Eddie Fenech Adami: Difference between revisions

His Excellency
Eddie Fenech Adami
KUOM GCIH OMRI GCB
His Excellency Eddie Fenech Adami KUOM GCIH OMRI GCB
	Official portrait, 2007
7th President of Malta
	In office; 4 April 2004 – 4 April 2009
Prime Minister	Lawrence Gonzi
Preceded by	Guido de Marco
Succeeded by	George Abela
10th Prime Minister of Malta
	In office; 6 September 1998 – 23 March 2004
President	Ugo Mifsud Bonnici; Guido de Marco
Preceded by	Alfred Sant
Succeeded by	Lawrence Gonzi
	In office; 12 May 1987 – 28 October 1996
President	Paul Xuereb; Ċensu Tabone; Ugo Mifsud Bonnici
Preceded by	Karmenu Mifsud Bonnici
Succeeded by	Alfred Sant
Leader of the Opposition
	In office; 28 October 1996 – 6 September 1998
President	Ugo Mifsud Bonnici
Prime Minister	Alfred Sant
Preceded by	Alfred Sant
Succeeded by	Alfred Sant
	In office; 1977 – 12 May 1987
President	Anton Buttigieg
Prime Minister	Dom Mintoff; Karmenu Mifsud Bonnici
Preceded by	Giorgio Borg Olivier
Succeeded by	Karmenu Mifsud Bonnici
Personal details
Born	Edoardo Fenech Adami; 7 February 1934 (age 90); Birkirkara, Crown Colony of Malta
Political party	Nationalist Party
Spouse	Mary Fenech Adami
Children	5
Alma mater	Royal University of Malta
Profession	Lawyer
Signature
Website	http://eddiefenechadami.org/

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Edoardo "Eddie" Fenech Adami KUOM GCIH OMRI GCB (born 7 February 1934) is a Maltese politician and Nationalist politician who served as the prime minister of Malta from 1987 until 1996, and again from 1998 until 2004. Subsequently, he was the seventh president of Malta from 2004 to 2009. He led his party to win four general elections, in 1987, 1992, 1998 and 2003, as well as the majority of votes in 1981. Staunchly pro-European, Fenech Adami was fundamental for Malta's accession to the European Union.^[1]

Originally a lawyer, Fenech Adami was co-opted Member of Parliament (MP) in 1969.^[2] He served in a number of senior party positions, including president of the Administrative and General Councils, and was elected to succeed Dr Giorgio Borġ Olivier as party leader. From April 1977 onwards, Fenech Adami led the Nationalist opposition in a campaign of civil disobedience against the Mintoff and Mifsud Bonnici administrations of the late seventies and eighties, focusing on a message of respect for democratic principles and human rights.^[3]

Upon moving into Auberge de Castille in 1987, Fenech Adami began a policy of national reconciliation, initiating a series of political and economic reforms intended to open up the economy, reverse high unemployment and the islands' problems following sixteen years of socialist policies. His political ideology and economic policies highlighted deregulation, more flexible labour markets, the overhaul of the country's physical infrastructure and the privatisation of state-owned companies. The legal and business structures were also overhauled and trade liberalised. The communications, financial services and banking sectors were deregulated or privatised. Malta also began a period of integration with the EU, formally applying for membership in 1990.^[4]

Fenech Adami was re-elected with a modest majority in 1992; his popularity, however, wavered during his second term of office amid further economic reforms, particularly the introduction of VAT, and the re-branding of the main opposition party with a new and more dynamic leader, Alfred Sant. Losing power in 1996, Fenech Adami was returned as prime minister within twenty-two months, after the Labour government's decision to call a snap election backfired. Reversing the unpopular economic policies of the Labour Party, Fenech Adami reactivated Malta's EU membership application and initiated further economic reforms.^{[citation needed]}

He successfully led the pro-EU movement in the 2003 EU membership referendum campaign and won the successive election. He signed Malta's Accession Treaty with the European Union and represented Malta in various EU Summits and Commonwealth meetings. Fenech Adami resigned as Leader of the Nationalist Party in February 2004, resigning his premiership and giving up his parliamentary seat in March 2004. He became the seventh President of Malta in April 2004.^[5]

