Dongdan Kingdom: Difference between revisions

Dongdan Kingdom
東丹
Dongdan Kingdom 東丹
926–936
Capital	Huhan
Common languages	Khitan language, Goguryeo language
Religion	Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism and Shamanism
Government	Monarchy
History
• Established	926 926
• Annexed by the Liao dynasty	936 936
Preceded by	Succeeded by
	Balhae
Liao dynasty
Today part of	China; North Korea; Russia

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The Dongdan Kingdom (926–936) (simplified Chinese: 东丹; traditional Chinese: 東丹; Khitan language: Dan Gur,^[1]) was a puppet kingdom established by the Liao dynasty to rule the former realm of Balhae (Bohai) in eastern Manchuria.^[2]

History

After conquering Balhae (Bohai) in 926, the Liao crown prince Yelü Bei ascended to the throne of Dongdan at the Huhan fortress, the former capital of Balhae, in today's Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang Province. The state used Dongdan as its Chinese name, meaning the Eastern Dan Gur (Bohai), in respect to the Liao dynasty in the west.^[3] The term Dongdan is only found in Chinese texts; the Khitan equivalent is "Dan country" (Dan Gur), similar to Silla's and Goryeo's use of the word "Dan" 丹 as a derogatory term for the states and people of Manchuria.^[4]

However, political tension soon evolved between Yelü Bei and his younger brother Yelü Deguang, who took the imperial throne of the Liao dynasty after their father Yelü Abaoji died, en route to his homeland from a relatively successful campaign against the Later Tang. The new emperor ordered his elder brother to move his capital from Huhan in eastern Manchuria to Liaoyang in western Manchuria.

Yelü Bei obeyed the imperial order but soon fled to North China to avoid possible assassination in 930. Yelü Bei's son was elevated to the new king of Dongdan, but the kingdom was annexed by the Liao dynasty in 936.^[5] A minority of historians suggest Dongdan was annexed in 982. On the other hand some believe that Dongdan was never a "independent kingdom", but the former area of Balhae was instantly annexed in 926 by the Liao dynasty.^[6]

To continue Balhae's friendly relations with Japan, Dongdan sent a diplomatic mission over the Sea of Japan in 929. But the Japanese court in Kyoto rejected the mission from Dongdan, due to loyalty for the old Balhae regime.^[7]

Notes

^ 契丹文dan gur本義考あわせて「東丹国」の国号を論ず^{[permanent dead link]}
^ 이이화의 〈한국사 이야기 4-남국 신라와 북국 발해〉
^ 徐俊. 中国古代王朝和政权名号探源. 湖北武昌: 华中师范大学出版社. 2000年11月: 262. ISBN 7-5622-2277-0.
^ Pamela Kyle Crossley (2016). "Bohai/Parhae Identity and the Coherence of Dan gur under the Kitan/Liao Empire". International Journal of Korean History. 21 (1): 11–44. doi:10.22372/ijkh.2016.21.1.11.
^ 徐俊. 中国古代王朝和政权名号探源. 湖北武昌: 华中师范大学出版社. 2000年11月: 262. ISBN 7-5622-2277-0.
^ SAWAMOTO, Mitsuhiro (2008). "The Kitai Dynasty's governance of Bohai and the structure of Dongdanguo as seen from Yelu-Yuzu's Epitaph". Shigaku Sawamoto Mitsuhiro Zasshi. 117 (6): 1097–1122. doi:10.24471/shigaku.117.6_1097. ISSN 0018-2478.
^ The Kitai Dynasty’s governance of Bohai and the structure of Dongdanguo as seen from Yelu-Yuzu’s Epitaph

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[1] 契丹文dan gur本義考あわせて「東丹国」の国号を論ず^{[permanent dead link]}

[2] 이이화의 〈한국사 이야기 4-남국 신라와 북국 발해〉

[3] 徐俊. 中国古代王朝和政权名号探源. 湖北武昌: 华中师范大学出版社. 2000年11月: 262. ISBN 7-5622-2277-0.

[4] Pamela Kyle Crossley (2016). "Bohai/Parhae Identity and the Coherence of Dan gur under the Kitan/Liao Empire". International Journal of Korean History. 21 (1): 11–44. doi:10.22372/ijkh.2016.21.1.11.

[5] 徐俊. 中国古代王朝和政权名号探源. 湖北武昌: 华中师范大学出版社. 2000年11月: 262. ISBN 7-5622-2277-0.

