Shell jewelry: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Jewelry made primarily of seashells}} |
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[[File:Jewelry made of shells.jpg|thumb|Shell jewelry for sale on a beach in [[Vietnam]], 1990]] |
[[File:Jewelry made of shells.jpg|thumb|Shell jewelry for sale on a beach in [[Vietnam]], 1990]] |
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[[File:Shell necklaces (Cook Islands).jpg|thumb|Necklaces made in [[ |
[[File:Shell necklaces (Cook Islands).jpg|thumb|Necklaces made in [[Rarotonga]], [[Cook Islands]]]] |
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[[File:Sépulture de Teviec (5).jpg|thumb|A [[Stone Age]] burial in [[Brittany]] dating from 5000-7000 BC shows the skeletons of two women who were buried wearing necklaces made of numerous [[gastropod shell|shells]] of the [[sea snail]] ''[[Trivia (gastropod)|Trivia]]''.]] |
[[File:Sépulture de Teviec (5).jpg|thumb|A [[Stone Age]] burial in [[Brittany]] dating from 5000-7000 BC shows the skeletons of two women who were buried wearing necklaces made of numerous [[gastropod shell|shells]] of the [[sea snail]] ''[[Trivia (gastropod)|Trivia]]''.]] |
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==In prehistory== |
==In prehistory== |
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The oldest known jewelry in the world consists of two perforated beads made from shells of the sea snail ''[[Nassarius gibbosulus]]''. These beads were discovered at [[Skhul and Qafzeh hominids|Skhul]] in Israel, and were recently dated to between 100,000 and 135,000 years ago.<ref>{{Cite journal| pages = 1731| date=Jun 2006 | issn = 0036-8075| doi = 10.1126/science.312.5781.1731| issue = 5781| title = Archaeology. First jewelry? Old shell beads suggest early use of symbols.| journal = Science| volume = 312| pmid = 16794051| last1 = Balter| first1 = M.}}</ref><ref name="Vanhaeren et al 2006">{{Cite journal | last1 = Vanhaereny | first1 = M. | last2 = d'Errico | first2 = F. | last3 = Stringer | first3 = C. | last4 = James | first4 = S. L. | last5 = Todd | first5 = J. A. | last6 = Mienis | first6 = H. K. | title = Middle Paleolithic Shell Beads in Israel and Algeria | doi = 10.1126/science.1128139 | journal = Science | volume = 312 | issue = 5781 | pages = 1785–1788 | year = 2006 | pmid = 16794076| |
The oldest known jewelry in the world consists of two perforated beads made from shells of the sea snail ''[[Nassarius gibbosulus]]''. These beads were discovered at [[Skhul and Qafzeh hominids|Skhul]] in Israel, and were recently dated to between 100,000 and 135,000 years ago.<ref>{{Cite journal| pages = 1731| date=Jun 2006 | issn = 0036-8075| doi = 10.1126/science.312.5781.1731| issue = 5781| title = Archaeology. First jewelry? Old shell beads suggest early use of symbols.| journal = Science| volume = 312| pmid = 16794051| last1 = Balter| first1 = M.| s2cid=37796531 }}</ref><ref name="Vanhaeren et al 2006">{{Cite journal | last1 = Vanhaereny | first1 = M. | last2 = d'Errico | first2 = F. | last3 = Stringer | first3 = C. | last4 = James | first4 = S. L. | last5 = Todd | first5 = J. A. | last6 = Mienis | first6 = H. K. | title = Middle Paleolithic Shell Beads in Israel and Algeria | doi = 10.1126/science.1128139 | journal = Science | volume = 312 | issue = 5781 | pages = 1785–1788 | year = 2006 | pmid = 16794076| bibcode = 2006Sci...312.1785V | s2cid = 31098527 }}</ref> Similar ornaments (some made from shells of ''[[Nassarius kraussianus]]'' and the bittersweet clam ''[[Glycymeris nummaria]]'' as well as from ''Nassarius gibbosulus'') have been discovered at a number of [[Middle Paleolithic]] sites, and are considered a key piece of evidence for the theory that early [[anatomically modern humans]] in Africa and the Levant were more culturally sophisticated than had previously been thought.<ref>{{Cite journal |
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| last1 = d'Errico | first1 = F. |
| last1 = d'Errico | first1 = F. |
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| last2 = Henshilwood | first2 = C. |
| last2 = Henshilwood | first2 = C. |
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| year = 2005 |
| year = 2005 |
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| pmid = 15656934 |
| pmid = 15656934 |
