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Trans fat regulation, that aims to limit the amount of "trans fat" — fat containing trans fatty acids — in industrial food products, has been enacted in many countries. These regulations were motivated by numerous studies that pointed to significant negative health effects of trans fat. It is generally accepted that trans fat in the diet is a contributing factor in several diseases, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and cancer.

History

As early as 1956, there were suggestions in the scientific literature that trans fats could be a cause of the large increase in coronary artery disease but after three decades the concerns were still largely unaddressed.^[1] Instead, by the 1980s, fats of animal origin had become one of the greatest concerns of dieticians. Activists, such as Phil Sokolof, who took out full page ads in major newspapers, attacked the use of beef tallow in McDonald's french fries and urged fast-food companies to switch to vegetable oils. The result was an almost overnight switch by most fast-food outlets to trans fats.^{[citation needed]}

Studies in the early 1990s, however, brought renewed scrutiny and confirmation of the negative health impact of trans fats. In 1994, it was estimated that trans fats caused 20,000 deaths annually in the United States from heart disease.^[2]

Mandatory food labeling for trans fats was introduced in several countries.^[3] Campaigns were launched by activists to bring attention to the issue and change the practices of food manufacturers.^[4]

International regulation

The international trade in food is standardized in the Codex Alimentarius. Hydrogenated oils and fats come under the scope of Codex Stan 19.^[5] Non-dairy fat spreads are covered by Codex Stan 256-2007.^[6] In the Codex Alimentarius, trans fat to be labelled as such is defined as the geometrical isomers of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids having non-conjugated [interrupted by at least one methylene group (−CH₂−)] carbon-carbon double bonds in the trans configuration. This definition excludes specifically the trans fats (vaccenic acid and conjugated linoleic acid) that are present especially in human milk, dairy products, and beef.^{[citation needed]}

In 2018 the World Health Organization launched a plan to eliminate trans fat from the global food supply. They estimate that trans fat leads to more than 500,000 deaths from cardiovascular disease yearly.^[7]

Argentina

Trans fat content labeling is required starting in August 2006.^[8] Since 2010, vegetable oils and fats sold to consumers directly must contain only 2% of trans fat over total fat, and other food must contain less than 5% of their total fat.^[9] Starting on 10 December 2014, Argentina has on effect a total ban on food with trans fat, a regulation that could save the government more than US$100 million a year on healthcare.^[10]

Australia

The Australian federal government has indicated that it wants to pursue actively a policy to reduce trans fats from fast foods. The former federal assistant health minister, Christopher Pyne, asked fast food outlets to reduce their trans fat use. A draft plan was proposed, with a September 2007 timetable, to reduce reliance on trans fats and saturated fats.^[11]

As of 2018^[update], Australia's food labeling laws do not require trans fats to be shown separately from the total fat content. However, margarine in Australia has been mostly free of trans fat since 1996.^[12]

Austria

Trans fat content limited to 4% of total fat, 2% on products that contain more than 20% fat.^[13]

Belgium

The Conseil Supérieur de la Santé published in 2012 a science-policy advisory report on industrially produced trans fatty acids that focuses on the general population. Its recommendation to the legislature was to prohibit more than 2 g of trans fatty acids per 100 g of fat in food products.^[14]

Brazil

Resolution 360 of 23 December 2003 by the Brazilian ministry of health required for the first time in the country that the amount of trans fat to be specified in labels of food products. On 31 July 2006, such labelling of trans fat contents became mandatory. In 2019 Anvisa published a new legislation to reduce the total amount of trans fat in any industrialized food sold in Brazil to a maximum of 2% by the end of 2023.^[15]

Canada

In a process that began in 2004, Health Canada finally banned partially hydrogenated oils (PHOs), the primary source of industrially produced trans fats in foods, in September 2018.^{[citation needed]}

On 15 September 2017, Health Canada announced that trans fat will be completely banned effective on 15 September 2018.^[16] and the ban came into effect in September 2018, banning partially hydrogenated oils (the largest source of industrially produced trans fats in foods). It is now illegal for manufacturers to add partially hydrogenated oils to foods sold in or imported into Canada.^[17]

Denmark

In March 2003, Denmark became the first country to effectively ban artificial trans fat^[18] It limited the trans share to 2% of fats and oils destined for human consumption, a standard that partially hydrogenated oil fails. This restriction is on the ingredients rather than the final products. This regulatory approach thus made Denmark the first country in which it was possible to eat "far less" than 1 g of industrially produced trans fats daily, even with a diet including processed foods.^[19] One public health study concluded that Danish government's efforts to decrease trans fat intake from 6 g to 1 g per day over 20 years is related to a 50% decrease in deaths from ischemic heart disease.^[20]

European Union

In 2004, the European Food Safety Authority produced a scientific opinion on trans fatty acids, surmising that "higher intakes of TFA may increase risk for coronary heart disease".^[21]

From 2 April 2021 foods in the EU intended for consumers are required to contain less than 2g of industrial trans fat per 100g of fat.^[22]

Greece

Law in Greece limits content of trans fats sold in school canteens to 0.1% (Ministerial Decision Υ1γ/ΓΠ/οικ 81025/ΦΕΚ 2135/τ.Β'/29-08-2013 as modified by Ministerial Decision Υ1γ/ Γ.Π/οικ 96605/ΦΕΚ 2800 τ.Β/4-11-201).^[23]

Iceland

Total trans fat content was limited in 2010 to 2% of total fat content.^[24]^[25]

Israel

Since 2014, it is obligatory to mark food products with more than 2% (by weight) fat. The nutritional facts must contain the amount of trans fats.^[26]

Romania

On 19 August 2020, the president promulgated Law 182/2020 that limits trans fats to 2 grams per every 100 grams of fat, max. The food producers who will not conform will be fined with a sum ranging between 10,000 and 30,000 lei.^[27]^[28] It will come into force on the 1st of April 2020,^[29] and it was initiated in 2017 by Save Romania Union senator Adrian Wiener.^[30]

Saudi Arabia

The Saudi Food and Drug Authority (SFDA) requires importers and manufacturer to write the trans fats amounts in the nutritional facts labels of food products according to the requirements of Saudi Standard Specifications/Gulf Specifications.^[31]

Starting in 2020, Saudi Minister of Health announced the ban of trans fat in all food products due to their health risks.^[32]

Singapore

The Ministry of Health announced a total ban on partially-hydrogenated oils (PHOs) on 6 March 2019.^[33] The target was set to ban PHOs by June 2021, with the aim of encouraging healthy eating habits. The total ban on PHOs took effect on 1 June 2021.^[34]

Sweden

The parliament gave the government a mandate in 2011 to submit without delay a law prohibiting the use of industrially produced trans fats in foods, as of 2017 the law has not yet been implemented.^[35]^[36]

Switzerland

Switzerland followed Denmark's trans fats ban, and implemented its own starting in April 2008.^[37]

United Kingdom

In October 2005, the Food Standards Agency (FSA) asked for better labelling in the UK.^[38] In the edition of 29 July 2006 of the British Medical Journal, an editorial also called for better labelling.^[39] In January 2007, the British Retail Consortium announced that major UK retailers, including Asda, Boots, Co-op Food, Iceland, Marks and Spencer, Sainsbury's, Tesco and Waitrose^[40] intended to cease adding trans fatty acids to their own products by the end of 2007.^[41]

On 13 December 2007, the Food Standards Agency issued news releases stating that voluntary measures to reduce trans fats in food had already resulted in safe levels of consumer intake.^[42]^[43]

On 15 April 2010, a British Medical Journal editorial called for trans fats to be "virtually eliminated in the United Kingdom by next year".^[44]

The June 2010 National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) report Prevention of cardiovascular disease declared that 40,000 cardiovascular disease deaths in 2006 were "mostly preventable".^[45] To achieve this, NICE offered 24 recommendations including product labelling, public education, protecting under–16s from marketing of unhealthy foods, promoting exercise and physically active travel, and even reforming the Common Agricultural Policy to reduce production of unhealthy foods. Fast-food outlets were mentioned as a risk factor, with (in 2007) 170 g of McDonald's fries and 160 g nuggets containing 6 to 8 g of trans fats, conferring a substantially increased risk of coronary artery disease death.^[46] NICE made three specific recommendation for diet: (1) reduction of dietary salt to 3 g per day by 2025; (2) halving consumption of saturated fats; and (3) eliminating the use of industrially produced trans fatty acids in food. However, the recommendations were greeted unhappily by the food industry, which stated that it was already voluntarily dropping the trans fat levels to below the WHO recommendations of a maximum of 2%.^{[citation needed]}

Rejecting an outright ban, the Health Secretary Andrew Lansley launched on 15 March 2012 a voluntary pledge to remove artificial trans fats by the end of the year. Asda, Pizza Hut, Burger King, Tesco, Unilever and United Biscuits are some of 73 businesses who have agreed to do so.^{[citation needed]} Lansley and his special Adviser Bill Morgan formerly worked for firms with interests in the food industry and some journalists have alleged that this results in a conflict of interest.^[47] Many health professionals are not happy with the voluntary nature of the deal. Simon Capewell, Professor of Clinical Epidemiology at the University of Liverpool, felt that justifying intake on the basis of average figures was unsuitable since some members of the community could considerably exceed this.^[48]

United States

On 11 July 2003, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued a regulation requiring manufacturers to list trans fat on the Nutrition Facts panel of foods and some dietary supplements.^[49]^[50] The new labeling rule became mandatory across the board on 1 January 2006, even for companies that petitioned for extensions.^[51] However, unlike in many other countries, trans fat levels of less than 0.5 grams per serving can be listed as 0 grams trans fat on the food label.^[52] According to a study published in the Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, without an interpretive footnote or further information on recommended daily value, many consumers do not know how to interpret the meaning of trans fat content on the Nutrition Facts panel. Without specific prior knowledge about trans fat and its negative health effects, consumers, including those at risk for heart disease, may misinterpret nutrient information provided on the panel.^[53] The FDA did not approve nutrient content claims such as "trans fat free" or "low trans fat", as they could not determine a "recommended daily value". Nevertheless, the agency is planning a consumer study to evaluate the consumer understanding of such claims and perhaps consider a regulation allowing their use on packaged foods.^[54] However, there is no requirement to list trans fats on institutional food packaging; thus bulk purchasers such as schools, hospitals, jails and cafeterias are unable to evaluate the trans fat content of commercial food items.^[55]

Critics of the plan, including FDA advisor Dr. Carlos Camargo, have expressed concern that the 0.5 gram per serving threshold is too high to refer to a food as free of trans fat. This is because a person eating many servings of a product, or eating multiple products over the course of the day may still consume a significant amount of trans fat.^[56] Despite this, the FDA estimates that by 2009, trans fat labeling will have prevented from 600 to 1,200 cases of coronary artery disease, and 250 to 500 deaths, yearly. This benefit is expected to result from consumers choosing alternative foods lower in trans fats, and manufacturers reducing the amount of trans fats in their products.^{[citation needed]}

The American Medical Association supports any state and federal efforts to ban the use of artificial trans fats in U.S. restaurants and bakeries.^[57]

The American Public Health Association adopted a new policy statement regarding trans fats in 2007. These new guidelines, entitled Restricting Trans Fatty Acids in the Food Supply, recommend that the government require nutrition facts labeling of trans fats on all commercial food products. They also urge federal, state, and local governments to ban and monitor use of trans fats in restaurants. Furthermore, the APHA recommends barring the sales and availability of foods containing significant amounts of trans fat in public facilities including universities, prisons, and day care facilities etc.^[55]

In January 2007, faced with the prospect of an outright ban on the sale of their product, Crisco was reformulated to meet the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) definition of "zero grams trans fats per serving" (that is less than one gram per tablespoon, or up to 7% by weight; or less than 0.5 grams per serving size)^[49]^[50]^[53]^[56] by boosting the saturation and then diluting the resulting solid fat with unsaturated vegetable oils.

