Extrajudicial killing: Difference between revisions
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Article 3(d) of the [[First Geneva Convention]] explicitly prohibits carrying out executions without passing a prior judgement by a competent and regularly constituted court with all commonly recognized judicial guarantees for everyone taking part in the trial.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Treaties, States parties, and Commentaries - Geneva Convention (I) on Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field,1949 - 3 - Article 3 : Conflicts not of an international character - Commentary of 2016 |url=https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/ihl/full/GCI-commentaryArt3 |access-date=2022-04-01 |website=ihl-databases.icrc.org}}</ref> |
Article 3(d) of the [[First Geneva Convention]] explicitly prohibits carrying out executions without passing a prior judgement by a competent and regularly constituted court with all commonly recognized judicial guarantees for everyone taking part in the trial.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Treaties, States parties, and Commentaries - Geneva Convention (I) on Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field,1949 - 3 - Article 3 : Conflicts not of an international character - Commentary of 2016 |url=https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/ihl/full/GCI-commentaryArt3 |access-date=2022-04-01 |website=ihl-databases.icrc.org}}</ref> |
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== Africa == |
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=== Burundi === |
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Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in [[Burundi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.africanews.com/2016/06/30/burundi348-extrajudicial-killings-in-a-year-un/|title=Burundi: 348 'extrajudicial' killings in 12 months - UN|last=AfricaNews|date=30 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/press-releases/2015/12/burundi-extrajudicial-executions-and-systematic-killings-must-be-investigated/|title=Burundi: Extrajudicial executions and systematic killings must be investigated|date=22 December 2015}}</ref> |
Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in [[Burundi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.africanews.com/2016/06/30/burundi348-extrajudicial-killings-in-a-year-un/|title=Burundi: 348 'extrajudicial' killings in 12 months - UN|last=AfricaNews|date=30 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/press-releases/2015/12/burundi-extrajudicial-executions-and-systematic-killings-must-be-investigated/|title=Burundi: Extrajudicial executions and systematic killings must be investigated|date=22 December 2015}}</ref> |
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=== Democratic Republic of the Congo === |
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Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=52759#.V9Gk9P_r0qQ|title=UN News - DR Congo: UN report accuses security forces of summary executions and death threats ahead of elections|first=United Nations News Service|last=Section|date=8 December 2015}}</ref> |
Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=52759#.V9Gk9P_r0qQ|title=UN News - DR Congo: UN report accuses security forces of summary executions and death threats ahead of elections|first=United Nations News Service|last=Section|date=8 December 2015}}</ref> |
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=== Egypt === |
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{{Main|Extrajudicial executions in Egypt}} |
{{Main|Extrajudicial executions in Egypt}} |
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Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in [[Egypt]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-39670873|title=Egyptian soldiers accused of killing unarmed Sinai men in leaked video|work=BBC News|date=21 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://egyptwatch.info/3-years-2978-cases-extra-judicial-killings/|title=2,978 cases of extra-judicial killings in 3 years - EgyptWatch|date=8 September 2016|access-date=11 April 2017|archive-date=1 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801162416/http://egyptwatch.info/3-years-2978-cases-extra-judicial-killings/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2016/06/08/egypt-rights-group-says-754-extrajudicial-killings-in-2016.html|title=Egypt rights group says 754 extrajudicial killings in 2016|website=[[Fox News]]|date=8 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ecrfeg.org/en/2017/04/04/march-horrific-harvest-hundreds-disappeared-tortured-177-extrajudicial-killings/|title=March Horrific Harvest: Hundreds of 'Disappeared', Tortured and 177 Extrajudicial Killings - Egyptian Coordination for rights and freedoms|website=ecrfeg.org|access-date=2017-04-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801155944/http://ecrfeg.org/en/2017/04/04/march-horrific-harvest-hundreds-disappeared-tortured-177-extrajudicial-killings/|archive-date=2017-08-01|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2017/1/25/egypt-police-carry-out-extrajudicial-execution-in-north-sinai|title=Egypt police carry out 'extrajudicial execution' in North Sinai|first=The New|last=Arab|date=25 January 2017}}</ref> Egypt recorded and reported more than a dozen unlawful extrajudicial killings of apparent ‘terrorists’ in the country by the NSA officers and the Interior Ministry police in September 2021. A 101-page report detailed the ‘armed militants’ being killed in shootouts despite not posing any threat to the security forces or nations of the country while being killed, which in many cases were already in custody. Statements by the family and relatives of those killed claimed that the victims were not involved in any armed or violent activities.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/09/07/egypt-shootouts-disguise-apparent-extrajudicial-executions|title=Egypt: 'Shootouts' Disguise Apparent Extrajudicial Executions|accessdate=7 September 2021|website=HRW|date=7 September 2021}}</ref> |
Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in [[Egypt]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-39670873|title=Egyptian soldiers accused of killing unarmed Sinai men in leaked video|work=BBC News|date=21 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://egyptwatch.info/3-years-2978-cases-extra-judicial-killings/|title=2,978 cases of extra-judicial killings in 3 years - EgyptWatch|date=8 September 2016|access-date=11 April 2017|archive-date=1 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801162416/http://egyptwatch.info/3-years-2978-cases-extra-judicial-killings/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2016/06/08/egypt-rights-group-says-754-extrajudicial-killings-in-2016.html|title=Egypt rights group says 754 extrajudicial killings in 2016|website=[[Fox News]]|date=8 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ecrfeg.org/en/2017/04/04/march-horrific-harvest-hundreds-disappeared-tortured-177-extrajudicial-killings/|title=March Horrific Harvest: Hundreds of 'Disappeared', Tortured and 177 Extrajudicial Killings - Egyptian Coordination for rights and freedoms|website=ecrfeg.org|access-date=2017-04-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801155944/http://ecrfeg.org/en/2017/04/04/march-horrific-harvest-hundreds-disappeared-tortured-177-extrajudicial-killings/|archive-date=2017-08-01|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2017/1/25/egypt-police-carry-out-extrajudicial-execution-in-north-sinai|title=Egypt police carry out 'extrajudicial execution' in North Sinai|first=The New|last=Arab|date=25 January 2017}}</ref> Egypt recorded and reported more than a dozen unlawful extrajudicial killings of apparent ‘terrorists’ in the country by the NSA officers and the Interior Ministry police in September 2021. A 101-page report detailed the ‘armed militants’ being killed in shootouts despite not posing any threat to the security forces or nations of the country while being killed, which in many cases were already in custody. Statements by the family and relatives of those killed claimed that the victims were not involved in any armed or violent activities.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/09/07/egypt-shootouts-disguise-apparent-extrajudicial-executions|title=Egypt: 'Shootouts' Disguise Apparent Extrajudicial Executions|accessdate=7 September 2021|website=HRW|date=7 September 2021}}</ref> |
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=== Eritrea === |
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The 2019 [[Universal Periodic Review]] of the [[United Nations Human Rights Council]] found that in 2016, [[Eritrea]]n authorities committed extrajudicial killings, in the context of a "persistent, widespread and systematic attack against the civilian population" since 1991, including "the crimes of enslavement, imprisonment, enforced disappearance, torture, other inhumane acts, persecution, rape and murder".<ref name="UNHRC_Eritrea_2019" /> |
The 2019 [[Universal Periodic Review]] of the [[United Nations Human Rights Council]] found that in 2016, [[Eritrea]]n authorities committed extrajudicial killings, in the context of a "persistent, widespread and systematic attack against the civilian population" since 1991, including "the crimes of enslavement, imprisonment, enforced disappearance, torture, other inhumane acts, persecution, rape and murder".<ref name="UNHRC_Eritrea_2019" /> |
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=== Ethiopia === |
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{{See also|War crimes in the Tigray War}} |
{{See also|War crimes in the Tigray War}} |
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Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in [[Ethiopia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.omct.org/urgent-campaigns/urgent-interventions/ethiopia/2005/11/d17734/|title=Ethiopia – extrajudicial killing/torture/arbitrary arrests|publisher=World Organisation Against Torture|access-date=2 November 2012|archive-date=26 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226044752/http://www.omct.org/urgent-campaigns/urgent-interventions/ethiopia/2005/11/d17734/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201208200590.html|publisher=AllAfrica|author=Arubi, Emma|date=20 August 2012|title=Nigeria: Delta Community Alleges Extrajudicial Killing by Soldiers}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/africa/kenya|title=Kenya}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2011/03/23/uganda-torture-extortion-killings-police-unit|title=Uganda: Torture, Extortion, Killings by Police Unit|date=23 March 2011}}</ref> |
Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in [[Ethiopia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.omct.org/urgent-campaigns/urgent-interventions/ethiopia/2005/11/d17734/|title=Ethiopia – extrajudicial killing/torture/arbitrary arrests|publisher=World Organisation Against Torture|access-date=2 November 2012|archive-date=26 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226044752/http://www.omct.org/urgent-campaigns/urgent-interventions/ethiopia/2005/11/d17734/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201208200590.html|publisher=AllAfrica|author=Arubi, Emma|date=20 August 2012|title=Nigeria: Delta Community Alleges Extrajudicial Killing by Soldiers}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/africa/kenya|title=Kenya}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2011/03/23/uganda-torture-extortion-killings-police-unit|title=Uganda: Torture, Extortion, Killings by Police Unit|date=23 March 2011}}</ref> |
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=== Ivory Coast === |
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Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in [[Ivory Coast]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irinnews.org/report/53437/cote-d-ivoire-un-demands-inquiry-into-13-torture-deaths|title=Cote d'Ivoire: UN demands inquiry into 13 torture deaths|date=16 March 2005|access-date=2 November 2012|publisher=IRIN Africa}}</ref> |
Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in [[Ivory Coast]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irinnews.org/report/53437/cote-d-ivoire-un-demands-inquiry-into-13-torture-deaths|title=Cote d'Ivoire: UN demands inquiry into 13 torture deaths|date=16 March 2005|access-date=2 November 2012|publisher=IRIN Africa}}</ref> |
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=== Kenya === |
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Extrajudicial executions are common in informal settlements in [[Kenya]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://missingvoices.or.ke/|title=Missing Voices – A group of organisations who have the mission to shine light upon extrajudicial killings.|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-28|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127101312/https://missingvoices.or.ke/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Killings are also common in Northern Kenya under the guise of counter-terrorism operations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2014/08/18/kenya-killings-disappearances-anti-terror-police|title=Kenya: Killings, Disappearances by Anti-Terror Police|date=2014-08-18|website=Human Rights Watch|language=en|access-date=2019-08-28}}</ref> |
Extrajudicial executions are common in informal settlements in [[Kenya]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://missingvoices.or.ke/|title=Missing Voices – A group of organisations who have the mission to shine light upon extrajudicial killings.|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-28|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127101312/https://missingvoices.or.ke/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Killings are also common in Northern Kenya under the guise of counter-terrorism operations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2014/08/18/kenya-killings-disappearances-anti-terror-police|title=Kenya: Killings, Disappearances by Anti-Terror Police|date=2014-08-18|website=Human Rights Watch|language=en|access-date=2019-08-28}}</ref> |
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=== Libya === |
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Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in [[Libya]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/libya-in-year-update-july-2015/libya-in-year-update-july-2015|title=Libya - in-year update July 2015 - gov.uk}}</ref> |
Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in [[Libya]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/libya-in-year-update-july-2015/libya-in-year-update-july-2015|title=Libya - in-year update July 2015 - gov.uk}}</ref> |
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== Americas == |
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=== Argentina === |
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{{Main|Argentine Dirty War}} |
{{Main|Argentine Dirty War}} |
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[[File:Operation Condor participants.svg|thumb|[[Operation Condor]] participants. {{legend striped|#71c934|#008100|active members}} {{legend|#000081|collaborators}}]] |
[[File:Operation Condor participants.svg|thumb|[[Operation Condor]] participants. {{legend striped|#71c934|#008100|active members}} {{legend|#000081|collaborators}}]] |
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[[Argentina]]'s [[National Reorganization Process]] military dictatorship during the 1976–1983 period used extrajudicial killings systematically as way of crushing the opposition in the so-called "[[Dirty War]]"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/elpais/1-131783-2009-09-15.html|title=Página/12 :: El país :: Veinticinco años del informe de la Conadep|website=www.pagina12.com.ar}}</ref> or what is known in Spanish as ''La Guerra Sucia''. During this violent period, it is estimated that the military regime killed between eleven thousand and fifteen thousand people and most of the victims were known or suspected to be opponents of the regime.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Dictionary of Genocide, Volume 1|last1=Totten|first1=Samuel|last2=Bartrop|first2=Paul Robert|last3=Jacobs|first3=Steven|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|year=2008|isbn=9780313329678|location=Westport, CT|pages=114}}</ref> These included [[intellectual]]s, labor leaders, human rights workers, priests, nuns, reporters, politicians, and artists as well as their relatives.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of War Crimes and Genocide|last1=Horvitz|first1=Leslie Alan|last2=Catherwood|first2=Christopher|publisher=Infobase Publishing|year=2014|isbn=9781438110295|location=New York|pages=124}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Terrorism, Revised Edition|last1=Combs|first1=Cindy|last2=Slann|first2=Martin|publisher=Infobase Publishing|year=2009|isbn=978-0816062775|location=New York|pages=19}}</ref> Half of the number of extrajudicial killings were reportedly carried out by the murder squad that operated from a detention center in Buenos Aires called ''Escuela Mecanica de la Armada''.<ref name=":0" /> The dirty wars in Argentina sometimes triggered even more violent conflicts since the killings and crackdowns precipitated responses from [[Insurgency|insurgents]].<ref name=":1" /> |
[[Argentina]]'s [[National Reorganization Process]] military dictatorship during the 1976–1983 period used extrajudicial killings systematically as way of crushing the opposition in the so-called "[[Dirty War]]"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/elpais/1-131783-2009-09-15.html|title=Página/12 :: El país :: Veinticinco años del informe de la Conadep|website=www.pagina12.com.ar}}</ref> or what is known in Spanish as ''La Guerra Sucia''. During this violent period, it is estimated that the military regime killed between eleven thousand and fifteen thousand people and most of the victims were known or suspected to be opponents of the regime.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Dictionary of Genocide, Volume 1|last1=Totten|first1=Samuel|last2=Bartrop|first2=Paul Robert|last3=Jacobs|first3=Steven|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|year=2008|isbn=9780313329678|location=Westport, CT|pages=114}}</ref> These included [[intellectual]]s, labor leaders, human rights workers, priests, nuns, reporters, politicians, and artists as well as their relatives.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of War Crimes and Genocide|last1=Horvitz|first1=Leslie Alan|last2=Catherwood|first2=Christopher|publisher=Infobase Publishing|year=2014|isbn=9781438110295|location=New York|pages=124}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Terrorism, Revised Edition|last1=Combs|first1=Cindy|last2=Slann|first2=Martin|publisher=Infobase Publishing|year=2009|isbn=978-0816062775|location=New York|pages=19}}</ref> Half of the number of extrajudicial killings were reportedly carried out by the murder squad that operated from a detention center in Buenos Aires called ''Escuela Mecanica de la Armada''.<ref name=":0" /> The dirty wars in Argentina sometimes triggered even more violent conflicts since the killings and crackdowns precipitated responses from [[Insurgency|insurgents]].<ref name=":1" /> |
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=== Brazil === |
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[[File:-Luciana50 • Debate PartidA com Luciana Boiteux • 22 09 2016 (30626801542).jpg|thumb|[[Brazil]]ian politician [[Marielle Franco]] had been an outspoken critic of extrajudicial killings. She was assassinated in March 2018.]] |
[[File:-Luciana50 • Debate PartidA com Luciana Boiteux • 22 09 2016 (30626801542).jpg|thumb|[[Brazil]]ian politician [[Marielle Franco]] had been an outspoken critic of extrajudicial killings. She was assassinated in March 2018.]] |
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Extrajudicial killings and death squads [[Death squads in Brazil|are common in Brazil]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2016/04/brazil-surge-in-killings-by-police-sparks-fear-in-favelas-ahead-of-rio-olympics/|title=Brazil: Surge in killings by police sparks fear in favelas ahead of Rio Olympics|date=27 April 2016|publisher=Amnesty International}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2016/07/07/good-cops-are-afraid/toll-unchecked-police-violence-rio-de-janeiro|title=Good Cops Are Afraid|date=7 July 2016|publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2015/08/brazil-trigger-happy-military-police-kill-hundreds-as-rio-prepares-for-olympic-countdown/|title=Brazil: 'Trigger happy' military police kill hundreds as Rio prepares for Olympic countdown|date=3 August 2015|publisher=Amnesty International}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2015/08/04/world/brazil-amnesty-international-police-killings/index.html|title=Amnesty International report slams killings by police in Rio de Janeiro|last1=Fantz|first1=Ashley|last2=Castillo|first2=Mariano|date=6 August 2015|publisher=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/59ee4a/cops-in-rio-keep-killing-people-ahead-of-brazils-olympics-report-says|title=Cops in Rio keep killing people ahead of Brazil's Olympics, report says|last=Janowitz|first=Nathaniel|date=7 July 2016|work=VICE News}}</ref> Senator [[Flávio Bolsonaro]], son of President [[Jair Bolsonaro]], was accused of having ties to death squads.<ref>{{cite news|title=Video: As Brazil's Jair Bolsonaro Prepares to Meet Donald Trump, His Family's Close Ties to Notorious Paramilitary Gangs Draw Scrutiny and Outrage|url=https://theintercept.com/2019/03/18/jair-bolsonaro-family-militias-gangs-brazil/|work=The Intercept|date=18 March 2019}}</ref> |