[6] SAWAMOTO, Mitsuhiro (2008). "The Kitai Dynasty's governance of Bohai and the structure of Dongdanguo as seen from Yelu-Yuzu's Epitaph". Shigaku Sawamoto Mitsuhiro Zasshi. 117 (6): 1097–1122. doi:10.24471/shigaku.117.6_1097. ISSN 0018-2478.

[7] The Kitai Dynasty’s governance of Bohai and the structure of Dongdanguo as seen from Yelu-Yuzu’s Epitaph

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[3]

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|926–930 puppet state in Manchuria}}
 {{Infobox country
 | native_name                = 東丹
@@ Line 4: / Line 5: @@
 | common_name                = Dongdan
 | government_type                = [[Monarchy]]
+| year_start = 926
+| year_end = 936
 | event_start                = Established
 | date_start                = 926
-| event_end                = annexed by the [[Liao Dynasty]]
+| event_end                = Annexed by the [[Liao dynasty]]
 | date_end                = 936
 | capital                = [[Shangjing Longquanfu|Huhan]]
@@ Line 22: / Line 25: @@
 | today                = [[China]]<br>[[North Korea]]<br>[[Russia]]
 }}
 [[File:Map of The east barbarian 6.png|thumb|The area controlled by the Liao Dynasty. Dongdan is shaded in blue.]]
+{{History of Korea}}
-The '''Dongdan Kingdom''' (926–936) (東丹, [[Khitan language]]: '''Dan Gur''',<ref>[http://www.apu.ac.jp/~yoshim/dan%20gur.pdf 契丹文dan gur本義考 あわせて「東丹国」の国号を論ず]{{dead link|date=December 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Simplified Chinese]]: 东丹, [[Korean language|Korean]]: 동란) was a [[Puppet state|puppet kingdom]] established by the [[Khitan people|Khitan]] to rule the realm of [[Balhae]] in Eastern [[Manchuria]] (now partially in North Eastern China).<ref>이이화의 〈한국사 이야기 4-남국 신라와 북국 발해〉</ref>
+{{History of Manchuria}}
+The '''Dongdan Kingdom''' (926–936) ({{zh|t=東丹|s=东丹}}; [[Khitan language]]: '''Dan Gur''',<ref>[http://www.apu.ac.jp/~yoshim/dan%20gur.pdf 契丹文dan gur本義考 あわせて「東丹国」の国号を論ず]{{dead link|date=December 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>) was a [[Puppet state|puppet kingdom]] established by the [[Liao dynasty]] to rule the former realm of [[Balhae|Balhae (Bohai)]] in eastern [[Manchuria]].<ref>이이화의 〈한국사 이야기 4-남국 신라와 북국 발해〉</ref>
 == History ==
-After conquering the Dan Gur (Balhae in Khitan language) in 926, the Khitan crown prince [[Prince Bei|Yelü Bei]] ascended to the throne of it at the Holhan fortress, the capital of Balhae, today's [[Mudanjiang]], [[Heilongjiang Province]]. It used Dongdan as its Chinese name, which means the east Dan Gur, in respect to the West [[Liao dynasty]].<ref>徐俊. 中国古代王朝和政权名号探源. 湖北武昌: 华中师范大学出版社. 2000年11月: 262. {{ISBN|7-5622-2277-0}}.</ref>
+After conquering Balhae (Bohai) in 926, the Liao crown prince [[Yelü Bei]] ascended to the throne of Dongdan at the [[Shangjing Longquanfu|Huhan]] fortress, the former capital of Balhae, in today's [[Mudanjiang]], [[Heilongjiang Province]]. The state used Dongdan as its Chinese name, meaning the Eastern Dan Gur (Bohai), in respect to the [[Liao dynasty]] in the west.<ref>徐俊. 中国古代王朝和政权名号探源. 湖北武昌: 华中师范大学出版社. 2000年11月: 262. {{ISBN|7-5622-2277-0}}.</ref> The term Dongdan is only found in Chinese texts; the Khitan equivalent is "Dan country" (Dan Gur), similar to Silla's and Goryeo's use of the word "Dan" 丹 as a derogatory term for the states and people of Manchuria.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pamela Kyle Crossley |title=Bohai/Parhae Identity and the Coherence of Dan gur under the Kitan/Liao Empire |journal=International Journal of Korean History |date=2016 |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=11–44|doi=10.22372/ijkh.2016.21.1.11 }}</ref>
-However, political tension soon evolved between Yelü Bei and his younger brother [[Emperor Taizong of Liao|Yelü Deguang]], who took the imperial throne of Khitan after their father [[Emperor Taizu of Liao|Yelü Abaoji]] died, en route to his homeland from a relatively successful campaign against the [[Later Tang]]. The new emperor ordered his elder brother to move his capital from Huhan in Eastern Manchuria to [[Liaoyang]] in Western Manchuria.
