. 92</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Eschner |first1=Kat |title=A Brief History of Women's Figure Skating |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/brief-history-womens-figure-skating-180968044/ |access-date=14 November 2019 |work=Smithsonian Magazine |date=6 February 2018}}</ref>
The Salchow jump is an edge jump in the sport of [[figure skating]]. It was named after its inventor, Swedish world champion [[Ulrich Salchow]] in 1909.<ref name="mediaguide-16">Media guide, p. 16</ref><ref>Hines, p. 193</ref> According to writer Ellyn Kestnbaum, American skater [[Theresa Weld]] "received reprimands" at the [[1920 Olympics]] "for performing a single Salchow jump because her skirt would fly up to her knees, creating an image deemed too risque".<ref>Kestnbaum, p. 92</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Eschner |first1=Kat |date=6 February 2018 |title=A Brief History of Women's Figure Skating |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/brief-history-womens-figure-skating-180968044/ |access-date=28 June 2024 |work=Smithsonian Magazine}}</ref>

⚫
In competitions, the base value of a single Salchow is 0.40; the base value of a double Salchow is 1.30; the base value of a triple Salchow is 4.30; and the base value of a quadruple Salchow is 9.70.<ref>{{cite web |title=Communication No. 2168: Single & Pair Skating |url=https://www.isu.org/figure-skating/rules/fsk-communications/17142-isu-communication-2168/file |publisher=International Skating Union |access-date=15 November 2019 |location=Lausanne, Switzerland |page=2 |date=23 May 2018}}</ref>


===Firsts===
===Firsts===
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|-
|-
!scope=row rowspan=4| 3S
!scope=row rowspan=4| 3S
| Triple Salchow (men's)|| {{Sortname|Ronald|Robertson}} || {{flagcountry|USA}} || [[1955 World Figure Skating Championships|1955 World Championships]] ||
| Triple Salchow (men's)|| {{Sortname|Ronald|Robertson|Ronald Robertson (figure skater)}} || {{flagcountry|USA}} || [[1955 World Figure Skating Championships|1955 World Championships]] ||<ref name="mediaguide-17">Media guide, p. 17</ref>
|-
|-
| Triple Salchow (women's) || {{Sortname|Petra|Burka}} || {{flagcountry|CAN}} || [[Canadian Figure Skating Championships|1962 Canadian Championships]] || <ref name="mediaguide-14"/>
| Triple Salchow (women's) || {{Sortname|Petra|Burka}} || {{flagcountry|CAN}} || [[Canadian Figure Skating Championships|1962 Canadian Championships]] || <ref name="mediaguide-17"/>{{Efn|Not definitely established. A report from the [[1961 European Figure Skating Championships|1961 European Championships]] stated that [[Helli Sengstschmid]] from Austria and [[Jana Mrazkova]] from Czechoslovakia had already successfully landed a triple Salchow.}}
|-
|-
| Triple Salchow (women's) || {{Sortname|Helli|Sengstschmid}} || {{flagcountry|CZE}} || [[1961 European Figure Skating Championships|1961 European Championships]] || <ref name="mediaguide-14"/>
| Triple Salchow (women's) || {{Sortname|Helli|Sengstschmid}} || {{flagcountry|AUT}} || [[1961 European Figure Skating Championships|1961 European Championships]] || <ref name="mediaguide-17" />
|-
|-
| Triple Salchow (women's) || {{Sortname|Jana|Mrazkova}} || {{flagcountry|CZE}} || [[1961 European Figure Skating Championships|1961 European Championships]] ||<ref name="mediaguide-14"/>
| Triple Salchow (women's) || {{Sortname|Jana|Mrázková}} || {{flagcountry|CZE}} || [[1961 European Figure Skating Championships|1961 European Championships]] ||<ref name="mediaguide-17" />
|-
|-
!scope=row rowspan=2| 4S
!scope=row rowspan=2| 4S
| Quadruple Salchow (men's)|| {{Sortname|Timothy|Goebel}} || {{flagcountry|USA}} || [[1997–98 ISU Junior Series|1997-1998 Junior Grand Prix final]] ||
| Quadruple Salchow (men's)|| {{Sortname|Timothy|Goebel}} || {{flagcountry|USA}} || [[1997–98 ISU Junior Series|1997-1998 Junior Grand Prix final]] ||<ref name="mediaguide-17" />
|-
|-
| Quadruple Salchow (women's)|| {{Sortname|Miki|Ando}} || {{flagcountry|JAP}} || [[2002–03 ISU Junior Grand Prix|2002-2003 Junior Grand Prix final]] || <ref name="mediaguide-14"/>
| Quadruple Salchow (women's)|| {{Sortname|Miki|Ando}} || {{flagcountry|JAP}} || [[2002–03 ISU Junior Grand Prix|2002-2003 Junior Grand Prix final]] || <ref name="mediaguide-17" />
|}
⚫
[[File:Miki Ando 2009 Worlds.jpg|thumb|Japanese figure skater [[Miki Ando]] (2009)]]