Extrajudicial killings and death squads [[Death squads in Brazil|are common in Brazil]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2016/04/brazil-surge-in-killings-by-police-sparks-fear-in-favelas-ahead-of-rio-olympics/|title=Brazil: Surge in killings by police sparks fear in favelas ahead of Rio Olympics|date=27 April 2016|publisher=Amnesty International}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2016/07/07/good-cops-are-afraid/toll-unchecked-police-violence-rio-de-janeiro|title=Good Cops Are Afraid|date=7 July 2016|publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2015/08/brazil-trigger-happy-military-police-kill-hundreds-as-rio-prepares-for-olympic-countdown/|title=Brazil: 'Trigger happy' military police kill hundreds as Rio prepares for Olympic countdown|date=3 August 2015|publisher=Amnesty International}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2015/08/04/world/brazil-amnesty-international-police-killings/index.html|title=Amnesty International report slams killings by police in Rio de Janeiro|last1=Fantz|first1=Ashley|last2=Castillo|first2=Mariano|date=6 August 2015|publisher=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/59ee4a/cops-in-rio-keep-killing-people-ahead-of-brazils-olympics-report-says|title=Cops in Rio keep killing people ahead of Brazil's Olympics, report says|last=Janowitz|first=Nathaniel|date=7 July 2016|work=VICE News}}</ref> Senator [[Flávio Bolsonaro]], son of President [[Jair Bolsonaro]], was accused of having ties to death squads.<ref>{{cite news|title=Video: As Brazil's Jair Bolsonaro Prepares to Meet Donald Trump, His Family's Close Ties to Notorious Paramilitary Gangs Draw Scrutiny and Outrage|url=https://theintercept.com/2019/03/18/jair-bolsonaro-family-militias-gangs-brazil/|work=The Intercept|date=18 March 2019}}</ref> |
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=== Chile === |
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{{See also|Operation Condor|Death squads in Chile}} |
{{See also|Operation Condor|Death squads in Chile}} |
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When General [[Augusto Pinochet]] assumed power in the [[1973 Chilean coup d'état]], he immediately ordered the purges, torture, and deaths of more than 3,000 supporters of the [[Presidency of Salvador Allende|previous democratic socialist government]] without trial.<ref>{{Cite book|title=War Crimes and Justice: A Reference Handbook|last=Ball|first=Howard|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2002|isbn=157607899X|location=Santa Barbara, CA|pages=33}}</ref> During his [[Military dictatorship of Chile (1973–90)|regime]], which lasted from 1973 to 1989, elements of the [[Chilean Armed Forces]] and [[carabineros de Chile|police]] continued committing extrajudicial killings. These included Manuel Contreras, the former head of Chile's [[Dirección de Inteligencia Nacional|National Intelligence Directorate]] (DINA), which served as Pinochet's [[secret police]]. He was behind numerous assassinations and human rights abuses such as the 1974 abduction and [[forced disappearance]] of [[Socialist Party of Chile]] leader [[Victor Olea Alegria]]. Some of the killings were also coordinated with other right-wing dictatorships in the Southern Cone in the so-called [[Operation Condor]]. There were reports of United States' Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) involvement, particularly within its activities in Central and South America that promoted anti-Communist coups.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Black Ops: The Rise of Special Forces in the CIA, the SAS, and Mossad|last=Geraghty|first=Tony|publisher=Pegasus Books|year=2012|isbn=9781605987613|location=New York}}</ref> While CIA's complicity was not proven, American dollars supported the regimes that carried out extrajudicial killings such as the Pinochet administration.<ref name=":2" /> CIA, for instance, helped create DINA and the agency admitted that Contreras was one of its assets.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Predatory States: Operation Condor and Covert War in Latin America|url=https://archive.org/details/predatorystateso00mcsh|url-access=limited|last=McSherry|first=Patrice|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.|year=2005|isbn=9780742536876|location=Lanham, MD|pages=[https://archive.org/details/predatorystateso00mcsh/page/n101 71]}}</ref> |
When General [[Augusto Pinochet]] assumed power in the [[1973 Chilean coup d'état]], he immediately ordered the purges, torture, and deaths of more than 3,000 supporters of the [[Presidency of Salvador Allende|previous democratic socialist government]] without trial.<ref>{{Cite book|title=War Crimes and Justice: A Reference Handbook|last=Ball|first=Howard|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2002|isbn=157607899X|location=Santa Barbara, CA|pages=33}}</ref> During his [[Military dictatorship of Chile (1973–90)|regime]], which lasted from 1973 to 1989, elements of the [[Chilean Armed Forces]] and [[carabineros de Chile|police]] continued committing extrajudicial killings. These included Manuel Contreras, the former head of Chile's [[Dirección de Inteligencia Nacional|National Intelligence Directorate]] (DINA), which served as Pinochet's [[secret police]]. He was behind numerous assassinations and human rights abuses such as the 1974 abduction and [[forced disappearance]] of [[Socialist Party of Chile]] leader [[Victor Olea Alegria]]. Some of the killings were also coordinated with other right-wing dictatorships in the Southern Cone in the so-called [[Operation Condor]]. There were reports of United States' Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) involvement, particularly within its activities in Central and South America that promoted anti-Communist coups.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Black Ops: The Rise of Special Forces in the CIA, the SAS, and Mossad|last=Geraghty|first=Tony|publisher=Pegasus Books|year=2012|isbn=9781605987613|location=New York}}</ref> While CIA's complicity was not proven, American dollars supported the regimes that carried out extrajudicial killings such as the Pinochet administration.<ref name=":2" /> CIA, for instance, helped create DINA and the agency admitted that Contreras was one of its assets.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Predatory States: Operation Condor and Covert War in Latin America|url=https://archive.org/details/predatorystateso00mcsh|url-access=limited|last=McSherry|first=Patrice|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.|year=2005|isbn=9780742536876|location=Lanham, MD|pages=[https://archive.org/details/predatorystateso00mcsh/page/n101 71]}}</ref> |
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=== Colombia === |
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{{Main|Death squads in Colombia|Colombian conflict}} |
{{Main|Death squads in Colombia|Colombian conflict}} |
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Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in [[Colombia]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-33253853|title=Colombia's top army officers 'knew of extrajudicial killings'|first=Natalio|last=Cosoy|work=BBC News|date=24 June 2015}}</ref> |
Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in [[Colombia]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-33253853|title=Colombia's top army officers 'knew of extrajudicial killings'|first=Natalio|last=Cosoy|work=BBC News|date=24 June 2015}}</ref> |
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An investigation of the [[Special Jurisdiction for Peace]] found that from 2002 to 2008, 6402 civilians were killed by the [[Government of Colombia]], falsely claimed to be [[FARC]] rebels by the [[Military Forces of Colombia]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-56112386|title=Peace court: Colombia army 'behind 6,400 extrajudicial killings' |work=BBC News |date=18 February 2021 }}</ref> |
An investigation of the [[Special Jurisdiction for Peace]] found that from 2002 to 2008, 6402 civilians were killed by the [[Government of Colombia]], falsely claimed to be [[FARC]] rebels by the [[Military Forces of Colombia]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-56112386|title=Peace court: Colombia army 'behind 6,400 extrajudicial killings' |work=BBC News |date=18 February 2021 }}</ref> |
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=== El Salvador === |
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{{Main|Death squads in El Salvador}} |
{{Main|Death squads in El Salvador}} |
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Extrajudicial killings and [[death squads in El Salvador|death squads]] are common in [[El Salvador]].<ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/document/?indexNumber=amr29%2f015%2f1996&language=en|title=Document|website=www.amnesty.org|language=en|access-date=2019-07-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/nsa/publications/elsalvador2/index.html|title=El Salvador: War, Peace, and Human Rights, 1980–1994|publisher=Gwu.edu|access-date=1 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wola.org/analysis/amid-rising-violence-el-salvador-fails-address-reports-extrajudicial-killings/|title=Amid Rising Violence, El Salvador Fails to Address Reports of Extrajudicial Killings|last=wola|website=WOLA|language=en-US|access-date=2019-07-05}}</ref> |
Extrajudicial killings and [[death squads in El Salvador|death squads]] are common in [[El Salvador]].<ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/document/?indexNumber=amr29%2f015%2f1996&language=en|title=Document|website=www.amnesty.org|language=en|access-date=2019-07-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/nsa/publications/elsalvador2/index.html|title=El Salvador: War, Peace, and Human Rights, 1980–1994|publisher=Gwu.edu|access-date=1 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wola.org/analysis/amid-rising-violence-el-salvador-fails-address-reports-extrajudicial-killings/|title=Amid Rising Violence, El Salvador Fails to Address Reports of Extrajudicial Killings|last=wola|website=WOLA|language=en-US|access-date=2019-07-05}}</ref> |
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During the [[Salvadoran Civil War]], death squads achieved notoriety when far-right vigilantes assassinated Archbishop [[Óscar Romero]] for his social activism in March 1980. In December 1980, [[1980 murders of U.S. missionaries in El Salvador|four Americans—three nuns and a lay worker—were raped and murdered]] by a military unit later found to have been acting on specific orders. Death squads were instrumental in killing hundreds of peasants and activists, including such notable priests as [[Rutilio Grande]]. Because the death squads involved were found to have been soldiers of the [[Salvadoran Armed Forces]], which was receiving U.S. funding and training from American advisors during the [[Jimmy Carter|Carter]] administration, these events prompted outrage in the U.S. and led to a temporary cutoff in military aid from the [[Ronald Reagan|Reagan]] administration,{{Citation needed|date=September 2007}} although death squad activity stretched well into the Reagan years (1981–1989) as well.{{fact|date=May 2024}} |
During the [[Salvadoran Civil War]], death squads achieved notoriety when far-right vigilantes assassinated Archbishop [[Óscar Romero]] for his social activism in March 1980. In December 1980, [[1980 murders of U.S. missionaries in El Salvador|four Americans—three nuns and a lay worker—were raped and murdered]] by a military unit later found to have been acting on specific orders. Death squads were instrumental in killing hundreds of peasants and activists, including such notable priests as [[Rutilio Grande]]. Because the death squads involved were found to have been soldiers of the [[Salvadoran Armed Forces]], which was receiving U.S. funding and training from American advisors during the [[Jimmy Carter|Carter]] administration, these events prompted outrage in the U.S. and led to a temporary cutoff in military aid from the [[Ronald Reagan|Reagan]] administration,{{Citation needed|date=September 2007}} although death squad activity stretched well into the Reagan years (1981–1989) as well.{{fact|date=May 2024}} |
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=== Honduras === |
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{{Main|Death squads in Honduras}} |
{{Main|Death squads in Honduras}} |
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[[Honduras]] also had death squads active through the 1980s, the most notorious of which was [[Battalion 316]]. Hundreds of people, including teachers, politicians and union bosses, were assassinated by government-backed forces. Battalion 316 received substantial support and training from the United States [[Central Intelligence Agency]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/bal-negroponte1a-story.html|title=When a wave of torture and murder staggered a small U.S. ally, truth was a casualty.|first=Gary Cohn and Ginger|last=Thompson}}</ref> |
[[Honduras]] also had death squads active through the 1980s, the most notorious of which was [[Battalion 316]]. Hundreds of people, including teachers, politicians and union bosses, were assassinated by government-backed forces. Battalion 316 received substantial support and training from the United States [[Central Intelligence Agency]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/bal-negroponte1a-story.html|title=When a wave of torture and murder staggered a small U.S. ally, truth was a casualty.|first=Gary Cohn and Ginger|last=Thompson}}</ref> |
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=== Jamaica === |
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Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in [[Jamaica]].<ref name=autogenerated2>{{cite web|url=http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/html/20040307T040000-0500_56740_OBS_LOUIS_JODEL_CHAMBLAIN_.asp|title=Louis-Jodel Chamblain – Convicted assassin and leader of death squads|access-date=2008-01-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121183203/http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/html/20040307T040000-0500_56740_OBS_LOUIS_JODEL_CHAMBLAIN_.asp|archive-date=21 November 2008 }}</ref><ref name=autogenerated5>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/gayrights/story/0,12592,1659296,00.html|work=The Guardian|location=London|title=Jamaican gay activist shot dead after being abducted|first=Gary|last=Younge|date=6 December 2005|access-date=2 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Eisner |first=Peter |date=16 March 2004 |title=Aristide Back in Caribbean Heat |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A61549-2004Mar15_2.html |access-date=2 May 2010 |newspaper=The Washington Post}} Note: first page of this article is missing from The Washington Post website, but can be found here [http://www.iacenter.org/Haitifiles/aristide_washpost.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419025210/http://www.iacenter.org/Haitifiles/aristide_washpost.htm|date=2014-04-19}}</ref> |
Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in [[Jamaica]].<ref name=autogenerated2>{{cite web|url=http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/html/20040307T040000-0500_56740_OBS_LOUIS_JODEL_CHAMBLAIN_.asp|title=Louis-Jodel Chamblain – Convicted assassin and leader of death squads|access-date=2008-01-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121183203/http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/html/20040307T040000-0500_56740_OBS_LOUIS_JODEL_CHAMBLAIN_.asp|archive-date=21 November 2008 }}</ref><ref name=autogenerated5>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/gayrights/story/0,12592,1659296,00.html|work=The Guardian|location=London|title=Jamaican gay activist shot dead after being abducted|first=Gary|last=Younge|date=6 December 2005|access-date=2 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Eisner |first=Peter |date=16 March 2004 |title=Aristide Back in Caribbean Heat |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A61549-2004Mar15_2.html |access-date=2 May 2010 |newspaper=The Washington Post}} Note: first page of this article is missing from The Washington Post website, but can be found here [http://www.iacenter.org/Haitifiles/aristide_washpost.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419025210/http://www.iacenter.org/Haitifiles/aristide_washpost.htm|date=2014-04-19}}</ref> |
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=== Mexico === |
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{{Main|Mexican Dirty War|Mexican drug war}} |
{{Main|Mexican Dirty War|Mexican drug war}} |
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Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in [[Mexico]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=20143&LangID=E|title="Extrajudicial killings and impunity persist in Mexico" – UN rights expert's follow-up report}}</ref> |
Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in [[Mexico]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=20143&LangID=E|title="Extrajudicial killings and impunity persist in Mexico" – UN rights expert's follow-up report}}</ref> |
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=== Suriname === |
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{{Main|December murders}} |
{{Main|December murders}} |
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On 7, 8, and 9 December 1982 fifteen prominent Surinamese men who had criticized [[Dési Bouterse]]'s ruling military regime were murdered. This tragedy is known as the [[December murders]]. The acting commander of the army [[Dési Bouterse]] was sentenced 20 years in prison by the Surinamese court martial on 29 November 2019. |
On 7, 8, and 9 December 1982 fifteen prominent Surinamese men who had criticized [[Dési Bouterse]]'s ruling military regime were murdered. This tragedy is known as the [[December murders]]. The acting commander of the army [[Dési Bouterse]] was sentenced 20 years in prison by the Surinamese court martial on 29 November 2019. |
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=== United States === |
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{{Further information|Lists of killings by law enforcement officers in the United States}} |
{{Further information|Lists of killings by law enforcement officers in the United States}} |
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Based on a survey of human rights experts administered by the Human Rights Measurement Initiative, the U.S. scores a 4.1 on a scale of 0-10 on the right to freedom from extrajudicial execution.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://rightstracker.org/en/country/USA?as=hi&tab=report-physint | title=United States }}</ref> |
Based on a survey of human rights experts administered by the Human Rights Measurement Initiative, the U.S. scores a 4.1 on a scale of 0-10 on the right to freedom from extrajudicial execution.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://rightstracker.org/en/country/USA?as=hi&tab=report-physint | title=United States }}</ref> |
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==== Lynching ==== |
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{{Main|Lynching in the United States}} |
{{Main|Lynching in the United States}} |
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[[Lynching]] was the extrajudicial killings which began in the United States' [[Antebellum South|pre–Civil War South]] in the 1830s and ended during the [[civil rights movement]] in the 1950s and 1960s. Although the victims of lynchings were members of various ethnicities, after roughly 4 million [[Slavery in the United States|enslaved]] [[African Americans]] were [[End of slavery in the United States of America|emancipated]], they became the primary targets of [[white Southerners]]. Lynchings in the U.S. reached their height from the 1890s to the 1920s, and they primarily victimised [[Ethnic minority|ethnic minorities]]. Most of the lynchings occurred in the [[Southern United States|American South]] because the majority of African Americans lived there, but [[Racism in the United States|racially motivated]] lynchings also occurred in the [[Midwestern United States|Midwest]] and [[Border states (American Civil War)|border states]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lynching in America: Confronting the Legacy of Racial Terror |url=https://lynchinginamerica.eji.org/report/ |access-date=2022-12-04 |website=lynchinginamerica.eji.org}}</ref> |
[[Lynching]] was the extrajudicial killings which began in the United States' [[Antebellum South|pre–Civil War South]] in the 1830s and ended during the [[civil rights movement]] in the 1950s and 1960s. Although the victims of lynchings were members of various ethnicities, after roughly 4 million [[Slavery in the United States|enslaved]] [[African Americans]] were [[End of slavery in the United States of America|emancipated]], they became the primary targets of [[white Southerners]]. Lynchings in the U.S. reached their height from the 1890s to the 1920s, and they primarily victimised [[Ethnic minority|ethnic minorities]]. Most of the lynchings occurred in the [[Southern United States|American South]] because the majority of African Americans lived there, but [[Racism in the United States|racially motivated]] lynchings also occurred in the [[Midwestern United States|Midwest]] and [[Border states (American Civil War)|border states]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lynching in America: Confronting the Legacy of Racial Terror |url=https://lynchinginamerica.eji.org/report/ |access-date=2022-12-04 |website=lynchinginamerica.eji.org}}</ref> |
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==== Targeted killing ==== |
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{{Main|Targeted killing|Disposition Matrix}} |
{{Main|Targeted killing|Disposition Matrix}} |