Education and professional career

Edward (Edoardo) Fenech Adami was born in Birkirkara, British Malta, the son of Josephine Fenech Adami, née Pace, and Luigi Fenech Adami, a customs officer. The fourth boy in a family of five children, his early childhood was marked by the air raids and deprivation in Malta during the Second World War.^{[citation needed]}

He began his education at St Aloysius' College in Birkirkara, continuing his studies there until sitting for his matriculation exams. He attended the Royal University of Malta, studying economics, classics, and then law. He was called to the bar in 1959, and started his career in the law courts. He was married to Mary née Sciberras, who died in 2011. The couple had five children – John, Beppe (a Nationalist MP), Michael (a Nationalist Local Councillor for Birkirkara), Maria and Luigi.^[6]

Early political career

Fenech Adami joined the Nationalist Party in the early sixties, first as a constituency official, then as president of the Administrative and General Councils, assistant secretary general, and editor of its newspaper Il-Poplu (English: The People).^[7] He contested two unsuccessful campaigns in 1962 and 1966,^[8] becoming a Member of Parliament in 1969 following a by-election for the newly vacant seat of Ġorġ Caruana.^[9] Prime Minister Borġ Olivier was instrumental in picking Fenech Adami for this co-option to Parliament.^[7]

Believing that the Borġ Olivier administration ought to seize the initiative, Fenech Adami pleaded with Borġ Olivier to reshuffle the cabinet, and call early elections in 1970 when the British were negotiating the renewal of the islands' financial and defence agreement.^[10] The Nationalist Party was returned to the Opposition in 1971, with the Party's clubs being in the islands' villages and towns being vandalised or destroyed – a trend which continued right up to the late eighties.^[11] Fenech Adami served as spokesman for the Opposition on labour relations and social services.^[8] His political frailty peaked with his agreement with Mintoff to declare a Maltese republic in 1974, without consulting the electorate; at the time, Guido de Marco called this "an unacceptable act of betrayal."^[10] Borġ Olivier's growing weakness led to a successive electoral defeat in 1976. Fenech Adami resisted strongly the Party's proposal to abolish income tax as not being credible.^[10] Ultimately, the loss of two successive elections brought about Borġ Olivier's downfall and opened up the Nationalist Party for the choice of a new leader, and modernisation. This only happened following a 1977 Opposition parliamentary group meeting in de Marco's Ħamrun home, which forced Borġ Olivier to accept a designate-leader in his stead.^[10]

Leader of the Nationalist Party

A relative newcomer to the Party, Fenech Adami contested the party leadership election against two other established MPs, Ċensu Tabone and de Marco in 1977. Fenech Adami swept the leadership contest in April 1977 with a two-thirds majority; upon his election, Fenech Adami chose to keep his two contenders in highly visible roles.^[9] Taking the lead from Borġ Olivier in 1978, Fenech Adami immediately set out to reform the Nationalist Party, adapting to the needs of a more socially aware electorate. This modernisation process attracted a new, and younger party membership.^[12]

On 15 October 1979, following hearsay about an attempt on the life of Dom Mintoff, a large group of thugs attacked and burnt down the premises and printing presses of the independent conservative newspaper, The Times of Malta.^[13] The thugs proceeded to ransack various Nationalist Party clubs and the private residence of Fenech Adami in Birkirkara.^[13]^[14] Fenech Adami's neighbours locked themselves in their homes as soon as they heard the commotion. Approaching her house from mass, Mary Fenech Adami was shocked at the mayhem: the front door was wide open, with ten men inside ransacking valuables and stealing heirlooms, smashing glass doors and shutters, hurling books and furniture outside onto the street.^[15] The thugs had wooden clubs, which appeared to be solid sawn-off table legs.^[14] The six rooms forming the ground floor of the Fenech Adami residence were completely wrecked. Mary Fenech Adami was attacked and slammed against a wall. Her earrings were ripped off, and she was punched on her chest and face. She was then kicked and pushed onto the street.^[15] Mary Fenech Adami, her four sons and her mother-in-law only escaped by going up to the third storey of their house and jumping onto a neighbour's house.^[14] These incidents marked an escalation of violence in the islands, and came to be known as Black Monday.^[15] The attack consolidated Fenech Adami's leadership, with a mass meeting held outside Fenech Adami's residence attracting one of the largest crowds ever, signalling the changing mood in the country.^[15]