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| ⚫ | }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Bouzouggar | first1 = A. | last2 = Barton | first2 = N. | last3 = Vanhaeren | first3 = M. | last4 = d'Errico | first4 = F. | last5 = Collcutt | first5 = S. | last6 = Higham | first6 = T. | last7 = Hodge | first7 = E. | last8 = Parfitt | first8 = S. | last9 = Rhodes | first9 = E. | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0703877104 | last10 = Schwenninger | first10 = J. -L. | last11 = Stringer | first11 = C. | last12 = Turner | first12 = E. | last13 = Ward | first13 = S. | last14 = Moutmir | first14 = A. | last15 = Stambouli | first15 = A. | title = 82,000-year-old shell beads from North Africa and implications for the origins of modern human behavior | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | volume = 104 | issue = 24 | pages = 9964–9 | year = 2007 | pmid = 17548808| pmc = 1891266| doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = d'Errico | first1 = F. | last2 = Vanhaeren | first2 = M. | last3 = Barton | first3 = N. | last4 = Bouzouggar | first4 = A. | last5 = Mienis | first5 = H. | last6 = Richter | first6 = D. | last7 = Hublin | first7 = J. -J. | last8 = McPherron | first8 = S. P. | last9 = Lozouet | first9 = P. | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0903532106 | title = Out of Africa: Modern Human Origins Special Feature: Additional evidence on the use of personal ornaments in the Middle Paleolithic of North Africa | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | volume = 106 | issue = 38 | pages = 16051–6 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19717433| pmc = 2752514| bibcode = 2009PNAS..10616051D | doi-access = free }}</ref> In some cases shells had been transported a considerable distance from the species' natural habitat. One example is the site of [[Oued Djebbana]] in Algeria, for example, where an ''N. gibbosulus'' bead was found; at the time the shell was used there, this site was at least 190 km away from the sea.<ref name="Vanhaeren et al 2006" /> |
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| ⚫ | }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Bouzouggar | first1 = A. | last2 = Barton | first2 = N. | last3 = Vanhaeren | first3 = M. | last4 = d'Errico | first4 = F. | last5 = Collcutt | first5 = S. | last6 = Higham | first6 = T. | last7 = Hodge | first7 = E. | last8 = Parfitt | first8 = S. | last9 = Rhodes | first9 = E. | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0703877104 | last10 = Schwenninger | first10 = J. -L. | last11 = Stringer | first11 = C. | last12 = Turner | first12 = E. | last13 = Ward | first13 = S. | last14 = Moutmir | first14 = A. | last15 = Stambouli | first15 = A. | title = 82,000-year-old shell beads from North Africa and implications for the origins of modern human behavior | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | volume = 104 | issue = 24 | pages = 9964–9 | year = 2007 | pmid = 17548808| pmc = 1891266}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = d'Errico | first1 = F. | last2 = Vanhaeren | first2 = M. | last3 = Barton | first3 = N. | last4 = Bouzouggar | first4 = A. | last5 = Mienis | first5 = H. | last6 = Richter | first6 = D. | last7 = Hublin | first7 = J. -J. | last8 = McPherron | first8 = S. P. | last9 = Lozouet | first9 = P. | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0903532106 | title = Out of Africa: Modern Human Origins Special Feature: Additional evidence on the use of personal ornaments in the Middle Paleolithic of North Africa | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | volume = 106 | issue = 38 | pages = 16051–6 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19717433| pmc = 2752514}}</ref> In some cases shells had been transported a considerable distance from the species' natural habitat. One example is the site of [[Oued Djebbana]] in Algeria, for example, where an ''N. gibbosulus'' bead was found; at the time the shell was used there, this site was at least 190 km away from the sea.<ref name="Vanhaeren et al 2006" /> |
