Jump to content

Geological hazard: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
→See also: avoid redirect
OAbot (talk | contribs)
Bots
431,569 edits
m Open access bot: hdl updated in citation with #oabot.
(7 intermediate revisions by 7 users not shown)
Line 3: Line 3:
[[Image:Laconchita1995landslide.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Huge landslide at [[La Conchita]], 1995]]
[[Image:Laconchita1995landslide.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Huge landslide at [[La Conchita]], 1995]]


A '''geologic hazard''' or '''geohazard''' is an adverse of [[geology|geologic]] condition capable of causing widespread damage or loss of property and life.<ref>[http://www.geohazards.no International Centre for Geohazards] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080302114513/http://www.geohazards.no/ |date=March 2, 2008 }}</ref> These [[hazards]] are geological and environmental conditions and involve long-term or short-term geological processes. Geohazards can be relatively small features, but they can also attain huge dimensions (e.g., submarine or surface [[landslide]]) and affect local and regional socio-economics to a large extent (e.g., [[tsunami]]s).
A '''geologic hazard''' or '''geohazard''' is an adverse [[geology|geologic]] condition capable of causing widespread damage or loss of property and life.<ref>[http://www.geohazards.no International Centre for Geohazards] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080302114513/http://www.geohazards.no/ |date=March 2, 2008 }}</ref> These [[hazards]] are geological and environmental conditions and involve long-term or short-term geological processes. Geohazards can be relatively small features, but they can also attain huge dimensions (e.g., submarine or surface [[landslide]]) and affect local and regional socio-economics to a large extent (e.g., [[tsunami]]s).


Sometimes the hazard is instigated by the careless location of developments or construction in which the conditions were not taken into account. Human activities, such as drilling through overpressured zones, could result in significant risk, and as such mitigation and prevention are paramount, through improved understanding of geohazards, their preconditions, causes and implications. In other cases, particularly in montane regions, natural processes can cause catalytic events of a complex nature, such as an avalanche hitting a lake and causing a debris flow, with consequences potentially hundreds of miles away, or creating a lahar by volcanism.
Sometimes the hazard is instigated by the careless location of developments or construction in which the conditions were not taken into account. Human activities, such as drilling through overpressured zones, could result in significant risk, and as such mitigation and prevention are paramount, through improved understanding of geohazards, their preconditions, causes and implications. In other cases, particularly in montane regions, natural processes can cause catalytic events of a complex nature, such as an avalanche hitting a lake and causing a debris flow, with consequences potentially hundreds of miles away, or creating a lahar by volcanism.


'''Marine geohazards''' in particular constitute a fast-growing sector of research as they involve seismic, tectonic, volcanic processes now occurring at higher frequency, and often resulting in coastal sub-marine avalanches or devastating '''tsunamis''' in some of the most densely populated areas of the world <ref>{{cite journal |last1=de Lange |first1=G. |last2=Sakellariou |first2=D. |last3=Briand |first3=F. |title=Marine Geohazards in the Mediterranean: an overview |journal=CIESM Workshop Monographs |date=2011 |volume=42 |pages=7–26}}[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272164711]</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Cardenas | first1 = I.C.| title = Marine geohazards exposed: Uncertainties involved | journal = [[Marine Georesources and Geotechnology]] | year = 2022| volume = 41| issue = 6| pages = 589–619| doi=10.1080/1064119X.2022.2078252| s2cid = 249161443|display-authors=etal| doi-access = free| hdl = 11250/3058338| hdl-access = free}}</ref>
'''Marine geohazards''' in particular constitute a fast-growing sector of research as they involve seismic, tectonic, volcanic processes now occurring at higher frequency, and often resulting in coastal sub-marine avalanches or devastating '''tsunamis''' in some of the most densely populated areas of the world <ref>{{cite journal |last1=de Lange |first1=G. |last2=Sakellariou |first2=D. |last3=Briand |first3=F. |date=2011 |title=Marine Geohazards in the Mediterranean: an overview |journal=CIESM Workshop Monographs |volume=42 |pages=7–26}}[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272164711]</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Cardenas | first1 = I.C.| title = Marine geohazards exposed: Uncertainties involved | journal = [[Marine Georesources and Geotechnology]] | year = 2022| volume = 41| issue = 6| pages = 589–619| doi=10.1080/1064119X.2022.2078252| s2cid = 249161443|display-authors=etal| doi-access = free| hdl = 11250/3058338| hdl-access = free}}</ref>