The Nationalist Party's support grew enough to attract the majority of votes in the controversial 1981 elections, but failed to gain a majority of seats.^[8] This was caused by heavily gerrymandered districts, which ensured Labour would retain the Constitutionally required majority of seats in Parliament. The election led to years of bitter struggles against an entrenched Labour government. Fenech Adami led a successful campaign of civil disobedience, boycotting Parliament repeatedly from 1981 to 1983. An upsurge in political violence against the Nationalist Party began, with Fenech Adami pushing for democratic renewal in the nation.^[9] The Nationalist Party instructed supporters to boycott government-friendly businesses, bringing prominent Labour supporters to their knees thus forcing Labour to acknowledge the anomalous situation.^[9] In March 1983, the Nationalist opposition returned to their seats in Parliament on the basis of starting negotiations to enact constitutional amendments to prevent perverse results in future general elections.^[8]

On 30 November 1986, Nationalist Party supporters gathered on the Tal-Barrani road to walk towards Żejtun, where Fenech Adami was to address a mass meeting.^[16] This was only allowed after the Party challenged its right to do so in the Constitutional Court. The crowd found that the road to Żejtun was blocked by boulders, poles and burning tyres. A group of Labour supporters, some wearing balaclavas, began to assault the crowd. The situation precipitated with the arrival on site of the police's Special Mobile Unit, which fired tear-gas canisters and rubber bullets on the Nationalist Party supporters.^[16] Twenty-three people were injured, with many treated at an improvised emergency clinic at the Party headquarters in Tal-Pietà.^[16] This incident was followed a month later by the murder of Raymond Caruana, who was killed by a stray bullet fired through the door of a Nationalist Party club in Gudja by unknown Labour activists.^[9] In Parliament, Fenech Adami uses his allotted Budget reply to denounce the crime, and the subsequent arrest of Pietru Pawl Busuttil, who was a Nationalist Party activist framed for the murder by the police. Fenech Adami held that the Budget was irrelevant for the Maltese people, in that the defence of liberty and democracy is what the Maltese people shall vote for. The parliamentary session and Fenech Adami's speech were interrupted by animated Labour MPs, led by ministers Wistin Abela and Lorry Sant, who almost assault him.^[9]

Prime Minister (1987–1996)

Following a set of constitutional changes, the party winning an absolute majority of votes would be guaranteed a parliamentary majority. In 1987, following a two-month-long campaign and thousands of workers employed with governmental agencies, parastatal and state-owned enterprises, the Nationalist Party won the general elections with a majority of 5,000 votes.^[9]

Between 1987 and 1992, Fenech Adami ushered a major period of change in Malta. Foreign relations were expanded, with Malta starting its transition towards a modern European democracy. Under Fenech Adami, the islands steered a more pro-Western course.^[17] Malta maintained its economic and political ties with Libya, diplomatic ties it built under the socialist administration, but the friendship treaty between the two countries was renegotiated. Fenech Adami widened Malta's political distance with Gaddafi, eliminating military obligations on both sides. Fenech Adami also severed Malta's air links with Libya, and honoured the UN embargo on the country.^[18]

The country's physical infrastructure was completely overhauled, with many roads reconstructed, a new airport, reverse osmosis plants and power station built, as well as the removal of import licenses and quotas. Telecommunications, financial services and the banking sectors were deregulated or privatised.^[6] By the early nineties, Fenech Adami started to direct his economic and governmental policies to integrate Malta into the European Economic Community. This included the gradual removal of local import and customs duties.^[19] As prime minister he asked for a number of presidential pardons including one for Joseph Fenech, who was a well known criminal.^[20] The pardon was proffered on the basis of Joseph Fenech acting as a star witness in a trial for the attempted murder of Richard Cachia Caruana, then personal assistant to prime minister Fenech Adami.^[21]