In 2010, according to the FDA, the average American consumed 5.8 grams of trans fat per day (2.6% of energy intake).^[58] Monoglycerides and diglycerides are not considered fats by the FDA, despite their nearly equal calorie per weight contribution during ingestion.

On 7 November 2013, the FDA issued a preliminary determination that trans fats are not "generally recognized as safe", which was widely seen as a precursor to reclassifying trans fats as a "food additive," meaning they could not be used in foods without specific regulatory authorization. This would have the effect of virtually eliminating trans fats from the US food supply.^[59]^[60]^[61] The ruling was formally enacted on 16 June 2015, requiring that within three years, by 18 June 2018 no food prepared in the United States is allowed to include trans fats, unless approved by the FDA.^[62]

The FDA agreed in May 2018 to give companies one more year to find other ingredients for enhancing product flavors or grease industrial baking pans, effectively banning trans fats in the United States from May 2019 onwards. Also, while new products can no longer be made with trans fats, they will give foods already on the shelves some time to cycle out of the market.^[63]

State and local regulation

Even before the federal ban, the state of California and several U.S. cities took action to reduce consumption of trans fats.^{[citation needed]}

In 2005, Tiburon, California, became the first American city where all restaurants voluntarily cook with trans fat-free oils.^[64] In 2007, Montgomery County, Maryland, approved a ban on partially hydrogenated oils, becoming the first county in the nation to restrict trans fats.^[65]

New York City embarked on a campaign in 2005 to reduce consumption of trans fats, noting that heart disease is the primary cause of resident deaths. This has included a public education campaign and a request to restaurant owners to eliminate trans fat from their offerings voluntarily.^[66] Finding that the voluntary program was not successful, New York City's Board of Health in 2006 solicited public comments on a proposal to ban artificial trans fats in restaurants.^[67] The board voted to ban trans fat in restaurant food on 5 December 2006. New York was the first large US city to strictly limit trans fats in restaurants. Restaurants were barred from using most frying and spreading fats containing artificial trans fats above 0.5 g per serving on 1 July 2007, and were supposed to have met the same target in all of their foods by 1 July 2008.^[68]

The Philadelphia City Council unanimously voted to enact a ban in February 2007.^[69]^[70] The ordinance does not apply to prepackaged foods sold in the city, but did require restaurants in the city to stop frying food in trans fats by 1 September 2007. The ordinance also contained a provision going into effect one year later that barred trans fat from being used as an ingredient in commercial kitchens. On 10 October 2007, the Philadelphia City Council approved the use of trans fats by small bakeries throughout the city.^[71]

Albany County of New York passed a ban on trans fats. The ban was adopted after a unanimous vote by the county legislature on 14 May 2007. The decision was made after New York City's decision, but no plan has been put into place. Legislators received a letter from Rick J. Sampson, president and CEO of the New York State Restaurant Association, calling on them to "delay any action on this issue until the full impact of the New York City ban is known."

San Francisco officially asked its restaurants to stop using trans fat in January 2008. The voluntary program will grant a city decal to restaurants that comply and apply for the decal.^[72] Legislators say the next step will be a mandatory ban.

Chicago also passed partial ban on oils and posting requirements for fast food restaurants.^[73]^[74]

Trans fat bans were also introduced in the state legislatures of Massachusetts, Maryland, and Vermont.^[75]^[76]^[77]

In March 2008, the Boston Public Health Commission's Board of Health passed a regulation food service establishments from selling foods containing artificial trans fats at more than 0.5 grams per serving, which is similar to the New York City regulation; there are some exceptions for clearly labeled packaged foods and charitable bake sales.^[78]

In July 2008, California became the first state to ban trans fats in restaurants effective 1 January 2010; Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger signed the bill into law.^[79] California restaurants are prohibited from using oil, shortening, and margarine containing artificial trans fats in spreads or for frying, with the exception of deep frying doughnuts.^[79]^[80]^[81] As of 1 January 2011, doughnuts and other baked goods have been prohibited from containing artificial trans fats.^[79]^[80]^[81] Packaged foods are not covered by the ban and can legally contain trans fats.^[82]

2015–2018 federal phaseout

In 2009, at the age of 94, University of Illinois professor Fred Kummerow, a trans fat researcher who had campaigned for decades for a federal ban on the substance, filed a petition with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) seeking elimination of artificial trans fats from the U.S. food supply.^[83] The FDA did not act on his petition for four years, and in 2013 Kummerow filed a lawsuit against the FDA and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, seeking to compel the FDA to respond to his petition and "to ban partially hydrogenated oils unless a complete administrative review finds new evidence for their safety."^[83] Kummerow's petition stated that "Artificial trans fat is a poisonous and deleterious substance, and the FDA has acknowledged the danger."^[84]

Three months after the suit was filed,^[83] on 16 June 2015, the FDA moved to eliminate artificial trans fats from the U.S. food supply, giving manufacturers a deadline of three years.^[85] The FDA specifically ruled that trans fat was not generally recognized as safe and "could no longer be added to food after 18 June 2018, unless a manufacturer could present convincing scientific evidence that a particular use was safe."^[86]^[87]^[88] Kummerow stated: "Science won out."^[89]

The ban is believed to prevent about 90,000 premature deaths annually.^[86] The FDA estimates the ban will cost the food industry $6.2 billion over 20 years as the industry reformulates products and substitutes new ingredients for trans fat. The benefits are estimated at $140 billion over 20 years mainly from lower health care spending. Food companies can petition the FDA for approval of specific uses of partially hydrogenated oils if the companies submit data proving the oils' use is safe.^[90]

Manufacturer response

Palm oil, a natural oil extracted from the fruit of oil palm trees that is semi-solid at room temperature (15–25 degrees Celsius), can potentially serve as a substitute for partially hydrogenated fats in baking and processed food applications, although there is disagreement about whether replacing partially hydrogenated fats with palm oil confers any health benefits. A 2006 study supported by the National Institutes of Health and the USDA Agricultural Research Service concluded that palm oil is not a safe substitute for partially hydrogenated fats (trans fats) in the food industry, because palm oil results in adverse changes in the blood concentrations of LDL and apolipoprotein B just as trans fat does.^[91]^[92]

The J.M. Smucker Company, American manufacturer of Crisco (the original partially hydrogenated vegetable shortening), in 2004 released a new formulation made from solid saturated palm oil cut with soybean oil and sunflower oil. This blend yielded an equivalent shortening much like the prior partially hydrogenated Crisco, and was labelled zero grams of trans fat per 1 tablespoon serving (as compared with 1.5 grams per tablespoon of original Crisco).^[93] As of 24 January 2007, Smucker claims that all Crisco shortening products in the US have been reformulated to contain less than one gram of trans fat per serving while keeping saturated fat content less than butter.^[94] The separately marketed trans fat free version introduced in 2004 was discontinued.^{[citation needed]}

On 22 May 2004, Unilever, the corporate descendant of Joseph Crosfield & Sons (the original producer of Wilhelm Normann's hydrogenation hardened oils) announced that they have eliminated trans fats from all their margarine products in Canada, including their flagship Becel brand.^[95]