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| ⚫ | Shell ornaments were very common during the [[Upper Paleolithic]], from 50–40,000 years ago onwards, when they spread with modern humans to Europe and Asia. They generally take the form of perforated shells (as well as other hard organic material such as [[tooth]], [[bone]], [[antler]] and [[mammoth]] ivory) which are thought to have been suspended and used as jewelry. The most commonly found species are ''[[Homalopoma sanguineum]]'', ''[[Littorina obtusata]]'', ''[[Cyclope]]'' species, ''[[Nassarius mutabilis]]'' and ''Nassarius gibbosulus''. Fossil shells were used alongside those of contemporary species. Some shells were stained with [[ochre]]. In Europe, the shells of both [[Atlantic]] and [[Mediterranean]] species were used, again circulating over distances of hundreds of kilometers.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Fernández|first1=Esteban Álvarez|last2=Jöris|first2=Olaf|title=Personal Ornaments in the Early Upper Paleolithic of Western Eurasia: an Evaluation of the Record|journal=Eurasian Prehistory|year=2007|volume=5|issue=2|pages=31–44|url=https://rgzm.academia.edu/OlafJ%C3%B6ris/Papers/802932/Personal_Ornaments_in_the_Early_Upper_Paleolithic_of_Western_Eurasia_an_Evaluation_of_the_Record}}</ref> During the [[neolithic]] period shell [[necklaces]] were made with the shells of 3 genera [[Spondylus]], [[Glycymeris (shells)|Glycymeris]] and [[Charonia]].<ref name="Gardelková-Vrtelová">{{cite journal |last1=Gardelková-Vrtelová |first1=Anna |last2=Golej |first2= Marián |date=2013 |title=The necklace from the Strážnice site in the Hodonín district (Czech Republic). A contribution on the subject of Spondylus jewellery in the Neolithic |journal=Documenta Praehistorica |publisher=Znanstvena založba Filozofske fakultete Univerze v Ljubljani |volume=40 |pages=265–277 |doi=10.4312/dp.40.21 |doi-access=free }}{{Open access}}</ref> |
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[[File:Blombos Cave marine shell beads.jpg|thumb|Ancient archeological shell beads of ''[[Nassarius kraussianus]]'' from [[Blombos Cave]], along with a hypothetical reconstruction of the shell necklace that they were strung to form.]] |
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| ⚫ | Shell ornaments were very common during the [[Upper Paleolithic]], from 50–40,000 years ago onwards, when they spread with modern humans to Europe and Asia. They generally take the form of perforated shells (as well as other hard organic material such as [[tooth]], [[bone]], [[antler]] and [[mammoth]] ivory) which are thought to have been suspended and used as jewelry. The most commonly found species are ''[[Homalopoma sanguineum]]'', ''[[Littorina obtusata]]'', ''[[Cyclope]]'' species, ''[[Nassarius mutabilis]]'' and ''Nassarius gibbosulus''. Fossil shells were used alongside those of contemporary species. Some shells were stained with [[ochre]]. In Europe, the shells of both [[Atlantic]] and [[Mediterranean]] species were used, again circulating over distances of hundreds of kilometers.<ref>{{cite journal| |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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Revision as of 21:57, 23 June 2024
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Shell jewelry is jewelry that is primarily made from seashells, the shells of marine mollusks. Shell jewelry is a type of shellcraft. One very common form of shell jewelry is necklaces that are composed of large numbers of beads, where each individual bead is the whole (but often drilled) shell of a small sea snail. Numerous other varieties of shell jewelry are made, including bracelets and earrings.
As well as sea snail shells, shell jewelry also sometimes uses the shells of clams (bivalves) and tusk shells (scaphopods). Occasionally shell jewelry is made from the shells of non-marine mollusks such as the shells of land snails [1], or the shells of freshwater mollusks. Not all shell jewelry is made from whole shells; some kinds are made from parts of shells, including the shell layer known as mother of pearl or nacre, and the "trapdoor" or operculum which is part of some sea snails.
In recent times, inexpensive shell jewelry is often found at tropical beach destinations, where it is offered to tourists as informal wear, or as a souvenir. However, shell jewelry has a very ancient past, and is of great importance in archeology and anthropology. In fact, shell beads are the oldest form of jewelry known, dating back over 100,000 years.