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Section 3(a) of the [[United States]] [[Torture Victim Protection Act]] contains a definition of extrajudicial killing: |
Section 3(a) of the [[United States]] [[Torture Victim Protection Act]] contains a definition of extrajudicial killing: |
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{{blockquote|a deliberate killing not authorized by a previous judgment pronounced by a regular constituted court affording all the judicial guarantees which are recognized as indispensable by civilized peoples. Such term, however, does not include any such killing that, under international law, is lawfully carried out under the authority of a foreign nation.<ref>{{citation|title=Congressional Record, V. 147, Pt. 6, May 9, 2001 to May 21 2001|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hCYK7X_SqHIC&pg=PA7897|date=October 2005|publisher=United States Government Printing Office|page=7897|id=GGKEY:2126SDPKSFJ|isbn = 9780160729669}}</ref>{{efn|The legal exclusion in the sentence that starts "Such term, however {{nowrap|... }}" covers the killing of [[enemy combatant]]s and others who are not protected under international law from extrajudicial killing.}} }} |
{{blockquote|a deliberate killing not authorized by a previous judgment pronounced by a regular constituted court affording all the judicial guarantees which are recognized as indispensable by civilized peoples. Such term, however, does not include any such killing that, under international law, is lawfully carried out under the authority of a foreign nation.<ref>{{citation|title=Congressional Record, V. 147, Pt. 6, May 9, 2001 to May 21 2001|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hCYK7X_SqHIC&pg=PA7897|date=October 2005|publisher=United States Government Printing Office|page=7897|id=GGKEY:2126SDPKSFJ|isbn = 9780160729669}}</ref>{{ambiguous|date=June 2024}}{{efn| {{disputed|date=June 2024}} The legal exclusion in the sentence that starts "Such term, however {{nowrap|... }}" covers the killing of [[enemy combatant]]s and others who are not protected under international law from extrajudicial killing.{{disputed|date=June 2024}} }} }} |
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The legality of killings such as in the [[death of Osama bin Laden]] in 2011 and the death of [[Qasem Soleimani]] in 2020 have been brought into question. In that case, the US defended itself claiming the killing was not an assassination but an act of "National Self Defense".<ref name=OBLQ>{{cite news|last1=Lewis|first1=Aiden|title=Osama Bin Laden: Legality of Killing questioned|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-13318372|access-date=16 June 2017|agency=BBC News|work=BBC News|date=12 May 2011}}</ref> |
The legality of killings such as in the [[death of Osama bin Laden]] in 2011 and the death of [[Qasem Soleimani]] in 2020 have been brought into question. In that case, the US defended itself claiming the killing was not an assassination but an act of "National Self Defense".<ref name=OBLQ>{{cite news|last1=Lewis|first1=Aiden|title=Osama Bin Laden: Legality of Killing questioned|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-13318372|access-date=16 June 2017|agency=BBC News|work=BBC News|date=12 May 2011}}</ref> |
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Concerns about targeted and sanctioned killings of non-Americans and American citizens in overseas [[counter-terrorism]] activities have been raised by lawyers, news firms<ref name=OBLQ/> and private citizens. |
Concerns about targeted and sanctioned killings of non-Americans and American citizens in overseas [[counter-terrorism]] activities have been raised by lawyers, news firms<ref name=OBLQ/> and private citizens. |
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==== President Barack Obama ==== |
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On 30 September 2011 a [[Drone strikes in Yemen|drone strike in Yemen]] killed American citizens [[Anwar al-Awlaki]] and [[Samir Khan]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/01/world/middleeast/anwar-al-awlaki-is-killed-in-yemen.html?_r=0|title=Two-Year Manhunt Led to Killing of Awlaki in Yemen|date=30 September 2011|author1=Mazzetti, Mark|author2=Schmitt, Eric|author3=Worth, Robert F.|work=[[The New York Times]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140504075820/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/01/world/middleeast/anwar-al-awlaki-is-killed-in-yemen.html?_r=0|archive-date=2014-05-04|url-status=live}}</ref> Both resided in [[Yemen]] at the time of their deaths. The executive order approving Al-Awlaki's death was issued by [[Barack Obama]] in 2010, and was challenged by the [[American Civil Liberties Union]] and the [[Center for Constitutional Rights]] in that year. The U.S. president issued an order, approved by the [[United States National Security Council|National Security Council]], that Al-Awlaki's normal legal rights as a civilian should be suspended and his death should be imposed, as he was a threat to the United States. The reasons provided to the public for approval of the order were Al-Awlaki's links to the 2009 [[2009 Fort Hood shooting|Fort Hood Massacre]] and the [[2009 Christmas Day bomb plot]], the attempted destruction of a Detroit-bound passenger-plane.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/barackobama/7564581/Barack-Obama-orders-killing-of-US-cleric-Anwar-al-Awlaki.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/barackobama/7564581/Barack-Obama-orders-killing-of-US-cleric-Anwar-al-Awlaki.html|archive-date=2022-01-12|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|work=The Telegraph|title=Barack Obama orders killing of US cleric Anwar al-Awlaki|date=7 April 2010|location=London|first=Tom|last=Leonard}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The following month, al-Awlaki's son [[Abdulrahman al-Awlaki]], an [[United States nationality law#Birth within the United States|American citizen]], was killed by another US drone strike<ref name=NYT031013>{{cite news|title = How a U.S. Citizen Came to Be in America's Cross Hairs|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/10/world/middleeast/anwar-al-awlaki-a-us-citizen-in-americas-cross-hairs.html|access-date = 10 March 2013|newspaper = [[The New York Times]]|date = 9 March 2013|author= Mark Mazzetti|author2 = Charlie Savage|author3-link = Scott Shane|author3 = Scott Shane|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140422052044/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/10/world/middleeast/anwar-al-awlaki-a-us-citizen-in-americas-cross-hairs.html?pagewanted=all|archive-date=2014-04-22|url-status = live|author-link = Mark Mazzetti|author2-link = Charlie Savage (author) }}</ref> and in January 2017 [[Nawar al-Awlaki]], al-Awlaki's eight-year-old daughter, also an American citizen and half-sister of Abdulrahman, was shot to death during the [[raid on Yakla]] by American forces<ref name="demnow">{{cite interview|last=Scahill|first=Jeremy|subject-link=Jeremy Scahill|last2=Kebriaei|first2=Pardiss|last3=Shiban|first3=Baraa|subject-link3=Baraa Shiban|interviewer=[[Amy Goodman]]|url=https://www.democracynow.org/2017/2/3/yemen_jeremy_scahill_advocates_question_success|title=Yemen: Jeremy Scahill & Advocates Question "Success" of Trump Raid That Killed 24 Civilians|work=[[Democracy Now!]]|date=3 February 2017|publisher=[[Pacifica Foundation]]|access-date=27 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117074840/https://www.democracynow.org/2017/2/3/yemen_jeremy_scahill_advocates_question_success|archive-date=2018-11-17|url-status=live}}</ref> along with between 9<ref name="aljazeera.com">{{cite web|date=2017-01-30|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/01/yemen-170129101045539.html|title=Yemeni civilians killed in first US raid under Trump: At least 10 women and children killed in operation targeting al-Qaeda in southern province of al-Bayda, medics say|website=www.aljazeera.com|access-date=24 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215224534/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/01/yemen-170129101045539.html|archive-date=2019-12-15}}</ref> and 29<ref name="independent.co.uk">{{cite web|last=Osborne|first=Samuel|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/yemen-raid-us-navy-seal-30-civlians-killed-donald-trump-first-operation-no-intelligence-actionable-a7607181.html|title=Raid authorised by Trump that killed 31 people produced no valuable intelligence, officials say|website=[[Independent.co.uk]]|date=2 March 2017|access-date=24 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200121233336/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/yemen-raid-us-navy-seal-30-civlians-killed-donald-trump-first-operation-no-intelligence-actionable-a7607181.html|archive-date=2020-01-21}}</ref> other civilians, up to 14 al-Qaeda fighters, and American [[Navy SEAL]] [[William Owens (Navy SEAL)|William Owens]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/feb/01/yemen-strike-eight-year-old-american-girl-killed-al-awlaki|title=Eight-year-old American girl 'killed in Yemen raid approved by Trump'|last1=Ackerman|first1=Spencer|date=2017-02-01|work=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=2017-03-03|last2=Burke|first2=Jason|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|last3=Borger|first3=Julian}}</ref> |
On 30 September 2011 a [[Drone strikes in Yemen|drone strike in Yemen]] killed American citizens [[Anwar al-Awlaki]] and [[Samir Khan]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/01/world/middleeast/anwar-al-awlaki-is-killed-in-yemen.html?_r=0|title=Two-Year Manhunt Led to Killing of Awlaki in Yemen|date=30 September 2011|author1=Mazzetti, Mark|author2=Schmitt, Eric|author3=Worth, Robert F.|work=[[The New York Times]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140504075820/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/01/world/middleeast/anwar-al-awlaki-is-killed-in-yemen.html?_r=0|archive-date=2014-05-04|url-status=live}}</ref> Both resided in [[Yemen]] at the time of their deaths. The executive order approving Al-Awlaki's death was issued by [[Barack Obama]] in 2010, and was challenged by the [[American Civil Liberties Union]] and the [[Center for Constitutional Rights]] in that year. The U.S. president issued an order, approved by the [[United States National Security Council|National Security Council]], that Al-Awlaki's normal legal rights as a civilian should be suspended and his death should be imposed, as he was a threat to the United States. The reasons provided to the public for approval of the order were Al-Awlaki's links to the 2009 [[2009 Fort Hood shooting|Fort Hood Massacre]] and the [[2009 Christmas Day bomb plot]], the attempted destruction of a Detroit-bound passenger-plane.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/barackobama/7564581/Barack-Obama-orders-killing-of-US-cleric-Anwar-al-Awlaki.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/barackobama/7564581/Barack-Obama-orders-killing-of-US-cleric-Anwar-al-Awlaki.html|archive-date=2022-01-12|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|work=The Telegraph|title=Barack Obama orders killing of US cleric Anwar al-Awlaki|date=7 April 2010|location=London|first=Tom|last=Leonard}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The following month, al-Awlaki's son [[Abdulrahman al-Awlaki]], an [[United States nationality law#Birth within the United States|American citizen]], was killed by another US drone strike<ref name=NYT031013>{{cite news|title = How a U.S. Citizen Came to Be in America's Cross Hairs|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/10/world/middleeast/anwar-al-awlaki-a-us-citizen-in-americas-cross-hairs.html|access-date = 10 March 2013|newspaper = [[The New York Times]]|date = 9 March 2013|author= Mark Mazzetti|author2 = Charlie Savage|author3-link = Scott Shane|author3 = Scott Shane|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140422052044/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/10/world/middleeast/anwar-al-awlaki-a-us-citizen-in-americas-cross-hairs.html?pagewanted=all|archive-date=2014-04-22|url-status = live|author-link = Mark Mazzetti|author2-link = Charlie Savage (author) }}</ref> and in January 2017 [[Nawar al-Awlaki]], al-Awlaki's eight-year-old daughter, also an American citizen and half-sister of Abdulrahman, was shot to death during the [[raid on Yakla]] by American forces<ref name="demnow">{{cite interview|last=Scahill|first=Jeremy|subject-link=Jeremy Scahill|last2=Kebriaei|first2=Pardiss|last3=Shiban|first3=Baraa|subject-link3=Baraa Shiban|interviewer=[[Amy Goodman]]|url=https://www.democracynow.org/2017/2/3/yemen_jeremy_scahill_advocates_question_success|title=Yemen: Jeremy Scahill & Advocates Question "Success" of Trump Raid That Killed 24 Civilians|work=[[Democracy Now!]]|date=3 February 2017|publisher=[[Pacifica Foundation]]|access-date=27 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117074840/https://www.democracynow.org/2017/2/3/yemen_jeremy_scahill_advocates_question_success|archive-date=2018-11-17|url-status=live}}</ref> along with between 9<ref name="aljazeera.com">{{cite web|date=2017-01-30|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/01/yemen-170129101045539.html|title=Yemeni civilians killed in first US raid under Trump: At least 10 women and children killed in operation targeting al-Qaeda in southern province of al-Bayda, medics say|website=www.aljazeera.com|access-date=24 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215224534/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/01/yemen-170129101045539.html|archive-date=2019-12-15}}</ref> and 29<ref name="independent.co.uk">{{cite web|last=Osborne|first=Samuel|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/yemen-raid-us-navy-seal-30-civlians-killed-donald-trump-first-operation-no-intelligence-actionable-a7607181.html|title=Raid authorised by Trump that killed 31 people produced no valuable intelligence, officials say|website=[[Independent.co.uk]]|date=2 March 2017|access-date=24 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200121233336/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/yemen-raid-us-navy-seal-30-civlians-killed-donald-trump-first-operation-no-intelligence-actionable-a7607181.html|archive-date=2020-01-21}}</ref> other civilians, up to 14 al-Qaeda fighters, and American [[Navy SEAL]] [[William Owens (Navy SEAL)|William Owens]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/feb/01/yemen-strike-eight-year-old-american-girl-killed-al-awlaki|title=Eight-year-old American girl 'killed in Yemen raid approved by Trump'|last1=Ackerman|first1=Spencer|date=2017-02-01|work=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=2017-03-03|last2=Burke|first2=Jason|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|last3=Borger|first3=Julian}}</ref> |
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==== President Donald Trump ==== |
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President Donald Trump continued the practice of extrajudicial killings of his predecessor. Those killed under this policy include: |
President Donald Trump continued the practice of extrajudicial killings of his predecessor. Those killed under this policy include: |
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* [[Qasem Soleimani]], killed in Baghdad by a drone strike on 3 January 2020 |
* [[Qasem Soleimani]], killed in Baghdad by a drone strike on 3 January 2020 |
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On 3 September 2020, a law enforcement officer in [[Lacey, Washington]] fatally shot [[Michael Forest Reinoehl]] during a shootout. Reinoehl initiated the shootout according to statements by officials. However, there were conflicting witness reports, most notably Nathaniel Dingess, who told ''[[The New York Times]]'', that agents opened fire on Reinoehl while on the phone and eating candy without verbal warning.<ref name="bernstein1">{{cite news|last=Bernstein|first=Maxine|title=Witness says officers never gave commands before firing at Michael Reinoehl outside WA apartment|url=https://www.oregonlive.com/crime/2020/09/witness-says-officers-never-gave-commands-before-firing-at-michael-reinoehl-outside-wa-apartment.html|access-date=11 September 2020|newspaper=The Oregonian|date=9 September 2020}}</ref><ref name="davis1">{{cite news|last=Davis|first=Charles|title=Eyewitness claims police killed 'antifa' Portland murder suspect before giving any commands|url=https://www.businessinsider.in/international/news/eyewitness-claims-police-killed-antifa-portland-murder-suspect-before-giving-any-commands/articleshow/78032670.cms|access-date=11 September 2020|newspaper=Business Insider|date=10 September 2020}}</ref><ref name="WPPoliceshot">{{Cite news|last=Elfrink|first=Tim|date=10 September 2020|title=Police shot Portland slaying suspect without warning or trying to arrest him first, witness says|newspaper=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2020/09/10/reinoehl-portland-antifa-killing-police/|access-date=4 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Conrad Wilson|title=Investigators complete review of federal police shooting that killed wanted Portland activist|url=https://www.opb.org/article/2021/03/31/investigation-federal-police-shooting-wanted-portland-activist/|access-date=2 April 2021|work=[[Oregon Public Broadcasting]]|date=31 March 2021|language=en|quote=According to the Thurston County investigators reviewing the case, Reinoehl “initiated” an exchange of gunfire with officers before he was killed}}</ref> Dingess said that Reinoehl attempted to take cover by the side of a car before he was fatally shot and was only carrying a phone.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Elfrink|first1=Tim|title=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2020/09/10/reinoehl-portland-antifa-killing-police/|access-date=4 December 2021|publisher=TheWashingtonPost|date=10 September 2020}}</ref> Reinoehl was a self-described [[Antifa (United States)|Antifa]] activist who was charged of second-degree murder by the [[Portland Police Bureau]] following the fatal shooting on 29 August 2020, of a [[Patriot Prayer]] supporter, [[Aaron J. Danielson]], in [[Portland, Oregon]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Maxine Bernstein|title=Michael Reinoehl appeared to target right-wing demonstrator before fatal shooting in Portland, police say|url=https://www.oregonlive.com/crime/2020/09/arrest-warrant-against-michael-reinoehl-for-2nd-degree-murder-unlawful-use-of-a-firearm-unsealed.html|access-date=2 April 2021|work=[[The Oregonian]]|date=5 September 2020|language=en|quote=Portland police obtained a warrant Thursday afternoon charging Reinoehl with second-degree murder with a weapon and unlawful use of a weapon.}}</ref> In a ''[[Fox News]]'' cable television interview 12 September 2020, hosted by [[Jeanine Pirro]], President Trump commenting on Reinoehl's death said, "''This guy [Reinoehl] was a violent criminal, and the [[United States Marshal Service|U.S. Marshals]] killed him {{nowrap|... }} And I will tell you something – that's the way it has to be''".<ref name="Fox-News w/Pirro 2020 Sep 12" /> At an [[List of post-election Donald Trump rallies#General Election rallies (June 2020–present)|October 15, 2020 rally]] in [[Greenville, North Carolina]] he further elaborated on his praise for the shooting. Trump said "''they didn't want to arrest him''", which ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' characterized as Trump describing the Reinoehl's death as an extrajudicial killing.<ref name="Dickinson20201015">{{cite magazine|last1=Dickinson|first1=Tim|author-link1=Tim Dickinson|date=2020-10-15|title=Trump Claims — and Celebrates — Extrajudicial Killing of Antifa Activist: Crowd cheers Trump at a North Carolina rally as he describes Michael Reinoehl's killing at the hands of U.S. Marshals|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-news/trump-celebrates-law-enforcement-killing-antifa-activist-we-got-him-1076384/|magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]|issn=0035-791X|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020043641/https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-news/trump-celebrates-law-enforcement-killing-antifa-activist-we-got-him-1076384/|archive-date=2020-10-20|url-status=live}}</ref> although in a statement immediately after the death the [[United States Marshals Service]] had said that their task force was attempting to arrest Reinoehl.<ref name="Dickinson20201015"/><ref name="MarshPR">{{cite press release|date=2020-09-04|title=U.S. Marshals Statement on the Officer-Involved Shooting in Olympia, Washington, Sept. 3|url=https://www.usmarshals.gov/news/chron/2020/090420.htm|url-status=live|type=Press release|publisher=[[United States Marshals Service]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200905164241/https://www.usmarshals.gov/news/chron/2020/090420.htm|archive-date=2020-09-05|quote=The fugitive task force located Reinoehl in Olympia and attempted to peacefully arrest him. Initial reports indicate the suspect produced a firearm, threatening the lives of law enforcement officers. Task force members responded to the threat and struck the suspect who was pronounced dead at the scene.}}</ref> |