Fenech Adami was reconfirmed as Prime Minister in the February 1992 elections, with a modest majority.^[19] The gradual decrease in income taxes, and the reduction in levies on trade with EEC countries led to a worrying decrease in government revenues. In order to ensure sustainable public finances, the Nationalist government introduced a value-added tax (VAT) to counterbalance the loss in tariff income.^[19] VAT proved to be very unpopular, with the new leader of the Labour Party, Alfred Sant, riding a wave of popular dissatisfaction at the pace and depth of the reforms intended to allow Malta to join the European Union.^{[citation needed]} Disgruntled businesses, vocal minority groups (such as hunters and trappers) and the newly found dynamism of the Labour Party led to the loss of the 1996 general elections, with the Nationalist Party gaining only 47.8% of cast votes.^{[citation needed]}

Leader of the Opposition (1996–1998)

Between 1996 and 1998, Fenech Adami served as Leader of the Opposition. The Labour government held a one-seat majority, which led to a period of severe political instability. Labour introduced several economic policies, fulfilling its pledge to remove VAT by replacing it with a complex customs and excise tax system (CET), the introduction of further taxes to counter the shortfall in revenues, and increased utility bills. The delicate situation, which saw the resignation of the finance minister, and other prominent members of the party and government, was further complicated with the actions of Dom Mintoff.^{[citation needed]}

The latter, who was a backbencher in the Sant government, rose against his own government. Unable to contain Mintoff's protests against the austere 1997 Budget, and a waterfront redevelopment project in Cottonera, the Labour government called snap elections. Fenech Adami reclaimed the floating vote, winning a 13,000 vote majority, with his Party returned to office in September 1998.^{[citation needed]}

Prime Minister (1998–2004)

Malta's European Union application, which was put on hold by the previous Labour government, was reactivated and negotiations were concluded by December 2002. Fenech Adami successfully led the pro-EU movement in the 2003 EU membership referendum campaign, and won the successive election.^[6] He signed Malta's Accession Treaty with the European Union on 16 April 2003, and represented Malta in various EU Summits and Commonwealth meetings. In December 2003, he received the European of the Year 2003 Award from the influential Brussels-based newspaper European Voice in recognition of his unfaltering efforts to bring Malta into the European Union.^[22] Fenech Adami resigned as Leader of the Nationalist Party in February 2004, resigning his premiership and giving up his parliamentary seat on 23 March 2004, thus becoming the longest serving Prime Minister since Malta's independence.^{[citation needed]}

President of Malta

Following his resignation as Prime Minister, Fenech Adami was appointed President of Malta on 4 April 2004. He served a five-year term, leaving office on 4 April 2009, when he was succeeded by George Abela.^[9]

Honours

Maltese honours

Companion of Honour of the National Order of Merit (1990) by right as a Prime Minister, later President of Malta^[23]

Foreign honours

Grand-Cross of the Order of Prince Henry, Portugal (09.11.1994)^[24]
Commander Grand-Cross of the Order of the Three Stars, Latvia (2004)^{[citation needed]}
Grand Cross with Chain of the Order of the Star of Romania (2004)
Knight Grand-Cross with Grand Cordon of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (2005)^[25]
Honorary Knight Grand-Cross of the Order of the Bath, United Kingdom (2005)
Knight Grand-Cross of the Grand Order of King Tomislav, Croatia (2006)^[26]
Grand Cross with Chain of the Order of Merit of Hungary (2007)^[27]
Grand-Collar of the Order of Prince Henry, Portugal (11.12.2008)^[24]
Knight of the Order of the White Eagle, Poland (2009)^[28]
Commander of the National Order of the Legion of Honour,^[29] France (2010)

Other

Fenech Adami is an Honorary Member of the International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation.^[30]