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^ Spivack MS (16 May 2007). "Montgomery bans trans fats in restaurants, markets". The Washington Post. Retrieved 28 June 2007.
^ "Health department asks restaurateurs and food suppliers to voluntarily make an oil change and eliminate artificial trans fat" (Press release). City of New York. 10 August 2005. Archived from the original on 16 January 2007. Retrieved 18 January 2007.
^ "Health department proposes two changes to city's health code for public comment" (Press release). City of New York. 26 September 2006. Archived from the original on 14 January 2007. Retrieved 18 January 2007.
^ "Board of health votes to phase out artificial trans fat from New York City's restaurants" (Press release). City of New York. 5 December 2006. Archived from the original on 16 January 2007. Retrieved 18 January 2007.
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^ McCaffrey J (16 February 2007). "Street signs trans-fat ban bill". The Evening Bulletin. Archived from the original on 26 January 2008.
^ "Amending Section 6-307 of The Philadelphia Code, entitled 'Foods containing artificial trans fats,' by exempting certain bakeries from the provisions prohibiting the use of artificial trans fats, under certain terms and conditions" (Press release). Philadelphia City Council. 10 October 2007. Archived from the original on 12 October 2007. Retrieved 11 October 2007.
^ "San Francisco restaurants asked to ban trans fats". The Union Tribune. 2 February 2008. Retrieved 2 February 2008.
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^ Davey M (18 July 2006). "Chicago weighs new prohibition: bad-for-You fats". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 16 January 2007. Retrieved 18 January 2007.
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^ "Bill would ban trans fat in Mass". Associated Press. 20 December 2006.
^ "Trans Fats Facts and Information". Boston Public Health Commission. Archived from the original on 2021-05-06. Retrieved 2017-06-03.
^ ^a ^b ^c McGreevy P (25 July 2008). "Gov. Schwarzenegger signs law banning trans fats in restaurants". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 25 July 2008.
^ ^a ^b Sondag S (25 July 2008). "Gov. signs nation's first statewide ban on trans fats in restaurants". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on 26 July 2008. Retrieved 25 July 2008.
^ ^a ^b "Assembly Bill No. 97" (PDF). California State Assembly. 2008.
^ Sanders J (25 July 2008). "Schwarzenegger wages war on trans fats". McClatchy Newspapers. The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Archived from the original on 31 July 2008. Retrieved 25 July 2008.
^ ^a ^b ^c Brady Dennis (2 June 2017). "Fred Kummerow, U. of I. professor who fought against trans fats, dies at 102". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2023-02-07.
^ Watson E (13 August 2013). "Researcher files lawsuit vs FDA after it ignored his petition calling for ban on artificial trans fats". Food Navigator USA.
^ Dennis B (16 June 2015). "FDA moves to ban trans fat from U.S. food supply". The Washington Post.
^ ^a ^b Hafner, Katie (2017-06-01). "Fred A. Kummerow, an Early Opponent of Trans Fats, Dies at 102". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-02-07.
^ "Final Determination Regarding Partially Hydrogenated Oils". 17 June 2015.
^ Christensen J. "FDA orders food manufacturers to stop using trans fat within three years". CNN.
^ Dennis B (16 June 2015). "The 100-year-old scientist who pushed the FDA to ban artificial trans fat". The Washington Post.
^ Edney A, Giammona C (16 June 2015). "U.S. Bans Trans Fat". Bloomberg L.P.
^ Vega-López S, Ausman LM, Jalbert SM, Erkkilä AT, Lichtenstein AH (July 2006). "Palm and partially hydrogenated soybean oils adversely alter lipoprotein profiles compared with soybean and canola oils in moderately hyperlipidemic subjects". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 84 (1): 54–62. doi:10.1093/ajcn/84.1.54. PMID 16825681.
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^ "Crisco 0 grams trans fat per serving all-vegetable shortening". Archived from the original on 15 October 2006. Retrieved 18 January 2007.
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+{{Short description|Regulations covering trans fat in food products}}
 '''Trans fat regulation''',  that aims to limit the amount of "[[trans fat]]" — [[fat]] containing [[cis-trans isomerism|''trans'']] [[fatty acid]]s — in industrial food products, has been enacted in many countries.  These regulations were motivated by numerous studies that pointed to significant [[Fat#Nutritional issues|negative health effects]] of trans fat.  It is generally accepted that trans fat in the diet is a contributing factor in several diseases, including [[cardiovascular disease]], [[diabetes]], and [[cancer]].
 ==History==
-As early as 1956, there were suggestions in the scientific literature that ''trans'' fats could be a cause of the large increase in [[coronary artery disease]] but after three decades the concerns were still largely unaddressed.<ref name="Harvard">{{cite journal|vauthors=Ascherio A, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC |title=Trans fatty acids and coronary heart disease|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|year=1999|volume=340|issue=25|pages=1994–8|doi=10.1056/NEJM199906243402511|pmid=10379026|url=http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/reviews/transfats.html|access-date=14 September 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060903061226/http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/reviews/transfats.html|archive-date=3 September 2006}}</ref> Instead, by the 1980s, fats of animal origin had become one of the greatest concerns of dieticians. Activists, such as [[Phil Sokolof]], who took out full page ads in major newspapers, attacked the use of [[beef tallow]] in McDonald's french fries and urged fast-food companies to switch to vegetable oils. The result was an almost overnight switch by most fast-food outlets to trans fats.
+As early as 1956, there were suggestions in the scientific literature that ''trans'' fats could be a cause of the large increase in [[coronary artery disease]] but after three decades the concerns were still largely unaddressed.<ref name="Harvard">{{cite journal|vauthors=Ascherio A, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC |title=Trans fatty acids and coronary heart disease|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|year=1999|volume=340|issue=25|pages=1994–8|doi=10.1056/NEJM199906243402511|pmid=10379026|url=http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/reviews/transfats.html|access-date=14 September 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060903061226/http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/reviews/transfats.html|archive-date=3 September 2006}}</ref> Instead, by the 1980s, fats of animal origin had become one of the greatest concerns of dieticians. Activists, such as [[Phil Sokolof]], who took out full page ads in major newspapers, attacked the use of [[beef tallow]] in McDonald's french fries and urged fast-food companies to switch to vegetable oils. The result was an almost overnight switch by most fast-food outlets to trans fats.{{cn|date=February 2024}}
 Studies in the early 1990s, however, brought renewed scrutiny and confirmation of the negative health impact of trans fats. In 1994, it was estimated that trans fats caused 20,000 deaths annually in the United States from heart disease.<ref name="pmid8179036">{{cite journal | vauthors = Willett WC, Ascherio A | title = Trans fatty acids: are the effects only marginal? | journal = American Journal of Public Health | volume = 84 | issue = 5 | pages = 722–4 | date = May 1994 | pmid = 8179036 | pmc = 1615057 | doi = 10.2105/AJPH.84.5.722 }}</ref>
-Mandatory food labeling for ''trans'' fats was introduced in several countries.<ref>{{cite journal| title=Approaches to removing trans fats from the food supply in industrialized and developing countries|journal=European Journal of Clinical Nutrition|volume=63|pages=S50–7|year=2009|doi=10.1038/ejcn.2009.14|issue=Suppl 1| vauthors = L'Abbé MR, Stender S, Skeaff CM, Tavella M |url=http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar/handle/10915/82697|doi-access=free}}</ref> Campaigns were launched by activists to bring attention to the issue and change the practices of food manufacturers.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2003/LAW/05/14/oreo.suit/|title=Lawsuit dropped as Oreo looks to drop the fat|publisher=CNN|date=14 May 2003|access-date=14 July 2011}}</ref> In January 2007, faced with the prospect of an outright ban on the sale of their product, Crisco was reformulated to meet the United States [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) definition of "zero grams trans fats per serving" (that is less than one gram per tablespoon, or up to 7% by weight; or less than 0.5 grams per serving size)<ref name="21CFR" /><ref name="FDA05" /><ref name="Newswise" /><ref name="Shock" /> by boosting the saturation and then diluting the resulting solid fat with unsaturated vegetable oils.
+Mandatory food labeling for ''trans'' fats was introduced in several countries.<ref>{{cite journal| title=Approaches to removing trans fats from the food supply in industrialized and developing countries|journal=European Journal of Clinical Nutrition|volume=63|pages=S50–7|year=2009|doi=10.1038/ejcn.2009.14|issue=Suppl 1| vauthors = L'Abbé MR, Stender S, Skeaff CM, Tavella M |url=http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar/handle/10915/82697|doi-access=free|pmc=2830089}}</ref> Campaigns were launched by activists to bring attention to the issue and change the practices of food manufacturers.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2003/LAW/05/14/oreo.suit/|title=Lawsuit dropped as Oreo looks to drop the fat|publisher=CNN|date=14 May 2003|access-date=14 July 2011}}</ref>
 ==International regulation==
@@ Line 32: / Line 33: @@
 ===Canada===
-In a process that began in 2004, Health Canada finally banned partially hydrogenated oils (PHOs), the primary source of industrially produced trans fats in foods, in September 2018.
+In a process that began in 2004, Health Canada finally banned partially hydrogenated oils (PHOs), the primary source of industrially produced trans fats in foods, in September 2018.{{cn|date=February 2024}}
 On 15 September 2017, [[Health Canada]] announced that trans fat will be completely banned effective on 15 September 2018.<ref>{{cite news|publisher=[[CBC News]]|date=15 September 2017|title=Health Canada trans fat ban takes effect next year|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/health/trans-fats-1.4292241}}</ref> and the ban came into effect in September 2018, banning partially hydrogenated oils (the largest source of industrially produced trans fats in foods). It is now illegal for manufacturers to add partially hydrogenated oils to foods sold in or imported into Canada.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/news/2018/09/canadian-ban-on-trans-fats-comes-into-force-today.html |website=Government of Canada |publisher=Health Canada |access-date=3 October 2019|title=Canadian Ban on Trans Fats Comes into Force Today |date=17 September 2018 }}</ref>
-====Public perception====
-A cross-sectional study was conducted in Regina, Saskatchewan in February 2009 at 3 different grocery stores located in 3 different regions that had the same median income before taxes of around $30,000. Of the 211 respondents to the study, most were women who purchased most of the food for their household. When asked how they decide what food to buy, the most important factors were price, nutritional value, and need. When looking at the nutritional facts, however, they indicated that they looked at the ingredients, and neglected to pay attention to the amount of trans fat. This means that trans fat is not on their minds unless they are specifically told of it. When asked if they ever heard about trans fat, 98% said, "Yes." However, only 27% said that it was unhealthy. Also, 79% said that they only knew a little about trans fats, and could have been more educated. Respondents aged 41–60 were more likely to view trans fat as a major health concern, compared to ages 18–40. When asked if they would stop buying their favorite snacks if they knew it contained trans fat, most said they would continue purchasing it, especially the younger respondents. Also, of the respondents that called trans fat a major concern, 56% of them still wouldn't change their diet to non-trans fat snacks. This is because taste and food gratification take precedence over perceived risk to health. "The consumption of trans fats and the associated increased risk of CHD is a public health concern regardless of age and socioeconomic status".<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Nasser R, Cook S, Bashutski M, Hill K, Norton D, Coleman J, Walker S, Charlebois S | display-authors = 6 | title = Consumer perceptions of trans fats in 2009 show awareness of negative effects but limited concern regarding use in snack foods | journal = Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism | volume = 36 | issue = 4 | pages = 526–32 | date = August 2011 | pmid = 21854161 | doi = 10.1139/h11-045 }}</ref>
 ===Denmark===
@@ Line 48: / Line 46: @@
 === Greece ===
-Law in [[Greece]] limits content of trans fats sold in school canteens to 0.1% (Ministerial Decision Υ1γ/ΓΠ/οικ 81025/ΦΕΚ 2135/τ.Β’/29-08-2013 as modified by Ministerial Decision Υ1γ/ Γ.Π/οικ 96605/ΦΕΚ 2800 τ.Β/4-11-201).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.efet.gr/images/efet_res/docs/trlip.pdf |title=Γνώσεις, στάση και συμπεριφορά των Ελλήνων σχετικά με τα τρανς λιπαρά |last=ΕΦΕΤ |date=May 2015 }}</ref>
+Law in [[Greece]] limits content of trans fats sold in school canteens to 0.1% (Ministerial Decision Υ1γ/ΓΠ/οικ 81025/ΦΕΚ 2135/τ.Β'/29-08-2013 as modified by Ministerial Decision Υ1γ/ Γ.Π/οικ 96605/ΦΕΚ 2800 τ.Β/4-11-201).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.efet.gr/images/efet_res/docs/trlip.pdf |title=Γνώσεις, στάση και συμπεριφορά των Ελλήνων σχετικά με τα τρανς λιπαρά |last=ΕΦΕΤ |date=May 2015 |access-date=2016-08-18 |archive-date=2017-12-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215142842/http://www.efet.gr/images/efet_res/docs/trlip.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