On 3 September 2020, a law enforcement officer in [[Lacey, Washington]] fatally shot [[Michael Forest Reinoehl]] during a shootout. Reinoehl initiated the shootout according to statements by officials. However, there were conflicting witness reports, most notably Nathaniel Dingess, who told ''[[The New York Times]]'', that agents opened fire on Reinoehl while on the phone and eating candy without verbal warning.<ref name="bernstein1">{{cite news|last=Bernstein|first=Maxine|title=Witness says officers never gave commands before firing at Michael Reinoehl outside WA apartment|url=https://www.oregonlive.com/crime/2020/09/witness-says-officers-never-gave-commands-before-firing-at-michael-reinoehl-outside-wa-apartment.html|access-date=11 September 2020|newspaper=The Oregonian|date=9 September 2020}}</ref><ref name="davis1">{{cite news|last=Davis|first=Charles|title=Eyewitness claims police killed 'antifa' Portland murder suspect before giving any commands|url=https://www.businessinsider.in/international/news/eyewitness-claims-police-killed-antifa-portland-murder-suspect-before-giving-any-commands/articleshow/78032670.cms|access-date=11 September 2020|newspaper=Business Insider|date=10 September 2020}}</ref><ref name="WPPoliceshot">{{Cite news|last=Elfrink|first=Tim|date=10 September 2020|title=Police shot Portland slaying suspect without warning or trying to arrest him first, witness says|newspaper=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2020/09/10/reinoehl-portland-antifa-killing-police/|access-date=4 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Conrad Wilson|title=Investigators complete review of federal police shooting that killed wanted Portland activist|url=https://www.opb.org/article/2021/03/31/investigation-federal-police-shooting-wanted-portland-activist/|access-date=2 April 2021|work=[[Oregon Public Broadcasting]]|date=31 March 2021|language=en|quote=According to the Thurston County investigators reviewing the case, Reinoehl “initiated” an exchange of gunfire with officers before he was killed}}</ref> Dingess said that Reinoehl attempted to take cover by the side of a car before he was fatally shot and was only carrying a phone.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Elfrink|first1=Tim|title=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2020/09/10/reinoehl-portland-antifa-killing-police/|access-date=4 December 2021|publisher=TheWashingtonPost|date=10 September 2020}}</ref> Reinoehl was a self-described [[Antifa (United States)|Antifa]] activist who was charged of second-degree murder by the [[Portland Police Bureau]] following the fatal shooting on 29 August 2020, of a [[Patriot Prayer]] supporter, [[Aaron J. Danielson]], in [[Portland, Oregon]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Maxine Bernstein|title=Michael Reinoehl appeared to target right-wing demonstrator before fatal shooting in Portland, police say|url=https://www.oregonlive.com/crime/2020/09/arrest-warrant-against-michael-reinoehl-for-2nd-degree-murder-unlawful-use-of-a-firearm-unsealed.html|access-date=2 April 2021|work=[[The Oregonian]]|date=5 September 2020|language=en|quote=Portland police obtained a warrant Thursday afternoon charging Reinoehl with second-degree murder with a weapon and unlawful use of a weapon.}}</ref> In a ''[[Fox News]]'' cable television interview 12 September 2020, hosted by [[Jeanine Pirro]], President Trump commenting on Reinoehl's death said, "''This guy [Reinoehl] was a violent criminal, and the [[United States Marshal Service|U.S. Marshals]] killed him {{nowrap|... }} And I will tell you something – that's the way it has to be''".<ref name="Fox-News w/Pirro 2020 Sep 12" /> At an [[List of post-election Donald Trump rallies#General Election rallies (June 2020–present)|October 15, 2020 rally]] in [[Greenville, North Carolina]] he further elaborated on his praise for the shooting. Trump said "''they didn't want to arrest him''", which ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' characterized as Trump describing the Reinoehl's death as an extrajudicial killing.<ref name="Dickinson20201015">{{cite magazine|last1=Dickinson|first1=Tim|author-link1=Tim Dickinson|date=2020-10-15|title=Trump Claims — and Celebrates — Extrajudicial Killing of Antifa Activist: Crowd cheers Trump at a North Carolina rally as he describes Michael Reinoehl's killing at the hands of U.S. Marshals|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-news/trump-celebrates-law-enforcement-killing-antifa-activist-we-got-him-1076384/|magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]|issn=0035-791X|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020043641/https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-news/trump-celebrates-law-enforcement-killing-antifa-activist-we-got-him-1076384/|archive-date=2020-10-20|url-status=live}}</ref> although in a statement immediately after the death the [[United States Marshals Service]] had said that their task force was attempting to arrest Reinoehl.<ref name="Dickinson20201015"/><ref name="MarshPR">{{cite press release|date=2020-09-04|title=U.S. Marshals Statement on the Officer-Involved Shooting in Olympia, Washington, Sept. 3|url=https://www.usmarshals.gov/news/chron/2020/090420.htm|url-status=live|type=Press release|publisher=[[United States Marshals Service]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200905164241/https://www.usmarshals.gov/news/chron/2020/090420.htm|archive-date=2020-09-05|quote=The fugitive task force located Reinoehl in Olympia and attempted to peacefully arrest him. Initial reports indicate the suspect produced a firearm, threatening the lives of law enforcement officers. Task force members responded to the threat and struck the suspect who was pronounced dead at the scene.}}</ref> |
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==== President Joe Biden ==== |
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President [[Joe Biden]] continued his predecessors' practice of extrajudicial killings. Those killed during his administration include: |
President [[Joe Biden]] continued his predecessors' practice of extrajudicial killings. Those killed during his administration include: |
||
* [[Ayman al-Zawahiri |
* [[Ayman al-Zawahiri]], killed in Kabul by a drone strike on 31 July 2022. {{Main|Killing of Ayman al-Zawahiri}} |
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=== Venezuela === |
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{{Main|Extrajudicial killings in Venezuela|Colectivo (Venezuela)}} |
{{Main|Extrajudicial killings in Venezuela|Colectivo (Venezuela)}} |
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Ahead of a three-week session of the [[United Nations Human Rights Council]], the OHCHR chief, [[Michelle Bachelet]], visited Venezuela between 19 and 21 June 2019.<ref name="reutersBacheletvisit">{{Cite news|last1=Pons|first1=Corina|last2=Castro|first2=Shaylim|date=22 June 2019|title=U.N. rights chief Bachelet urges Venezuela to release prisoners|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-politics-un-idUSKCN1TM2BR|access-date=22 June 2019}}</ref> Bachelet expressed her concerns for the "shockingly high" number of extrajudiciary killings and urged for the dissolution of the [[Special Action Forces]] (FAES).<ref name="Fr24Michellereport">{{Cite web|date=5 July 2019|title=UN report cites 'shockingly high' number of likely 'executions' in Venezuela|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20190705-venezuela-united-nations-report-michelle-bachelet-human-rights|access-date=10 July 2019|website=France 24}}</ref> The report also details how the Venezuelan government has "aimed at neutralising, repressing and criminalising political opponents and people critical of the government" since 2016.<ref name="Fr24Michellereport" /> |
Ahead of a three-week session of the [[United Nations Human Rights Council]], the OHCHR chief, [[Michelle Bachelet]], visited Venezuela between 19 and 21 June 2019.<ref name="reutersBacheletvisit">{{Cite news|last1=Pons|first1=Corina|last2=Castro|first2=Shaylim|date=22 June 2019|title=U.N. rights chief Bachelet urges Venezuela to release prisoners|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-politics-un-idUSKCN1TM2BR|access-date=22 June 2019}}</ref> Bachelet expressed her concerns for the "shockingly high" number of extrajudiciary killings and urged for the dissolution of the [[Special Action Forces]] (FAES).<ref name="Fr24Michellereport">{{Cite web|date=5 July 2019|title=UN report cites 'shockingly high' number of likely 'executions' in Venezuela|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20190705-venezuela-united-nations-report-michelle-bachelet-human-rights|access-date=10 July 2019|website=France 24}}</ref> The report also details how the Venezuelan government has "aimed at neutralising, repressing and criminalising political opponents and people critical of the government" since 2016.<ref name="Fr24Michellereport" /> |
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== Asia == |
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=== Afghanistan === |
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{{Main|Afghanistan conflict (1978–present)}} |
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{{see also| Afghanistan conflict (1978–present) | Afghan Unlawful Killings inquiry | Islamic State – Khorasan Province | Brereton Report | Australian war crimes }} |
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[[Islamic Republic of Afghanistan]] officials presided over murders, abduction, and other abuses with the tacit backing of their government and its western allies,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/03/afghanistan-allies-sanctioned-torture-murder-report-human-rights-watch|title=Afghanistan officials sanctioned murder, torture and rape, says report|first=Emma|last=Graham-Harrison|date=3 March 2015|newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref> [[Human Rights Watch]] alleged in its report from March 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2015/03/03/today-we-shall-all-die/afghanistans-strongmen-and-legacy-impunity|title=Today We Shall All Die|date=3 March 2015|publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> |
[[Islamic Republic of Afghanistan]] officials presided over murders, abduction, and other abuses with the tacit backing of their government and its western allies,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/03/afghanistan-allies-sanctioned-torture-murder-report-human-rights-watch|title=Afghanistan officials sanctioned murder, torture and rape, says report|first=Emma|last=Graham-Harrison|date=3 March 2015|newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref> [[Human Rights Watch]] alleged in its report from March 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2015/03/03/today-we-shall-all-die/afghanistans-strongmen-and-legacy-impunity|title=Today We Shall All Die|date=3 March 2015|publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> |
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=== Australia === |
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Australian extrajudicial killings: |
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* Currently in [[Australia]]: [[Aboriginal deaths in custody]] |
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* Historically in [[Sydney]]: The [[gay gang murders]], were a series of over 80 murders of gay men in Sydney. |
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* [[Australian war crimes]] committed in Afghanistan were investigated in the [[Brereton Report]]. |
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=== Bangladesh === |
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{{Main|Enforced disappearances in Bangladesh}} |
{{Main|Enforced disappearances in Bangladesh}} |
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Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in [[Bangladesh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allamericanpatriots.com/48723123_world_bangladesh_release_journalist_and_rights_activist|title=Bangladesh: Release Journalist and Rights Activist - All American Patriots|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927223919/http://www.allamericanpatriots.com/48723123_world_bangladesh_release_journalist_and_rights_activist|archive-date=2007-09-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irinnews.org/report/93477/bangladesh-calls-for-end-to-torture-extrajudicial-killings|title=Calls for end to torture, extrajudicial killings|publisher=Irinnews.org|date=2016-03-07|access-date=1 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.vice.com/article/bangladesh-police-accused-of-extrajudicial-killings-in-protest-crackdown|title=Bangladesh Police Accused of Extrajudicial Killings in Protest Crackdown - VICE News|date=2 February 2015 }}</ref> |
Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in [[Bangladesh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allamericanpatriots.com/48723123_world_bangladesh_release_journalist_and_rights_activist|title=Bangladesh: Release Journalist and Rights Activist - All American Patriots|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927223919/http://www.allamericanpatriots.com/48723123_world_bangladesh_release_journalist_and_rights_activist|archive-date=2007-09-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irinnews.org/report/93477/bangladesh-calls-for-end-to-torture-extrajudicial-killings|title=Calls for end to torture, extrajudicial killings|publisher=Irinnews.org|date=2016-03-07|access-date=1 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.vice.com/article/bangladesh-police-accused-of-extrajudicial-killings-in-protest-crackdown|title=Bangladesh Police Accused of Extrajudicial Killings in Protest Crackdown - VICE News|date=2 February 2015 }}</ref> |
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Beside this many alleged criminals were killed by Bangladesh police by the name of [[Crossfire (Bangladesh)|Crossfire]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/op-ed/politics/crossfire-killings-132418|title=Crossfire killings|date=26 August 2015|work=The Daily Star |first1=Taj |last1=Hashmi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230814093150/https://www.thedailystar.net/op-ed/politics/crossfire-killings-132418 |archive-date= 14 Aug 2023 }}</ref> In 2018, many alleged drug dealers were killed in the name of "[[Bangladesh Drug War|War on Drugs]]" in Bangladesh.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-bangladesh-drugs-killings/arrested-and-killed-inside-the-bangladesh-prime-ministers-war-on-drugs-idUSKBN1KX0V4 |url-access=limited |title=Arrested and killed: inside the Bangladesh prime minister's war on drugs|last1=Baldwin|first1=Clare|author-link=Clare Baldwin |first2=Ruma |last2=Paul |date=2018-08-13|work=Reuters |access-date=2018-08-15|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/may/25/bangladeshs-philippines-style-drugs-war-creating-atmosphere-of-terror|title=Bangladesh's Philippines-style drugs war creating 'atmosphere of terror'|last1=Safi|first1=Michael|last2=Rahman|first2=Shaikh Azizur|date=2018-05-25|website=The Guardian|language=en|access-date=2018-08-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/06/08/asia/bangladesh-drug-war-intl/index.html|title=Bangladesh defends war on drugs as body count mounts|publisher=CNN|author1=Swati Gupta|author2=Sugam Pokharel|date=2018-06-08 |access-date=2018-08-15}}</ref> |
Beside this many alleged criminals were killed by Bangladesh police by the name of [[Crossfire (Bangladesh)|Crossfire]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/op-ed/politics/crossfire-killings-132418|title=Crossfire killings|date=26 August 2015|work=The Daily Star |first1=Taj |last1=Hashmi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230814093150/https://www.thedailystar.net/op-ed/politics/crossfire-killings-132418 |archive-date= 14 Aug 2023 }}</ref> In 2018, many alleged drug dealers were killed in the name of "[[Bangladesh Drug War|War on Drugs]]" in Bangladesh.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-bangladesh-drugs-killings/arrested-and-killed-inside-the-bangladesh-prime-ministers-war-on-drugs-idUSKBN1KX0V4 |url-access=limited |title=Arrested and killed: inside the Bangladesh prime minister's war on drugs|last1=Baldwin|first1=Clare|author-link=Clare Baldwin |first2=Ruma |last2=Paul |date=2018-08-13|work=Reuters |access-date=2018-08-15|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/may/25/bangladeshs-philippines-style-drugs-war-creating-atmosphere-of-terror|title=Bangladesh's Philippines-style drugs war creating 'atmosphere of terror'|last1=Safi|first1=Michael|last2=Rahman|first2=Shaikh Azizur|date=2018-05-25|website=The Guardian|language=en|access-date=2018-08-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/06/08/asia/bangladesh-drug-war-intl/index.html|title=Bangladesh defends war on drugs as body count mounts|publisher=CNN|author1=Swati Gupta|author2=Sugam Pokharel|date=2018-06-08 |access-date=2018-08-15}}</ref> |
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=== India === |
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[[Hardeep Singh Nijjar]] was a political refugee from India living in Canada. He was murdered 18 June 2023. Prime Minister [[Justin Trudeau]] accused 18 September 2023 the Indian government publicly of complicity.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tasker |first=John Paul |date=18 September 2023 |title=Trudeau accuses India's government of involvement in killing of Canadian Sikh leader |work=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/trudeau-indian-government-nijjar-1.6970498 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240213052028/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/trudeau-indian-government-nijjar-1.6970498 |archive-date= 13 Feb 2024 }}</ref> |
[[Hardeep Singh Nijjar]] was a political refugee from India living in Canada. He was murdered 18 June 2023. Prime Minister [[Justin Trudeau]] accused 18 September 2023 the Indian government publicly of complicity.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tasker |first=John Paul |date=18 September 2023 |title=Trudeau accuses India's government of involvement in killing of Canadian Sikh leader |work=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/trudeau-indian-government-nijjar-1.6970498 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240213052028/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/trudeau-indian-government-nijjar-1.6970498 |archive-date= 13 Feb 2024 }}</ref> |
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Police Encounter on 6 December 2019, by the [[Telangana Police]] in the [[2019 Hyderabad gang rape]] case killing the 4 accused is another form of extrajudicial killing. |
Police Encounter on 6 December 2019, by the [[Telangana Police]] in the [[2019 Hyderabad gang rape]] case killing the 4 accused is another form of extrajudicial killing. |
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=== Indonesia === |
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{{See also|Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66}} |
{{See also|Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66}} |
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Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in [[Indonesia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://alrc.asia/indonesia-extrajudicial-and-summary-executions-remain-a-serious-problem-despite-legal-guarantees-to-the-right-to-life/|title=INDONESIA: Extrajudicial and summary executions remain a serious problem despite legal guarantees to the right to life – Asian Legal Resource Centre|website=alrc.asia}}</ref> |
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[[Indonesia]] has had instances of extrajudicial killings and summary executions being carried out by the [[Indonesian National Armed Forces|Indonesian Military]] in the past, primarily during the [[New Order (Indonesia)|New Order]] era. In 1965, the Indonesian military were ordered, by lieutenant general [[Suharto|Soeharto]] to arrest and summarily execute any suspected members of the [[Communist Party of Indonesia|Indonesian Communist Party]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bevins |first=Vincent |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/on1195467806 |title=The Jakarta method: Washington's anticommunist crusade & the mass murder program that shaped our world |date=2021 |publisher=Public Affairs |isbn=978-1-5417-2400-6 |edition=First trade paperback |location=New York, NY |oclc=on1195467806}}</ref> Between 1983-1985, thousands of criminals were killed, without trial, by Indonesian Army death squads and secret police. |
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=== Iran === |
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{{Main|Extrajudicial killings in Iran}} |
{{Main|Extrajudicial killings in Iran}} |
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{{See also|Chain murders of Iran}} |
{{See also|Chain murders of Iran}} |
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4 February 2021 Iranian diplomat [[Asadollah Asadi]] and three other Iranian nationals were convicted in Antwerp for plotting to [[Iranian diplomat terror plot trial|bomb a 2018 rally of National Council of Resistance of Iran in France]]. |
4 February 2021 Iranian diplomat [[Asadollah Asadi]] and three other Iranian nationals were convicted in Antwerp for plotting to [[Iranian diplomat terror plot trial|bomb a 2018 rally of National Council of Resistance of Iran in France]]. |
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=== Iraq === |
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{{Main|Extrajudicial killings in Iraq|Sectarian violence in Iraq|Iraqi conflict (2003–present)}} |
{{Main|Extrajudicial killings in Iraq|Sectarian violence in Iraq|Iraqi conflict (2003–present) | Capital punishment for homosexuality #Extrajudicial killings in Iraq }} |
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Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in [[Iraq]].<ref>[http://www.g≠lobalresearch.ca/index.php?context=viewArticle&code=FUL20051124&articleId=1315 Torture and Extrajudicial Killings in Iraq] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130714130932/http://www.g/|date=14 July 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/document/?indexNumber=amr51%2f079%2f2005&language=en|title=Document|website=www.amnesty.org|language=en|access-date=2019-07-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brusselstribunal.org/FullerKillings.htm|title=Proof of US orchestration of Death Squads Killings in Iraq|access-date=2008-01-04|archive-date=2007-09-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927200355/http://www.brusselstribunal.org/FullerKillings.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://soccerdad.baltiblogs.com/archives/2007/06/24/extrajudicial_killings_hamas_style.html|title=Soccer Dad: Extrajudicial killings, hamas style|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928205440/http://soccerdad.baltiblogs.com/archives/2007/06/24/extrajudicial_killings_hamas_style.html|archive-date=2007-09-28}}</ref> |
Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in [[Iraq]].{{bare url inline|date=June 2024}}<ref>[http://www.g≠lobalresearch.ca/index.php?context=viewArticle&code=FUL20051124&articleId=1315 Torture and Extrajudicial Killings in Iraq] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130714130932/http://www.g/|date=14 July 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/document/?indexNumber=amr51%2f079%2f2005&language=en|title=Document|website=www.amnesty.org|language=en|access-date=2019-07-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brusselstribunal.org/FullerKillings.htm|title=Proof of US orchestration of Death Squads Killings in Iraq|access-date=2008-01-04|archive-date=2007-09-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927200355/http://www.brusselstribunal.org/FullerKillings.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://soccerdad.baltiblogs.com/archives/2007/06/24/extrajudicial_killings_hamas_style.html|title=Soccer Dad: Extrajudicial killings, hamas style|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928205440/http://soccerdad.baltiblogs.com/archives/2007/06/24/extrajudicial_killings_hamas_style.html|archive-date=2007-09-28}}</ref> |
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Iraq was formed as a [[League of Nations mandate]] by the partition and domination of various tribal lands by the [[British Empire]] in the early 20th century, after the [[Partition of the Ottoman Empire|break-up of the Ottoman Empire]] in the [[aftermath of World War I]]. The [[United Kingdom]] granted independence to the [[Kingdom of Iraq]] in 1932, on the urging of [[Faisal I of Iraq|King Faisal]], though the [[British Armed Forces]] retained military bases and transit rights. [[King Ghazi]] of Iraq ruled as a figurehead after King Faisal's death in 1933, while undermined by attempted military coups, until his death in 1939. [[Anglo-Iraqi War|The United Kingdom invaded Iraq in 1941]] for fear that the government of [[Rashid Ali al-Gaylani]] might cut oil supplies to Western nations, and because of his links to the [[Axis powers]]. A military occupation followed the restoration of the [[Hashemites|Hashemite monarchy]], and the occupation ended on 26 October 1947. Iraq was left with a national government led from [[Baghdad]] made up of [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] ethnicity in key positions of power, ruling over an ad hoc nation splintered by tribal affiliations. This leadership used death squads and committed massacres in Iraq throughout the 20th century, culminating in the [[Ba'athist Iraq|Ba'athist dictatorship]] of [[Saddam Hussein]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailykos.com/storyonly/2006/9/13/14133/1410/|title=History of Iraq: 1933 - 1939}}</ref> |
Iraq was formed as a [[League of Nations mandate]] by the partition and domination of various tribal lands by the [[British Empire]] in the early 20th century, after the [[Partition of the Ottoman Empire|break-up of the Ottoman Empire]] in the [[aftermath of World War I]]. The [[United Kingdom]] granted independence to the [[Kingdom of Iraq]] in 1932, on the urging of [[Faisal I of Iraq|King Faisal]], though the [[British Armed Forces]] retained military bases and transit rights. [[King Ghazi]] of Iraq ruled as a figurehead after King Faisal's death in 1933, while undermined by attempted military coups, until his death in 1939. [[Anglo-Iraqi War|The United Kingdom invaded Iraq in 1941]] for fear that the government of [[Rashid Ali al-Gaylani]] might cut oil supplies to Western nations, and because of his links to the [[Axis powers]]. A military occupation followed the restoration of the [[Hashemites|Hashemite monarchy]], and the occupation ended on 26 October 1947. Iraq was left with a national government led from [[Baghdad]] made up of [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] ethnicity in key positions of power, ruling over an ad hoc nation splintered by tribal affiliations. This leadership used death squads and committed massacres in Iraq throughout the 20th century, culminating in the [[Ba'athist Iraq|Ba'athist dictatorship]] of [[Saddam Hussein]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailykos.com/storyonly/2006/9/13/14133/1410/|title=History of Iraq: 1933 - 1939}}</ref> |
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Western news organizations such as [[Time (magazine)|''Time'']] and [[People (magazine)|''People'']] disassembled this by focusing on aspects such as probable [[militia]] membership, religious ethnicity, as well as uniforms worn by these squads rather than stating the [[United States]]-backed Iraqi government had death squads active in the Iraqi capital of Baghdad.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4719252.stm|work=BBC News|title=Iraq 'death squad caught in act'|date=16 February 2006|access-date=2 May 2010}}</ref> |
Western news organizations such as [[Time (magazine)|''Time'']] and [[People (magazine)|''People'']] disassembled this by focusing on aspects such as probable [[militia]] membership, religious ethnicity, as well as uniforms worn by these squads rather than stating the [[United States]]-backed Iraqi government had death squads active in the Iraqi capital of Baghdad.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4719252.stm|work=BBC News|title=Iraq 'death squad caught in act'|date=16 February 2006|access-date=2 May 2010}}</ref> |
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=== Israel === |
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{{ |
{{see also| Targeted killing by Israel | List of Israeli assassinations | Gaza Strip mass graves | Ras Sedr massacre }} |
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In a report from October 2015, [[Amnesty International]] documented incidents that "appear to have been extrajudicial executions" against Palestinian civilians.<ref name=Amnesty>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2015/10/israeli-forces-must-end-pattern-of-unlawful-killings-in-west-bank/|title=Israeli forces in Occupied Palestinian Territories must end pattern of unlawful killings|website=www.amnesty.org|date=27 October 2015|access-date=2016-05-11}}</ref> Several of those incidents occurred after Palestinians attempted to attack Israelis or [[Israel Defense Forces]] soldiers. Even though the attackers did not pose a serious threat, they were shot without attempting to arrest the suspects before resorting to the use of lethal force. Medical attention for severely wounded Palestinians was in many cases delayed by Israeli forces.<ref name=Amnesty/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2015/11/israel-opt-investigate-apparent-extrajudicial-execution-at-hebron-hospital/|title=Israel/OPT: Investigate apparent extrajudicial execution at Hebron hospital|website=www.amnesty.org|date=12 November 2015|access-date=2016-05-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/10/bringing-question-palestine-israel-extra-judicial-killings-151012070120570.html|title=Bringing into question Israel's extrajudicial killings}}</ref> |
In a report from October 2015, [[Amnesty International]] documented incidents that "appear to have been extrajudicial executions" against Palestinian civilians.<ref name=Amnesty>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2015/10/israeli-forces-must-end-pattern-of-unlawful-killings-in-west-bank/|title=Israeli forces in Occupied Palestinian Territories must end pattern of unlawful killings|website=www.amnesty.org|date=27 October 2015|access-date=2016-05-11}}</ref> Several of those incidents occurred after Palestinians attempted to attack Israelis or [[Israel Defense Forces]] soldiers. Even though the attackers did not pose a serious threat, they were shot without attempting to arrest the suspects before resorting to the use of lethal force. Medical attention for severely wounded Palestinians was in many cases delayed by Israeli forces.<ref name=Amnesty/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2015/11/israel-opt-investigate-apparent-extrajudicial-execution-at-hebron-hospital/|title=Israel/OPT: Investigate apparent extrajudicial execution at Hebron hospital|website=www.amnesty.org|date=12 November 2015|access-date=2016-05-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/10/bringing-question-palestine-israel-extra-judicial-killings-151012070120570.html|title=Bringing into question Israel's extrajudicial killings}}</ref> |
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On 16 March 2023, the Israeli Army killed four Palestinian militants in [[Jenin]]. One motionless victim was shot in the head. According to The Guardian, the Israeli group of military veterans against the occupation, [[Breaking the Silence (organization)|Breaking the Silence]], called this an "extrajudicial execution".<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/mar/17/israeli-forces-palestinians-jenin-raid-west-bank-army |title=Palestinians enraged after Israeli forces shoot prone militant in head in Jenin |work=The Guardian |date=17 March 2023}}</ref> |
On 16 March 2023, the Israeli Army killed four Palestinian militants in [[Jenin]]. One motionless victim was shot in the head. According to The Guardian, the Israeli group of military veterans against the occupation, [[Breaking the Silence (organization)|Breaking the Silence]], called this an "extrajudicial execution".<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/mar/17/israeli-forces-palestinians-jenin-raid-west-bank-army |title=Palestinians enraged after Israeli forces shoot prone militant in head in Jenin |work=The Guardian |date=17 March 2023}}</ref> |
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=== Pakistan === |
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{{Main|Forced disappearances in Pakistan}} |
{{Main|Forced disappearances in Pakistan}} |
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Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in [[Pakistan]].<ref> |
Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in [[Pakistan]].<ref> |
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{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-10667545|work=BBC News|title=Pakistan army accused of extrajudicial killings in Swat|date=16 July 2010|access-date=17 Jul 2010}}</ref> A form of extrajudicial killing called [[encounter killings by police]] is common in Pakistan.<ref name="dawn5">{{cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1389719|title=Rao Anwar and the killing fields of Karachi|website=DAWN|date=16 February 2018|access-date=26 December 2018}}</ref> Case in point is [[Killing of Naqeebullah Mehsud|Naqeebullah Mehsud]] and [[Sahiwal Killings]]. The [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Province of Balochistan]] has also seen a significant number of disappearances, many of which have been attributed to security forces by residents: anti-government [[Baloch nationalism|Baloch nationalists]] claim thousands of cases and have stated a belief that most of these disappeared persons have been killed.<ref name="HRW; For years">{{cite journal|title="We Can Torture, Kill, or Keep You for Years": Enforced Disappearances by Pakistan Security Forces in Balochistan|url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2011/07/28/we-can-torture-kill-or-keep-you-years/enforced-disappearances-pakistan-security|website=Human Rights Watch, Press Release|date=28 July 2011|access-date=7 September 2020}}</ref> Official numbers of disappeared persons have varied considerably, ranging between 55 and 1,100 victims.<ref>HRW; For years</ref> Human rights organizations have dubbed this practice as the "kill and dump policy".<ref>{{cite web|title=Balochistan: Pakistan's "Kill and Dump" Policy|url=https://unpo.org/article/19046|website=unpo.org|publisher=Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization|access-date=7 September 2020}}</ref> |
{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-10667545|work=BBC News|title=Pakistan army accused of extrajudicial killings in Swat|date=16 July 2010|access-date=17 Jul 2010}}</ref> A form of extrajudicial killing called [[encounter killings by police]] is common in Pakistan.<ref name="dawn5">{{cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1389719|title=Rao Anwar and the killing fields of Karachi|website=DAWN|date=16 February 2018|access-date=26 December 2018}}</ref> Case in point is [[Killing of Naqeebullah Mehsud|Naqeebullah Mehsud]] and [[Sahiwal Killings]]. The [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Province of Balochistan]] has also seen a significant number of disappearances, many of which have been attributed to security forces by residents: anti-government [[Baloch nationalism|Baloch nationalists]] claim thousands of cases and have stated a belief that most of these disappeared persons have been killed.<ref name="HRW; For years">{{cite journal|title="We Can Torture, Kill, or Keep You for Years": Enforced Disappearances by Pakistan Security Forces in Balochistan|url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2011/07/28/we-can-torture-kill-or-keep-you-years/enforced-disappearances-pakistan-security|website=Human Rights Watch, Press Release|date=28 July 2011|access-date=7 September 2020}}</ref> Official numbers of disappeared persons have varied considerably, ranging between 55 and 1,100 victims.<ref>HRW; For years</ref> Human rights organizations have dubbed this practice as the "kill and dump policy".<ref>{{cite web|title=Balochistan: Pakistan's "Kill and Dump" Policy|url=https://unpo.org/article/19046|website=unpo.org|publisher=Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization|access-date=7 September 2020}}</ref> |
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=== Papua New Guinea === |
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Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in [[Papua New Guinea]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/oct/23/witchcraft-papua-new-guinea-students-share-video-appearing-show-torture|title=Papua New Guinea students share video appearing to show women tortured for 'witchcraft'|first=Helen|last=Davidson|date=23 October 2015|newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2014/country-chapters/papua-new-guinea|title=World Report 2014: Papua New Guinea|date=21 January 2014}}</ref> |
Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in [[Papua New Guinea]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/oct/23/witchcraft-papua-new-guinea-students-share-video-appearing-show-torture|title=Papua New Guinea students share video appearing to show women tortured for 'witchcraft'|first=Helen|last=Davidson|date=23 October 2015|newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2014/country-chapters/papua-new-guinea|title=World Report 2014: Papua New Guinea|date=21 January 2014}}</ref> |
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=== Philippines === |
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{{Main|Extrajudicial killings and forced disappearances in the Philippines}} |
{{Main|Extrajudicial killings and forced disappearances in the Philippines}} |
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Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in [[Philippines]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://time.com/4478954/philippines-rodrigo-duterte-drug-war-vigilante-killing-deaths/|title=Philippines: Rodrigo Duterte's Drug War Claims 2,400 Lives|first=Rishi|last=Iyengar|date=5 September 2016 }}</ref><ref>[http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/topstories/topstories/view/20060725-11686/Arroyo_fails_to_take_steps_to_end_extrajudicial_killings Arroyo fails to take steps to end extrajudicial killings] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140418012506/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/topstories/topstories/view/20060725-11686/Arroyo_fails_to_take_steps_to_end_extrajudicial_killings|date=April 18, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.independent.co.uk/world/asia/article2293482.ece|work=The Independent|location=London|title=Philippines army accused of killing political activists|first=Justin|last=Huggler|date=February 22, 2007|access-date=May 2, 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081123120314/http://news.independent.co.uk/world/asia/article2293482.ece|archive-date=November 23, 2008 }}</ref><ref name="pinoyhr.net">{{cite web|url=http://www.pinoyhr.net/|title=STOP Extra-Judicial Killings in the Philippines|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150606120633/http://www.pinoyhr.net/|archive-date=2015-06-06|url-status=dead|access-date=2017-12-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://hrw.org/reports/2007/philippines0607/|title=Scared Silent: Impunity for Extrajudicial Killings in the Philippines|publisher=Hrw.org|access-date=17 June 2016|archive-date=28 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128145828/https://www.hrw.org/reports/2007/philippines0607//|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radiopinoyusa.com/radiopinoy_news.php?id=NEWS-00592|title=U.N. Rapporteur: Philippines Military Implicated in Extra-Judicial Murders and Political Killings (Radio Pinoy USA)|access-date=2007-11-11|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090604005623/http://www.radiopinoyusa.com/radiopinoy_news.php?id=NEWS-00592|archive-date=4 June 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pcusa.org/pcnews/2007/07271.htm|title=PC(USA) News: 'Graft and corruption'|access-date=2013-08-24|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090810094427/http://www.pcusa.org/pcnews/2007/07271.htm|archive-date=10 August 2009 }}</ref> |
Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in [[Philippines]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://time.com/4478954/philippines-rodrigo-duterte-drug-war-vigilante-killing-deaths/|title=Philippines: Rodrigo Duterte's Drug War Claims 2,400 Lives|first=Rishi|last=Iyengar|date=5 September 2016 }}</ref><ref>[http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/topstories/topstories/view/20060725-11686/Arroyo_fails_to_take_steps_to_end_extrajudicial_killings Arroyo fails to take steps to end extrajudicial killings] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140418012506/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/topstories/topstories/view/20060725-11686/Arroyo_fails_to_take_steps_to_end_extrajudicial_killings|date=April 18, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.independent.co.uk/world/asia/article2293482.ece|work=The Independent|location=London|title=Philippines army accused of killing political activists|first=Justin|last=Huggler|date=February 22, 2007|access-date=May 2, 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081123120314/http://news.independent.co.uk/world/asia/article2293482.ece|archive-date=November 23, 2008 }}</ref><ref name="pinoyhr.net">{{cite web|url=http://www.pinoyhr.net/|title=STOP Extra-Judicial Killings in the Philippines|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150606120633/http://www.pinoyhr.net/|archive-date=2015-06-06|url-status=dead|access-date=2017-12-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://hrw.org/reports/2007/philippines0607/|title=Scared Silent: Impunity for Extrajudicial Killings in the Philippines|publisher=Hrw.org|access-date=17 June 2016|archive-date=28 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128145828/https://www.hrw.org/reports/2007/philippines0607//|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radiopinoyusa.com/radiopinoy_news.php?id=NEWS-00592|title=U.N. Rapporteur: Philippines Military Implicated in Extra-Judicial Murders and Political Killings (Radio Pinoy USA)|access-date=2007-11-11|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090604005623/http://www.radiopinoyusa.com/radiopinoy_news.php?id=NEWS-00592|archive-date=4 June 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pcusa.org/pcnews/2007/07271.htm|title=PC(USA) News: 'Graft and corruption'|access-date=2013-08-24|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090810094427/http://www.pcusa.org/pcnews/2007/07271.htm|archive-date=10 August 2009 }}</ref> |
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==== Maguindanao massacre ==== |
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{{Main|Maguindanao massacre}} |
{{Main|Maguindanao massacre}} |
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The [[Committee to Protect Journalists]] (CPJ) has called the massacre the single deadliest event for [[journalists]] in history.<ref name=pdi>{{cite news|first=Alcuin|last=Papa|title=Maguindanao massacre worst-ever for journalists|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/nation/view/20091126-238554/Maguindanao-massacre-worst-ever-for-journalists|newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]]|date=2009-11-26|access-date=2010-09-30|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091129120848/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/nation/view/20091126-238554/Maguindanao-massacre-worst-ever-for-journalists|archive-date=2009-11-29}}</ref> Even prior to this, the CPJ had labeled the [[Philippines]] the second most dangerous country for journalists, second only to [[Iraq]].<ref name=pdi/> |