External links

Eddiefenechadami.org

References

^ Martens, Wilfried (2009). Europe: I Struggle, I Overcome: I Struggle, I Overcome. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 200–201. ISBN 978-3540892892.
^ "Dr Edward Fenech Adami (1987 – 1996, 1998 – 2004)". Gov.mt. Government of Malta – DOI. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
^ Lentz, Harris M., ed. (2014). Heads of States and Governments Since 1945. Routledge. p. 542. ISBN 978-1134264902.
^ Office of the Prime Minister - Eddie Fenech Adami
^ Ltd, Allied Newspapers. "Fenech Adami is Malta's seventh President". Times of Malta. Retrieved 7 October 2018.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Official Website of the President of Malta". Government of Malta. 2006. Retrieved 20 August 2006.
^ ^a ^b "Fenech Adami bows out". 4 April 2009. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Lentz, Harris M., ed. (2014). Heads of States and Governments Since 1945. Routledge. p. 542. ISBN 978-1134264902.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Vella, Matthew (4 January 2009). "Three decades of Eddie". Malta Today. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Vella, Matthew (25 February 2014). "Eddie: Manifest destinity". Malta Today. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
^ Human rights in Malta: A report. International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights. 1985. p. 13.
^ East, Roger; Thomas, Richard J. (2014). Profiles of People in Power: The World's Government Leaders. Routledge. pp. 340–341. ISBN 978-1317639404.
^ ^a ^b Sansone, Kurt (16 October 2009). "Black Monday should never have happened – Labour leader". timesofmalta.com. Times of Malta. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
^ ^a ^b ^c Grech, Herman; Massa, Ariadne (10 November 2009). "Unfaded memories of Black Monday". timesofmalta.com. Times of Malta. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Sansone, Kurt (10 November 2009). "Shades of Black Monday". timesofmalta.com. Times of Malta. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
^ ^a ^b ^c Vassallo, Raphael (12 January 2006). "The Malta Independent Online". Retrieved 20 July 2014.
^ Thompson, Wayne C. (2013). Western Europe 2013. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 370. ISBN 978-1475805079.
^ Motyl, Alexander J. (2000). Encyclopedia of Nationalism, Two-Volume Set. Academic Press. p. 315. ISBN 0080545246.
^ ^a ^b ^c Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Nations: World leaders. Gale Group. 2002. p. 370. ISBN 0787666106.
^ "Cases against Zeppi l-Hafi dropped". Times of Malta. 5 May 2009. Retrieved 9 April 2015.
^ "All Proceedings against Zeppi l-Hafi dropped off". The Malta Independent. 6 May 2009. Retrieved 10 April 2015.
^ "Foreword to EU Studies Guide 2004 Eddie Fenech Adami, Maltese Prime Minister". European Voice. 2004. Archived from the original on 18 November 2006. Retrieved 20 August 2006.
^ Rudolf, Uwe Jens; Berg, Warren G. (2010). "The Dictionary". In Doe, John (ed.). Historical Dictionary of Malta. Scarecrow Press, Inc. p. 91. ISBN 978-0810853171.
^ ^a ^b "Cidadãos Estrangeiros Agraciados com Ordens Portuguesas". Página Oficial das Ordens Honoríficas Portuguesas. Retrieved 4 August 2017.
^ "Le onorificenze della Repubblica Italiana". Presidenza della repubblica. Retrieved 18 July 2019.
^ "Odluka o odlikovanju Njegove Ekscelencije dr. Edwarda Fenech-Adami, predsjednika Republike Malte Veleredom kralja Tomislava s lentom i Velikom Danicom za izniman doprinos promicanja prijateljstva i razvitka uzajamne suradnje između Republike Hrvatske i Republike Malte". Narodne novine, službeni list Republike hrvatske. Retrieved 18 July 2019.
^ "Köztársasági Elnöki Hivatal". Archived from the original on 11 September 2012.
^ "Postanowienie Prezydenta Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z dnia 23 stycznia 2009 r. o nadaniu orderów i odznaczenia" (PDF). Internetowy System Aktów Prawnych. Retrieved 18 July 2019.
^ "France bestows on President Emeritus Eddie Fenech Adami with its highest (...) – La France à Malte". Ambafrance-mt.org. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 1 March 2017.
^ "Honorary Members « The International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation". Raoulwallenberg.net. 16 April 2012. Retrieved 1 March 2017.

