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{{short description|Caribbean band formed in Guadeloupe in 1979}}
{{Short description|Guadeloupean band}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox musical artist
{{Infobox musical artist
⚫
| background = group_or_band
| name = Kassav'
| name = Kassav'
| image =
| image =
⚫
| background = group_or_band
| years_active = 1979–present
| years_active = 1979–present
| origin = [[Paris]], France
| origin = [[Guadeloupe]], France
| genre = [[Zouk (musical movement)|Zouk]]<br>[[Cadence-lypso]]<br>[[Cadence rampa|Kadans]]/[[Compas]]
| genre = {{hlist|[[Zouk (musical movement)|Zouk]]|[[cadence-lypso]]|[[Cadence rampa|kadans]]/[[compas]]}}
| label = GD Productions/Sonodisc, Epic, CBS, Warner France (distribution)
| label = {{hlist|GD Productions/[[Sonodisc]]|[[Epic Records|Epic]]|[[CBS Records International|CBS]]|[[Warner Music Group|Warner France]]}}
| current_members = [[Jocelyne Béroard]]<br>Jean-Philippe Marthély<br>Jean-Claude Naimro<br>Georges Décimus
| current_members =
* [[Jocelyne Béroard]]
* Jean-Philippe Marthély
* Jean-Claude Naimro
* Georges Décimus
| past_members = [[Patrick St-Eloi|Patrick Saint Eloi]]<br>Pierre Edouard Décimus<br>Claude Vamur<br>[[Jacob Desvarieux (deceased)]]
| past_members =
* [[Patrick St-Eloi]]
* Pierre Edouard Décimus
* Claude Vamur
* [[Jacob Desvarieux]]
| website = http://www.kassav-official.com/
| website = {{url|kassav-official.com}}
}}
}}
'''Kassav' ''' is a French Caribbean band formed in [[Guadeloupe]] in 1979. The core members of the band are Jacob Desvarieux, [[Jocelyne Béroard]], Jean-Philippe Marthély, [[Patrick St-Eloi|Patrick St. Eloi]], Jean-Claude Naimro, Claude Vamur, and Georges Décimus (who left to form Volt Face and returned). Kassav' have issued over 20 albums, with a further 12 solo albums by band members.


'''Kassav'''', also alternatively spelled '''Kassav''', is a [[French West Indies|French Caribbean]] band that originated from [[Guadeloupe]] in 1979.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Manuel |first1=Peter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_7NIe_I298MC |title=Caribbean Currents: Caribbean Music from Rumba to Reggae |last2=Bilby |first2=Kenneth |last3=Largey |first3=Michael |date=20 June 2012 |publisher=Temple University Press |isbn=978-1-59213-464-9 |location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States |pages=173 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0bnU1c3xElQC |title=The Popular Music Studies Reader |date=2006 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-415-30709-3 |editor-last=Bennett |editor-first=Andy |location=Thames, Oxfordshire, England, United Kingdom |pages=189 |language=en |editor-last2=Shank |editor-first2=Barry |editor-last3=Toynbee |editor-first3=Jason}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o_9WEAAAQBAJ&dq=Kassav+was+founded+in+1979+Jocelyne+B%C3%A9roard&pg=PA2 |title=Singing Our Unsung Heroes: (Re)Membering Manu Dibango, Celebrating Cameroon Music |date=16 March 2021 |publisher=African Books Collective |isbn=978-9956-551-82-8 |editor-last=Nkwi |editor-first=Gam |location=Mankon, Bamenda, North West Region, Cameroon |pages=2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ndi-Shang |first=Gil |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=014DEQAAQBAJ&dq=Kassav+was+founded+in+1979+Jean-Claude+Naimro&pg=PA91 |title=Letter from America: Memoir of an Adopted Child |date=6 January 2020 |publisher=African Books Collective |isbn=978-1-942876-49-6 |location=Denver, Colorado, United States |pages=91 |language=en}}</ref> The band's musical style is rooted in the Guadeloupean [[Gwo ka|gwoka rhythm]], as well as the [[Martinique|Martinican]] [[tibwa]] and Mendé rhythms.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nuIlEAAAQBAJ&dq=the+term+kassav+mean+cassava&pg=PA303 |title=Memorializing and Decolonizing Practices in the Francophone Caribbean and Other Spaces |date=24 March 2021 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-5275-6771-9 |editor-last=Melyon-Reinette |editor-first=Stéphanie |location=Newcastle upon Tyne, England, United Kingdom |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mendez |first=Hugo |date=2 December 2015 |title=Zouk: An Introduction |url=https://daily.redbullmusicacademy.com/2015/12/zouk-feature |access-date=23 May 2024 |website=Daily.redbullmusicacademy.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kurlansky |first=Mark |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d-1rAAAAMAAJ&q=Kassav%20mend%C3%A9%20rhythms%20guadeloupe |title=A Continent Of Islands: Searching For The Caribbean Destiny |date=18 February 1992 |publisher=Da Capo Press |isbn=978-0-201-52396-6 |location=Boston, Massachusetts, United States |pages=108 |language=en}}</ref> Regarded as one of the most influential bands in 20th-century [[Music of the Lesser Antilles|French West Indies music]],<ref>{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hQjJEAAAQBAJ&dq=Kassav+influential+bands+in+the+caribbean&pg=PT250 |title=Encyclopedia of Latin American Popular Music |date=27 March 2013 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |isbn=979-8-216-10919-8 |editor-last=Torres |editor-first=George |location=London, England, United Kingdom |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 January 2024 |title=Kassav' - Biographie, discographie et fiche artiste |trans-title=Kassav' - Biography, discography and artist profile |url=https://musique.rfi.fr/artiste/zouk/kassav |access-date=23 May 2024 |website=RFI Musique |language=Fr |publication-place=Paris, France}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Delhaye |first=Eric |date=11 May 2019 |title=Le succès international de Kassav' le prouve: le zouk, c'est du sérieux |trans-title=The international success of Kassav' proves it: zouk is serious |url=https://www.telerama.fr/sortir/le-succes-international-de-kassav-le-prouve-le-zouk,-cest-du-serieux,n6247584.php |access-date=23 May 2024 |website=www.telerama.fr |language=Fr |publication-place=Paris, France}}</ref> Kassav is often credited with pioneering the [[zouk]] musical genre.<ref>{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_yYJAQAAMAAJ&q=Kassav+are+pioneer+of+zouk |title=Rhythms of the World |date=1989 |publisher=BBC Books |isbn=978-0-563-20790-0 |editor-last=Hanly |editor-first=Francis |location=London, England, United Kingdom |pages=12 |language=en |editor-last2=May |editor-first2=Tim}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Berrian |first=Brenda F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SgZO_xIbAHkC&dq=Kassav+created+zouk&pg=PA42 |title=Awakening Spaces: French Caribbean Popular Songs, Music, and Culture |date=15 June 2000 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-04455-2 |location=Chicago, Illinois, United States |pages=42 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=31 July 2021 |title=Jacob Desvarieux, guitariste du groupe antillais Kassav' et pionnier du zouk, est mort |trans-title=Jacob Desvarieux, guitarist of the West Indian group Kassav' and pioneer of zouk, has died |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/disparitions/article/2021/07/31/jacob-desvarieux-leader-du-groupe-antillais-kassav-est-mort_6090102_3382.html |access-date=23 May 2024 |work=Le Monde.fr |language=fr |publication-place=Paris, France}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Monaheng |first=Ts'eliso |date=22 May 2024 |title=Kassav, and Jozi's love for zouk |url=https://africasacountry.com/2015/05/kassav-and-jozis-love-for-zouk-a-photo-essay |access-date=23 May 2024 |website=Africasacountry.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Their musical evolution is a [[Synthesizer|synthesis]] of [[cadence-lypso]] and [[compas]] traditions.<ref name="Neva Wartell">{{Cite web
The music of Kassav' is an extension of [[cadence-lypso]] or [[compas]] bands, such as [[Grammacks]], [[Exile One]], [[Les Aiglons]] and [[Experience 7]] of the 1970s.<ref name="Neva Wartell">{{Cite web
|url=http://www.thedominican.net/articles/zouk.htm|title=Zouk - Tracing the History of the Music to its Dominican Roots|author=Neva Wartell | work=The Dominican| location=Reprinted from ''National Geographic'' |access-date=10 August 2010
|url=http://www.thedominican.net/articles/zouk.htm|title=Zouk - Tracing the History of the Music to its Dominican Roots|author=Neva Wartell | work=The Dominican| location=Reprinted from ''National Geographic'' |access-date=10 August 2010
}}</ref>
}}</ref>