The [[Committee to Protect Journalists]] (CPJ) has called the massacre the single deadliest event for [[journalists]] in history.<ref name=pdi>{{cite news|first=Alcuin|last=Papa|title=Maguindanao massacre worst-ever for journalists|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/nation/view/20091126-238554/Maguindanao-massacre-worst-ever-for-journalists|newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]]|date=2009-11-26|access-date=2010-09-30|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091129120848/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/nation/view/20091126-238554/Maguindanao-massacre-worst-ever-for-journalists|archive-date=2009-11-29}}</ref> Even prior to this, the CPJ had labeled the [[Philippines]] the second most dangerous country for journalists, second only to [[Iraq]].<ref name=pdi/> |
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==== War on drugs ==== |
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{{Main|2 = Philippine Drug War}} |
{{Main|2 = Philippine Drug War}} |
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On 26 September 2016, Duterte issued guidelines that would enable the United Nations Rapporteur on Extrajudicial Killings to probe the rising death toll.<ref name=g>{{cite news|first=Dharel|last=Placido|title=Duterte sets conditions for UN drug killings probe|url=http://news.abs-cbn.com/news/09/26/16/duterte-sets-conditions-for-un-drug-killings-probe|work=[[ABS-CBN News]]|access-date=2016-09-26}}</ref> On 14 December 2016, Duterte cancelled the planned visit of the Rapporteur who declined to accept government conditions that were not consistent with the code of conduct for special rapporteurs.<ref name=h>{{cite news|title=Duterte admin cancels visit of UN Rapporteur on extrajudicial killings|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/592499/news/nation/duterte-admin-cancels-visit-of-un-rapporteur-on-extrajudicial-killings|work=[[GMA News]]|access-date=2016-12-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Interaksyon|date=2017-05-05|title=UNPROFESSIONAL? {{!}} Palace irked by 'unannounced' visit of UN rapporteur; FLAG says trip personal|url=https://interaksyon.philstar.com/breaking-news/2017/05/05/70222/unprofessional-ph-govt-to-complain-to-un-unannounced-visit-of-rapporteur-for-ejk-agnes-callamard/|access-date=2021-03-28|website=Interaksyon|language=en-US}}</ref> |
On 26 September 2016, Duterte issued guidelines that would enable the United Nations Rapporteur on Extrajudicial Killings to probe the rising death toll.<ref name=g>{{cite news|first=Dharel|last=Placido|title=Duterte sets conditions for UN drug killings probe|url=http://news.abs-cbn.com/news/09/26/16/duterte-sets-conditions-for-un-drug-killings-probe|work=[[ABS-CBN News]]|access-date=2016-09-26}}</ref> On 14 December 2016, Duterte cancelled the planned visit of the Rapporteur who declined to accept government conditions that were not consistent with the code of conduct for special rapporteurs.<ref name=h>{{cite news|title=Duterte admin cancels visit of UN Rapporteur on extrajudicial killings|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/592499/news/nation/duterte-admin-cancels-visit-of-un-rapporteur-on-extrajudicial-killings|work=[[GMA News]]|access-date=2016-12-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Interaksyon|date=2017-05-05|title=UNPROFESSIONAL? {{!}} Palace irked by 'unannounced' visit of UN rapporteur; FLAG says trip personal|url=https://interaksyon.philstar.com/breaking-news/2017/05/05/70222/unprofessional-ph-govt-to-complain-to-un-unannounced-visit-of-rapporteur-for-ejk-agnes-callamard/|access-date=2021-03-28|website=Interaksyon|language=en-US}}</ref> |
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=== Saudi Arabia === |
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{{See also|Tiger Squad}} |
{{See also|Tiger Squad}} |
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The Saudi dissident [[Assassination of Jamal Khashoggi|Jamal Khashoggi was assassinated]] at the Saudi consulate in Istanbul on 2 October 2018. |
The Saudi dissident [[Assassination of Jamal Khashoggi|Jamal Khashoggi was assassinated]] at the Saudi consulate in Istanbul on 2 October 2018. |
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=== Syria === |
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Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in [[Syria]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dw.com/en/ai-estimates-up-to-13000-civilians-executed-in-syrian-military-prison-over-four-years/a-37435537|title=AI estimates up to 13,000 civilians executed in Syrian military prison over four years - News - DW - 07.02.2017|website=DW.COM}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ijrcenter.org/2016/02/17/un-experts-widespread-abuses-and-killings-of-detainees-in-syria/|title=UN Experts: Widespread Abuses and Killings of Detainees in Syria|date=17 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2012/04/09/syria-extrajudicial-executions|title=Syria: Extrajudicial Executions|date=9 April 2012}}</ref> |
Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in [[Syria]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dw.com/en/ai-estimates-up-to-13000-civilians-executed-in-syrian-military-prison-over-four-years/a-37435537|title=AI estimates up to 13,000 civilians executed in Syrian military prison over four years - News - DW - 07.02.2017|website=DW.COM}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ijrcenter.org/2016/02/17/un-experts-widespread-abuses-and-killings-of-detainees-in-syria/|title=UN Experts: Widespread Abuses and Killings of Detainees in Syria|date=17 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2012/04/09/syria-extrajudicial-executions|title=Syria: Extrajudicial Executions|date=9 April 2012}}</ref> |
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=== Tajikistan === |
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Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in [[Tajikistan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2016/02/17/tajikistan-severe-crackdown-political-opposition|title=Tajikistan: Severe Crackdown on Political Opposition|date=17 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/tajikistan/us-department-state-tajikistan-country-report-human-rights-practices-1998|title=U.S. Department of State: Tajikistan Country Report on Human Rights Practices for 1998|date=1 March 1999}}</ref> |
Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in [[Tajikistan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2016/02/17/tajikistan-severe-crackdown-political-opposition|title=Tajikistan: Severe Crackdown on Political Opposition|date=17 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/tajikistan/us-department-state-tajikistan-country-report-human-rights-practices-1998|title=U.S. Department of State: Tajikistan Country Report on Human Rights Practices for 1998|date=1 March 1999}}</ref> |
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=== Thailand === |
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Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in [[Thailand]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ahrchk.net/ua/mainfile.php/2003/407/|title=Thailand: Extrajudicial killing, impunity|publisher=Ahrchk.net|access-date=1 March 2016}}</ref> |
Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in [[Thailand]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ahrchk.net/ua/mainfile.php/2003/407/|title=Thailand: Extrajudicial killing, impunity|publisher=Ahrchk.net|access-date=1 March 2016}}</ref> |
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Reportedly thousands of [[Human rights in Thailand#Deaths relating to the 2003 war on drugs|extrajudicial killings occurred during the 2003 anti-drug effort]] of [[Thailand]]'s prime minister [[Thaksin Shinawatra]]. |
Reportedly thousands of [[Human rights in Thailand#Deaths relating to the 2003 war on drugs|extrajudicial killings occurred during the 2003 anti-drug effort]] of [[Thailand]]'s prime minister [[Thaksin Shinawatra]]. |
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Rumors still persist that there is collusion between the government, rogue military officers, the radical right wing, and anti-drug [[death squad]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cbrayton.wordpress.com/2007/12/23/thai-coup-and-countercoup-the-corrupt-media-mogul-v-the-crusading-journalist/|title=Thailand: "The Corrupt Media Mogul v. The Crusading Journalist"|first=Colin|last=Brayton|date=23 December 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.correct.go.th/death.htm|title=Commit|publisher=Correct.go.th|access-date=2010-10-01|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110527144716/http://www.correct.go.th/death.htm|archive-date=2011-05-27 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= |
Rumors still persist that there is collusion between the government, rogue military officers, the radical right wing, and anti-drug [[death squad]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cbrayton.wordpress.com/2007/12/23/thai-coup-and-countercoup-the-corrupt-media-mogul-v-the-crusading-journalist/|title=Thailand: "The Corrupt Media Mogul v. The Crusading Journalist"|first=Colin|last=Brayton|date=23 December 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.correct.go.th/death.htm|title=Commit|publisher=Correct.go.th|access-date=2010-10-01|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110527144716/http://www.correct.go.th/death.htm|archive-date=2011-05-27 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.angelfire.com/rnb//y/squads.htm|title=Death Squad links. Drug war and more. Worldwide. Mostly U.S.-run or U.S.-aided terrorism. Millions killed over decades. Torture on an industrial scale. "Dirty wars," murder, corruption, destabilization, disinformation, subversion of democracy, etc.. Above|publisher=Angelfire.com|access-date=2010-10-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cannabisculture.com/articles/2997.html|title=Thailand's anti-drug death squads | Cannabis Culture Magazine|publisher=Cannabisculture.com|date=2003-08-15|access-date=2010-10-01|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606131426/http://www.cannabisculture.com/articles/2997.html|archive-date=2011-06-06 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://gallery.marihemp.com/akha|title=Thailand. 2500 extrajudicial drug-war killings of innocent people.|access-date=2008-02-07|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091206205143/http://gallery.marihemp.com/akha|archive-date=6 December 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://stopthedrugwar.org/chronicle-old/275/thailandwar.shtml|title=Thailand War on Drugs Turns Murderous, 600 Killed This Month -- Human Rights Groups Denounce Death Squads, Executions}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://stopthedrugwar.org/chronicle/497/thailand_investigations_drug_war_killings_get_underway|title=Southeast Asia: Probe into Thai Drug War Killings Getting Underway|publisher=StoptheDrugWar.org|access-date=2010-10-01}}</ref> |
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Both [[Muslim]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.strategypage.com/qnd/thai/articles/20070214.aspx|title=Thailand: Death Squads and Roadside Bombs|publisher=Strategypage.com|access-date=2010-10-01}}</ref> and [[Buddhist]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2007/sep/7/buddhists-suspected-in-thai-raids/?page=all|title=Buddhists suspected in Thai raids|work=The Washington Times|location=Washington, DC|date=7 September 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427192324/http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2007/sep/7/buddhists-suspected-in-thai-raids/?page=all|archive-date=2014-04-27|url-status=live}}</ref> sectarian death squads still operate in the south of the country. |
Both [[Muslim]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.strategypage.com/qnd/thai/articles/20070214.aspx|title=Thailand: Death Squads and Roadside Bombs|publisher=Strategypage.com|access-date=2010-10-01}}</ref> and [[Buddhist]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2007/sep/7/buddhists-suspected-in-thai-raids/?page=all|title=Buddhists suspected in Thai raids|work=The Washington Times|location=Washington, DC|date=7 September 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427192324/http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2007/sep/7/buddhists-suspected-in-thai-raids/?page=all|archive-date=2014-04-27|url-status=live}}</ref> sectarian death squads still operate in the south of the country. |
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=== Turkey === |
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{{Main|Extrajudicial executions in Turkey}} |
{{Main|Extrajudicial executions in Turkey}} |
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Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in [[Turkey]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2016/07/11/turkey-state-blocks-probes-southeast-killings|title=Turkey: State Blocks Probes of Southeast Killings|date=11 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.todayszaman.com/columnist/gunal-kursun/closing-investigations-into-extrajudicial-killings-in-turkey_358710.html|title=ZAMAN<!-- Bot generated title -->|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140922073324/http://www.todayszaman.com/columnist/gunal-kursun/closing-investigations-into-extrajudicial-killings-in-turkey_358710.html|archive-date=2014-09-22}}</ref><ref name="ob.nubati.net">The report [http://ob.nubati.net/wiki/Extra-judicial_Executions Turkey: Extrajudicial Executions (AI Index: EUR 44/45/90)] was accessed on 10 September 2009</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/news-344936-mit-bill-raises-concerns-about-possible-boost-in-extrajudicial-killings.html|title=MİT bill raises concerns about possible boost in extrajudicial killings|access-date=2014-09-22|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141208102420/http://www.todayszaman.com/news-344936-mit-bill-raises-concerns-about-possible-boost-in-extrajudicial-killings.html|archive-date=2014-12-08 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenational.ae/news/world/europe/turkish-military-officer-confirms-kurd-killings|title=Turkish military officer confirms Kurd killings | The National|publisher=Thenational.ae|date=2010-08-25|access-date=1 March 2016}}</ref> |
Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in [[Turkey]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2016/07/11/turkey-state-blocks-probes-southeast-killings|title=Turkey: State Blocks Probes of Southeast Killings|date=11 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.todayszaman.com/columnist/gunal-kursun/closing-investigations-into-extrajudicial-killings-in-turkey_358710.html|title=ZAMAN<!-- Bot generated title -->|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140922073324/http://www.todayszaman.com/columnist/gunal-kursun/closing-investigations-into-extrajudicial-killings-in-turkey_358710.html|archive-date=2014-09-22}}</ref><ref name="ob.nubati.net">The report [http://ob.nubati.net/wiki/Extra-judicial_Executions Turkey: Extrajudicial Executions (AI Index: EUR 44/45/90)] was accessed on 10 September 2009</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/news-344936-mit-bill-raises-concerns-about-possible-boost-in-extrajudicial-killings.html|title=MİT bill raises concerns about possible boost in extrajudicial killings|access-date=2014-09-22|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141208102420/http://www.todayszaman.com/news-344936-mit-bill-raises-concerns-about-possible-boost-in-extrajudicial-killings.html|archive-date=2014-12-08 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenational.ae/news/world/europe/turkish-military-officer-confirms-kurd-killings|title=Turkish military officer confirms Kurd killings | The National|publisher=Thenational.ae|date=2010-08-25|access-date=1 March 2016}}</ref> |
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In 2008 the human rights organization Mazlum Der counted 25 extrajudicial killings in Turkey.<ref>The [http://www.mazlumder.org/ms_word.asp?haber=4784 full report in Turkish as word-file] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227033753/http://www.mazlumder.org/ms_word.asp?haber=4784|date=2012-02-27 }}; accessed on 10 September 2009</ref> |
In 2008 the human rights organization Mazlum Der counted 25 extrajudicial killings in Turkey.<ref>The [http://www.mazlumder.org/ms_word.asp?haber=4784 full report in Turkish as word-file] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227033753/http://www.mazlumder.org/ms_word.asp?haber=4784|date=2012-02-27 }}; accessed on 10 September 2009</ref> |
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=== Vietnam === |
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[[Execution of Nguyễn Văn Lém|Nguyễn Văn Lém]] |
[[Execution of Nguyễn Văn Lém|Nguyễn Văn Lém]] (died 1 February 1968 in Saigon), also referred to as Captain Bảy Lốp, was a member of the [[Viet Cong]] who was summarily shot in [[Saigon]] during the [[Tet Offensive]]. The photograph of his death would become one of many anti-[[Vietnam War]] icons in the [[Western World]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/07/16/world/nguyen-ngoc-loan-67-dies-executed-viet-cong-prisoner.html|title=Nguyen Ngoc Loan, 67, Dies; Executed Viet Cong Prisoner|date=16 July 1998|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=5 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090420041251/http://www.nytimes.com/1998/07/16/world/nguyen-ngoc-loan-67-dies-executed-viet-cong-prisoner.html|archive-date=2009-04-20|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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== Europe == |
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=== Belarus === |
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{{Main|Enforced disappearances in Belarus}} |
{{Main|Enforced disappearances in Belarus}} |
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[[File:Zniknąć 03 - Czarownik ciągnie za uszy.jpg|thumb|Demonstration in [[Warsaw]], reminding about the disappearances of oppositionals in Belarus.]] |
[[File:Zniknąć 03 - Czarownik ciągnie za uszy.jpg|thumb|Demonstration in [[Warsaw]], reminding about the disappearances of oppositionals in Belarus.]] |
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In 1999 [[Belarusian opposition]] leaders [[Yury Zacharanka]] and [[Viktar Hanchar]] together with his business associate [[Anatol Krasouski]] disappeared. Hanchar and Krasouski disappeared the same day of a broadcast on state television in which President [[Alexander Lukashenko]] ordered the chiefs of his security services to crack down on "opposition scum". Although the [[State Security Committee of the Republic of Belarus]] (KGB) had them under constant surveillance, the official investigation announced that the case could not be solved. The disappearance of journalist [[Dzmitry Zavadski]] in 2000 has also yielded no results. Copies of a report by the [[Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe]], which linked senior Belarusian officials to the cases of disappearances, were confiscated.<ref>{{cite news|title=16 Years of Silence: Enforced Disappearances in Belarus Must Be Investigated|url=http://blog.amnestyusa.org/europe/16-years-of-silence-enforced-disappearances-in-belarus-must-be-investigated/ |newspaper=[[Amnesty International]]|date=18 September 2015}}</ref> [[Human Rights Watch]] claims that Zacharanka, Hanchar, Krasouski and Zavadski likely became victims of extrajudicial executions.<ref>{{cite news|title=World Report: Belarus: Events of 2005|url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2006/country-chapters/belarus |newspaper=[[Human Rights Watch]]}}</ref> |
In 1999 [[Belarusian opposition]] leaders [[Yury Zacharanka]] and [[Viktar Hanchar]] together with his business associate [[Anatol Krasouski]] disappeared. Hanchar and Krasouski disappeared the same day of a broadcast on state television in which President [[Alexander Lukashenko]] ordered the chiefs of his security services to crack down on "opposition scum". Although the [[State Security Committee of the Republic of Belarus]] (KGB) had them under constant surveillance, the official investigation announced that the case could not be solved. The disappearance of journalist [[Dzmitry Zavadski]] in 2000 has also yielded no results. Copies of a report by the [[Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe]], which linked senior Belarusian officials to the cases of disappearances, were confiscated.<ref>{{cite news|title=16 Years of Silence: Enforced Disappearances in Belarus Must Be Investigated|url=http://blog.amnestyusa.org/europe/16-years-of-silence-enforced-disappearances-in-belarus-must-be-investigated/ |newspaper=[[Amnesty International]]|date=18 September 2015}}</ref> [[Human Rights Watch]] claims that Zacharanka, Hanchar, Krasouski and Zavadski likely became victims of extrajudicial executions.<ref>{{cite news|title=World Report: Belarus: Events of 2005|url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2006/country-chapters/belarus |newspaper=[[Human Rights Watch]]}}</ref> |
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=== Russia === |