 ===Iceland===
@@ Line 57: / Line 55: @@
 === Romania ===
-On 19 August 2020, the [[Klaus Iohannis|president]] promulgated Law 182/2020 that limits trans fats to 2 grams per every 100 grams of fat, max. The food producers who will not conform will be fined with a sum ranging between 10,000 and 30,000 lei.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lascu |first=Dana |date=2020-08-19 |title=Legea care face mâncarea românilor mai SĂNĂTOASĂ. Adrian Wiener: Nu interzice alimente! Oprește un ABUZ criminal URIAȘ! |trans-title=The law that makes the food of Romanians HEALTHIER. Adrian Wiener: It doesn't forbid food products! It stops a HUGE criminal ABUSE! |url=https://www.dcmedical.ro/legea-care-face-mancarea-romanilor-mai-sanatoasa-adrian-wiener-nu-interzice-alimente-opre-te-un-abuz-uria_619975.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200822154446/https://www.dcmedical.ro/legea-care-face-mancarea-romanilor-mai-sanatoasa-adrian-wiener-nu-interzice-alimente-opre-te-un-abuz-uria_619975.html |archive-date=2020-08-22 |access-date=2020-08-22 |website=DCMedical |language=ro |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-19 |title=Lege cu impact major în industria alimentară și fast-food, promulgată de președinte. Producătorii, obligați să limiteze acizii grași |trans-title=Law with huge impact on the food and fast-food industry, promulgated by the president. The producers, obligated to limit fatty acids |url=https://www.digi24.ro/magazin/stil-de-viata/viata-sanatoasa/lege-cu-impact-major-in-industria-alimentara-si-fast-food-promulgata-de-presedinte-producatorii-obligati-sa-limiteze-acizii-grasi-1355359 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200822155354/https://www.digi24.ro/magazin/stil-de-viata/viata-sanatoasa/lege-cu-impact-major-in-industria-alimentara-si-fast-food-promulgata-de-presedinte-producatorii-obligati-sa-limiteze-acizii-grasi-1355359 |archive-date=2020-08-22 |access-date=2020-08-22 |website=[[Digi24]] |language=ro |df=dmy-all}}</ref> It will come into force on the 1st of April 2020,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Neagu |first=Alina |date=2020-08-20 |title=Cantitatea de acizi trans din alimente - cele mai nocive grăsimi, prezente în produsele de patiserie, mezeluri, margarină, fast food și chipsuri - va fi limitată. Legea, promulgată de Klaus Iohannis |trans-title=The quantity of trans acids from food products - the most harmful fats, present in patries, meat products, margarine, fast food and chips - will be limited. The law, promulgated by Klaus Iohannis |url=https://www.hotnews.ro/stiri-sanatate-24241195-cantitatea-acizi-trans-din-alimente-cele-mai-nocive-grasimi-sintetice-prezente-produsele-patiserie-mezeluri-margarina-fast-food-chipsuri-limitata-drastic-legea-fost-promulgata-klaus-iohannis.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200821091807/https://www.hotnews.ro/stiri-sanatate-24241195-cantitatea-acizi-trans-din-alimente-cele-mai-nocive-grasimi-sintetice-prezente-produsele-patiserie-mezeluri-margarina-fast-food-chipsuri-limitata-drastic-legea-fost-promulgata-klaus-iohannis.htm |archive-date=2020-08-21 |access-date=2020-08-22 |website=Hotnews.ro |language=ro |df=dmy-all}}</ref> and it was initiated in 2017 by [[Save Romania Union]] senator Adrian Wiener.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pecheanu |first=Gabriel |date=2017-10-10 |title=Legea privind conținutul de acizi grași trans-nesaturați din produsele alimentare, aprobată de Senat |trans-title=The law on the content of unsaturated trans fatty acids in food products, approved by the Senate |url=https://www.mediafax.ro/social/legea-privind-continutul-de-acizi-grasi-trans-nesaturati-din-produsele-alimentare-aprobata-de-senat-16762335 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010200707/https://www.mediafax.ro/social/legea-privind-continutul-de-acizi-grasi-trans-nesaturati-din-produsele-alimentare-aprobata-de-senat-16762335 |archive-date=2017-10-10 |access-date=2020-08-22 |website=Mediafax |language=ro |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
+On 19 August 2020, the [[President of Romania|president]] promulgated Law 182/2020 that limits trans fats to 2 grams per every 100 grams of fat, max. The food producers who will not conform will be fined with a sum ranging between 10,000 and 30,000 [[Romanian leu|lei]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lascu |first=Dana |date=2020-08-19 |title=Legea care face mâncarea românilor mai SĂNĂTOASĂ. Adrian Wiener: Nu interzice alimente! Oprește un ABUZ criminal URIAȘ! |trans-title=The law that makes the food of Romanians HEALTHIER. Adrian Wiener: It doesn't forbid food products! It stops a HUGE criminal ABUSE! |url=https://www.dcmedical.ro/legea-care-face-mancarea-romanilor-mai-sanatoasa-adrian-wiener-nu-interzice-alimente-opre-te-un-abuz-uria_619975.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200822154446/https://www.dcmedical.ro/legea-care-face-mancarea-romanilor-mai-sanatoasa-adrian-wiener-nu-interzice-alimente-opre-te-un-abuz-uria_619975.html |archive-date=2020-08-22 |access-date=2020-08-22 |website=DCMedical |language=ro |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-19 |title=Lege cu impact major în industria alimentară și fast-food, promulgată de președinte. Producătorii, obligați să limiteze acizii grași |trans-title=Law with huge impact on the food and fast-food industry, promulgated by the president. The producers, obligated to limit fatty acids |url=https://www.digi24.ro/magazin/stil-de-viata/viata-sanatoasa/lege-cu-impact-major-in-industria-alimentara-si-fast-food-promulgata-de-presedinte-producatorii-obligati-sa-limiteze-acizii-grasi-1355359 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200822155354/https://www.digi24.ro/magazin/stil-de-viata/viata-sanatoasa/lege-cu-impact-major-in-industria-alimentara-si-fast-food-promulgata-de-presedinte-producatorii-obligati-sa-limiteze-acizii-grasi-1355359 |archive-date=2020-08-22 |access-date=2020-08-22 |website=[[Digi24]] |language=ro |df=dmy-all}}</ref> It will come into force on the 1st of April 2020,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Neagu |first=Alina |date=2020-08-20 |title=Cantitatea de acizi trans din alimente - cele mai nocive grăsimi, prezente în produsele de patiserie, mezeluri, margarină, fast food și chipsuri - va fi limitată. Legea, promulgată de Klaus Iohannis |trans-title=The quantity of trans acids from food products - the most harmful fats, present in patries, meat products, margarine, fast food and chips - will be limited. The law, promulgated by Klaus Iohannis |url=https://www.hotnews.ro/stiri-sanatate-24241195-cantitatea-acizi-trans-din-alimente-cele-mai-nocive-grasimi-sintetice-prezente-produsele-patiserie-mezeluri-margarina-fast-food-chipsuri-limitata-drastic-legea-fost-promulgata-klaus-iohannis.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200821091807/https://www.hotnews.ro/stiri-sanatate-24241195-cantitatea-acizi-trans-din-alimente-cele-mai-nocive-grasimi-sintetice-prezente-produsele-patiserie-mezeluri-margarina-fast-food-chipsuri-limitata-drastic-legea-fost-promulgata-klaus-iohannis.htm |archive-date=2020-08-21 |access-date=2020-08-22 |website=Hotnews.ro |language=ro |df=dmy-all}}</ref> and it was initiated in 2017 by [[Save Romania Union]] senator Adrian Wiener.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pecheanu |first=Gabriel |date=2017-10-10 |title=Legea privind conținutul de acizi grași trans-nesaturați din produsele alimentare, aprobată de Senat |trans-title=The law on the content of unsaturated trans fatty acids in food products, approved by the Senate |url=https://www.mediafax.ro/social/legea-privind-continutul-de-acizi-grasi-trans-nesaturati-din-produsele-alimentare-aprobata-de-senat-16762335 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010200707/https://www.mediafax.ro/social/legea-privind-continutul-de-acizi-grasi-trans-nesaturati-din-produsele-alimentare-aprobata-de-senat-16762335 |archive-date=2017-10-10 |access-date=2020-08-22 |website=Mediafax |language=ro |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
 ===Saudi Arabia===
@@ Line 65: / Line 63: @@
 ===Singapore===
-The [[Ministry of Health (Singapore)|Ministry of Health]] announced on 6 March 2019 that partially-hydrogenated oils (PHOs) will be banned.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Choo |first1=Felicia | name-list-style = vanc |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/politics/moh-to-ban-artificial-trans-fat-in-cookies-and-noodles |title=MOH to ban artificial trans fat in cookies and noodles |website=The Straits Times |access-date=7 March 2019 |date=6 March 2019}}</ref> A target was set to ban PHOs by June 2021, aiming to encourage healthy eating habits. The ban took effect on 1 June 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Kurohi |first1=Rei | name-list-style = vanc |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/health/moh-to-ban-key-source-of-artificial-trans-fats-in-food-like-cookies-and-pizzas-from |title=MOH to ban key source of artificial trans fats in food like cookies and pizzas from June 2021 |website=The Straits Times |access-date=28 September 2019 |date=6 June 2019}}</ref>
+The [[Ministry of Health (Singapore)|Ministry of Health]] announced a total ban on partially-hydrogenated oils (PHOs) on 6 March 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Choo |first1=Felicia | name-list-style = vanc |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/politics/moh-to-ban-artificial-trans-fat-in-cookies-and-noodles |title=MOH to ban artificial trans fat in cookies and noodles |website=The Straits Times |access-date=7 March 2019 |date=6 March 2019}}</ref> The target was set to ban PHOs by June 2021, with the aim of encouraging healthy eating habits. The total ban on PHOs took effect on 1 June 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Kurohi |first1=Rei | name-list-style = vanc |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/health/moh-to-ban-key-source-of-artificial-trans-fats-in-food-like-cookies-and-pizzas-from |title=MOH to ban key source of artificial trans fats in food like cookies and pizzas from June 2021 |website=The Straits Times |access-date=28 September 2019 |date=6 June 2019}}</ref>
 ===Sweden===
-The parliament gave the government a mandate in 2011 to submit without delay a law prohibiting the use of industrially produced trans fats in foods, as of 2017 the law has not yet been implemented.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.riksdagen.se/sv/Debatter--beslut/Debatter-och-beslut-om-forslag/Arendedebatter/?did=GY01MJU14&doctype=bet|title=Livsmedelskontroll|author=Riksdagsförvaltningen|website=riksdagen.se}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.svd.se/svenska-butiker-i-transfett-topp |title=Svenska butiker i transfett-topp |author=Dagens Nyheter|website=dn.se}}</ref>
+The parliament gave the government a mandate in 2011 to submit without delay a law prohibiting the use of industrially produced trans fats in foods, as of 2017 the law has not yet been implemented.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.riksdagen.se/sv/Debatter--beslut/Debatter-och-beslut-om-forslag/Arendedebatter/?did=GY01MJU14&doctype=bet|title=Livsmedelskontroll|author=Riksdagsförvaltningen|website=riksdagen.se}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.svd.se/svenska-butiker-i-transfett-topp |title=Svenska butiker i transfett-topp |author=Dagens Nyheter|newspaper=Svenska Dagbladet|date=20 September 2013 }}</ref>
 ===Switzerland===
@@ Line 76: / Line 74: @@
 In October 2005, the [[Food Standards Agency]] (FSA) asked for better labelling in the UK.<ref>{{cite news| first=Richard|last=Gray| name-list-style = vanc |title=Forced to own up to the killer fat in our food|date=5 February 2006|work=The Scotsman |url=http://news.scotsman.com/index.cfm?id=183932006|access-date=18 January 2007|location=Edinburgh}}</ref> In the edition of 29 July 2006 of the ''[[The BMJ|British Medical Journal]]'', an editorial also called for better labelling.<ref>{{cite news| title=Call to label hidden fats in food|publisher=BBC|date=20 July 2006|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/5218240.stm|access-date=18 January 2007}} reporting on {{cite journal | vauthors = Clarke R, Lewington S | title = Trans fatty acids and coronary heart disease | journal = BMJ | volume = 333 | issue = 7561 | pages = 214 | date = July 2006 | pmid = 16873835 | pmc = 1523500 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.333.7561.214 }}</ref> In January 2007, the British Retail Consortium announced that major UK retailers, including [[Asda]], [[Boots UK|Boots]], [[Co-op Food]], [[Iceland (supermarket)|Iceland]], [[Marks and Spencer]], [[Sainsbury's]], [[Tesco]] and [[Waitrose]]<ref name="WaitroseTransFats">{{Cite press release |title=Waitrose position on Hydrogenated Vegetable Oils / Transfats |date=22 Jun 2010 |url=http://waitrose.pressarea.com/pressrelease/details/78/PRODUCT%20NEWS_12/2873 |quote=Waitrose eliminated the use of hydrogenated vegetable oils in all own label products by the end of 2006.}}</ref> intended to cease adding trans fatty acids to their own products by the end of 2007.<ref>{{cite news|title=Retailers to stop trans-fat use|date=31 January 2007|publisher=BBC|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/6314753.stm|access-date=31 January 2007}}</ref>
+On 13 December 2007, the [[Food Standards Agency]] issued news releases stating that voluntary measures to reduce trans fats in food had already resulted in safe levels of consumer intake.<ref>[[Food Standards Agency]] (13 December 2007). [http://www.food.gov.uk/news/newsarchive/2007/dec/trans Board recommends voluntary approach for trans fats] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111206030628/http://www.food.gov.uk/news/newsarchive/2007/dec/trans |date=2011-12-06 }}.</ref><ref>[[Food Standards Agency]] (13 December 2007).[http://www.food.gov.uk/news/pressreleases/2007/dec/boardtransfatadvice FSA Board to advise the Department of Health to maintain successful voluntary approach for trans fats in food] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111206130608/http://www.food.gov.uk/news/pressreleases/2007/dec/boardtransfatadvice |date=2011-12-06 }}.</ref>