=== Multiple quadruple Salchows in one program ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Description
! scope="col" | Skater
! scope="col" | Nation
! scope="col" | Event
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| Quad Salchow w/quad [[toe loop jump]] (male's) || [[Ilia Klimkin]] || {{Flagicon|RUS}} [[Russia]] || [[1999 Nebelhorn Trophy]] ||<ref name="mediaguide-17" />
|-
| Quad Salchow w/quad toe loop (women's)|| [[Alexandra Trusova]] || {{Flagicon|RUS}} [[Russia]] || [[2018 World Junior Figure Skating Championships|2018 World Junior Championships]] ||<ref name="mediaguide-17" />
|-
| Two quad Salchows in combination with the triple and quadruple toe loop (men's) || [[Timothy Goebel]] || {{Flagicon|USA}} [[United States]] || [[1999 Skate America]] || <ref name="mediaguide-17" />
|-
| Four quad jumps in the same program: Two quad Salchows, one in combination with the double toe loop; the quadruple toe loop in combination with the double toe loop; and the quadruple toe loop (men's) || [[Nathan Chen]] || {{Flagicon|USA}} [[United States]] || [[2016 U.S. Figure Skating Championships|2016 U.S. Championships]] || <ref name="mediaguide-18">Media guide, p. 18</ref>
|-
| Four quad jumps in the same program: Quad Salchow, quad Lutz, quad toe loop jump-triple toe loop, quad toe loop-Euler-triple Salchow (women's) || [[Alexandra Trusova]] || {{Flagicon|RUS}} [[Russia]] || [[Japan Open (figure skating)|2019 Japan Open]] || <ref name="mediaguide-18"/>
|-
| Five quad jumps in the same program: the quad Salchow; the quad [[Lutz jump]] in combination with the triple toe; the quadruple [[flip jump]]; the quadruple toe in combination with the double toe and double loop; and the quadruple toe (men's)|| [[Nathan Chen]]|| {{flagcountry|USA}} || [[2017 U.S. Figure Skating Championships|2017 U.S. Championships]]
[[2017 Four Continents Figure Skating Championships|2017 Four Continents Championships]]
|<ref name="mediaguide-18" />
|-
|-
| Throw quad Salchow ([[pair skating]])|| [[Tiffany Vise]] and [[Derek Trent]]|| {{Flagicon|USA}} [[United States]]|| [[2007 Trophee Eric Bompard]]||<ref name="mediaguide-18" />
|}
|}
⚫
[[File:Miki Ando 2009 Worlds.jpg|thumb|left|Japanese figure skater [[Miki Ando]] (2009)]]

[[Cecilia Colledge]] from Great Britain was the first woman to complete a double jump, the Salchow, in competition, at the [[1936 European Figure Skating Championships|1936 European Championships]].<ref>Hines, p. xxiv</ref>

The first triple Salchow by a male skater was completed by American Robbie Robertson at the [[1955 World Figure Skating Championships|1955 World Championships]]. According to the ISU, the first triple Salchow completed by a woman skater is "not definitely established".<ref name="mediaguide-14">Media guide, p. 14</ref> The ISU also stated that Canadian [[Petra Burka]] was given credit for a triple Salchow at both the [[Canadian Figure Skating Championships|1962 Canadian Championships]] and the [[1965 World Figure Skating Championships|1965 World Championships]], but "a report"<ref name="mediaguide-14"/> from the [[1961 European Figure Skating Championships|1961 European Championships]] gave credit to Austrian [[Helli Sengstschmid]] and [[Jana Mrazkova]] from Czechoslovakia.