Despite initial resistance from French record labels, which disparaged their early works as excessively "too ethnic," Kassav' tenaciously persevered, collaborating with various West Indian music producers and distributing their music through [[Sonodisc]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 January 1970 |title=Kassav': podcasts et actualités |trans-title=Kassav': podcasts and news |url=https://www.radiofrance.fr/personnes/kassav |access-date=23 May 2024 |website=Radio France |language=fr |publication-place=Paris, France}}</ref> The term "kassav" in [[Creole language|creole]] denotes a type of [[cassava]] pancake.<ref>{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SmrsAAAAMAAJ&q=the%20band%20kassav%20mean%20cassava |title=Music, Writing, and Cultural Unity in the Caribbean |date=2005 |publisher=Africa World |isbn=978-1-59221-177-7 |editor-last=Reiss |editor-first=Timothy J. |location=Trenton, New Jersey, United States |pages=391 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mandouélé |first=Doris |date=8 August 2021 |title=Quand la musique renoue les cœurs blessés: KASSAV, un groupe qui a pu relier les Antilles à l'Afrique! |trans-title=When music reconnects wounded hearts: KASSAV, a group that was able to connect the West Indies to Africa! |url=https://lesechos-congobrazza.com/culture/8049-quand-la-musique-renoue-les-coeurs-blesses-kassav-un-groupe-qui-a-pu-relier-les-antilles-a-l-afrique-par-doris-mandouele |access-date=23 May 2024 |website=Les Echos du Congo Brazzaville |language=fr-fr |publication-place=Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dowrich-Phillips |first=Laura |date=18 November 2018 |title=Watch: Kassav heads to 40th anni with possible Machel Montano collab |url=https://stlucia.loopnews.com/content/watch-kassav-heads-40th-anni-possible-machel-montano-collab-4?jwsource=cl&jw_start= |access-date=23 May 2024 |website=Loop News |language=en}}</ref> The band's inception can be traced to Pierre-Edouard Décimus and Fréddy Marshall, members of the Guadeloupean ensemble Les Vikings, who aspired to innovate the island's traditional music by amalgamating it with contemporary influences.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Pierre-Edouard Décimus |url=https://guadeloupe.net/pierre-edouard-decimus |access-date=23 May 2024 |website=guadeloupe.net |language=fr-FR}}</ref>

The integration of Georges Décimus, brother of Pierre-Edouard Décimus, and Jacob Desvarieux, a guitarist and arranger, significantly contributed to the band's gradual formation, with additional musicians subsequently joining Kassav'.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> Their debut studio album, ''Love and Kadance'', released in 1979, heralded the advent of zouk and served as the archetypical exemplar for the genre.<ref>{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mGIRAq5w4ngC&dq=kassav+first+album+Love+and+Ka+Dance&pg=PA209 |title=Language, Rhythm, & Sound: Black Popular Cultures Into the Twenty-first Century |date=1997 |publisher=University of Pittsburgh Pre |isbn=978-0-8229-7177-1 |editor-last=Andrews |editor-first=Adrianne R. |location=Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States |pages=209 |language=en |editor-last2=Adjaye |editor-first2=Joseph K.}}</ref>

With a discography of over 50 albums, encompassing both band and solo projects from its members,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dowrich-Phillips |first=Laura |date=30 July 2021 |title=Kassav co-founder Jacob Desvarieux has died |url=https://caribbean.loopnews.com/content/kassav-co-founder-jacob-desvarieux-has-died |access-date=23 May 2024 |website=Loop News |language=en}}</ref> Kassav' has achieved significant international recognition. They were the first black group to perform in the [[Soviet Union]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 2000 |title=KASSAV: First group to represent the Seychelles |url=https://domizik75.tripod.com/profiles/kassav.html#:~:text=In%201989,%20Kassav%20won%20the,from%20December%2014%20to%2024. |access-date=23 May 2024 |website=Domizik75.tripod.com}}</ref>