-[[Sainsbury's]] became the first UK major retailer to ban all trans fat from all their own [[store brand]] foods.
-On 13 December 2007, the [[Food Standards Agency]] issued news releases stating that voluntary measures to reduce trans fats in food had already resulted in safe levels of consumer intake.<ref>[[Food Standards Agency]] (13 December 2007). [http://www.food.gov.uk/news/newsarchive/2007/dec/trans Board recommends voluntary approach for trans fats].</ref><ref>[[Food Standards Agency]] (13 December 2007).[http://www.food.gov.uk/news/pressreleases/2007/dec/boardtransfatadvice FSA Board to advise the Department of Health to maintain successful voluntary approach for trans fats in food].</ref>
 On 15 April 2010, a ''[[The BMJ|British Medical Journal]]'' editorial called for trans fats to be "virtually eliminated in the United Kingdom by next year".<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mozaffarian D, Stampfer MJ | title = Removing industrial trans fat from foods | journal = BMJ | volume = 340 | pages = c1826 | date = April 2010 | pmid = 20395265 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.c1826 | s2cid = 25364298 }}</ref>
@@ Line 87: / Line 83: @@
 ===United States===
+On 11 July 2003, the [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) issued a regulation requiring manufacturers to list trans fat on the Nutrition Facts panel of foods and some dietary supplements.<ref name="21CFR">Regulation: [[21 CFR]] 101.9 (c)(2)(ii). {{cite web|last=Food and Drug Administration|title=21 CFR Part 101. Food labeling; trans fatty acids in nutrition labeling; consumer research to consider nutrient content and health claims and possible footnote or disclosure statements; final rule and proposed rule|publisher=National Archives and Records Administration|date=11 July 2003|url=http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~acrobat/fr03711a.pdf|access-date=18 January 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070103035701/http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~acrobat/fr03711a.pdf|archive-date=3 January 2007}}</ref><ref name="FDA05">{{cite web| title=FDA acts to provide better information to consumers on trans fats|website=Food and Drug Administration|url=https://www.fda.gov/oc/initiatives/transfat/|access-date=26 July 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050625032556/https://www.fda.gov/oc/initiatives/transfat/|archive-date=25 June 2005}}</ref> The new labeling rule became mandatory across the board on 1 January 2006, even for companies that petitioned for extensions.<ref>{{Cite conference
+| publisher=World Health Organization
+| conference=Toxicological Evaluation of Some Food Additives Including Anticaking Agents, Antimicrobials, Antioxidants, Emulsifiers and Thickening Agents
+| author= Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee
+| date= 25 June – 4 July 1975
+|title=301. Mono- and diglycerides (WHO Food Additives Series 5)|url=https://www.inchem.org/documents/jecfa/jecmono/v05je44.htm|access-date=2023-02-07|website=www.inchem.org}}</ref> However, unlike in many other countries, trans fat levels of less than 0.5&nbsp;grams per serving can be listed as 0&nbsp;grams trans fat on the food label.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allbusiness.com/legal/laws-government-regulations/672109-1.html |title=FDA requires trans fatty acid labeling for foods and dietary supplements |publisher=Allbusiness.com |access-date=14 July 2011 | last = Misko | first = George | name-list-style = vanc |date=1 October 2003 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080329060919/http://www.allbusiness.com/legal/laws-government-regulations/672109-1.html |archive-date=29 March 2008}}</ref> According to a study published in the Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, without an interpretive footnote or further information on recommended daily value, many consumers do not know how to interpret the meaning of trans fat content on the Nutrition Facts panel. Without specific prior knowledge about trans fat and its negative health effects, consumers, including those at risk for heart disease, may misinterpret nutrient information provided on the panel.<ref name="Newswise">{{cite web|url=http://newswise.com/articles/view/541842/|title=Newswise: most consumers misinterpret meaning of trans fat information on Nutrition Facts panel|access-date=19 June 2008}}</ref> The FDA did not approve nutrient content claims such as "trans fat free" or "low trans fat", as they could not determine a "recommended daily value". Nevertheless, the agency is planning a consumer study to evaluate the consumer understanding of such claims and perhaps consider a regulation allowing their use on packaged foods.<ref>{{cite web|last=Food and Drug Administration|title=FDA food labeling: trans fatty acids in nutrition labeling; consumer research to consider nutrient content and health claims and possible footnote or disclosure statements|pages = 41059|date=11 July 2003|url=http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~lrd/fr03711b.html|access-date=18 January 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061219020542/http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~lrd/fr03711b.html|archive-date=19 December 2006}}</ref> However, there is no requirement to list trans fats on institutional food packaging; thus bulk purchasers such as schools, hospitals, jails and cafeterias are unable to evaluate the trans fat content of commercial food items.<ref name="policysearch1">{{cite web|last=American Public Health Association|title=Restricting trans fatty acids in the food supply|url=http://www.apha.org/advocacy/policy/policysearch/default.htm?id=1366|access-date=28 February 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080506041440/http://www.apha.org/advocacy/policy/policysearch/default.htm?id=1366|archive-date=6 May 2008}}</ref>
-The first direct regulation of trans fat by the FDA was a requirement that it be labeled in amounts above 0.5g per serving, which took effect on January 1, 2006. <ref>[http://www.inchem.org/documents/jecfa/jecmono/v05je44.htm "World Health Organization", Toxicological Evaluation of Some Food Additives Including Anticaking Agents, Antimicrobials, Antioxidants, Emulsifiers and Thickening Agents" Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee, 25 June – 4 July 1975]. Inchem.org. Retrieved 22 January 2013.</ref>
-On 11 July 2003, the [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) issued a regulation requiring manufacturers to list trans fat on the Nutrition Facts panel of foods and some dietary supplements.<ref name="21CFR">Regulation: [[21 CFR]] 101.9 (c)(2)(ii). {{cite web|last=Food and Drug Administration|title=21 CFR Part 101. Food labeling; trans fatty acids in nutrition labeling; consumer research to consider nutrient content and health claims and possible footnote or disclosure statements; final rule and proposed rule|publisher=National Archives and Records Administration|date=11 July 2003|url=http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~acrobat/fr03711a.pdf|access-date=18 January 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070103035701/http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~acrobat/fr03711a.pdf|archive-date=3 January 2007}}</ref><ref name="FDA05">{{cite web| title=FDA acts to provide better information to consumers on trans fats|website=Food and Drug Administration|url=https://www.fda.gov/oc/initiatives/transfat/|access-date=26 July 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050625032556/https://www.fda.gov/oc/initiatives/transfat/|archive-date=25 June 2005}}</ref> The new labeling rule became mandatory across the board on 1 January 2006, even for companies that petitioned for extensions. However, unlike in many other countries, trans fat levels of less than 0.5&nbsp;grams per serving can be listed as 0&nbsp;grams trans fat on the food label.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allbusiness.com/legal/laws-government-regulations/672109-1.html |title=FDA requires trans fatty acid labeling for foods and dietary supplements |publisher=Allbusiness.com |access-date=14 July 2011 | last = Misko | first = George | name-list-style = vanc |date=1 October 2003 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080329060919/http://www.allbusiness.com/legal/laws-government-regulations/672109-1.html |archive-date=29 March 2008}}</ref> According to a study published in the Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, without an interpretive footnote or further information on recommended daily value, many consumers do not know how to interpret the meaning of trans fat content on the Nutrition Facts panel. Without specific prior knowledge about trans fat and its negative health effects, consumers, including those at risk for heart disease, may misinterpret nutrient information provided on the panel.<ref name="Newswise">{{cite web|url=http://newswise.com/articles/view/541842/|title=Newswise: most consumers misinterpret meaning of trans fat information on Nutrition Facts panel|access-date=19 June 2008}}</ref> The FDA did not approve nutrient content claims such as "trans fat free" or "low trans fat", as they could not determine a "recommended daily value". Nevertheless, the agency is planning a consumer study to evaluate the consumer understanding of such claims and perhaps consider a regulation allowing their use on packaged foods.<ref>{{cite web|last=Food and Drug Administration|title=FDA food labeling: trans fatty acids in nutrition labeling; consumer research to consider nutrient content and health claims and possible footnote or disclosure statements|pages = 41059|date=11 July 2003|url=http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~lrd/fr03711b.html|access-date=18 January 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061219020542/http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~lrd/fr03711b.html|archive-date=19 December 2006}}</ref> However, there is no requirement to list trans fats on institutional food packaging; thus bulk purchasers such as schools, hospitals, jails and cafeterias are unable to evaluate the trans fat content of commercial food items.<ref name="policysearch1">{{cite web|last=American Public Health Association|title=Restricting trans fatty acids in the food supply|url=http://www.apha.org/advocacy/policy/policysearch/default.htm?id=1366|access-date=28 February 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080506041440/http://www.apha.org/advocacy/policy/policysearch/default.htm?id=1366|archive-date=6 May 2008}}</ref>
 [[File:Avoiding Trans Fat (18520422550).jpg|thumb|Examples of products that once contained dangerous amounts of trans fat in the United States, from an FDA publication.]]
-Critics of the plan, including FDA advisor Dr. Carlos Camargo, have expressed concern that the 0.5&nbsp;gram per serving threshold is too high to refer to a food as free of trans fat. This is because a person eating many servings of a product, or eating multiple products over the course of the day may still consume a significant amount of trans fat.<ref name="Shock">{{cite news |last=Shockman |first=Luke | name-list-style = vanc |title=Trans fat: 'Zero' foods add up |newspaper=Toledo Blade |date=5 December 2005 |url=http://toledoblade.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20051205/NEWS32/512030320 |access-date=18 January 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090621150507/http://toledoblade.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20051205%2FNEWS32%2F512030320 |archive-date=21 June 2009 }}</ref> Despite this, the FDA estimates that by 2009, trans fat labeling will have prevented from 600 to 1,200 cases of coronary artery disease, and 250 to 500 deaths, yearly. This benefit is expected to result from consumers choosing alternative foods lower in trans fats, and manufacturers reducing the amount of trans fats in their products.
+Critics of the plan, including FDA advisor Dr. Carlos Camargo, have expressed concern that the 0.5&nbsp;gram per serving threshold is too high to refer to a food as free of trans fat. This is because a person eating many servings of a product, or eating multiple products over the course of the day may still consume a significant amount of trans fat.<ref name="Shock">{{cite news |last=Shockman |first=Luke | name-list-style = vanc |title=Trans fat: 'Zero' foods add up |newspaper=Toledo Blade |date=5 December 2005 |url=http://toledoblade.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20051205/NEWS32/512030320 |access-date=18 January 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090621150507/http://toledoblade.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20051205%2FNEWS32%2F512030320 |archive-date=21 June 2009 }}</ref> Despite this, the FDA estimates that by 2009, trans fat labeling will have prevented from 600 to 1,200 cases of coronary artery disease, and 250 to 500 deaths, yearly. This benefit is expected to result from consumers choosing alternative foods lower in trans fats, and manufacturers reducing the amount of trans fats in their products.{{cn|date=February 2024}}
 The [[American Medical Association]] supports any state and federal efforts to ban the use of artificial trans fats in U.S. restaurants and bakeries.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ama-trans-fat-idUSTRE4AA6C720081111|title=AMA supports trans-fat bans|work=Reuters|date=11 November 2008|access-date=14 July 2011}}</ref>
@@ Line 99: / Line 98: @@
 The [[American Public Health Association]] adopted a new policy statement regarding trans fats in 2007. These new guidelines, entitled ''Restricting Trans Fatty Acids in the Food Supply'', recommend that the government require nutrition facts labeling of trans fats on all commercial food products. They also urge federal, state, and local governments to ban and monitor use of trans fats in restaurants. Furthermore, the APHA recommends barring the sales and availability of foods containing significant amounts of trans fat in public facilities including universities, prisons, and day care facilities etc.<ref name="policysearch1"/>