Political offices
Preceded by Karmenu Mifsud Bonnici	Prime Minister of Malta 1987–1996	Succeeded by Alfred Sant
Preceded by Alfred Sant	Prime Minister of Malta 1998–2004	Succeeded by Lawrence Gonzi
Preceded by Guido de Marco	President of Malta 2004–2009	Succeeded by George Abela
Party political offices
Preceded by Giorgio Borg Olivier	Leader of the Nationalist Party of Malta 1977–2004	Succeeded by Lawrence Gonzi
Preceded by Ċensu Tabone	President of the Nationalist Party of Malta 1975–1977	Succeeded by Ugo Mifsud Bonnici

[1] Martens, Wilfried (2009). Europe: I Struggle, I Overcome: I Struggle, I Overcome. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 200–201. ISBN 978-3540892892.

[2] "Dr Edward Fenech Adami (1987 – 1996, 1998 – 2004)". Gov.mt. Government of Malta – DOI. Retrieved 20 July 2014.

[3] Lentz, Harris M., ed. (2014). Heads of States and Governments Since 1945. Routledge. p. 542. ISBN 978-1134264902.

[OPM-4] Office of the Prime Minister - Eddie Fenech Adami

[5] Ltd, Allied Newspapers. "Fenech Adami is Malta's seventh President". Times of Malta. Retrieved 7 October 2018.

[official-6] "Official Website of the President of Malta". Government of Malta. 2006. Retrieved 20 August 2006.

[:0-7] "Fenech Adami bows out". 4 April 2009. Retrieved 20 July 2014.

[:2-8] Lentz, Harris M., ed. (2014). Heads of States and Governments Since 1945. Routledge. p. 542. ISBN 978-1134264902.

[:3-9] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Vella, Matthew (4 January 2009). "Three decades of Eddie". Malta Today. Retrieved 20 July 2014.

[:1-10] Vella, Matthew (25 February 2014). "Eddie: Manifest destinity". Malta Today. Retrieved 20 July 2014.

[11] Human rights in Malta: A report. International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights. 1985. p. 13.

[12] East, Roger; Thomas, Richard J. (2014). Profiles of People in Power: The World's Government Leaders. Routledge. pp. 340–341. ISBN 978-1317639404.

[:4-13] Sansone, Kurt (16 October 2009). "Black Monday should never have happened – Labour leader". timesofmalta.com. Times of Malta. Retrieved 20 July 2014.

[:5-14] Grech, Herman; Massa, Ariadne (10 November 2009). "Unfaded memories of Black Monday". timesofmalta.com. Times of Malta. Retrieved 20 July 2014.

[:6-15] Sansone, Kurt (10 November 2009). "Shades of Black Monday". timesofmalta.com. Times of Malta. Retrieved 20 July 2014.

[:7-16] Vassallo, Raphael (12 January 2006). "The Malta Independent Online". Retrieved 20 July 2014.

[17] Thompson, Wayne C. (2013). Western Europe 2013. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 370. ISBN 978-1475805079.

[18] Motyl, Alexander J. (2000). Encyclopedia of Nationalism, Two-Volume Set. Academic Press. p. 315. ISBN 0080545246.

[:8-19] Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Nations: World leaders. Gale Group. 2002. p. 370. ISBN 0787666106.

[20] "Cases against Zeppi l-Hafi dropped". Times of Malta. 5 May 2009. Retrieved 9 April 2015.

[21] "All Proceedings against Zeppi l-Hafi dropped off". The Malta Independent. 6 May 2009. Retrieved 10 April 2015.

[EU_voice-22] "Foreword to EU Studies Guide 2004 Eddie Fenech Adami, Maltese Prime Minister". European Voice. 2004. Archived from the original on 18 November 2006. Retrieved 20 August 2006.

[23] Rudolf, Uwe Jens; Berg, Warren G. (2010). "The Dictionary". In Doe, John (ed.). Historical Dictionary of Malta. Scarecrow Press, Inc. p. 91. ISBN 978-0810853171.

[ordens.presidencia.pt-24] "Cidadãos Estrangeiros Agraciados com Ordens Portuguesas". Página Oficial das Ordens Honoríficas Portuguesas. Retrieved 4 August 2017.

[quirinale.it-25] "Le onorificenze della Repubblica Italiana". Presidenza della repubblica. Retrieved 18 July 2019.

[narodne-novine.nn.hr-26] "Odluka o odlikovanju Njegove Ekscelencije dr. Edwarda Fenech-Adami, predsjednika Republike Malte Veleredom kralja Tomislava s lentom i Velikom Danicom za izniman doprinos promicanja prijateljstva i razvitka uzajamne suradnje između Republike Hrvatske i Republike Malte". Narodne novine, službeni list Republike hrvatske. Retrieved 18 July 2019.