==History==
==History==
Kassav' was formed in 1979 by Pierre-Edouard Décimus (former musicians from the Les Vikings de Guadeloupe) and [[Paris]] studio musician [[Jacob Desvarieux]]. Together and under the influence of well-known [[Dominica]]n, [[Haiti]]an and Guadeloupean [[Cadence rampa|kadans]] or compas bands like [[Experience 7]], [[Grammacks]], [[Exile One]], [[Les Aiglons]], [[Tabou Combo]], Les Freres Dejean, etc., they decided to make [[Music of Guadeloupe|Guadeloupean carnival music]] recording it in a more fully orchestrated yet modern and polished style. The name of the band is [[Antillean Creole]] for a local dish made from [[cassava]] root.
Kassav' was formed in 1979 by Pierre-Edouard Décimus (former musicians from the Les Vikings de Guadeloupe) and [[Paris]] studio musician [[Jacob Desvarieux]]. Together and under the influence of well-known [[Dominica]]n, [[Haiti]]an and Guadeloupean [[Cadence rampa|kadans]] or compas bands like [[Experience 7]], [[Grammacks]], [[Exile One]], [[Les Aiglons]], [[Tabou Combo]], Les Freres Dejean, etc., they decided to make [[Music of Guadeloupe|Guadeloupean carnival music]] recording it in a more fully orchestrated yet modern and polished style.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Guilbault |first=Jocelyne |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d0lrjteCl2IC |title=Zouk: World Music in the West Indies |date=15 November 1993 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-31041-1 |location=Chicago, Illinois, United States |pages=21–41 |language=en}}</ref> The name of the band is [[Antillean Creole]] for a local dish made from [[cassava]] root.<ref name=":0" />


Kassav' is the creator of the fast carnival [[Zouk (musical movement)|zouk]] Beton style. The [[French Antilles]]' Kassav' was the first to apply the [[MIDI]] technology to cadence and fused the genre with funk, and Makossa.
Kassav' is the creator of the fast carnival [[Zouk (musical movement)|zouk]] Beton style.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QzX8THIgRjUC |title=World Music: Latin and North America, Caribbean, India, Asia and Pacific |date=2000 |publisher=Rough Guides |isbn=978-1-85828-636-5 |editor-last=Ellingham |editor-first=Mark |location=London, England, United Kingdom |pages=297 |language=en |editor-last2=Trillo |editor-first2=Richard |editor-last3=Broughton |editor-first3=Simon}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gH2KEAAAQBAJ&dq=Kassav++zouk+Beton+style&pg=PA167 |title=The Cambridge Companion to Caribbean Music |date=4 August 2022 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-38641-8 |editor-last=Jong |editor-first=Nanette de |location=Cambridge, England, United Kingdom |pages=167 |language=en}}</ref> The [[French Antilles]]' Kassav' was the first to apply the [[MIDI]] technology to cadence and fused the genre with funk, and Makossa.<ref name=":0" />


Music of Guadeloupe and Martinique:
Music of Guadeloupe and [[Martinique]]:


* The [[gwo ka]], traditional [[music of Guadeloupe]], of which there are 7 versions (rhythmic)
* The [[gwo ka]], traditional [[music of Guadeloupe]], of which there are 7 versions (rhythmic)
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* The [[cadence-lypso]] of [[Dominica]] cadence popularized by [[Exile One]] with Gordon Henderson and also interpreted by groups such as [[Grammacks]] with Jeff Joseph as a senior member. [[Experience 7]] was a Guadeloupean [[cadence (music)|cadence]] band formed in the mid-1970s, led by [[Guy Houllier]] and [[Yves Honore]].
* The [[cadence-lypso]] of [[Dominica]] cadence popularized by [[Exile One]] with Gordon Henderson and also interpreted by groups such as [[Grammacks]] with Jeff Joseph as a senior member. [[Experience 7]] was a Guadeloupean [[cadence (music)|cadence]] band formed in the mid-1970s, led by [[Guy Houllier]] and [[Yves Honore]].


Most authors credit Décimus, his brother Georges, the band's bassist and Desvarieux as its inventors.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sAc5AQAAIAAJ&q=Kassav%27%20band%20was%20founded%20by%20Georges |title=The Reggae & African Beat: Volumes 6-7 |date=1987 |publisher=Bongo Productions |location=Toronto, Ontario, Canada |pages=31–43 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Nettl |first1=Bruno |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ih5iCgAAQBAJ&dq=Kassav'+band+was+founded+by&pg=PA334 |title=Excursions in World Music |last2=Turino |first2=Thomas |last3=Wong |first3=Isabel |last4=Capwell |first4=Charles |last5=Bolman |first5=Philip |last6=Dueck |first6=Byron |last7=Rommen |first7=Timmothy |date=25 September 2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-35030-9 |location=Thames, Oxfordshire, England, United Kingdom |pages=334 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QzX8THIgRjUC |title=World Music: Latin and North America, Caribbean, India, Asia and Pacific |date=2000 |publisher=Rough Guides |isbn=978-1-85828-636-5 |editor-last=Ellingham |editor-first=Mark |location=London, England, United Kingdom |pages=301 |language=en |editor-last2=Trillo |editor-first2=Richard |editor-last3=Broughton |editor-first3=Simon}}</ref> Their first album was ''Love and Ka Dance'' (1980).<ref>{{Cite book |last=LLC |first=SPIN Media |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5oyYjDeNc_AC&dq=Kassav%27+band+Love+and+Ka+Dance&pg=PA107 |title=SPIN |date=December 1988 |publisher=SPIN Media LLC |location=New York City, New York State, United States |pages=107 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mGIRAq5w4ngC |title=Language, Rhythm, & Sound: Black Popular Cultures Into the Twenty-first Century |date=1997 |publisher=University of Pittsburgh Press |isbn=978-0-8229-7177-1 |editor-last=Andrew |editor-first=Adrianne R. |location=Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States |pages=209 |language=en |editor-last2=Adjaye |editor-first2=Joseph K.}}</ref> The band gained popularity in their much-heralded live performances in the Parisian arena [[Zénith Paris|Zénith]] and toured widely.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Winders |first=J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iqoYDAAAQBAJ |title=Paris Africain: Rhythms of the African Diaspora |date=5 June 2007 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan US |isbn=978-0-230-60207-6 |location=Jersey City, New Jersey, United States |pages=51 |language=en}}</ref> For a band ostensibly operating in a "narrowly focused" Caribbean dance-based new genre, their success and influence on other artists was remarkable, although they were most influenced by a veritable cornucopia of other styles as noted above.
Most authors credit Décimus, his brother Georges, the band's bassist and Desvarieux as its inventors. Their first album was ''Love and Ka Dance'' (1980). The band gained popularity in their much-heralded live performances in Paris's Club Zenith and toured widely. For a band ostensibly operating in a "narrowly focused" Caribbean dance-based new genre, their success and influence on other artists was remarkable, although they were most influenced by a veritable cornucopia of other styles as noted above.