+In January 2007, faced with the prospect of an outright ban on the sale of their product, [[Crisco]] was reformulated to meet the United States [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) definition of "zero grams trans fats per serving" (that is less than one gram per tablespoon, or up to 7% by weight; or less than 0.5 grams per serving size)<ref name="21CFR" /><ref name="FDA05" /><ref name="Newswise" /><ref name="Shock" /> by boosting the saturation and then diluting the resulting solid fat with unsaturated vegetable oils.
-In 2010, according to the FDA, the average American consumed 5.8&nbsp;grams of trans fat per day (2.6% of energy intake).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100311162752/http://www.pueblo.gsa.gov/cic_text/food/reveal-fats/reveal-fats.htm "Revealing 'trans' fats".] US Food and Drug Administration</ref> Monoglycerides and diglycerides are not considered fats by the FDA, despite their nearly equal calorie per weight contribution during ingestion.
+In 2010, according to the FDA, the average American consumed 5.8&nbsp;grams of trans fat per day (2.6% of energy intake).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2010-03-11|title=Revealing Trans Fats|url=http://www.pueblo.gsa.gov/cic_text/food/reveal-fats/reveal-fats.htm|access-date=2023-02-07|archive-date=2010-03-11
+|author= U.S. Food and Drug Administration
+|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100311162752/http://www.pueblo.gsa.gov/cic_text/food/reveal-fats/reveal-fats.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Monoglycerides and diglycerides are not considered fats by the FDA, despite their nearly equal calorie per weight contribution during ingestion.
 On 7 November 2013, the FDA issued a preliminary determination that trans fats are not "[[generally recognized as safe]]", which was widely seen as a precursor to reclassifying trans fats as a "food additive," meaning they could not be used in foods without specific regulatory authorization. This would have the effect of virtually eliminating trans fats from the US food supply.<ref>{{cite news|title=Citing health risks, FDA moves to virtually eliminate trans fat|url=https://www.latimes.com/business/money/la-fi-mo-fda-trans-fat-20131107,0,5415335.story|date=7 November 2013|work=Los Angeles Times|last=Lopez|first=Ricardo| name-list-style = vanc }}</ref><ref name="GRAS?">{{cite web|url=https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2013/11/08/2013-26854/tentative-determination-regarding-partially-hydrogenated-oils-request-for-comments-and-for |title=Tentative Determination Regarding Partially Hydrogenated Oils |publisher=[[Federal Register]] |date=8 November 2013 |access-date=8 November 2013 |id=2013-26854, Vol. 78, No. 217 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140406185048/https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2013/11/08/2013-26854/tentative-determination-regarding-partially-hydrogenated-oils-request-for-comments-and-for |archive-date=6 April 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fda.gov/ForConsumers/ConsumerUpdates/ucm372915.htm |title=FDA targets trans fat in processed foods |publisher=US [[Food and Drug Administration]] |date=7 November 2013 |access-date=7 November 2013}}</ref> The ruling was formally enacted on 16 June 2015, requiring that within three years, by 18 June 2018 no food prepared in the United States is allowed to include trans fats, unless approved by the FDA.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/06/16/health/fda-trans-fat/ |title=FDA orders food manufacturers to stop using trans fat within three years |first=Jen |last=Christensen | name-list-style = vanc |date=16 June 2015 |access-date=16 June 2015 |publisher=CNN}}</ref>
-The FDA agreed in May 2018 to give companies one more year to find other ingredients for enhancing product flavors or grease industrial baking pans, effectively banning trans fats in the United States from May 2019 onwards. Also, while new products can no longer be made with trans fats, they will give foods already on the shelves some time to cycle out of the market.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2018/06/18/artificial-trans-fats-widely-linked-to-heart-disease-are-officially-banned/|title=Analysis {{!}} Artificial trans fats, widely linked to heart disease, are officially banned|last=Dewey|first=Caitlin| name-list-style = vanc |date=18 June 2018|work=Washington Post|access-date=18 June 2018|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286}}</ref>
+The FDA agreed in May 2018 to give companies one more year to find other ingredients for enhancing product flavors or grease industrial baking pans, effectively banning trans fats in the United States from May 2019 onwards. Also, while new products can no longer be made with trans fats, they will give foods already on the shelves some time to cycle out of the market.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2018/06/18/artificial-trans-fats-widely-linked-to-heart-disease-are-officially-banned/|title=Analysis {{!}} Artificial trans fats, widely linked to heart disease, are officially banned|last=Dewey|first=Caitlin| name-list-style = vanc |date=18 June 2018|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=18 June 2018|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286}}</ref>
 ====State and local regulation====
-Even before the federal ban, the state of California and several U.S. cities took action to reduce consumption of trans fats.
+Even before the federal ban, the state of California and several U.S. cities took action to reduce consumption of trans fats.{{cn|date=February 2024}}
-In 2005, [[Tiburon, California|Tiburon]], California, became the first American city where all restaurants voluntarily cook with trans fat-free oils.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=BanTransFats.com |title=Project Tiburon: America's first trans fat-free city!!! |url=http://www.bantransfats.com/projecttiburon.html |access-date=18 January 2007}}</ref> In 2007, [[Montgomery County, Maryland|Montgomery County]], Maryland, approved a ban on partially hydrogenated oils, becoming the first county in the nation to restrict trans fats.<ref>{{cite news |title=Montgomery bans trans fats in restaurants, markets |work=The Washington Post |date=16 May 2007 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/05/15/AR2007051501387.html|access-date=28 June 2007 |first=Miranda S. |last=Spivack| name-list-style = vanc }}</ref>
+In 2005, [[Tiburon, California|Tiburon]], California, became the first American city where all restaurants voluntarily cook with trans fat-free oils.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=BanTransFats.com |title=Project Tiburon: America's first trans fat-free city!!! |url=http://www.bantransfats.com/projecttiburon.html |access-date=18 January 2007}}</ref> In 2007, [[Montgomery County, Maryland|Montgomery County]], Maryland, approved a ban on partially hydrogenated oils, becoming the first county in the nation to restrict trans fats.<ref>{{cite news |title=Montgomery bans trans fats in restaurants, markets |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=16 May 2007 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/05/15/AR2007051501387.html|access-date=28 June 2007 |first=Miranda S. |last=Spivack| name-list-style = vanc }}</ref>
 New York City embarked on a campaign in 2005 to reduce consumption of trans fats, noting that heart disease is the primary cause of resident deaths. This has included a public education campaign and a request to restaurant owners to eliminate trans fat from their offerings voluntarily.<ref>{{cite press release |title=Health department asks restaurateurs and food suppliers to voluntarily make an oil change and eliminate artificial trans fat |publisher=City of New York |date=10 August 2005 |url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/doh/html/pr/pr083-05.shtml |access-date=18 January 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070116091745/http://www.nyc.gov/html/doh/html/pr/pr083-05.shtml |archive-date=16 January 2007 }}</ref> Finding that the voluntary program was not successful, New York City's Board of Health in 2006 solicited public comments on a proposal to ban artificial trans fats in restaurants.<ref>{{cite press release |title=Health department proposes two changes to city's health code for public comment |publisher=City of New York |date=26 September 2006 |url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/doh/html/pr2006/pr093-06.shtml |access-date=18 January 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070114034717/http://www.nyc.gov/html/doh/html/pr2006/pr093-06.shtml |archive-date=14 January 2007 }}</ref> The board voted to ban trans fat in restaurant food on 5 December 2006. New York was the first large US city to strictly limit trans fats in restaurants. Restaurants were barred from using most frying and spreading fats containing artificial trans fats above 0.5 g per serving on 1 July 2007, and were supposed to have met the same target in all of their foods by 1 July 2008.<ref>{{cite press release |title=Board of health votes to phase out artificial trans fat from New York City's restaurants |publisher=City of New York |date=5 December 2006 |url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/doh/html/pr2006/pr114-06.shtml |access-date=18 January 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070116070011/http://www.nyc.gov/html/doh/html/pr2006/pr114-06.shtml |archive-date=16 January 2007 }}</ref>
-The [[Philadelphia City Council]] unanimously voted to enact a ban in February 2007, and the measure was signed into law by Mayor [[John F. Street]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kerkstra |first1=Patrick |first2=Julie |last2=Stoiber | name-list-style = vanc |title=Ban gives Phila. a healthy lead in trans-fat fight |work=Philadelphia Inquirer |date=9 February 2007 |url=http://www.buzzcommunications.biz/news/28-transfat |access-date=7 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117013540/http://www.buzzcommunications.biz/news/28-transfat |archive-date=17 January 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=McCaffrey |first=Jim | name-list-style = vanc |title=Street signs trans-fat ban bill |publisher=The Evening Bulletin |date=16 February 2007 |url=http://www.thebulletin.us/site/news.cfm?newsid=17860199&BRD=2737&PAG=461&dept_id=576361&rfi=6 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080126044738/http://www.thebulletin.us/site/news.cfm?newsid=17860199&BRD=2737&PAG=461&dept_id=576361&rfi=6 |archive-date=26 January 2008}}</ref> The ordinance does not apply to prepackaged foods sold in the city, but did require restaurants in the city to stop frying food in trans fats by 1 September 2007. The ordinance also contained a provision going into effect one year later that barred trans fat from being used as an ingredient in commercial kitchens. On 10 October 2007, the Philadelphia City Council approved the use of trans fats by small bakeries throughout the city.<ref>{{cite press release |title=Amending Section 6-307 of The Philadelphia Code, entitled 'Foods containing artificial trans fats,' by exempting certain bakeries from the provisions prohibiting the use of artificial trans fats, under certain terms and conditions |publisher=Philadelphia City Council |date=10 October 2007 |url=http://webapps.phila.gov/council/detailreport/?key=7421 |access-date=11 October 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012004236/http://webapps.phila.gov/council/detailreport/?key=7421 |archive-date=12 October 2007 }}</ref>
+The [[Philadelphia City Council]] unanimously voted to enact a ban in February 2007.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kerkstra |first1=Patrick |first2=Julie |last2=Stoiber | name-list-style = vanc |title=Ban gives Phila. a healthy lead in trans-fat fight |work=Philadelphia Inquirer |date=9 February 2007 |url=http://www.buzzcommunications.biz/news/28-transfat |access-date=7 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117013540/http://www.buzzcommunications.biz/news/28-transfat |archive-date=17 January 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=McCaffrey |first=Jim | name-list-style = vanc |title=Street signs trans-fat ban bill |publisher=The Evening Bulletin |date=16 February 2007 |url=http://www.thebulletin.us/site/news.cfm?newsid=17860199&BRD=2737&PAG=461&dept_id=576361&rfi=6 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080126044738/http://www.thebulletin.us/site/news.cfm?newsid=17860199&BRD=2737&PAG=461&dept_id=576361&rfi=6 |archive-date=26 January 2008}}</ref> The ordinance does not apply to prepackaged foods sold in the city, but did require restaurants in the city to stop frying food in trans fats by 1 September 2007. The ordinance also contained a provision going into effect one year later that barred trans fat from being used as an ingredient in commercial kitchens. On 10 October 2007, the Philadelphia City Council approved the use of trans fats by small bakeries throughout the city.<ref>{{cite press release |title=Amending Section 6-307 of The Philadelphia Code, entitled 'Foods containing artificial trans fats,' by exempting certain bakeries from the provisions prohibiting the use of artificial trans fats, under certain terms and conditions |publisher=Philadelphia City Council |date=10 October 2007 |url=http://webapps.phila.gov/council/detailreport/?key=7421 |access-date=11 October 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012004236/http://webapps.phila.gov/council/detailreport/?key=7421 |archive-date=12 October 2007 }}</ref>
-Nassau County, a suburban county on Long Island, New York, banned trans fats in restaurants effective 1 April 2008. Bakeries were granted an extension until 1 April 2011.
 [[Albany County, New York|Albany County]] of New York passed a ban on trans fats. The ban was adopted after a unanimous vote by the county legislature on 14 May 2007. The decision was made after New York City's decision, but no plan has been put into place. Legislators received a letter from Rick J. Sampson, president and CEO of the New York State Restaurant Association, calling on them to "delay any action on this issue until the full impact of the New York City ban is known."
@@ Line 124: / Line 125: @@