[[Timothy Goebel]] from the U.S. was the first man to perform a quadruple Salchow in competition, at the [[1997–98 ISU Junior Series|1997-1998 Junior Grand Prix final]].
[[Miki Ando]] from Japan was the first woman to complete a quadruple Salchow, at the [[2002–03 ISU Junior Grand Prix|2002-2003 Junior Grand Prix final]].<ref name="mediaguide-14"/>

Russian [[Ilia Klimkin]] was the first male skater to complete a quadruple Salchow in combination, with a quadruple [[toe loop jump]], at the [[1999 Nebelhorn Trophy|Nebelhorn Trophy in 1999]]. [[Alexandra Trusova]], also from Russia, was the first woman skater to complete a quadruple Salchow in combination, also with a quadruple toe loop, at the [[2018 World Junior Figure Skating Championships|2018 World Junior Championships]]. Timothy Goebel was the first skater to complete three quadruples, two quadruple Salchows in combination with the triple and quadruple [[toe loop jump]]. American [[Nathan Chen]] was the first skater to complete four quadruple jumps in the same program: two quadruple Salchows, one in combination with the double toe, and the quadruple toe in combination with the double toe, and the quadruple toe, at the [[2016 U.S. Figure Skating Championships|U.S. Championships in 2016]]. Chen was also the first skater to complete five quadruple jumps in the same program: the quadruple Salchow, the quadruple [[Lutz jump]] in combination with the triple toe, the quadruple [[flip jump]], the quadruple toe in combination with the double toe and double loop, and the quadruple toe, at the [[2017 U.S. Figure Skating Championships|2017 U.S. Championships]] and the [[2017 Four Continents Figure Skating Championships|2017 Four Continents Championships]].<ref name="mediaguide-14"/> American pair skaters [[Tiffany Vise]] and [[Derek Trent]] were the first to complete a throw quadruple Salchow, at the [[2007 Trophee Eric Bompard]].<ref>Media guide, p. 15</ref>


==Execution==
==Execution==
⚫
As defined by the ISU, the Salchow jump is an edge jump. Its takeoff is made from the back inside edge of one foot and its landing is made on the back outside edge of the opposite foot.<ref name="mediaguide-16"/> The skater enters into the jump with a backward approach, launches it using their inside edge, and lands on the opposite outside edge.<ref name="park">{{cite news |last1=Park |first1=Alice |date=22 February 2018 |title=Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About Figure Skating Jumps and Scores |url=http://time.com/5131773/guide-figure-skating-jumps-olympics/ |access-date=28 June 2024 |work=Time Magazine}}</ref> The free leg is extended behind the skater and swings toward the front as they spring into the air while, at the same time, drawing in their arms.<ref name="usfsjumps">{{cite web |title=Identifying Jumps |url=https://www.usfsa.org/content/Identifying%20Jumps.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190915120940/https://www.usfsa.org/content/Identifying%20Jumps.pdf |archive-date=15 September 2019 |access-date=28 June 2024 |publisher=U.S. Figure Skating |page=2}}</ref> Skaters do not have to draw in their arms or free leg close to their bodies while performing the single Salchow because bringing the free side of their bodies forward and around the opposite side of their bodies after they turn towards the back, is enough to produce the necessary rotation.<ref name="cultureonice-284"/>


⚫
The rotation in the air, with respect to a fixed point, is slightly less than 360 degrees because the takeoff edge curves in the same direction as the rotation in the air. When a skater pulls the arms into their body and/or brings their free leg inward, more rotations can be performed; for this reason, the Salchow is "usually the first jump that skaters learn to double, and the first or second to triple".<ref name="cultureonice-284"/> As [[U.S. Figure Skating]] states, however, "timing is critical"<ref name="usfsjumps"/> because both the takeoff and landing must be on the backward edge.
⚫
According to the ISU, the Salchow jump is an edge jump. Its takeoff is made from the back inside edge of one foot and its landing is made on the back outside edge of the opposite foot.<ref name="mediaguide-13"/> The skater enters into the jump with a backward approach, launches it using his or her inside edge, and lands on the opposite outside edge.<ref name="park">{{cite news |last1=Park |first1=Alice |title=How to Tell the Difference Between the 6 Figure Skating Jumps You'll See at the Olympics |url=http://time.com/5131773/guide-figure-skating-jumps-olympics/ |access-date=14 November 2019 |work=Time Magazine |date=22 February 2018}}</ref> The free leg is extended behind the skater and swings toward the front as he or she springs into the air while, at the same time, drawing in his or her arms.<ref name="usfsjumps">{{cite web |title=Identifying Jumps |url=https://www.usfsa.org/content/Identifying%20Jumps.pdf |publisher=U.S. Figure Skating |access-date=14 November 2019 |page=2}}</ref> Skaters do not have to draw in their arms or free leg close to their bodies while performing the single Salchow because bringing the free side of their bodies forward and around the opposite side of their bodies after they turn towards the back, is enough to produce the necessary rotation.<ref name="cultureonice-284"/>