Kassav' continued to gain popularity both as a group and by several members' solo recordings and eventually peaked in 1985 with ''[[Yélélé]]'', which featured the international hit "Zouk la sé sèl médikaman nou ni" (meaning "Zouk is the only medicine we have" in French Antillean Creole). With this hit song, zouk rapidly became a widespread dance craze in [[Latin America]] and the [[Caribbean]], and was popular in [[Europe]], [[Africa]], and [[Asia]]. Zouk performers became known for wildly theatrical concerts featuring special effects, stage spectacles and colorful costumes. One important contribution of Kassav' in concert was the appearance of featured dancers on stage with the band; these dancers were in many ways as much a part of the band as any musician. Kassav' has been noted by its acolytes and aficionados as a dance band par excellence.
Kassav' continued to gain popularity both as a group and by several members' solo recordings and eventually peaked in 1985 with ''[[Yélélé]]'', which featured the international hit Zouk "la sé sèl médikaman nou ni" (meaning "Zouk is the only medicine we have" in French Antillean Creole). With this hit song, zouk rapidly became a widespread dance craze in [[Latin America]] and the [[Caribbean]], and was popular in [[Europe]], [[Africa]], and [[Asia]]. Zouk performers became known for wildly theatrical concerts featuring special effects, stage spectacles and colorful costumes. One important contribution of Kassav' in concert was the appearance of featured dancers on stage with the band; these dancers were in many ways as much a part of the band as any musician. Kassav' has been noted by its acolytes and aficionados as a dance band par excellence.


Among the strengths of Kassav' that helped lead to the group's success were and are its members' superior musicianship, songwriting and production skills, and worldwide audiences eager for lively dance music more sophisticated than the [[disco]]/[[techno]]-based styles that otherwise dominated dance music charts in that era. The especially gravelly singing voice of Desvarieux, Décimus's driving bass, Naimro's and Joseph's inventive keyboards and superior drum-machine-based and Vamur's solid [[jazz]]-inflected live percussion, along with dance party-inspiring simple French-creole lyrics are among unique Kassav' "trademarks". During his tenure with Kassav', St. Eloi's soaring vocals were another unique ingredient, and the romantic vocals of Marthely and Naimro's as well as Béroard's very strong vocals, a plethora of fun songs, and significant guest appearances including by [[Stevie Wonder]] and others are important parts of the Kassav' mix.
Among the strengths of Kassav' that helped lead to the group's success were and are its members' superior musicianship, songwriting and production skills, and worldwide audiences eager for lively dance music more sophisticated than the [[disco]]/[[techno]]-based styles that otherwise dominated dance music charts in that era. The especially gravelly singing voice of Desvarieux, Décimus's driving bass, Naimro's and Joseph's inventive keyboards and superior drum-machine-based and Vamur's solid [[jazz]]-inflected live percussion, along with dance party-inspiring simple French-creole lyrics are among unique Kassav' "trademarks". During his tenure with Kassav', St. Eloi's soaring vocals were another unique ingredient, and the romantic vocals of Marthely and Naimro's as well as Béroard's very strong vocals, a plethora of fun songs, and significant guest appearances including by [[Stevie Wonder]] and others are important parts of the Kassav' mix.
Line 49: Line 62:
Originally formed solely of Guadeloupean artists (Decimus, Desvarieux, St-Eloi), within a few years Kassav' also embraced band members of Martinican ancestry (Béroard, Naimro, Marthely); their music is mostly [[compas]] that delved deep into synthesized sounds after exploring many acoustic timbres, with rhythms based fundamentally in a [[gwo ka]] (French Caribbean folkloric drumming/chanting) context, especially in earlier recordings. It has been suggested that their success was largely outside of the large U.S. music market due to a nearly total absence of English lyrics; instead, they use a very localized version of ''Créole Français'' unique to Guadeloupe and Martinique, very distinct from European French or even Haitian French ''Kreyòl.'' Their choice of language however did not limit their artistic vision, and it remains carnival-like and eminently danceable; the success of Kassav' was ongoing in the 2010s.
Originally formed solely of Guadeloupean artists (Decimus, Desvarieux, St-Eloi), within a few years Kassav' also embraced band members of Martinican ancestry (Béroard, Naimro, Marthely); their music is mostly [[compas]] that delved deep into synthesized sounds after exploring many acoustic timbres, with rhythms based fundamentally in a [[gwo ka]] (French Caribbean folkloric drumming/chanting) context, especially in earlier recordings. It has been suggested that their success was largely outside of the large U.S. music market due to a nearly total absence of English lyrics; instead, they use a very localized version of ''Créole Français'' unique to Guadeloupe and Martinique, very distinct from European French or even Haitian French ''Kreyòl.'' Their choice of language however did not limit their artistic vision, and it remains carnival-like and eminently danceable; the success of Kassav' was ongoing in the 2010s.