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Extrajudicial killings have taken place in [[Russia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/court-rules-against-russia-in-chechen-killing-454152.html|title=Court rules against Russia in Chechen killing - Europe, World - The Independent|website=[[Independent.co.uk]]|date=6 August 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806071635/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/court-rules-against-russia-in-chechen-killing-454152.html|archive-date=6 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/6163502.stm|work=BBC News|title=Obituary: Alexander Litvinenko|date=24 November 2006|access-date=2 May 2010}}</ref> In the Russian Federation, [[List of journalists killed in Russia|a number of journalist murders]] were attributed to public administration figures, usually where the publications would reveal their involvement in large corruption scandals. It has been regarded that the [[poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko]] was linked to Russian special forces. American and British intelligence agents have claimed that Russian assassins, some possibly at orders of the government, are behind at least fourteen [[targeted killing]]s in the United Kingdom that police authorities have termed non-suspicious.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/uk-police-evidence-russian-assassins-behind-14-suspicious-deaths-british-soil-boris-berezovsky-scot-a7793151.html|title=UK authorities 'overlooked' evidence linking Russia to deaths on British soil|date=16 June 2017|work=The Independent}}</ref> The United Kingdom attributes the [[poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal]] in March 2018 to the Russian military-intelligence agency [[GRU (Russian Federation)|GRU]]. The German foreign minister Heiko Maas said there were "several indications" that Russia was behind the [[poisoning of Alexei Navalny]].{{citation needed|date=August 2022}} |
Extrajudicial killings have taken place in [[Russia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/court-rules-against-russia-in-chechen-killing-454152.html|title=Court rules against Russia in Chechen killing - Europe, World - The Independent|website=[[Independent.co.uk]]|date=6 August 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806071635/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/court-rules-against-russia-in-chechen-killing-454152.html|archive-date=6 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/6163502.stm|work=BBC News|title=Obituary: Alexander Litvinenko|date=24 November 2006|access-date=2 May 2010}}</ref> In the Russian Federation, [[List of journalists killed in Russia|a number of journalist murders]] were attributed to public administration figures, usually where the publications would reveal their involvement in large corruption scandals. It has been regarded that the [[poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko]] was linked to Russian special forces. American and British intelligence agents have claimed that Russian assassins, some possibly at orders of the government, are behind at least fourteen [[targeted killing]]s in the United Kingdom that police authorities have termed non-suspicious.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/uk-police-evidence-russian-assassins-behind-14-suspicious-deaths-british-soil-boris-berezovsky-scot-a7793151.html|title=UK authorities 'overlooked' evidence linking Russia to deaths on British soil|date=16 June 2017|work=The Independent}}</ref> The United Kingdom attributes the [[poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal]] in March 2018 to the Russian military-intelligence agency [[GRU (Russian Federation)|GRU]]. The German foreign minister Heiko Maas said there were "several indications" that Russia was behind the [[poisoning of Alexei Navalny]].{{citation needed|date=August 2022}} |
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=== Soviet Union === |
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{{Main|Red Terror|Great Purge|Political repression in the Soviet Union|Purges of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Mass killings under communist regimes|Mass operations of the NKVD}} |
{{Main|Red Terror|Great Purge|Political repression in the Soviet Union|Purges of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Mass killings under communist regimes|Mass operations of the NKVD}} |
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In [[Bolshevist Russia|Soviet Russia]], since 1918 the secret police organization [[Cheka]] was authorized to execute [[Counter-revolutionary|counter-revolutionaries]] without trial. Hostages were also executed by Cheka during the [[Red Terror]] in 1918–1920. The [[Chronology of Soviet secret police agencies|successors of Cheka]] also had the authority for extrajudicial executions. In 1937–38 hundreds of thousands were executed extrajudicially during the [[Great Purge]] under the lists approved by [[NKVD troika]]s. In some cases, the Soviet special services did not arrest and then execute their victims but just secretly killed them without any arrest. For example, [[Solomon Mikhoels]] was murdered in 1948 and his body was run over to create the impression of a traffic accident. The Soviet special services also conducted extrajudicial killings abroad, most notably of [[Leon Trotsky]] in 1940 in [[Mexico]], [[Stepan Bandera]] in 1959 in Germany, [[Georgi Markov]] in 1978 in London. |
In [[Bolshevist Russia|Soviet Russia]], since 1918 the secret police organization [[Cheka]] was authorized to execute [[Counter-revolutionary|counter-revolutionaries]] without trial. Hostages were also executed by Cheka during the [[Red Terror]] in 1918–1920. The [[Chronology of Soviet secret police agencies|successors of Cheka]] also had the authority for extrajudicial executions. In 1937–38 hundreds of thousands were executed extrajudicially during the [[Great Purge]] under the lists approved by [[NKVD troika]]s. In some cases, the Soviet special services did not arrest and then execute their victims but just secretly killed them without any arrest. For example, [[Solomon Mikhoels]] was murdered in 1948 and his body was run over to create the impression of a traffic accident. The Soviet special services also conducted extrajudicial killings abroad, most notably of [[Leon Trotsky]] in 1940 in [[Mexico]], [[Stepan Bandera]] in 1959 in Germany, [[Georgi Markov]] in 1978 in London. |
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=== Spain === |
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{{Main|GAL (paramilitary group)}} |
{{Main|GAL (paramilitary group)}} |
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From 1983 until 1987, the Spanish government supported paramilitary squads, denominated [[GAL (paramilitary group)|GAL]], to fight [[ETA (separatist group)|ETA]], a Basque terrorist organization. A relevant example was the [[Killing of Lasa and Zabala|Lasa and Zabala case]], in which José Antonio Lasa and José Ignacio Zabala were kidnapped, tortured and executed by police forces in 1983. |
From 1983 until 1987, the Spanish government supported paramilitary squads, denominated [[GAL (paramilitary group)|GAL]], to fight [[ETA (separatist group)|ETA]], a Basque terrorist organization. A relevant example was the [[Killing of Lasa and Zabala|Lasa and Zabala case]], in which José Antonio Lasa and José Ignacio Zabala were kidnapped, tortured and executed by police forces in 1983. |
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=== Ukraine === |
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The Washington Post published 23 October 2023 about extrajudicial killings by Ukraine’s domestic security service, the SBU.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/10/23/ukraine-cia-shadow-war-russia|title=Ukrainian spies with deep ties to CIA wage shadow war against Russia|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] }}</ref> |
The Washington Post published 23 October 2023 about extrajudicial killings by Ukraine’s domestic security service, the SBU.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/10/23/ukraine-cia-shadow-war-russia|title=Ukrainian spies with deep ties to CIA wage shadow war against Russia|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] }}</ref> |
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=== United Kingdom === |
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{{Main|Operation Kratos|Shoot-to-kill policy in Northern Ireland}} |
{{Main|Operation Kratos|Shoot-to-kill policy in Northern Ireland}} |
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[[Operation Kratos]] referred to tactics developed by London's [[Metropolitan Police]] for dealing with suspected suicide bombers, most notably firing shots to the head without warning. Little was revealed about these tactics until after the [[Death of Jean Charles de Menezes|mistaken shooting of Jean Charles de Menezes]] on 22 July 2005.{{citation needed|date=June 2022}} |
[[Operation Kratos]] referred to tactics developed by London's [[Metropolitan Police]] for dealing with suspected suicide bombers, most notably firing shots to the head without warning. Little was revealed about these tactics until after the [[Death of Jean Charles de Menezes|mistaken shooting of Jean Charles de Menezes]] on 22 July 2005.{{citation needed|date=June 2022}} |
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⚫ | <ref name="Fox-News w/Pirro 2020 Sep 12">{{cite news|ref={{SfnRef|''Fox News,'' 12 September,|2020}}|last1=Pirro|first1=Jeanine|date=12 September 2020|title=Justice With Judge Jeanine: (Donald Trump interviewed; transcript) President Trump on COVID Response, Bob Woodward's Book, Push for Coronavirus Vaccine, Mail-in Voting ConcernsJustice With Judge Jeanine: President Trump on COVID Response, Bob Woodward's Book, Push for Coronavirus Vaccine, Mail-in Voting Concerns|url=https://www.foxnews.com/transcript/president-trump-on-covid-response-bob-woodwards-book-push-for-coronavirus-vaccine-mail-in-voting-concerns/|work=[[Fox News]] (online)|access-date=14 September 2020|author1-link=Jeanine Pirro }}{{space|1}}(transcript of a TV broadcast) ([https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xUHsUnVg-Oc video] ''via'' [[YouTube]])</ref> |
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⚫ | <ref name="UNHRC_Eritrea_2019">{{cite web|title= Compilation on Eritrea – Report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|website= [[United Nations Human Rights Council]]|date =2018-11-09|url = https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G18/336/28/PDF/G1833628.pdf|access-date = 2020-02-27 }}</ref> |
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== See also == |
== See also == |
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⚫ | <ref name="Fox-News w/Pirro 2020 Sep 12">{{cite news|ref={{SfnRef|''Fox News,'' 12 September,|2020}}|last1=Pirro|first1=Jeanine|date=12 September 2020|title=Justice With Judge Jeanine: (Donald Trump interviewed; transcript) President Trump on COVID Response, Bob Woodward's Book, Push for Coronavirus Vaccine, Mail-in Voting ConcernsJustice With Judge Jeanine: President Trump on COVID Response, Bob Woodward's Book, Push for Coronavirus Vaccine, Mail-in Voting Concerns|url=https://www.foxnews.com/transcript/president-trump-on-covid-response-bob-woodwards-book-push-for-coronavirus-vaccine-mail-in-voting-concerns/|work=[[Fox News]] (online)|access-date=14 September 2020|author1-link=Jeanine Pirro }}{{space|1}}(transcript of a TV broadcast) ([https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xUHsUnVg-Oc video] ''via'' [[YouTube]])</ref> |
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⚫ | <ref name="UNHRC_Eritrea_2019">{{cite web|title= Compilation on Eritrea – Report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|website= [[United Nations Human Rights Council]]|date =2018-11-09|url = https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G18/336/28/PDF/G1833628.pdf|access-date = 2020-02-27 }}</ref> |
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Revision as of 10:25, 28 June 2024
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/El_Tres_de_Mayo%2C_by_Francisco_de_Goya%2C_from_Prado_thin_black_margin.jpg/260px-El_Tres_de_Mayo%2C_by_Francisco_de_Goya%2C_from_Prado_thin_black_margin.jpg)
An extrajudicial killing (also known as an extrajudicial execution or an extralegal killing)[1] is the deliberate killing of a person without the lawful authority granted by a judicial proceeding. It typically refers to government authorities, whether lawfully or unlawfully, targeting specific people for death, which in authoritarian regimes often involves political, trade union, dissident, religious and social figures. The term is typically used in situations that imply the human rights of the victims have been violated; deaths caused by legal police actions (such as self defense)[1] or legal warfighting on a battlefield[2] are generally not included, even though military and police forces are often used for killings seen by critics as illegitimate. The label "extrajudicial killing" has also been applied to organized, lethal enforcement of extralegal social norms by non-government actors, including lynchings and honor killings.
United Nations
Morris Tidball-Binz was appointed the United Nations Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary, or arbitrary executions on 1 April 2021 by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR).[3][4]
Human rights groups
Many human rights organizations, including Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch, are campaigning against extrajudicial punishment.[5][6][7][8][9]
The Human Rights Measurement Initiative[10] measures the right to freedom from extrajudicial execution for countries around the world, using a survey of in-country human rights experts.[11]
International law
Law of war
Article 3(d) of the First Geneva Convention explicitly prohibits carrying out executions without passing a prior judgement by a competent and regularly constituted court with all commonly recognized judicial guarantees for everyone taking part in the trial.[12]
Africa
Burundi
Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in Burundi.[13][14]
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in Democratic Republic of the Congo.[15]
Egypt
Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in Egypt.[16][17][18][19][20] Egypt recorded and reported more than a dozen unlawful extrajudicial killings of apparent ‘terrorists’ in the country by the NSA officers and the Interior Ministry police in September 2021. A 101-page report detailed the ‘armed militants’ being killed in shootouts despite not posing any threat to the security forces or nations of the country while being killed, which in many cases were already in custody. Statements by the family and relatives of those killed claimed that the victims were not involved in any armed or violent activities.[21]
Eritrea
The 2019 Universal Periodic Review of the United Nations Human Rights Council found that in 2016, Eritrean authorities committed extrajudicial killings, in the context of a "persistent, widespread and systematic attack against the civilian population" since 1991, including "the crimes of enslavement, imprisonment, enforced disappearance, torture, other inhumane acts, persecution, rape and murder".[22]
Ethiopia
Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in Ethiopia.[23][24][25][26]
Ivory Coast
Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in Ivory Coast.[27]
Kenya
Extrajudicial executions are common in informal settlements in Kenya.[28] Killings are also common in Northern Kenya under the guise of counter-terrorism operations.[29]
Libya
Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in Libya.[30]
Americas
Argentina
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Operation_Condor_participants.svg/220px-Operation_Condor_participants.svg.png)
Argentina's National Reorganization Process military dictatorship during the 1976–1983 period used extrajudicial killings systematically as way of crushing the opposition in the so-called "Dirty War"[31] or what is known in Spanish as La Guerra Sucia. During this violent period, it is estimated that the military regime killed between eleven thousand and fifteen thousand people and most of the victims were known or suspected to be opponents of the regime.[32] These included intellectuals, labor leaders, human rights workers, priests, nuns, reporters, politicians, and artists as well as their relatives.[33][34] Half of the number of extrajudicial killings were reportedly carried out by the murder squad that operated from a detention center in Buenos Aires called Escuela Mecanica de la Armada.[32] The dirty wars in Argentina sometimes triggered even more violent conflicts since the killings and crackdowns precipitated responses from insurgents.[33]
Brazil
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/-Luciana50_%E2%80%A2_Debate_PartidA_com_Luciana_Boiteux_%E2%80%A2_22_09_2016_%2830626801542%29.jpg/220px--Luciana50_%E2%80%A2_Debate_PartidA_com_Luciana_Boiteux_%E2%80%A2_22_09_2016_%2830626801542%29.jpg)
Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in Brazil.[35][36][37][38][39] Senator Flávio Bolsonaro, son of President Jair Bolsonaro, was accused of having ties to death squads.[40]
Chile
When General Augusto Pinochet assumed power in the 1973 Chilean coup d'état, he immediately ordered the purges, torture, and deaths of more than 3,000 supporters of the previous democratic socialist government without trial.[41] During his regime, which lasted from 1973 to 1989, elements of the Chilean Armed Forces and police continued committing extrajudicial killings. These included Manuel Contreras, the former head of Chile's National Intelligence Directorate (DINA), which served as Pinochet's secret police. He was behind numerous assassinations and human rights abuses such as the 1974 abduction and forced disappearance of Socialist Party of Chile leader Victor Olea Alegria. Some of the killings were also coordinated with other right-wing dictatorships in the Southern Cone in the so-called Operation Condor. There were reports of United States' Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) involvement, particularly within its activities in Central and South America that promoted anti-Communist coups.[42] While CIA's complicity was not proven, American dollars supported the regimes that carried out extrajudicial killings such as the Pinochet administration.[42] CIA, for instance, helped create DINA and the agency admitted that Contreras was one of its assets.[43]
Colombia
Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in Colombia.[44]
An investigation of the Special Jurisdiction for Peace found that from 2002 to 2008, 6402 civilians were killed by the Government of Colombia, falsely claimed to be FARC rebels by the Military Forces of Colombia.[45]
El Salvador
Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in El Salvador.[46][47][48] During the Salvadoran Civil War, death squads achieved notoriety when far-right vigilantes assassinated Archbishop Óscar Romero for his social activism in March 1980. In December 1980, four Americans—three nuns and a lay worker—were raped and murdered by a military unit later found to have been acting on specific orders. Death squads were instrumental in killing hundreds of peasants and activists, including such notable priests as Rutilio Grande. Because the death squads involved were found to have been soldiers of the Salvadoran Armed Forces, which was receiving U.S. funding and training from American advisors during the Carter administration, these events prompted outrage in the U.S. and led to a temporary cutoff in military aid from the Reagan administration,[citation needed] although death squad activity stretched well into the Reagan years (1981–1989) as well.[citation needed]
Honduras
Honduras also had death squads active through the 1980s, the most notorious of which was Battalion 316. Hundreds of people, including teachers, politicians and union bosses, were assassinated by government-backed forces. Battalion 316 received substantial support and training from the United States Central Intelligence Agency.[49]
Jamaica
Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in Jamaica.[50][51][52]
Mexico
Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in Mexico.[53]
Suriname
On 7, 8, and 9 December 1982 fifteen prominent Surinamese men who had criticized Dési Bouterse's ruling military regime were murdered. This tragedy is known as the December murders. The acting commander of the army Dési Bouterse was sentenced 20 years in prison by the Surinamese court martial on 29 November 2019.
United States
Based on a survey of human rights experts administered by the Human Rights Measurement Initiative, the U.S. scores a 4.1 on a scale of 0-10 on the right to freedom from extrajudicial execution.[54]
Lynching
Lynching was the extrajudicial killings which began in the United States' pre–Civil War South in the 1830s and ended during the civil rights movement in the 1950s and 1960s. Although the victims of lynchings were members of various ethnicities, after roughly 4 million enslaved African Americans were emancipated, they became the primary targets of white Southerners. Lynchings in the U.S. reached their height from the 1890s to the 1920s, and they primarily victimised ethnic minorities. Most of the lynchings occurred in the American South because the majority of African Americans lived there, but racially motivated lynchings also occurred in the Midwest and border states.[55]
Targeted killing
One issue regarding extrajudicial killing is the legal and moral status of targeted killing by unmanned aerial vehicles of the United States.
Section 3(a) of the United States Torture Victim Protection Act contains a definition of extrajudicial killing:
a deliberate killing not authorized by a previous judgment pronounced by a regular constituted court affording all the judicial guarantees which are recognized as indispensable by civilized peoples. Such term, however, does not include any such killing that, under international law, is lawfully carried out under the authority of a foreign nation.[56][ambiguous][a]
The legality of killings such as in the death of Osama bin Laden in 2011 and the death of Qasem Soleimani in 2020 have been brought into question. In that case, the US defended itself claiming the killing was not an assassination but an act of "National Self Defense".[57] There had been just under 2,500 assassinations by targeted drone strike by 2015, and these too have questioned as being extrajudicial killings.[58]
Concerns about targeted and sanctioned killings of non-Americans and American citizens in overseas counter-terrorism activities have been raised by lawyers, news firms[57] and private citizens.