 Trans fat bans were also introduced in the state legislatures of [[Massachusetts]], [[Maryland]], and [[Vermont]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Trans Fat Ban Considered in Maryland|agency=Associated Press|date=8 March 2007|url=http://www.news8.net/news/stories/0307/403770.html|access-date=20 March 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Trans fat ban bill proposed in Senate|website=Daniel Barlow Vermont Press Bureau|date=10 March 2007|url=http://www.timesargus.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070310/NEWS02/703100328|access-date=20 March 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071009201506/http://www.timesargus.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20070310%2FNEWS02%2F703100328|archive-date=9 October 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.seacoastonline.com/article/20061220/News/312209974|title=Bill would ban trans fat in Mass.|agency=Associated Press|date=20 December 2006}}</ref>
-In March 2008, the [[Boston]] Public Health Commission's Board of Health passed a regulation food service establishments from selling foods containing artificial trans fats at more than 0.5&nbsp;grams per serving, which is similar to the New York City regulation; there are some exceptions for clearly labeled packaged foods and charitable [[bake sales]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Trans Fats Facts and Information|publisher=Boston Public Health Commission|url=http://www.bphc.org/whatwedo/healthy-eating-active-living/boston-trans-fat-ban/Pages/Boston-Trans-Fat-Ban.aspx}}</ref>
+In March 2008, the [[Boston]] Public Health Commission's Board of Health passed a regulation food service establishments from selling foods containing artificial trans fats at more than 0.5&nbsp;grams per serving, which is similar to the New York City regulation; there are some exceptions for clearly labeled packaged foods and charitable [[bake sales]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Trans Fats Facts and Information|publisher=Boston Public Health Commission|url=http://www.bphc.org/whatwedo/healthy-eating-active-living/boston-trans-fat-ban/Pages/Boston-Trans-Fat-Ban.aspx|access-date=2017-06-03|archive-date=2021-05-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506122148/https://www.bphc.org/whatwedo/healthy-eating-active-living/boston-trans-fat-ban/Pages/Boston-Trans-Fat-Ban.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref>
-[[King County, Washington|King County]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]] passed a ban on artificial trans fats effective 1 February 2009.<ref>{{cite web|last=Black|first=Cherie| name-list-style = vanc |title=King County restaurants told to phase out trans fats|website=Seattle P-I|date=19 June 2007|url=http://www.seattlepi.com/local/324410_transfats20.html|access-date=16 July 2007}}</ref>
 In July 2008, California became the first state to ban trans fats in restaurants effective 1 January 2010; Governor [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]] signed the bill into law.<ref name=California>{{cite news|last=McGreevy|first=Patrick| name-list-style = vanc |title=Gov. Schwarzenegger signs law banning trans fats in restaurants|work=Los Angeles Times|date=25 July 2008|url=https://www.latimes.com/features/health/la-me-transfat26-2008jul26,0,6105346.story|access-date=25 July 2008}}</ref> California restaurants are prohibited from using oil, shortening, and margarine containing artificial trans fats in spreads or for frying, with the exception of deep frying doughnuts.<ref name=California/><ref name=Sondag>{{cite news | last = Sondag | first = Samantha | name-list-style = vanc |title=Gov. signs nation's first statewide ban on trans fats in restaurants |work=San Francisco Chronicle |date=25 July 2008 |access-date=25 July 2008 |url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2008/07/25/RV9N11VMPR.DTL |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080726090845/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2008%2F07%2F25%2FRV9N11VMPR.DTL |archive-date=26 July 2008 }}</ref><ref name=AB97>{{cite web |title=Assembly Bill No. 97 |publisher=California State Assembly|date=2008|url=http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/07-08/bill/asm/ab_0051-0100/ab_97_bill_20080715_enrolled.pdf}}</ref> As of 1 January 2011, doughnuts and other baked goods have been prohibited from containing artificial trans fats.<ref name=California/><ref name=Sondag/><ref name=AB97/> Packaged foods are not covered by the ban and can legally contain trans fats.<ref>{{cite web| last = Sanders | first = Jim | name-list-style = vanc |title=Schwarzenegger wages war on trans fats |website=McClatchy Newspapers |publisher=The Atlanta Journal-Constitution |date=25 July 2008 |access-date=25 July 2008 |url=http://www.ajc.com/health/content/health/stories/2008/07/25/TRANSFATS_california.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080731033640/http://www.ajc.com/health/content/health/stories/2008/07/25/TRANSFATS_california.html |archive-date=31 July 2008}}</ref>
+====2015–2018 federal phaseout====
-In 2007, the American Heart Association launched its "Face the Fats" campaign to help educate the public about the negative effects of trans fats.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Eckel RH, Kris-Etherton P, Lichtenstein AH, Wylie-Rosett J, Groom A, Stitzel KF, Yin-Piazza S | title = Americans' awareness, knowledge, and behaviors regarding fats: 2006-2007 | language = en | journal = Journal of the American Dietetic Association | volume = 109 | issue = 2 | pages = 288–96 | date = February 2009 | pmid = 19167956 | doi = 10.1016/j.jada.2008.10.048 | url = http://jandonline.org/article/S0002-8223(08)02041-5/pdf }}</ref>
+In 2009, at the age of 94, [[University of Illinois]] professor [[Fred Kummerow]], a trans fat researcher who had campaigned for decades for a federal ban on the substance, filed a petition with the [[U.S. Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) seeking elimination of artificial trans fats from the U.S. food supply.<ref name="Dennis">{{Cite web
+| author= Brady Dennis
-====2015–2018 phaseout====
+| date= 2 June 2017
-In 2009, at the age of 94, [[University of Illinois]] professor [[Fred Kummerow]], a trans fat researcher who had campaigned for decades for a federal ban on the substance, filed a petition with the [[U.S. Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) seeking elimination of artificial trans fats from the U.S. food supply.<ref name="Dennis">Brady Dennis, [https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/obituaries/ct-fred-kummerow-obituary-wapo-met-20170602-story.html Fred Kummerow, U. of I. professor who fought against trans fats, dies at 102], ''Washington Post'' (2 June 2017).</ref> The FDA did not act on his petition for four years, and in 2013 Kummerow filed a lawsuit against the FDA and the [[U.S. Department of Health and Human Services]], seeking to compel the FDA to respond to his petition and "to ban partially hydrogenated oils unless a complete administrative review finds new evidence for their safety."<ref name="Dennis"/> Kummerow's petition stated that "Artificial trans fat is a poisonous and deleterious substance, and the FDA has acknowledged the danger."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Watson|first1=Elaine | name-list-style = vanc |title=Researcher files lawsuit vs FDA after it ignored his petition calling for ban on artificial trans fats|url=http://www.foodnavigator-usa.com/Regulation/Researcher-files-lawsuit-vs-FDA-after-it-ignored-his-petition-calling-for-ban-on-artificial-trans-fats|agency=Food Navigator USA|date=13 August 2013}}</ref>
+|title=Fred Kummerow, U. of I. professor who fought against trans fats, dies at 102|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/obituaries/ct-fred-kummerow-obituary-wapo-met-20170602-story.html|access-date=2023-02-07|website=Chicago Tribune}}</ref> The FDA did not act on his petition for four years, and in 2013 Kummerow filed a lawsuit against the FDA and the [[U.S. Department of Health and Human Services]], seeking to compel the FDA to respond to his petition and "to ban partially hydrogenated oils unless a complete administrative review finds new evidence for their safety."<ref name="Dennis"/> Kummerow's petition stated that "Artificial trans fat is a poisonous and deleterious substance, and the FDA has acknowledged the danger."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Watson|first1=Elaine | name-list-style = vanc |title=Researcher files lawsuit vs FDA after it ignored his petition calling for ban on artificial trans fats|url=http://www.foodnavigator-usa.com/Regulation/Researcher-files-lawsuit-vs-FDA-after-it-ignored-his-petition-calling-for-ban-on-artificial-trans-fats|agency=Food Navigator USA|date=13 August 2013}}</ref>
-Three months after the suit was filed,<ref name="Dennis"/> on 16 June 2015, the FDA moved to eliminate artificial trans fats from the U.S. food supply, giving manufacturers a deadline of three years.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Dennis|first1=Brady| name-list-style = vanc |title=FDA moves to ban trans fat from U.S. food supply|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/fda-moves-to-ban-trans-fat-from-us-food-supply/2015/06/16/f8fc8f18-1084-11e5-9726-49d6fa26a8c6_story.html?hpid=z3|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=16 June 2015}}</ref> The FDA specifically ruled that trans fat was not [[generally recognized as safe]] and "could no longer be added to food after 18 June 2018, unless a manufacturer could present convincing scientific evidence that a particular use was safe."<ref name="HafnerObit">Katie Hafner, [https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/01/science/fred-kummerow-dead-biochemist-ban-trans-fatty-acids.html Fred A. Kummerow, an Early Opponent of Trans Fats, Dies at 102], ''New York Times'' (1 June 2017).</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2015/06/17/2015-14883/determinations-partially-hydrogenated-oils|title=Final Determination Regarding Partially Hydrogenated Oils|date=17 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Christensen|first1=Jen| name-list-style = vanc |title=FDA orders food manufacturers to stop using trans fat within three years|url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/06/16/health/fda-trans-fat/|publisher=CNN}}</ref> Kummerow stated: "Science won out."<ref name="Dennis100Years">{{cite news|last1=Dennis|first1=Brady| name-list-style = vanc |title=The 100-year-old scientist who pushed the FDA to ban artificial trans fat|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/to-your-health/wp/2015/06/16/the-100-year-old-scientist-who-pushed-the-fda-to-ban-artificial-trans-fat/|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=16 June 2015}}</ref>
+Three months after the suit was filed,<ref name="Dennis"/> on 16 June 2015, the FDA moved to eliminate artificial trans fats from the U.S. food supply, giving manufacturers a deadline of three years.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Dennis|first1=Brady| name-list-style = vanc |title=FDA moves to ban trans fat from U.S. food supply|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/fda-moves-to-ban-trans-fat-from-us-food-supply/2015/06/16/f8fc8f18-1084-11e5-9726-49d6fa26a8c6_story.html?hpid=z3|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=16 June 2015}}</ref> The FDA specifically ruled that trans fat was not [[generally recognized as safe]] and "could no longer be added to food after 18 June 2018, unless a manufacturer could present convincing scientific evidence that a particular use was safe."<ref name="HafnerObit">{{Cite news|last=Hafner|first=Katie|date=2017-06-01|title=Fred A. Kummerow, an Early Opponent of Trans Fats, Dies at 102|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/01/science/fred-kummerow-dead-biochemist-ban-trans-fatty-acids.html|access-date=2023-02-07|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2015/06/17/2015-14883/determinations-partially-hydrogenated-oils|title=Final Determination Regarding Partially Hydrogenated Oils|date=17 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Christensen|first1=Jen| name-list-style = vanc |title=FDA orders food manufacturers to stop using trans fat within three years|url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/06/16/health/fda-trans-fat/|publisher=CNN}}</ref> Kummerow stated: "Science won out."<ref name="Dennis100Years">{{cite news|last1=Dennis|first1=Brady| name-list-style = vanc |title=The 100-year-old scientist who pushed the FDA to ban artificial trans fat|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/to-your-health/wp/2015/06/16/the-100-year-old-scientist-who-pushed-the-fda-to-ban-artificial-trans-fat/|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=16 June 2015}}</ref>
 The ban is believed to prevent about 90,000 premature deaths annually.<ref name="HafnerObit"/> The FDA estimates the ban will cost the food industry $6.2 billion over 20 years as the industry reformulates products and substitutes new ingredients for trans fat. The benefits are estimated at $140 billion over 20 years mainly from lower health care spending. Food companies can petition the FDA for approval of specific uses of partially hydrogenated oils if the companies submit data proving the oils' use is safe.<ref name="bloomberg2015">{{cite web |url= https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-06-16/u-s-bans-trans-fat-in-a-boost-for-palm-oil-and-a-blow-for-pie |title=U.S. Bans Trans Fat |publisher=Bloomberg L.P. |first1=Anna |last1=Edney |first2=Craig |last2=Giammona| name-list-style = vanc |date=16 June 2015}}</ref>
-===Food industry response===
 ===Manufacturer response===