On 30 July 2021, Jacob Desvarieux, 65, passed away at the University Hospital of Abymes in Guadeloupe. He had been medically induced into a coma for almost a month. His death was attributed to COVID-19 by media reports.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kassav co-founder Jacob Desvarieux has died {{!}} Loop Trinidad & Tobago|url=https://tt.loopnews.com/content/kassav-co-founder-jacob-desvarieux-has-died-5|access-date=2021-08-01|website=Loop News|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Anonym|title=Father of zouk and leader of the Kassav 'group, Jacob Desvarieux is dead {{!}} tellerreport.com|url=https://www.tellerreport.com/life/2021-07-31-father-of-zouk-and-leader-of-the-kassav--group--jacob-desvarieux-is-dead.BJdcicMyt.html|access-date=2021-08-01|website=www.tellerreport.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-31|title=Jacob Desvarieux, the leader of the Kassav group, is dead|url=https://news.in-24.com/lifestyle/news/88453.html|access-date=2021-08-01|website=News in 24 Lifestyle English|language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Death of Jacob Desvarieux: the guitarist of the Kassav Group died at the age of 65|url=http://pressfrom.info/news/world/us-news/-624715-death-of-jacob-desvarieux-the-guitarist-of-the-kassav-group-died-at-the-age-of-65.html|access-date=2021-08-01|website=PressFrom - UK|language=en}}</ref>
On 30 July 2021, Jacob Desvarieux, 65, died at the University Hospital of Abymes in Guadeloupe. He had been medically induced into a coma for almost a month. His death was attributed to COVID-19 by media reports.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kassav co-founder Jacob Desvarieux has died {{!}} Loop Trinidad & Tobago|url=https://tt.loopnews.com/content/kassav-co-founder-jacob-desvarieux-has-died-5|access-date=1 August 2021|website=Loop News|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=31 July 2021|title=Jacob Desvarieux, the leader of the Kassav group, is dead|url=https://news.in-24.com/lifestyle/news/88453.html|access-date=1 August 2021|website=News in 24 Lifestyle English|language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Death of Jacob Desvarieux: the guitarist of the Kassav Group died at the age of 65|url=http://pressfrom.info/news/world/us-news/-624715-death-of-jacob-desvarieux-the-guitarist-of-the-kassav-group-died-at-the-age-of-65.html|access-date=1 August 2021|website=PressFrom - UK|language=en}}</ref>


==Musicians==
==Musicians==
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* Drums: Claude Vamur (temporarily replaced by Hervé Laval, although Vamur did not leave the group)
* Drums: Claude Vamur (temporarily replaced by Hervé Laval, although Vamur did not leave the group)
* Percussion: Patrick Saint-Elie
* Percussion: Patrick Saint-Elie
* Percussion: César Durcin (died 11 February 2016) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/martinique/2016/02/11/deces-de-cesar-durcin-ancien-percussionniste-de-kassav-330541.html|title = Décès de César Durcin, ancien percussionniste de Kassav}}</ref>
* Percussion: César Durcin (died 11 February 2016) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/martinique/2016/02/11/deces-de-cesar-durcin-ancien-percussionniste-de-kassav-330541.html|title = Décès de César Durcin, ancien percussionniste de Kassav| date=11 February 2016 }}</ref>
* Saxophones: Claude Thirifays
* Saxophones: Claude Thirifays
* Trumpets: Jean-Pierre Ramirez, Freddy Hovsepian (1982–2021) (died 12 February 2021) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://trompetteactus.fr/2021/02/12/freddy-hovsepian-nous-quitte-a-77-ans-apres-une-belle-carriere/|title=Freddy Hovsepian nous quitte à 77 ans après une belle carrière|date=12 February 2021}}</ref>
* Trumpets: Jean-Pierre Ramirez, Freddy Hovsepian (1982–2021) (died 12 February 2021) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://trompetteactus.fr/2021/02/12/freddy-hovsepian-nous-quitte-a-77-ans-apres-une-belle-carriere/|title=Freddy Hovsepian nous quitte à 77 ans après une belle carrière|date=12 February 2021}}</ref>
Line 77: Line 90:


===Guests===
===Guests===
* Vocals: Zouk Machine, Jean Luc Guanel, Princess Lover, Tanya Saint Val, Shoubou, [[Philippe Lavil]], Daly, Passi, Tony Chasseur, Jocelyne Labylle, Tribal Jam, [[Edith Lefel]], (died 20 January 2003),<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/2003/01/22/mort-d-edith-lefel-chanteuse-de-musique-antillaise_306441_1819218.html|title=Mort d'Edith Lefel, chanteuse de musique antillaise|newspaper=Le Monde.fr|date=22 January 2003}}</ref> Ralph Thamar.
* Vocals: Zouk Machine, Jean Luc Guanel, Princess Lover, Tanya Saint Val, Shoubou, [[Philippe Lavil]], Daly, Passi, Tony Chasseur, [[Jocelyne Labylle]], Tribal Jam, [[Edith Lefel]], (died 20 January 2003),<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/2003/01/22/mort-d-edith-lefel-chanteuse-de-musique-antillaise_306441_1819218.html|title=Mort d'Edith Lefel, chanteuse de musique antillaise|newspaper=Le Monde.fr|date=22 January 2003}}</ref> Ralph Thamar.
* Backing Vocals: Claudine Pennont, Suzy Trébeau, Sylvie Aïoun, Jean-Jacques Seba
* Backing Vocals: Claudine Pennont, Suzy Trébeau, Sylvie Aïoun, Jean-Jacques Seba
* Drums: Jean-Philippe Fanfant, José Zébina, Jérome Castry
* Drums: Jean-Philippe Fanfant, José Zébina, Jérome Castry
* Percussion: [[Dédé Saint Prix]], Albert Vigne
* Percussion: [[Dédé Saint Prix]], Albert Vigne
* Keyboards: Ronald Tulle, Thierry Vaton, Didier Davidas
* Keyboards: Ronald Tulle, Thierry Vaton, Didier Davidas
* Guitars: Thierry Delannay, Ryco Loza (died 24 February 2022),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/martinique/le-guitariste-martiniquais-ryco-loza-est-decede-1239484.html|title = Le guitariste martiniquais "Ryco" Loza est décédé}}</ref> Jean Christophe Maillard
* Guitars: Thierry Delannay, Ryco Loza (died 24 February 2022),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/martinique/le-guitariste-martiniquais-ryco-loza-est-decede-1239484.html|title = Le guitariste martiniquais "Ryco" Loza est décédé| date=24 February 2022 }}</ref> Jean Christophe Maillard
* Saxophones: Allen Hoist, Alain Hatot (died 16 December 2020),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tsfjazz.com/jazznews/breve/le-saxophoniste-alain-hatot-est-decede|title = Le saxophoniste Alain Hatot est décédé - les brèves - News - TSF Jazz : La première radio jazz de France}}</ref> Bruno Ribeira
* Saxophones: Allen Hoist, Alain Hatot (died 16 December 2020),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tsfjazz.com/jazznews/breve/le-saxophoniste-alain-hatot-est-decede|title = Le saxophoniste Alain Hatot est décédé - les brèves - News - TSF Jazz : La première radio jazz de France}}</ref> Bruno Ribeira