Such impacts on vulnerable coastal populations, coastal infrastructures, offshore exploration platforms, obviously call for a higher level of preparedness and mitigation.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Nadim | year = 2006 | title = Challenges to geo-scientists in risk assessment for sub-marine slides | journal = Norwegian Journal of Geology | volume = 86 | issue = 3| pages = 351–362 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Solheim | first1 = A.| title = 2005. Ormen Lange – An integrated study for the safe development of a deep-water gas field within the Storegga Slide complex, NE Atlantic continental margin; executive summary | journal = [[Marine and Petroleum Geology]] | volume = 22 | issue = 1–2| pages = 1–9 | doi=10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2004.10.001|display-authors=etal}}</ref>
Such impacts on vulnerable coastal populations, coastal infrastructures, offshore exploration platforms, obviously call for a higher level of preparedness and mitigation.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Nadim | year = 2006 | title = Challenges to geo-scientists in risk assessment for sub-marine slides | journal = Norwegian Journal of Geology | volume = 86 | issue = 3| pages = 351–362 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Solheim | first1 = A.| title = 2005. Ormen Lange – An integrated study for the safe development of a deep-water gas field within the Storegga Slide complex, NE Atlantic continental margin; executive summary | journal = [[Marine and Petroleum Geology]] | volume = 22 | issue = 1–2| pages = 1–9 | doi=10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2004.10.001|display-authors=etal}}</ref>
Line 43: Line 43:
Geologic hazards are typically evaluated by [[engineering geologists]] who are educated and trained in interpretation of landforms and earth process, earth-structure interaction, and in geologic hazard mitigation. The engineering geologist provides recommendations and designs to mitigate for geologic hazards. Trained hazard mitigation planners also assist local communities to identify strategies for mitigating the effects of such hazards and developing plans to implement these measures. Mitigation can include a variety of measures:
Geologic hazards are typically evaluated by [[engineering geologists]] who are educated and trained in interpretation of landforms and earth process, earth-structure interaction, and in geologic hazard mitigation. The engineering geologist provides recommendations and designs to mitigate for geologic hazards. Trained hazard mitigation planners also assist local communities to identify strategies for mitigating the effects of such hazards and developing plans to implement these measures. Mitigation can include a variety of measures:
* Geologic hazards may be avoided by relocation. Publicly available databases, via searchable platforms,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Toussaint |first=Kristin |date=2021-09-29 |title=Are environmental hazards threatening your home? This website will show you |url=https://www.fastcompany.com/90681175/are-there-environmental-hazards-threatening-your-home-this-website-will-show-you |access-date=2022-06-13 |website=Fast Company |language=en-US}}</ref> can help people evaluate hazards in locations of interest.
* Geologic hazards may be avoided by relocation. Publicly available databases, via searchable platforms,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Toussaint |first=Kristin |date=2021-09-29 |title=Are environmental hazards threatening your home? This website will show you |url=https://www.fastcompany.com/90681175/are-there-environmental-hazards-threatening-your-home-this-website-will-show-you |access-date=2022-06-13 |website=Fast Company |language=en-US}}</ref> can help people evaluate hazards in locations of interest.
* Mapping geohazards using conventional or remote sensing techniques<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tomás |first1=Roberto |last2=Pagán |first2=José Ignacio |last3=Navarro |first3=José A. |last4=Cano |first4=Miguel |last5=Pastor |first5=José Luis |last6=Riquelme |first6=Adrián |last7=Cuevas-González |first7=María |last8=Crosetto |first8=Michele |last9=Barra |first9=Anna |last10=Monserrat |first10=Oriol |last11=Lopez-Sanchez |first11=Juan M. |last12=Ramón |first12=Alfredo |last13=Ivorra |first13=Salvador |last14=Del Soldato |first14=Matteo |last15=Solari |first15=Lorenzo |date=January 2019 |title=Semi-Automatic Identification and Pre-Screening of Geological–Geotechnical Deformational Processes Using Persistent Scatterer Interferometry Datasets |journal=Remote Sensing |language=en |volume=11 |issue=14 |pages=1675 |doi=10.3390/rs11141675 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019RemS...11.1675T |issn=2072-4292|hdl=2158/1162779 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> can also help identify suitable areas for urban development.
* The [[slope stability|stability of sloping earth]] can be improved by the construction of [[retaining wall]]s, which may use techniques such as [[slurry wall]]s, [[shear pin]]s, [[tieback (geotechnical)|tiebacks]], [[soil nailing|soil nail]]s or [[soil anchor]]s. Larger projects may use [[gabion]]s and other forms of [[earthworks (engineering)|earth buttress]].
* The [[slope stability|stability of sloping earth]] can be improved by the construction of [[retaining wall]]s, which may use techniques such as [[slurry wall]]s, [[shear pin]]s, [[tieback (geotechnical)|tiebacks]], [[soil nailing|soil nail]]s or [[soil anchor]]s. Larger projects may use [[gabion]]s and other forms of [[earthworks (engineering)|earth buttress]].
* Shorelines and streams are protected against [[Tidal scour|scour]] and erosion using [[revetment]]s and [[riprap]].
* Shorelines and streams are protected against [[Tidal scour|scour]] and erosion using [[revetment]]s and [[riprap]].