In prehistory
The oldest known jewelry in the world consists of two perforated beads made from shells of the sea snail Nassarius gibbosulus. These beads were discovered at Skhul in Israel, and were recently dated to between 100,000 and 135,000 years ago.[1][2] Similar ornaments (some made from shells of Nassarius kraussianus and the bittersweet clam Glycymeris nummaria as well as from Nassarius gibbosulus) have been discovered at a number of Middle Paleolithic sites, and are considered a key piece of evidence for the theory that early anatomically modern humans in Africa and the Levant were more culturally sophisticated than had previously been thought.[3][4][5] In some cases shells had been transported a considerable distance from the species' natural habitat. One example is the site of Oued Djebbana in Algeria, for example, where an N. gibbosulus bead was found; at the time the shell was used there, this site was at least 190 km away from the sea.[2]
Shell ornaments were very common during the Upper Paleolithic, from 50–40,000 years ago onwards, when they spread with modern humans to Europe and Asia. They generally take the form of perforated shells (as well as other hard organic material such as tooth, bone, antler and mammoth ivory) which are thought to have been suspended and used as jewelry. The most commonly found species are Homalopoma sanguineum, Littorina obtusata, Cyclope species, Nassarius mutabilis and Nassarius gibbosulus. Fossil shells were used alongside those of contemporary species. Some shells were stained with ochre. In Europe, the shells of both Atlantic and Mediterranean species were used, again circulating over distances of hundreds of kilometers.[6] During the neolithic period shell necklaces were made with the shells of 3 genera Spondylus, Glycymeris and Charonia.[7]
See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jewellery made with sea shells.
References
- ^ Balter, M. (Jun 2006). "Archaeology. First jewelry? Old shell beads suggest early use of symbols". Science. 312 (5781): 1731. doi:10.1126/science.312.5781.1731. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 16794051. S2CID 37796531.
- ^ a b Vanhaereny, M.; d'Errico, F.; Stringer, C.; James, S. L.; Todd, J. A.; Mienis, H. K. (2006). "Middle Paleolithic Shell Beads in Israel and Algeria". Science. 312 (5781): 1785–1788. Bibcode:2006Sci...312.1785V. doi:10.1126/science.1128139. PMID 16794076. S2CID 31098527.
- ^ d'Errico, F.; Henshilwood, C.; Vanhaeren, M.; Van Niekerk, K. (2005). "Nassarius kraussianus shell beads from Blombos Cave: Evidence for symbolic behaviour in the Middle Stone Age". Journal of Human Evolution. 48 (1): 3–24. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2004.09.002. PMID 15656934.
- ^ Bouzouggar, A.; Barton, N.; Vanhaeren, M.; d'Errico, F.; Collcutt, S.; Higham, T.; Hodge, E.; Parfitt, S.; Rhodes, E.; Schwenninger, J. -L.; Stringer, C.; Turner, E.; Ward, S.; Moutmir, A.; Stambouli, A. (2007). "82,000-year-old shell beads from North Africa and implications for the origins of modern human behavior". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 104 (24): 9964–9. doi:10.1073/pnas.0703877104. PMC 1891266. PMID 17548808.
- ^ d'Errico, F.; Vanhaeren, M.; Barton, N.; Bouzouggar, A.; Mienis, H.; Richter, D.; Hublin, J. -J.; McPherron, S. P.; Lozouet, P. (2009). "Out of Africa: Modern Human Origins Special Feature: Additional evidence on the use of personal ornaments in the Middle Paleolithic of North Africa". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106 (38): 16051–6. Bibcode:2009PNAS..10616051D. doi:10.1073/pnas.0903532106. PMC 2752514. PMID 19717433.
- ^ Fernández, Esteban Álvarez; Jöris, Olaf (2007). "Personal Ornaments in the Early Upper Paleolithic of Western Eurasia: an Evaluation of the Record". Eurasian Prehistory. 5 (2): 31–44.
- ^ Gardelková-Vrtelová, Anna; Golej, Marián (2013). "The necklace from the Strážnice site in the Hodonín district (Czech Republic). A contribution on the subject of Spondylus jewellery in the Neolithic". Documenta Praehistorica. 40. Znanstvena založba Filozofske fakultete Univerze v Ljubljani: 265–277. doi:10.4312/dp.40.21.
Further reading
- Roger Neich, 2004 Pacific Jewelry and Adornment, University of Hawaii Press, 189 pp.