[27] "Köztársasági Elnöki Hivatal". Archived from the original on 11 September 2012.

[ISAP-28] "Postanowienie Prezydenta Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z dnia 23 stycznia 2009 r. o nadaniu orderów i odznaczenia" (PDF). Internetowy System Aktów Prawnych. Retrieved 18 July 2019.

[29] "France bestows on President Emeritus Eddie Fenech Adami with its highest (...) – La France à Malte". Ambafrance-mt.org. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 1 March 2017.

[30] "Honorary Members « The International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation". Raoulwallenberg.net. 16 April 2012. Retrieved 1 March 2017.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{short description|Maltese politician}}
+{{Short description|Maltese politician (born 1934)}}
 {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
 {{Infobox officeholder
-| honorific-prefix = [[His Excellency]]
+| honorific-prefix    = [[His Excellency]]
-| name          = Eddie Fenech Adami
+| name                = Eddie Fenech Adami
-| honorific-suffix = [[National Order of Merit (Malta)|KUOM]] [[Order of Prince Henry|GCIH]] [[Order of Merit of the Italian Republic|OMRI]] [[Order of the Bath|GCB]]
+| honorific-suffix    = [[National Order of Merit (Malta)|KUOM]] [[Order of Prince Henry|GCIH]] [[Order of Merit of the Italian Republic|OMRI]] [[Order of the Bath|GCB]]
-| image         = Edward Fenech Adami.jpg
+| image               = Edward Fenech Adami.jpg
-| order         = 7th
+| caption             = Official portrait, 2007
-| office        = President of Malta
+| order               = 7th
+| office              = President of Malta
-| primeminister = [[Lawrence Gonzi]]
+| primeminister       = [[Lawrence Gonzi]]
-| term_start    = 4 April 2004
-| term_end      = 4 April 2009
+| term_start          = 4 April 2004
+| term_end            = 4 April 2009
-| predecessor   = [[Guido de Marco]]
-| successor     = [[George Abela]]
+| predecessor         = [[Guido de Marco]]
-| order1        = 10th
+| successor           = [[George Abela]]
-| office1       = Prime Minister of Malta
+| order1              = 10th
-| president2    = [[Paul Xuereb]]<br />[[Ċensu Tabone]]<br />[[Ugo Mifsud Bonnici]]
+| office1             = Prime Minister of Malta
+| president2          = [[Paul Xuereb]]<br />[[Ċensu Tabone]]<br />[[Ugo Mifsud Bonnici]]
-| term_start2   = 12 May 1987
+| term_start2         = 12 May 1987
-| term_end2     = 28 October 1996
+| term_end2           = 28 October 1996
-| predecessor2  = [[Karmenu Mifsud Bonnici]]
+| predecessor2        = [[Karmenu Mifsud Bonnici]]
-| successor2    = [[Alfred Sant]]
+| successor2          = [[Alfred Sant]]
-| president1    = [[Ugo Mifsud Bonnici]]<br />[[Guido de Marco]]
+| president1          = [[Ugo Mifsud Bonnici]]<br />[[Guido de Marco]]
-| term_start1   = 6 September 1998
+| term_start1         = 6 September 1998
-| term_end1     = 23 March 2004
+| term_end1           = 23 March 2004
-| predecessor1  = [[Alfred Sant]]
+| predecessor1        = [[Alfred Sant]]
-| successor1    = [[Lawrence Gonzi]]
+| successor1          = [[Lawrence Gonzi]]
+| office3             = [[Leader of the Opposition (Malta)|Leader of the Opposition]]
-| birth_name    = Edoardo Fenech Adami
+| president3          = [[Ugo Mifsud Bonnici]]
-| birth_date    = {{birth date and age|1934|2|7|df=y}}
+| primeminister3      = [[Alfred Sant]]
-| birth_place   = [[Birkirkara]], [[Crown Colony of Malta]]
+| predecessor3        = [[Alfred Sant]]
-| nationality   = Maltese
+| successor3          = Alfred Sant
-| party         = [[Nationalist Party (Malta)|Nationalist Party]]
-| spouse        = [[Mary Fenech Adami]]