Latest revision as of 17:06, 23 June 2024

Kassav'
OriginGuadeloupe, France
Genres
Years active1979–present
Labels
Members
Past members
Websitekassav-official.com

Kassav', also alternatively spelled Kassav, is a French Caribbean band that originated from Guadeloupe in 1979.[1][2][3][4] The band's musical style is rooted in the Guadeloupean gwoka rhythm, as well as the Martinican tibwa and Mendé rhythms.[5][6][7] Regarded as one of the most influential bands in 20th-century French West Indies music,[8][9][10] Kassav is often credited with pioneering the zouk musical genre.[11][12][13][14] Their musical evolution is a synthesis of cadence-lypso and compas traditions.[15]

Despite initial resistance from French record labels, which disparaged their early works as excessively "too ethnic," Kassav' tenaciously persevered, collaborating with various West Indian music producers and distributing their music through Sonodisc.[16] The term "kassav" in creole denotes a type of cassava pancake.[17][18][19] The band's inception can be traced to Pierre-Edouard Décimus and Fréddy Marshall, members of the Guadeloupean ensemble Les Vikings, who aspired to innovate the island's traditional music by amalgamating it with contemporary influences.[5][20]

The integration of Georges Décimus, brother of Pierre-Edouard Décimus, and Jacob Desvarieux, a guitarist and arranger, significantly contributed to the band's gradual formation, with additional musicians subsequently joining Kassav'.[5][20] Their debut studio album, Love and Kadance, released in 1979, heralded the advent of zouk and served as the archetypical exemplar for the genre.[21]

With a discography of over 50 albums, encompassing both band and solo projects from its members,[22] Kassav' has achieved significant international recognition. They were the first black group to perform in the Soviet Union.[23]

History

[edit]

Kassav' was formed in 1979 by Pierre-Edouard Décimus (former musicians from the Les Vikings de Guadeloupe) and Paris studio musician Jacob Desvarieux. Together and under the influence of well-known Dominican, Haitian and Guadeloupean kadans or compas bands like Experience 7, Grammacks, Exile One, Les Aiglons, Tabou Combo, Les Freres Dejean, etc., they decided to make Guadeloupean carnival music recording it in a more fully orchestrated yet modern and polished style.[24] The name of the band is Antillean Creole for a local dish made from cassava root.[24]

Kassav' is the creator of the fast carnival zouk Beton style.[25][26] The French Antilles' Kassav' was the first to apply the MIDI technology to cadence and fused the genre with funk, and Makossa.[24]

Music of Guadeloupe and Martinique:

Most authors credit Décimus, his brother Georges, the band's bassist and Desvarieux as its inventors.[27][28][29] Their first album was Love and Ka Dance (1980).[30][31] The band gained popularity in their much-heralded live performances in the Parisian arena Zénith and toured widely.[32] For a band ostensibly operating in a "narrowly focused" Caribbean dance-based new genre, their success and influence on other artists was remarkable, although they were most influenced by a veritable cornucopia of other styles as noted above.

Kassav' continued to gain popularity both as a group and by several members' solo recordings and eventually peaked in 1985 with Yélélé, which featured the international hit Zouk "la sé sèl médikaman nou ni" (meaning "Zouk is the only medicine we have" in French Antillean Creole). With this hit song, zouk rapidly became a widespread dance craze in Latin America and the Caribbean, and was popular in Europe, Africa, and Asia. Zouk performers became known for wildly theatrical concerts featuring special effects, stage spectacles and colorful costumes. One important contribution of Kassav' in concert was the appearance of featured dancers on stage with the band; these dancers were in many ways as much a part of the band as any musician. Kassav' has been noted by its acolytes and aficionados as a dance band par excellence.

Among the strengths of Kassav' that helped lead to the group's success were and are its members' superior musicianship, songwriting and production skills, and worldwide audiences eager for lively dance music more sophisticated than the disco/techno-based styles that otherwise dominated dance music charts in that era. The especially gravelly singing voice of Desvarieux, Décimus's driving bass, Naimro's and Joseph's inventive keyboards and superior drum-machine-based and Vamur's solid jazz-inflected live percussion, along with dance party-inspiring simple French-creole lyrics are among unique Kassav' "trademarks". During his tenure with Kassav', St. Eloi's soaring vocals were another unique ingredient, and the romantic vocals of Marthely and Naimro's as well as Béroard's very strong vocals, a plethora of fun songs, and significant guest appearances including by Stevie Wonder and others are important parts of the Kassav' mix.

They have appeared with Admiral T, a famous reggae dancehall singer, and many other popular artists. Singer-songwriter/keyboardist Jean-Claude Naimro also appeared with world beat artist Peter Gabriel. Lead vocalist Jocelyne Béroard has also had a number of successes both solo and as a guest with other artists, being the first woman artist in the Caribbean to win certain music awards; she continues to perform with Kassav' and as a solo artist.

Jocelyne Béroard's stunning "amateur" photography of natural scenes and people seen from her unique traveling-artist perspective's island-paradise visuals[33] could be cited among their songs' inspirations. The band's songs with a "political" edge or insinuation are typically double-entendre in the African-American and calypsonian traditions well known in Caribbean dance music from which the music of Kassav' evolved.

Kassav' released another CD in 2007, All U Need Is Zouk, to substantial acclaim with another successful world tour. Nearly 30 years later the same musicians are still arguably great performers .

Originally formed solely of Guadeloupean artists (Decimus, Desvarieux, St-Eloi), within a few years Kassav' also embraced band members of Martinican ancestry (Béroard, Naimro, Marthely); their music is mostly compas that delved deep into synthesized sounds after exploring many acoustic timbres, with rhythms based fundamentally in a gwo ka (French Caribbean folkloric drumming/chanting) context, especially in earlier recordings. It has been suggested that their success was largely outside of the large U.S. music market due to a nearly total absence of English lyrics; instead, they use a very localized version of Créole Français unique to Guadeloupe and Martinique, very distinct from European French or even Haitian French Kreyòl. Their choice of language however did not limit their artistic vision, and it remains carnival-like and eminently danceable; the success of Kassav' was ongoing in the 2010s.