+However, political tension soon evolved between Yelü Bei and his younger brother [[Emperor Taizong of Liao|Yelü Deguang]], who took the imperial throne of the Liao dynasty after their father [[Emperor Taizu of Liao|Yelü Abaoji]] died, en route to his homeland from a relatively successful campaign against the [[Later Tang]]. The new emperor ordered his elder brother to move his capital from Huhan in eastern Manchuria to [[Liaoyang]] in western Manchuria.
-Bei obeyed the imperial order but soon fled to North China to avoid possible assassination in 930. Bei's son was elevated to the new king of Dongdan, but the kingdom was annexed by the [[Liao Dynasty]] in 936.<ref>徐俊. 中国古代王朝和政权名号探源. 湖北武昌: 华中师范大学出版社. 2000年11月: 262. {{ISBN|7-5622-2277-0}}.</ref> A minority of historians suggest Dongdan was annexed in 982. On the other hand some beliefe that Dongdan was never a "independent kingdom", but was instantly annexed in 926 by the Khitan.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=SAWAMOTO|first=Mitsuhiro|date=2008|title=The Kitai Dynasty's governance of Bohai and the structure of Dongdanguo as seen from Yelu-Yuzu's Epitaph|url=https://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/110009479720|journal=Shigaku Zasshi|volume=117|issue=6|pages=1097–1122|doi=10.24471/shigaku.117.6_1097|issn=0018-2478}}</ref>
+Yelü Bei obeyed the imperial order but soon fled to North China to avoid possible assassination in 930. Yelü Bei's son was elevated to the new king of Dongdan, but the kingdom was annexed by the Liao dynasty in 936.<ref>徐俊. 中国古代王朝和政权名号探源. 湖北武昌: 华中师范大学出版社. 2000年11月: 262. {{ISBN|7-5622-2277-0}}.</ref> A minority of historians suggest Dongdan was annexed in 982. On the other hand some believe that Dongdan was never a "independent kingdom", but the former area of Balhae was instantly annexed in 926 by the Liao dynasty.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=SAWAMOTO|first=Mitsuhiro|date=2008|title=The Kitai Dynasty's governance of Bohai and the structure of Dongdanguo as seen from Yelu-Yuzu's Epitaph|url=https://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/110009479720|journal=Shigaku Sawamoto Mitsuhiro Zasshi|volume=117|issue=6|pages=1097–1122|doi=10.24471/shigaku.117.6_1097|issn=0018-2478}}</ref>
-To continue Balhae's friendly relations with [[Japan]], Dongdan sent a diplomatic mission over the [[Sea of Japan]] (East Sea) in 929. But the Japanese court in [[Kyoto]] rejected the mission from Dongdan, due to loyalty for the old Balhae regime.<ref>[http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/110009479720 The Kitai Dynasty’s governance of Bohai and the structure of Dongdanguo as seen from Yelu-Yuzu’s Epitaph]</ref>
+To continue Balhae's friendly relations with [[Japan]], Dongdan sent a diplomatic mission over the [[Sea of Japan]] in 929. But the Japanese court in [[Kyoto]] rejected the mission from Dongdan, due to loyalty for the old Balhae regime.<ref>[http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/110009479720 The Kitai Dynasty’s governance of Bohai and the structure of Dongdanguo as seen from Yelu-Yuzu’s Epitaph]</ref>
 <br>
-[[Image:Anonymous-The King of Dongdan Goes Forth.jpg|thumb|center|600px|''The King of Dongdan Goes Forth'' (東丹王出行圖), scroll, light colors on silk. 146.8 x 77.3 cm. [[National Palace Museum]], Taibei]]
+[[Image:Anonymous-The King of Dongdan Goes Forth.jpg|thumb|center|600px|''The King of Dongdan Goes Forth'' (東丹王出行圖), scroll, light colors on silk. 146.8 x 77.3 cm. [[National Palace Museum]], Taipei]]
 == See also ==
@@ Line 48: / Line 52: @@
 [[Category:History of Manchuria]]
-[[Category:History of Korea]]
 [[Category:Balhae]]
 [[Category:Former countries in Chinese history]]
+[[Category:Former countries in Korean history]]
 [[Category:History of Siberia]]
-[[Category:Khitan history]]
+[[Category:History of the Khitans]]
 [[Category:10th century in Asia]]
 [[Category:936 disestablishments]]