⚫
The rotation in the air, with respect to a fixed point, is slightly less than 360 degrees because the takeoff edge curves in the same direction as the rotation in the air. When a skater pulls the arms into his or her body and/or brings his or her free leg inward, more rotations can be performed; for this reason, the Salchow is "usually the first jump that skaters learn to double, and the first or second to triple".<ref name="cultureonice-284"/> As [[U.S. Figure Skating]] states, however, "timing is critical"<ref name="usfsjumps"/> because both the takeoff and landing must be on the backward edge.


==Footnotes==
{{notelist}}
==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
{{Reflist|refs=
Line 75: Line 92:
==Works cited==
==Works cited==
* Hines, James R. (2011). ''Historical Dictionary of Figure Skating''. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. {{ISBN|978-0-8108-6859-5}}.
* Hines, James R. (2011). ''Historical Dictionary of Figure Skating''. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. {{ISBN|978-0-8108-6859-5}}.

* [https://www.isu.org/media-centre/guides/media/17522-figure-skating-media-guide-2018-19/file "ISU Figure Skating Media Guide 2018/19]". (Media guide) International Skating Union. 20 September 2018. Retrieved 14 November 2019.
* [https://www.isu.org/media-centre/guides/media/32039-figure-skating-media-guide-2023-24/file "ISU Figure Skating Media Guide 2023/24]". (Media guide) International Skating Union. 17 October 2022. Retrieved 28 June 2024.
* Kestnbaum, Ellyn (2003). ''Culture on Ice: Figure Skating and Cultural Meaning''. Middletown, Connecticut: Wesleyan University Press. {{ISBN|0819566411}}.
* Kestnbaum, Ellyn (2003). ''Culture on Ice: Figure Skating and Cultural Meaning''. Middletown, Connecticut: Wesleyan University Press. {{ISBN|0819566411}}.


Latest revision as of 19:04, 28 June 2024

Figure skating element
Element nameSalchow jump
Scoring abbreviationS
Element typeJump
Take-off edgeBack inside
Landing edgeBack outside
InventorUlrich Salchow

The Salchow jump is an edge jump in figure skating. It was named after its inventor, Ulrich Salchow, in 1909. The Salchow is accomplished with a takeoff from the back inside edge of one foot and a landing on the back outside edge of the opposite foot. It is "usually the first jump that skaters learn to double, and the first or second to triple".[1] Timing is critical because both the takeoff and landing must be on the backward edge. A Salchow is deemed cheated if the skate blade starts to turn forward before the takeoff, or if it has not turned completely backward when the skater lands back on the ice.[1]

In competitions, the base value of a single Salchow is 0.40, for a double Salchow it is 1.30, for a triple 4.30, and 9.70 for a quadruple.[2]

History[edit]

Ulrich Salchow, inventor of the Salchow jump

The Salchow jump is an edge jump in the sport of figure skating. It was named after its inventor, Swedish world champion Ulrich Salchow in 1909.[3][4] According to writer Ellyn Kestnbaum, American skater Theresa Weld "received reprimands" at the 1920 Olympics "for performing a single Salchow jump because her skirt would fly up to her knees, creating an image deemed too risque".[5][6]

Firsts[edit]

Abbr. Jump element Skater Nation Event Ref.
2S Double Salchow (women's) Cecilia Colledge  Great Britain 1936 European Championships [7]
3S Triple Salchow (men's) Ronald Robertson  United States 1955 World Championships [8]
Triple Salchow (women's) Petra Burka  Canada 1962 Canadian Championships [8][a]
Triple Salchow (women's) Helli Sengstschmid  Austria 1961 European Championships [8]
Triple Salchow (women's) Jana Mrázková  Czech Republic 1961 European Championships [8]
4S Quadruple Salchow (men's) Timothy Goebel  United States 1997-1998 Junior Grand Prix final [8]
Quadruple Salchow (women's) Miki Ando  Japan 2002-2003 Junior Grand Prix final [8]
Japanese figure skater Miki Ando (2009)