 [[Palm oil]], a natural oil extracted from the fruit of oil palm trees that is semi-solid at room temperature (15–25 degrees Celsius), can potentially serve as a substitute for partially hydrogenated fats in baking and processed food applications, although there is disagreement about whether replacing partially hydrogenated fats with palm oil confers any health benefits. A 2006 study supported by the National Institutes of Health and the USDA Agricultural Research Service concluded that palm oil is not a safe substitute for partially hydrogenated fats (trans fats) in the food industry, because palm oil results in adverse changes in the blood concentrations of LDL and apolipoprotein B just as trans fat does.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Vega-López S, Ausman LM, Jalbert SM, Erkkilä AT, Lichtenstein AH | title = Palm and partially hydrogenated soybean oils adversely alter lipoprotein profiles compared with soybean and canola oils in moderately hyperlipidemic subjects | journal = The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition | volume = 84 | issue = 1 | pages = 54–62 | date = July 2006 | pmid = 16825681 | doi = 10.1093/ajcn/84.1.54 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/05/090502084827.htm |title=Palm oil not a healthy substitute for trans fats, study finds|date=11 May 2009 |work=ScienceDaily |access-date=12 May 2010}}</ref>
+[[The J.M. Smucker Company]], American manufacturer of [[Crisco]] (the original partially hydrogenated vegetable shortening), in 2004 released a new formulation made from solid saturated [[palm oil]] cut with [[soybean oil]] and [[sunflower oil]]. This blend yielded an equivalent shortening much like the prior partially hydrogenated Crisco, and was labelled zero grams of trans fat per 1 [[tablespoon]] serving (as compared with 1.5&nbsp;grams per tablespoon of original Crisco).<ref>{{cite web|title=Crisco 0 grams trans fat per serving all-vegetable shortening|url=http://www.crisco.com/about/prod_info.asp?groupID=17&catId=63&FlavorId=344|access-date=18 January 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061015192538/http://crisco.com/about/prod_info.asp?groupID=17&catId=63&FlavorId=344|archive-date=15 October 2006}}</ref> As of 24 January 2007, Smucker claims that all Crisco shortening products in the US have been reformulated to contain less than one gram of trans fat per serving while keeping saturated fat content less than butter.<ref name="crisco">"{{cite web|url=http://crisco.com/about/shortening_0gramstransfat_faq.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927202746/http://crisco.com/about/shortening_0gramstransfat_faq.asp|title=Crisco Frequently Asked Questions|archive-date=27 September 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> The separately marketed trans fat free version introduced in 2004 was discontinued.{{cn|date=August 2023}}
-In May 2003, BanTransFats.com Inc., a U.S. non-profit corporation, filed a lawsuit against the food manufacturer [[Kraft Foods]] in an attempt to force Kraft to remove trans fats from the [[Oreo]] cookie. The lawsuit was withdrawn when Kraft agreed to work on ways to find a substitute for the trans fat in the Oreo.
-[[The J.M. Smucker Company]], American manufacturer of [[Crisco]] (the original partially hydrogenated vegetable shortening), in 2004 released a new formulation made from solid saturated [[palm oil]] cut with [[soybean oil]] and [[sunflower oil]]. This blend yielded an equivalent shortening much like the prior partially hydrogenated Crisco, and was labelled zero grams of trans fat per 1 [[tablespoon]] serving (as compared with 1.5&nbsp;grams per tablespoon of original Crisco).<ref>{{cite web|title=Crisco 0 grams trans fat per serving all-vegetable shortening|url=http://www.crisco.com/about/prod_info.asp?groupID=17&catId=63&FlavorId=344|access-date=18 January 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061015192538/http://crisco.com/about/prod_info.asp?groupID=17&catId=63&FlavorId=344|archive-date=15 October 2006}}</ref> As of 24 January 2007, Smucker claims that all Crisco shortening products in the US have been reformulated to contain less than one gram of trans fat per serving while keeping saturated fat content less than butter.<ref name="crisco">"{{cite web|url=http://crisco.com/about/shortening_0gramstransfat_faq.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927202746/http://crisco.com/about/shortening_0gramstransfat_faq.asp|title=Crisco Frequently Asked Questions|archive-date=27 September 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> The separately marketed trans fat free version introduced in 2004 was discontinued.
 On 22 May 2004, [[Unilever]], the corporate descendant of [[Joseph Crosfield]] & Sons (the original producer of [[Wilhelm Normann]]'s hydrogenation hardened oils) announced that they have eliminated trans fats from all their margarine products in Canada, including their flagship [[Becel]] brand.<ref name="canlist">{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927093711/http://www.fcpc.ca/issues/hal/transfat.html|title=List of Canadian industry actions to reduce transfats|publisher=Food & Consumer Products of Canada (FCPC)|access-date=13 September 2007|archive-date=27 September 2007|url=http://www.fcpc.ca/issues/hal/transfat.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
-Agribusiness giant [[Bunge Limited]], through their Bunge Oils division, are now producing and marketing an ''NT'' product line of non-hydrogenated oils, margarines and shortenings, made from corn, canola, and soy oils.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.transfatsolutions.com|title=Welcome to TransFatSolutions.com powered by Bunge|publisher=Transfatsolutions.com|access-date=14 July 2011}}</ref>
-Since 2003,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foodnavigator.com/Financial-Industry/Loders-builds-on-trans-fat-alternatives|title=Loders builds on trans fat alternatives|publisher=Foodnavigator.com|date=5 February 2004|access-date=7 December 2010}}</ref> [[Loders Croklaan]], a wholly owned subsidiary of Malaysia's [[IOI Group]] has been providing trans fat free bakery and confectionery fats, made from [[palm oil]], for giant food companies in the United States to make [[margarine]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.foodnavigator.com/Financial-Industry/Loders-Croklaan-targets-trans-fat-free-demand|title=Loders Croklaan targets trans fat free demand| last = Fletcher | first = Anthony | name-list-style = vanc |publisher=Food Navigator|date=10 November 2005}}</ref>
-===Major users' response===
-{{Update|inaccurate=yes|section|date=March 2012}}
-<!-- Please don't add text like "Foo industries just removed trans fat from their fried snorbits" unless that manufacturer's action is notable in the larger context of trans fat. List that information on the company's own Wikipedia entry instead. See talk page. -->
-Some major food chains have chosen to remove or reduce trans fats in their products. In some cases these changes have been voluntary. In other cases, however, food vendors have been targeted by legal action that has generated a lot of media attention.
-The following major fast food chain menus and product lines are artificial trans fat free (that is, less than 0.5 g per serving): Taco Bell, Chick-fil-A, Girl Scout Cookies, KFC (eliminated from all but Mac and cheese, biscuits and chicken potpie in 2007, the rest in 2009<ref>[http://www.kfc.com/about/news/2009/012909.asp Finger Lickin’ Good] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130313160426/http://www.kfc.com/about/news/2009/012909.asp |date=13 March 2013}}. KFC. Retrieved on 28 September 2016.</ref>), [[McDonald's]], Burger King, and [[Wendy's]] have greatly reduced partially hydrogenated oils (containing artificial trans fats) in their food; most of the remaining trans fat is naturally occurring, in the form of about a gram per 1/4 lb burger patty, and smaller amounts in fatty dairy products such as cheese, butter, and cream. Naturally occurring trans fat causes the [[Baconator]], for example, to have 2.5 grams. A large chain's large fries typically had about 6 grams until around 2007, which some of the above-mentioned food chains removed by switching to trans-fat-free cooking oil.<ref>[https://www.cdc.gov/pcd/issues/2014/14_0202.htm Figure 4]. in {{cite journal | vauthors = Urban LE, Roberts SB, Fierstein JL, Gary CE, Lichtenstein AH | title = Temporal trends in fast-food restaurant energy, sodium, saturated fat, and trans fat content, United States, 1996-2013 | journal = Preventing Chronic Disease | volume = 11 | pages = E229 | date = December 2014 | pmid = 25551184 | pmc = 4283359 | doi = 10.5888/pcd11.140202 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news-medical.net/health/Trans-Fat-Food-Industry-Response.aspx|title=Trans Fat Food Industry Response|date=24 March 2010|publisher=News-Medical.net}}</ref><ref name=CSPI-KFC1>{{cite press release|title=KFC Sued for Fouling Chicken with Partially Hydrogenated Oil: Lawsuit Aimed at Eliminating, or Disclosing Use of Artery-Clogging Frying Oil|publisher=[[Center for Science in the Public Interest]]|date=12 June 2006|url=http://www.cspinet.org/new/200606121.html|access-date=18 January 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Class action complaint|date=12 June 2006|url=http://www.cspinet.org/new/pdf/final_complaint.pdf|access-date=18 January 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Burros|first=Marian| name-list-style = vanc |title=KFC Is Sued Over the Use of Trans Fats in Its Cooking|work=The New York Times|date=14 June 2006|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/14/us/14fat.html?ex=1307937600&en=01d0b7b6b5c00eb6&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss|access-date=18 January 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release|title=KFC announces switch to zero trans fat cooking oil following two-year test for same great taste|publisher=[[KFC]]|date=30 October 2006|url=http://www.kfc.com/about/pressreleases/103006.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070119110204/http://www.kfc.com/about/pressreleases/103006.asp|archive-date=19 January 2007|access-date=18 January 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release|title=KFC Canada phasing in zero grams trans fat menu in all 786 restaurants nationally early in the new year|publisher=KFC Canada|date=30 October 2006|url=http://www.cnw.ca/en/releases/archive/October2006/30/c5869.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070218113648/http://www.cnw.ca/en/releases/archive/October2006/30/c5869.html|archive-date=18 February 2007|access-date=18 January 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release|title=Wendy's Significantly Cuts Trans Fats – Switch to New Cooking Oil Under Way|publisher=Wendy's|date=8 June 2006|url=http://www.wendys.com/about_us/news/index.jsp?news=5|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061109131923/http://www.wendys.com/about_us/news/index.jsp?news=5|archive-date=9 November 2006|access-date=11 April 2013}}</ref><ref name="McDs">{{cite news|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/16873869|title=McDonald's finally picks trans-fat-free oil|publisher=[[NBC News]]|date=30 January 2007}}</ref>
-These reformulations can be partly attributed to 2006 [[Center for Science in the Public Interest]] [[class action]] complaints, and to New York's trans fat ban, with companies such as McDonald's's stating they would not be selling a unique product just for New York customers but would implement a nationwide or worldwide change.<ref>[http://www.marketwatch.com/news/story/chick-fil-removes-trans-fats-entire-menu/story.aspx?guid=%7BC9689807-F7A6-43A5-8624-92C0F5C6DB2E%7D&dist=hppr MarketWatch.com]. MarketWatch.com (18 October 2011). Retrieved 22 January 2013.</ref><ref>{{cite press release|title=Burger King to Use Trans-Fat-Free Oil|last=Sainz|first=Adrian| name-list-style = vanc |agency=Associated Press|date=6 July 2006|url=http://www.physorg.com/news102934980.html|access-date=6 July 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929121102/http://www.physorg.com/news102934980.html|archive-date=29 September 2007}}</ref>
-Although [[IHOP]] restaurants pledged in a 2007 press release to eliminate trans fat from their food,<ref>{{cite press release|title=IHOP to Eliminate Frying Oil Containing Trans Fats by Year End |date=1 October 2007 |url=http://test.ihop.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=200&Itemid=68 |access-date=22 August 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017191933/http://test.ihop.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=200&Itemid=68 |archive-date=17 October 2015 }}</ref> the nutrition information on the company website for the Summer/Fall 2015 Core Menu shows that they still have a considerable amount of trans fat in their food, including 4.5 grams in their "mega monster cheeseburger".<ref>[http://www.ihop.com/-/media/ihop/PDFs/nutritionalinformation.ashx Nutrition Information] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721121349/http://www.ihop.com/-/media/ihop/PDFs/nutritionalinformation.ashx |date=21 July 2015}}. Ihop.com (2015). Retrieved 22 August 2015.</ref>
-The [[Girl Scouts of the USA]] announced in November 2006 that all of their [[Girl scout cookies|cookies]] contain less than 0.5 g trans fats per serving, thus meeting or exceeding the FDA guidelines for the "zero trans fat" designation.<ref>{{cite press release|title=Statement from GSUSA CEO Kathy Cloninger: Girl Scout Cookies Now Have Zero Trans Fats|date=13 November 2006|url=http://www.girlscouts.org/news/news_releases/2006/gs_cookies_now_have_zero_trans_fats.asp|access-date=26 February 2008}}</ref> High levels of trans fats remain common in packaged baked goods.<ref name=PopEye>[http://www.health.com/health/gallery/0,,20533295,00.html#french-fries-1 Trans Fat Alert! 22 Foods to Watch]. Health.com (22 February 1999). Retrieved on 2016-09-28.</ref>
-Health Canada's monitoring program, which tracks the changing amounts of TFA and SFA in fast and prepared foods shows considerable progress in TFA reduction by some industrial users while others, as of 2007, lag behind. In many cases, SFAs have been substituted for the TFAs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/fn-an/nutrition/gras-trans-fats/tfa-age_e.html|title=Trans Fat Monitoring Program |publisher=Health Canada|date=30 October 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/health/story/2007/12/20/transfats-monitoring.html|title=Trans-fat levels dropping, though Burger King in the hot seat |publisher=CBC News |access-date=21 December 2007|date=20 December 2007}}</ref>{{Update after|2010|09|23}}
 ==See also==
 * [[Diet and heart disease]]
 * [[Health crisis]]
@@ Line 176: / Line 152: @@
 ==References==
+{{Reflist}}
-<references>
-</references>
 [[Category: Food safety]]
 [[Category: Nutrition]]