On 30 July 2021, Jacob Desvarieux, 65, died at the University Hospital of Abymes in Guadeloupe. He had been medically induced into a coma for almost a month. His death was attributed to COVID-19 by media reports.[34][35][36]

Musicians

[edit]

Current

[edit]
  • Vocals: Jean Philippe Marthely (1981–present), Jocelyne Beroard (1980–present)
  • Keyboards: Philippe Joseph (1994–present), Jean Claude Naimro (1980–present)
  • Drums: Thomas Bellon (2012–present)
  • Saxophones: Claude Pironneau (1999–present)
  • Bass: Georges Decimus (1979–present)
  • Trumpets:
    • Fabrice Adam (1994–present)
  • Trombone: Hamid Belhocine (1982–present)
  • Backing vocals: Marie-Céline Chroné et Marie-Josée Gibon

Past

[edit]
  • Drums: Claude Vamur (temporarily replaced by Hervé Laval, although Vamur did not leave the group)
  • Percussion: Patrick Saint-Elie
  • Percussion: César Durcin (died 11 February 2016) [37]
  • Saxophones: Claude Thirifays
  • Trumpets: Jean-Pierre Ramirez, Freddy Hovsepian (1982–2021) (died 12 February 2021) [38]
  • Trombone: Claude Romano, Pierre Chabrèle
  • Backing vocals: Catherine Laupa
  • Keyboards: Douglas M Bida
  • Bass: Frédéric Caracas, Pierre Edouard Decimus, Guy n Sangué et Stéphane Castry
  • Vocals: Patrick Saint Eloi 1982 - 2002 (died 18 September 2010)[39]
  • Vocals: Jacob Desvarieux 1979 – 2021 (died 30 July 2021)[40]

Guests

[edit]
  • Vocals: Zouk Machine, Jean Luc Guanel, Princess Lover, Tanya Saint Val, Shoubou, Philippe Lavil, Daly, Passi, Tony Chasseur, Jocelyne Labylle, Tribal Jam, Edith Lefel, (died 20 January 2003),[41] Ralph Thamar.
  • Backing Vocals: Claudine Pennont, Suzy Trébeau, Sylvie Aïoun, Jean-Jacques Seba
  • Drums: Jean-Philippe Fanfant, José Zébina, Jérome Castry
  • Percussion: Dédé Saint Prix, Albert Vigne
  • Keyboards: Ronald Tulle, Thierry Vaton, Didier Davidas
  • Guitars: Thierry Delannay, Ryco Loza (died 24 February 2022),[42] Jean Christophe Maillard
  • Saxophones: Allen Hoist, Alain Hatot (died 16 December 2020),[43] Bruno Ribeira

Discography

[edit]

Albums

[edit]
Studio albums
  • 1979 Love and kadance
  • 1980 Lagué mwen
  • 1981 Kassav n°3
  • 1982 George Décimus with Kassav' (joint album George Décimus / Kassav')
  • 1983 Kassav
  • 1983 Kassav n°5
  • 1983 Passeport
  • 1984 Ayé
  • 1985 An-ba-chen'n la (2× Gold)
  • 1987 Vini Pou (Gold and Platinum)
  • 1989 Majestik Zouk (2× Gold)
  • 1992 Tékit izi (2× Gold)
  • 1995 Difé
Year Album Peak positions
FR
[44]
1996 Cho 43
2000 Nou la 41
2004 K Toz 31
2007 All U Need Is Zouk 58
2013 Sonjé 32
Live albums
  • 1987 Kassav au Zenith
  • 1990 Le Grand Méchant Zouk
  • 1993 Live au Zénith
  • 1996 Kassav cho
  • 2005 Carnaval Tour 2005 (FR #124)
  • 2006 Le Grand Méchant Zouk
Compilation albums
  • 1987 Les Grand Succès de Kassav vol.1
  • 1987 Les Grand Succès de Kassav vol.2
  • 1998 Kassav Gold
  • 1998 Un toque latino
  • 1999 Le Meilleur de Kassav : Best of 20e anniversaire
  • 2002 Les Indispensables de Kassav
  • 2003 Légendes Kassav
  • 2006 Best of
  • 2006 Kassav: Les années sonodisc
  • 2009 Saga (3 CD with 53 remastered numbers and 4 unedited) (FR #45)
  • 2012 Le meilleur de Kassav' (FR #20)

Singles

[edit]

(Selective, charting)

Year single Peak positions Album
FR
[44]
1988 "Sye bwa" 19
"Solei" 40
1989 "Sé dam bonjou" 45
1990 "Wép wép" 44
"Ou lé" 43

DVDs

[edit]
  • 1999 Les 20 ans de KASSAV à Bercy
  • 2005 Carnaval tour
  • 2006 Le grand méchant zouk
  • 2008 All u need is zouk tour
  • 2009 Nuit créole les 30 ans de KASSAV au Stade de France

Discography (members)

[edit]
Year Album / EP Credited to
1982 Oh Madiana EP Jacob Desvarieux
Misik Ce Lanmou Patrick Saint-Éloi
1983 La Vie EP George Décimus
Banzawa Jacob Desvarieux
Ti Coq Jean Philippe Marthély
1984 À la demande Patrick Saint-Éloi
Yélélé Jacob Desvarieux & George Décimus
1985 Touloulou Jean Philippe Marthély
En Balatè Jean-Claude Naimro
Bizness Jean Philippe Marthély & Patrick Saint-Éloi
1986 Gorée Jacob Desvarieux & George Décimus
Siwo Jocelyne Béroard
1991 Milans Jocelyne Béroard
1992 Bizouk Patrick Saint-Éloi
1994 Zoukamine Patrick Saint-Éloi
1996 Marthéloi Jean Philippe Marthély & Patrick Saint-Éloi
1997 Digital dreads Jean-Claude Naimro
1998 Lovtans Patrick Saint-Éloi
O péyi Jean Philippe Marthély
1999 Euphrasine Blues Jacob Desvarieux
A l'Olympia Patrick Saint-Éloi
Délikatès Jean-Claude Naimro
2002 Live en Martinique Jean Philippe Marthély
2003 Madousinay Jocelyne Béroard
2006 Koulè lanmou Jean Philippe Marthély
2008 Kolo ka Claude Vamur
Joint with others
  • 2006 Partie pour zouker (Lorie & Jacob Desvarieux)
  • 2007 Fòs a péyi la (Admiral T, Jacob Desvarieux & Jocelyne Beroard)