Multiple quadruple Salchows in one program[edit]

Description Skater Nation Event Ref.
Quad Salchow w/quad toe loop jump (male's) Ilia Klimkin Russia Russia 1999 Nebelhorn Trophy [8]
Quad Salchow w/quad toe loop (women's) Alexandra Trusova Russia Russia 2018 World Junior Championships [8]
Two quad Salchows in combination with the triple and quadruple toe loop (men's) Timothy Goebel United States United States 1999 Skate America [8]
Four quad jumps in the same program: Two quad Salchows, one in combination with the double toe loop; the quadruple toe loop in combination with the double toe loop; and the quadruple toe loop (men's) Nathan Chen United States United States 2016 U.S. Championships [9]
Four quad jumps in the same program: Quad Salchow, quad Lutz, quad toe loop jump-triple toe loop, quad toe loop-Euler-triple Salchow (women's) Alexandra Trusova Russia Russia 2019 Japan Open [9]
Five quad jumps in the same program: the quad Salchow; the quad Lutz jump in combination with the triple toe; the quadruple flip jump; the quadruple toe in combination with the double toe and double loop; and the quadruple toe (men's) Nathan Chen  United States 2017 U.S. Championships

2017 Four Continents Championships

[9]
Throw quad Salchow (pair skating) Tiffany Vise and Derek Trent United States United States 2007 Trophee Eric Bompard [9]

Execution[edit]

As defined by the ISU, the Salchow jump is an edge jump. Its takeoff is made from the back inside edge of one foot and its landing is made on the back outside edge of the opposite foot.[3] The skater enters into the jump with a backward approach, launches it using their inside edge, and lands on the opposite outside edge.[10] The free leg is extended behind the skater and swings toward the front as they spring into the air while, at the same time, drawing in their arms.[11] Skaters do not have to draw in their arms or free leg close to their bodies while performing the single Salchow because bringing the free side of their bodies forward and around the opposite side of their bodies after they turn towards the back, is enough to produce the necessary rotation.[1]

The rotation in the air, with respect to a fixed point, is slightly less than 360 degrees because the takeoff edge curves in the same direction as the rotation in the air. When a skater pulls the arms into their body and/or brings their free leg inward, more rotations can be performed; for this reason, the Salchow is "usually the first jump that skaters learn to double, and the first or second to triple".[1] As U.S. Figure Skating states, however, "timing is critical"[11] because both the takeoff and landing must be on the backward edge.

Footnotes[edit]

  1. ^ Not definitely established. A report from the 1961 European Championships stated that Helli Sengstschmid from Austria and Jana Mrazkova from Czechoslovakia had already successfully landed a triple Salchow.

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d Kestnbaum, p. 284
  2. ^ "Communication No. 2168: Single & Pair Skating". Lausanne, Switzerland: International Skating Union. 23 May 2018. p. 2. Archived from the original on 21 March 2022. Retrieved 28 June 2024.
  3. ^ a b Media guide, p. 16
  4. ^ Hines, p. 193
  5. ^ Kestnbaum, p. 92
  6. ^ Eschner, Kat (6 February 2018). "A Brief History of Women's Figure Skating". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 28 June 2024.
  7. ^ Hines, p. xxiv
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i Media guide, p. 17
  9. ^ a b c d Media guide, p. 18
  10. ^ Park, Alice (22 February 2018). "Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About Figure Skating Jumps and Scores". Time Magazine. Retrieved 28 June 2024.
  11. ^ a b "Identifying Jumps" (PDF). U.S. Figure Skating. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 September 2019. Retrieved 28 June 2024.

Works cited[edit]

  • Hines, James R. (2011). Historical Dictionary of Figure Skating. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-6859-5.
  • "ISU Figure Skating Media Guide 2023/24". (Media guide) International Skating Union. 17 October 2022. Retrieved 28 June 2024.
  • Kestnbaum, Ellyn (2003). Culture on Ice: Figure Skating and Cultural Meaning. Middletown, Connecticut: Wesleyan University Press. ISBN 0819566411.
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