President Barack Obama
On 30 September 2011 a drone strike in Yemen killed American citizens Anwar al-Awlaki and Samir Khan.[59] Both resided in Yemen at the time of their deaths. The executive order approving Al-Awlaki's death was issued by Barack Obama in 2010, and was challenged by the American Civil Liberties Union and the Center for Constitutional Rights in that year. The U.S. president issued an order, approved by the National Security Council, that Al-Awlaki's normal legal rights as a civilian should be suspended and his death should be imposed, as he was a threat to the United States. The reasons provided to the public for approval of the order were Al-Awlaki's links to the 2009 Fort Hood Massacre and the 2009 Christmas Day bomb plot, the attempted destruction of a Detroit-bound passenger-plane.[60] The following month, al-Awlaki's son Abdulrahman al-Awlaki, an American citizen, was killed by another US drone strike[61] and in January 2017 Nawar al-Awlaki, al-Awlaki's eight-year-old daughter, also an American citizen and half-sister of Abdulrahman, was shot to death during the raid on Yakla by American forces[62] along with between 9[63] and 29[64] other civilians, up to 14 al-Qaeda fighters, and American Navy SEAL William Owens.[65]
President Donald Trump
President Donald Trump continued the practice of extrajudicial killings of his predecessor. Those killed under this policy include:
- Qasem Soleimani, killed in Baghdad by a drone strike on 3 January 2020
The New York Times reported 13 November 2020 that Abdullah Ahmed Abdullah was assassinated 7 August 2020 on the streets of Tehran by Israeli operatives at the behest of the United States, according to four intelligence officials of the United States.[66]
Comments on Michael Reinoehl's death
On 3 September 2020, a law enforcement officer in Lacey, Washington fatally shot Michael Forest Reinoehl during a shootout. Reinoehl initiated the shootout according to statements by officials. However, there were conflicting witness reports, most notably Nathaniel Dingess, who told The New York Times, that agents opened fire on Reinoehl while on the phone and eating candy without verbal warning.[67][68][69][70] Dingess said that Reinoehl attempted to take cover by the side of a car before he was fatally shot and was only carrying a phone.[71] Reinoehl was a self-described Antifa activist who was charged of second-degree murder by the Portland Police Bureau following the fatal shooting on 29 August 2020, of a Patriot Prayer supporter, Aaron J. Danielson, in Portland, Oregon.[72] In a Fox News cable television interview 12 September 2020, hosted by Jeanine Pirro, President Trump commenting on Reinoehl's death said, "This guy [Reinoehl] was a violent criminal, and the U.S. Marshals killed him ... And I will tell you something – that's the way it has to be".[73] At an October 15, 2020 rally in Greenville, North Carolina he further elaborated on his praise for the shooting. Trump said "they didn't want to arrest him", which Rolling Stone characterized as Trump describing the Reinoehl's death as an extrajudicial killing.[74] although in a statement immediately after the death the United States Marshals Service had said that their task force was attempting to arrest Reinoehl.[74][75]
President Joe Biden
President Joe Biden continued his predecessors' practice of extrajudicial killings. Those killed during his administration include:
- Ayman al-Zawahiri, killed in Kabul by a drone strike on 31 July 2022.
Venezuela
Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in Venezuela.[76][77] According to Human Rights Watch almost 18,000 people have been killed by security forces in Venezuela since 2016 for "resistance to authority" and many of these killings may constitute extrajudicial execution.[78] Amnesty International estimated that there were more than 8,200 extrajudicial killings in Venezuela from 2015 to 2017.[79]
Ahead of a three-week session of the United Nations Human Rights Council, the OHCHR chief, Michelle Bachelet, visited Venezuela between 19 and 21 June 2019.[80] Bachelet expressed her concerns for the "shockingly high" number of extrajudiciary killings and urged for the dissolution of the Special Action Forces (FAES).[81] The report also details how the Venezuelan government has "aimed at neutralising, repressing and criminalising political opponents and people critical of the government" since 2016.[81]
Asia
Afghanistan
Islamic Republic of Afghanistan officials presided over murders, abduction, and other abuses with the tacit backing of their government and its western allies,[82] Human Rights Watch alleged in its report from March 2015.[83]
Australia
Australian extrajudicial killings:
- Currently in Australia: Aboriginal deaths in custody
- Historically in Sydney: The gay gang murders, were a series of over 80 murders of gay men in Sydney.
- Australian war crimes committed in Afghanistan were investigated in the Brereton Report.
Bangladesh
Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in Bangladesh.[84][85][86]
The Bangladesh Police special security force Rapid Action Battalion (RAB) has long been known for extrajudicial killing.[87] In a leaked WikiLeaks cable it was found that RAB was trained by the UK government.[88] 16 RAB officials (sacked afterwards) including Lt Col (sacked) Tareque Sayeed, Major (sacked) Arif Hossain, and Lt Commander (sacked) Masud Rana were given death penalty for abduction, murder, concealing the bodies, conspiracy and destroying evidences in the Narayanganj Seven Murder case.[89][90][91][92]
Beside this many alleged criminals were killed by Bangladesh police by the name of Crossfire.[93] In 2018, many alleged drug dealers were killed in the name of "War on Drugs" in Bangladesh.[94][95][96]
India
Hardeep Singh Nijjar was a political refugee from India living in Canada. He was murdered 18 June 2023. Prime Minister Justin Trudeau accused 18 September 2023 the Indian government publicly of complicity.[97]
Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in India.[98][99][100] A form of extrajudicial killing is called police encounters. Such encounters are also being staged by military and other security forces.[98][99][100] Extrajudicial killings are also common in Indian states especially in Uttar Pradesh where 73 people were killed from March 2017 to March 2019.[101] Police Encounter on 6 December 2019, by the Telangana Police in the 2019 Hyderabad gang rape case killing the 4 accused is another form of extrajudicial killing.
Indonesia
Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in Indonesia.[102]
Iran
In the 1953 Iranian coup d'état a regime was installed through the efforts of the American CIA and the British MI6 in which the Shah (hereditary monarch) Mohammad Reza Pahlavi used SAVAK death squads (also trained by the CIA) to imprison, torture and/or kill hundreds of dissidents. After the 1979 revolution death squads were used to an even greater extent by the new Islamic government. In 1983, the CIA gave the Supreme Leader of Iran—Ayatollah Khomeini—information on KGB agents in Iran. This information was probably used. The Iranian government later used death squads occasionally throughout the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s; however by the 2000s it seems to have almost entirely, if not completely, ceased using them.[103]
The Dutch secretary of Foreign Affairs Stef Blok wrote Januari 2019 to the States General of the Netherlands that the intelligence service AIVD had strong indications that Iran is responsible for the murder of Mohammad Reza Kolahi Samadi in 2015 in Almere and of Ahmad Mola Nissi in 2017 in The Hague.[104]
4 February 2021 Iranian diplomat Asadollah Asadi and three other Iranian nationals were convicted in Antwerp for plotting to bomb a 2018 rally of National Council of Resistance of Iran in France.
Iraq
Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in Iraq.[bare URL][105][106][107][108]
Iraq was formed as a League of Nations mandate by the partition and domination of various tribal lands by the British Empire in the early 20th century, after the break-up of the Ottoman Empire in the aftermath of World War I. The United Kingdom granted independence to the Kingdom of Iraq in 1932, on the urging of King Faisal, though the British Armed Forces retained military bases and transit rights. King Ghazi of Iraq ruled as a figurehead after King Faisal's death in 1933, while undermined by attempted military coups, until his death in 1939. The United Kingdom invaded Iraq in 1941 for fear that the government of Rashid Ali al-Gaylani might cut oil supplies to Western nations, and because of his links to the Axis powers. A military occupation followed the restoration of the Hashemite monarchy, and the occupation ended on 26 October 1947. Iraq was left with a national government led from Baghdad made up of Sunni ethnicity in key positions of power, ruling over an ad hoc nation splintered by tribal affiliations. This leadership used death squads and committed massacres in Iraq throughout the 20th century, culminating in the Ba'athist dictatorship of Saddam Hussein.[109]
The country has since become increasingly partitioned following the Iraq War into three zones: a Kurdish ethnic zone to the north, a Sunni center and the Shia ethnic zone to the south. The secular Arab socialist Baathist leadership were replaced with a provisional and later constitutional government that included leadership roles for the Shia (Prime Minister) and Kurdish (President of the Republic) peoples of the nation. This paralleled the development of ethnic militias by the Shia, Sunni, and the Kurdish (Peshmerga).
There were death squads formed by members of every ethnicity.[110] In the national capital of Baghdad some members of the now-Shia Iraqi security forces (and militia members posing as members of Iraqi Police or Iraqi Armed Forces) formed unofficial, unsanctioned, but long-tolerated death squads.[111] They possibly had links to the Interior Ministry and were popularly known as the 'black crows'. These groups operated night or day. They usually arrested people, then either tortured[112] or killed[113] them.
The victims of these attacks were predominantly young males who had probably been suspected of being members of the Sunni insurgency. Agitators such as Abdul Razaq al-Na'as, Dr. Abdullateef al-Mayah, and Dr. Wissam Al-Hashimi have also been killed. These killings are not limited to men; women and children have also been arrested and/or killed.[114] Some of these killings have also been part of simple robberies or other criminal activities.
A feature in a May 2005 issue of the magazine of The New York Times claimed that the Multi-National Force – Iraq had modelled the "Wolf Brigade", the Iraqi interior ministry police commandos, on the death squads used in the 1980s to crush the left-wing insurgency in El Salvador.[115]
Western news organizations such as Time and People disassembled this by focusing on aspects such as probable militia membership, religious ethnicity, as well as uniforms worn by these squads rather than stating the United States-backed Iraqi government had death squads active in the Iraqi capital of Baghdad.[116]
Israel
In a report from October 2015, Amnesty International documented incidents that "appear to have been extrajudicial executions" against Palestinian civilians.[117] Several of those incidents occurred after Palestinians attempted to attack Israelis or Israel Defense Forces soldiers. Even though the attackers did not pose a serious threat, they were shot without attempting to arrest the suspects before resorting to the use of lethal force. Medical attention for severely wounded Palestinians was in many cases delayed by Israeli forces.[117][118][119]
The New York Times reported 13 November 2020 that Abdullah Ahmed Abdullah was assassinated 7 August 2020 on the streets of Tehran by Israeli operatives at the behest of the United States, according to four intelligence officials of the United States.[66]
Iranian nuclear physicist Mohsen Fakhrizadeh was killed 27 November 2020 on a rural road in Absard, a city near Tehran. One American official — along with two other intelligence officials — said that Israel was behind the attack on the scientist.[120]
On 16 March 2023, the Israeli Army killed four Palestinian militants in Jenin. One motionless victim was shot in the head. According to The Guardian, the Israeli group of military veterans against the occupation, Breaking the Silence, called this an "extrajudicial execution".[121]
Pakistan
Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in Pakistan.[122] A form of extrajudicial killing called encounter killings by police is common in Pakistan.[123] Case in point is Naqeebullah Mehsud and Sahiwal Killings. The Province of Balochistan has also seen a significant number of disappearances, many of which have been attributed to security forces by residents: anti-government Baloch nationalists claim thousands of cases and have stated a belief that most of these disappeared persons have been killed.[124] Official numbers of disappeared persons have varied considerably, ranging between 55 and 1,100 victims.[125] Human rights organizations have dubbed this practice as the "kill and dump policy".[126]
Papua New Guinea
Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in Papua New Guinea.[127][128]
Philippines
Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in Philippines.[129][130][131][132][133][134][135]
Maguindanao massacre
The Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ) has called the massacre the single deadliest event for journalists in history.[136] Even prior to this, the CPJ had labeled the Philippines the second most dangerous country for journalists, second only to Iraq.[136]
War on drugs
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Philippines_Drug_War_Protest_2.jpg/220px-Philippines_Drug_War_Protest_2.jpg)
Following the victory of Rodrigo Duterte in the 2016 Philippine presidential election, a campaign against illegal drugs has led to widespread extrajudicial killings. This follows the actions by then-Mayor Duterte to roam Davao in order to "encounter to kill".[137]
The Philippine president has urged its citizens to kill suspected criminals and drug addicts,[138] ordered the police to adopt a shoot-to-kill[139] policy, has offered rewards for killing suspects,[140] and has even admitted to personally killing suspected criminals.[141]
The move has sparked widespread condemnation from international publications[141][142][143][144][145] and magazines,[146][147][148] prompting the Philippine government to issue statements denying the existence of state-sanctioned killings.[149][150][151]
Though Duterte's controversial war on drugs was opposed by the United States under President Barack Obama,[152] the European Union,[153] and the United Nations, Duterte claims that he has received approving remarks from US President Donald Trump.[154]
On 26 September 2016, Duterte issued guidelines that would enable the United Nations Rapporteur on Extrajudicial Killings to probe the rising death toll.[155] On 14 December 2016, Duterte cancelled the planned visit of the Rapporteur who declined to accept government conditions that were not consistent with the code of conduct for special rapporteurs.[156][157]
Saudi Arabia
The Saudi dissident Jamal Khashoggi was assassinated at the Saudi consulate in Istanbul on 2 October 2018.
Syria
Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in Syria.[158][159][160]
Tajikistan
Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in Tajikistan.[161][162]
Thailand
Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in Thailand.[163] Reportedly thousands of extrajudicial killings occurred during the 2003 anti-drug effort of Thailand's prime minister Thaksin Shinawatra.
Rumors still persist that there is collusion between the government, rogue military officers, the radical right wing, and anti-drug death squads.[164][165][166][167][168][169][170]
Both Muslim[171] and Buddhist[172] sectarian death squads still operate in the south of the country.
Turkey
Extrajudicial killings and death squads are common in Turkey.[173][174][175][176][177] In 1990 Amnesty International published its first report on extrajudicial executions in Turkey.[175] In the following years the problem became more serious. The Human Rights Foundation of Turkey determined the following figures on extrajudicial executions in Turkey for the years 1991 to 2001:[178]
1991 | 1992 | 1993 | 1994 | 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 |
98 | 283 | 189 | 129 | 96 | 129 | 98 | 80 | 63 | 56 | 37 |
In 2001 the UN Special Rapporteur on Extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions, Ms. Asma Jahangir, presented a report on a visit to Turkey.[179] The report presented details of killings of prisoners (26 September 1999, 10 prisoners killed in a prison in Ankara; 19 December 2000, an operation in 20 prisons launched throughout Turkey resulted in the death of 30 inmates and two gendarmes).
For the years 2000–2008 the Human Rights Association (HRA) gives the following figures on doubtful deaths/deaths in custody/extra judicial execution/torture by paid village guards[180]
2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 |
173 | 55 | 40 | 44 | 47 | 89 | 130 | 66 | 65 |
In 2008 the human rights organization Mazlum Der counted 25 extrajudicial killings in Turkey.[181]
Vietnam
Nguyễn Văn Lém (died 1 February 1968 in Saigon), also referred to as Captain Bảy Lốp, was a member of the Viet Cong who was summarily shot in Saigon during the Tet Offensive. The photograph of his death would become one of many anti-Vietnam War icons in the Western World.[182]
Europe
Belarus
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Znikn%C4%85%C4%87_03_-_Czarownik_ci%C4%85gnie_za_uszy.jpg/220px-Znikn%C4%85%C4%87_03_-_Czarownik_ci%C4%85gnie_za_uszy.jpg)
In 1999 Belarusian opposition leaders Yury Zacharanka and Viktar Hanchar together with his business associate Anatol Krasouski disappeared. Hanchar and Krasouski disappeared the same day of a broadcast on state television in which President Alexander Lukashenko ordered the chiefs of his security services to crack down on "opposition scum". Although the State Security Committee of the Republic of Belarus (KGB) had them under constant surveillance, the official investigation announced that the case could not be solved. The disappearance of journalist Dzmitry Zavadski in 2000 has also yielded no results. Copies of a report by the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, which linked senior Belarusian officials to the cases of disappearances, were confiscated.[183] Human Rights Watch claims that Zacharanka, Hanchar, Krasouski and Zavadski likely became victims of extrajudicial executions.[184]
Russia
Extrajudicial killings have taken place in Russia.[185][186] In the Russian Federation, a number of journalist murders were attributed to public administration figures, usually where the publications would reveal their involvement in large corruption scandals. It has been regarded that the poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko was linked to Russian special forces. American and British intelligence agents have claimed that Russian assassins, some possibly at orders of the government, are behind at least fourteen targeted killings in the United Kingdom that police authorities have termed non-suspicious.[187] The United Kingdom attributes the poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal in March 2018 to the Russian military-intelligence agency GRU. The German foreign minister Heiko Maas said there were "several indications" that Russia was behind the poisoning of Alexei Navalny.[citation needed]
Soviet Union
In Soviet Russia, since 1918 the secret police organization Cheka was authorized to execute counter-revolutionaries without trial. Hostages were also executed by Cheka during the Red Terror in 1918–1920. The successors of Cheka also had the authority for extrajudicial executions. In 1937–38 hundreds of thousands were executed extrajudicially during the Great Purge under the lists approved by NKVD troikas. In some cases, the Soviet special services did not arrest and then execute their victims but just secretly killed them without any arrest. For example, Solomon Mikhoels was murdered in 1948 and his body was run over to create the impression of a traffic accident. The Soviet special services also conducted extrajudicial killings abroad, most notably of Leon Trotsky in 1940 in Mexico, Stepan Bandera in 1959 in Germany, Georgi Markov in 1978 in London.
Spain
From 1983 until 1987, the Spanish government supported paramilitary squads, denominated GAL, to fight ETA, a Basque terrorist organization. A relevant example was the Lasa and Zabala case, in which José Antonio Lasa and José Ignacio Zabala were kidnapped, tortured and executed by police forces in 1983.
Ukraine
The Washington Post published 23 October 2023 about extrajudicial killings by Ukraine’s domestic security service, the SBU.[188]
United Kingdom
During the Troubles, an ethno-nationalist conflict in Northern Ireland, British security forces and intelligence agents were accused of committing extrajudicial killings against suspected IRA members.[189][190] Brian Nelson, an Ulster Defence Association member and secret British agent, was convicted in a court of sectarian murders.[191][192][193]
Operation Kratos referred to tactics developed by London's Metropolitan Police for dealing with suspected suicide bombers, most notably firing shots to the head without warning. Little was revealed about these tactics until after the mistaken shooting of Jean Charles de Menezes on 22 July 2005.[citation needed]
References
Notes
- ^
The legal exclusion in the sentence that starts "Such term, however ... " covers the killing of enemy combatants and others who are not protected under international law from extrajudicial killing.This article's factual accuracy is disputed. (June 2024)This article's factual accuracy is disputed. (June 2024)
References
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Further reading
- "India: Torture, rape and deaths in custody". Amnesty International. 26 March 1992.
- Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative (2007). Feudal Forces: Democratic Nations – Police Accountability in Commonwealth South Asia. CHRI. ISBN 978-81-88205-48-6.
See also
- Assassination
- Blood atonement
- Crime of passion
- Deadly force
- Death flights
- Death squad
- Encounter killing
- Extraordinary rendition
- Extrajudicial punishment
- Feud
- Forced disappearance
- Frontier justice
- Hate crime
- Honor killing
- Israeli targeted killings
- Jungle justice
- List of killings by law enforcement officers
- Lynching
- Manhunt (military)
- Pogrom
- Posse comitatus (common law)
- Purge
- Summary execution
- Targeted killing
- Terrorism
- The Troubles
- Vigilante
- Witch-hunt