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Manuel, Peter; Bilby, Kenneth; Largey, Michael (20 June 2012). Caribbean Currents: Caribbean Music from Rumba to Reggae. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States: Temple University Press. p. 173. ISBN 978-1-59213-464-9.
  2. ^ Bennett, Andy; Shank, Barry; Toynbee, Jason, eds. (2006). The Popular Music Studies Reader. Thames, Oxfordshire, England, United Kingdom: Psychology Press. p. 189. ISBN 978-0-415-30709-3.
  3. ^ Nkwi, Gam, ed. (16 March 2021). Singing Our Unsung Heroes: (Re)Membering Manu Dibango, Celebrating Cameroon Music. Mankon, Bamenda, North West Region, Cameroon: African Books Collective. p. 2. ISBN 978-9956-551-82-8.
  4. ^ Ndi-Shang, Gil (6 January 2020). Letter from America: Memoir of an Adopted Child. Denver, Colorado, United States: African Books Collective. p. 91. ISBN 978-1-942876-49-6.
  5. ^ a b c Melyon-Reinette, Stéphanie, ed. (24 March 2021). Memorializing and Decolonizing Practices in the Francophone Caribbean and Other Spaces. Newcastle upon Tyne, England, United Kingdom: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 978-1-5275-6771-9.
  6. ^ Mendez, Hugo (2 December 2015). "Zouk: An Introduction". Daily.redbullmusicacademy.com. Retrieved 23 May 2024.
  7. ^ Kurlansky, Mark (18 February 1992). A Continent Of Islands: Searching For The Caribbean Destiny. Boston, Massachusetts, United States: Da Capo Press. p. 108. ISBN 978-0-201-52396-6.
  8. ^ Torres, George, ed. (27 March 2013). Encyclopedia of Latin American Popular Music. London, England, United Kingdom: Bloomsbury Publishing USA. ISBN 979-8-216-10919-8.
  9. ^ "Kassav' - Biographie, discographie et fiche artiste" [Kassav' - Biography, discography and artist profile]. RFI Musique (in French). Paris, France. 24 January 2024. Retrieved 23 May 2024.
  10. ^ Delhaye, Eric (11 May 2019). "Le succès international de Kassav' le prouve: le zouk, c'est du sérieux" [The international success of Kassav' proves it: zouk is serious]. www.telerama.fr (in French). Paris, France. Retrieved 23 May 2024.
  11. ^ Hanly, Francis; May, Tim, eds. (1989). Rhythms of the World. London, England, United Kingdom: BBC Books. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-563-20790-0.
  12. ^ Berrian, Brenda F. (15 June 2000). Awakening Spaces: French Caribbean Popular Songs, Music, and Culture. Chicago, Illinois, United States: University of Chicago Press. p. 42. ISBN 978-0-226-04455-2.
  13. ^ "Jacob Desvarieux, guitariste du groupe antillais Kassav' et pionnier du zouk, est mort" [Jacob Desvarieux, guitarist of the West Indian group Kassav' and pioneer of zouk, has died]. Le Monde.fr (in French). Paris, France. 31 July 2021. Retrieved 23 May 2024.
  14. ^ Monaheng, Ts'eliso (22 May 2024). "Kassav, and Jozi's love for zouk". Africasacountry.com. Retrieved 23 May 2024.
  15. ^ Neva Wartell. "Zouk - Tracing the History of the Music to its Dominican Roots". The Dominican. Reprinted from National Geographic. Retrieved 10 August 2010.
  16. ^ "Kassav': podcasts et actualités" [Kassav': podcasts and news]. Radio France (in French). Paris, France. 1 January 1970. Retrieved 23 May 2024.
  17. ^ Reiss, Timothy J., ed. (2005). Music, Writing, and Cultural Unity in the Caribbean. Trenton, New Jersey, United States: Africa World. p. 391. ISBN 978-1-59221-177-7.
  18. ^ Mandouélé, Doris (8 August 2021). "Quand la musique renoue les cœurs blessés: KASSAV, un groupe qui a pu relier les Antilles à l'Afrique!" [When music reconnects wounded hearts: KASSAV, a group that was able to connect the West Indies to Africa!]. Les Echos du Congo Brazzaville (in French). Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo. Retrieved 23 May 2024.
  19. ^ Dowrich-Phillips, Laura (18 November 2018). "Watch: Kassav heads to 40th anni with possible Machel Montano collab". Loop News. Retrieved 23 May 2024.
  20. ^ a b "Pierre-Edouard Décimus". guadeloupe.net (in French). Retrieved 23 May 2024.
  21. ^ Andrews, Adrianne R.; Adjaye, Joseph K., eds. (1997). Language, Rhythm, & Sound: Black Popular Cultures Into the Twenty-first Century. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States: University of Pittsburgh Pre. p. 209. ISBN 978-0-8229-7177-1.
  22. ^ Dowrich-Phillips, Laura (30 July 2021). "Kassav co-founder Jacob Desvarieux has died". Loop News. Retrieved 23 May 2024.
  23. ^ "KASSAV: First group to represent the Seychelles". Domizik75.tripod.com. November 2000. Retrieved 23 May 2024.
  24. ^ a b c Guilbault, Jocelyne (15 November 1993). Zouk: World Music in the West Indies. Chicago, Illinois, United States: University of Chicago Press. pp. 21–41. ISBN 978-0-226-31041-1.
  25. ^ Ellingham, Mark; Trillo, Richard; Broughton, Simon, eds. (2000). World Music: Latin and North America, Caribbean, India, Asia and Pacific. London, England, United Kingdom: Rough Guides. p. 297. ISBN 978-1-85828-636-5.
  26. ^ Jong, Nanette de, ed. (4 August 2022). The Cambridge Companion to Caribbean Music. Cambridge, England, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. p. 167. ISBN 978-1-108-38641-8.
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  38. ^ "Freddy Hovsepian nous quitte à 77 ans après une belle carrière". 12 February 2021.
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  41. ^ "Mort d'Edith Lefel, chanteuse de musique antillaise". Le Monde.fr. 22 January 2003.
  42. ^ "Le guitariste martiniquais "Ryco" Loza est décédé". 24 February 2022.
  43. ^ "Le saxophoniste Alain Hatot est décédé - les brèves - News - TSF Jazz : La première radio jazz de France".
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