Revision as of 04:51, 24 June 2024

Huge landslide at La Conchita, 1995

A geologic hazard or geohazard is an adverse geologic condition capable of causing widespread damage or loss of property and life.[1] These hazards are geological and environmental conditions and involve long-term or short-term geological processes. Geohazards can be relatively small features, but they can also attain huge dimensions (e.g., submarine or surface landslide) and affect local and regional socio-economics to a large extent (e.g., tsunamis).

Sometimes the hazard is instigated by the careless location of developments or construction in which the conditions were not taken into account. Human activities, such as drilling through overpressured zones, could result in significant risk, and as such mitigation and prevention are paramount, through improved understanding of geohazards, their preconditions, causes and implications. In other cases, particularly in montane regions, natural processes can cause catalytic events of a complex nature, such as an avalanche hitting a lake and causing a debris flow, with consequences potentially hundreds of miles away, or creating a lahar by volcanism.

Marine geohazards in particular constitute a fast-growing sector of research as they involve seismic, tectonic, volcanic processes now occurring at higher frequency, and often resulting in coastal sub-marine avalanches or devastating tsunamis in some of the most densely populated areas of the world [2][3]

Such impacts on vulnerable coastal populations, coastal infrastructures, offshore exploration platforms, obviously call for a higher level of preparedness and mitigation.[4][5]

Speed of development

Sudden phenomena

Sudden phenomena include:

Slow phenomena

Gradual or slow phenomena include:

Evaluation and mitigation

Geologic hazards are typically evaluated by engineering geologists who are educated and trained in interpretation of landforms and earth process, earth-structure interaction, and in geologic hazard mitigation. The engineering geologist provides recommendations and designs to mitigate for geologic hazards. Trained hazard mitigation planners also assist local communities to identify strategies for mitigating the effects of such hazards and developing plans to implement these measures. Mitigation can include a variety of measures:

In paleohistory

Eleven distinct flood basalt episodes occurred in the past 250 million years, resulting in large volcanic provinces, creating lava plateaus and mountain ranges on Earth.[9] Large igneous provinces have been connected to five mass extinction events. The timing of six out of eleven known provinces coincide with periods of global warming and marine anoxia/dysoxia. Thus, suggesting that volcanic CO2 emissions can force an important effect on the climate system.[10]

Known hazards

See also: Lists of earthquakes and List of largest volcanic eruptions

See also

See also: Natural hazard and Volcanic hazard

References

  1. ^ International Centre for Geohazards Archived March 2, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  2. ^ de Lange, G.; Sakellariou, D.; Briand, F. (2011). "Marine Geohazards in the Mediterranean: an overview". CIESM Workshop Monographs. 42: 7–26.[1]
  3. ^ Cardenas, I.C.; et al. (2022). "Marine geohazards exposed: Uncertainties involved". Marine Georesources and Geotechnology. 41 (6): 589–619. doi:10.1080/1064119X.2022.2078252. hdl:11250/3058338. S2CID 249161443.
  4. ^ Nadim (2006). "Challenges to geo-scientists in risk assessment for sub-marine slides". Norwegian Journal of Geology. 86 (3): 351–362.
  5. ^ Solheim, A.; et al. "2005. Ormen Lange – An integrated study for the safe development of a deep-water gas field within the Storegga Slide complex, NE Atlantic continental margin; executive summary". Marine and Petroleum Geology. 22 (1–2): 1–9. doi:10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2004.10.001.
  6. ^ Geologic Hazards NationalAtlas Archived 2010-04-30 at the Wayback Machine
  7. ^ Toussaint, Kristin (2021-09-29). "Are environmental hazards threatening your home? This website will show you". Fast Company. Retrieved 2022-06-13.
  8. ^ Tomás, Roberto; Pagán, José Ignacio; Navarro, José A.; Cano, Miguel; Pastor, José Luis; Riquelme, Adrián; Cuevas-González, María; Crosetto, Michele; Barra, Anna; Monserrat, Oriol; Lopez-Sanchez, Juan M.; Ramón, Alfredo; Ivorra, Salvador; Del Soldato, Matteo; Solari, Lorenzo (January 2019). "Semi-Automatic Identification and Pre-Screening of Geological–Geotechnical Deformational Processes Using Persistent Scatterer Interferometry Datasets". Remote Sensing. 11 (14): 1675. Bibcode:2019RemS...11.1675T. doi:10.3390/rs11141675. hdl:2158/1162779. ISSN 2072-4292.
  9. ^ Michael R. Rampino; Richard B. Stothers (1988). "Flood Basalt Volcanism During the Past 250 Million Years". Science. 241 (4866): 663–668. Bibcode:1988Sci...241..663R. doi:10.1126/science.241.4866.663. PMID 17839077. S2CID 33327812.
  10. ^ P.B. Wignall (2001). "Large igneous provinces and mass extinctions". Earth-Science Reviews. 53 (1–2): 1–33. Bibcode:2001ESRv...53....1W. doi:10.1016/S0012-8252(00)00037-4.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geological_hazard&oldid=1230692983"