+| term_start3         = 28 October 1996
-| children      = 5
+| term_end3           = 6 September 1998
+| president4          = [[Anton Buttigieg]]
-| alma_mater    = [[University of Malta|Royal University of Malta]]
+| primeminister4      = [[Dom Mintoff]]<br />[[Karmenu Mifsud Bonnici]]
-| profession    = [[Lawyer]]
+| predecessor4        = [[Giorgio Borg Olivier]]
-| signature     = Signature of Edward Fenech Adami.png|website=http://eddiefenechadami.org/
+| successor4          = [[Karmenu Mifsud Bonnici]]
+| term_start4         = 1977
+| term_end4           = 12 May 1987
+| birth_name          = Edoardo Fenech Adami
+| birth_date          = {{birth date and age|1934|2|7|df=y}}
+| birth_place         = [[Birkirkara]], [[Crown Colony of Malta]]
+| nationality         = Maltese
+| party               = [[Nationalist Party (Malta)|Nationalist Party]]
+| spouse              = [[Mary Fenech Adami]]
+| children            = 5
+| alma_mater          = [[University of Malta|Royal University of Malta]]
+| profession          = [[Lawyer]]
+| signature           = Signature of Edward Fenech Adami.png
+| website             = http://eddiefenechadami.org/
 }}
-'''Edoardo''' "'''Eddie'''" '''Fenech Adami''', {{post-nominals|post-noms=[[National Order of Merit (Malta)|KUOM]] [[Order of Prince Henry|GCIH]] [[Order of Merit of the Italian Republic|OMRI]] [[Order of the Bath|GCB]]}} (born 7 February 1934) is a [[Malta|Maltese]] politician and [[Nationalist Party (Malta)|Nationalist politician]] who served as the [[prime minister of Malta]] from 1987 until 1996, and again from 1998 until 2004. Subsequently, he was the seventh [[president of Malta]] from 2004 to 2009. He led his party to win four general elections, in [[1987 Maltese general election|1987]], [[1992 Maltese general election|1992]], [[1998 Maltese general election|1998]] and [[2003 Maltese general election|2003]], as well as the majority of votes in [[1981 Maltese general election|1981]]. Staunchly pro-European, Fenech Adami was fundamental for Malta's accession to the [[European Union]].<ref>{{Cite book|title = Europe: I Struggle, I Overcome: I Struggle, I Overcome|last = Martens|first = Wilfried|publisher = Springer Science & Business Media|year = 2009|isbn = 978-3540892892|pages = 200–201}}</ref>
+'''Edoardo''' "'''Eddie'''" '''Fenech Adami''' {{post-nominals|post-noms=[[National Order of Merit (Malta)|KUOM]] [[Order of Prince Henry|GCIH]] [[Order of Merit of the Italian Republic|OMRI]] [[Order of the Bath|GCB]]}} (born 7 February 1934) is a [[Malta|Maltese]] politician and [[Nationalist Party (Malta)|Nationalist politician]] who served as the [[prime minister of Malta]] from 1987 until 1996, and again from 1998 until 2004. Subsequently, he was the seventh [[president of Malta]] from 2004 to 2009. He led his party to win four general elections, in [[1987 Maltese general election|1987]], [[1992 Maltese general election|1992]], [[1998 Maltese general election|1998]] and [[2003 Maltese general election|2003]], as well as the majority of votes in [[1981 Maltese general election|1981]]. Staunchly pro-European, Fenech Adami was fundamental for Malta's accession to the [[European Union]].<ref>{{Cite book|title = Europe: I Struggle, I Overcome: I Struggle, I Overcome|last = Martens|first = Wilfried|publisher = Springer Science & Business Media|year = 2009|isbn = 978-3540892892|pages = 200–201}}</ref>
 Originally a lawyer, Fenech Adami was co-opted Member of Parliament (MP) in 1969.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.gov.mt/en/Government/Government%20of%20Malta/Prime%20Ministers%20of%20Malta/Pages/Dr-Edward-Fenech-Adami.aspx|title = Dr Edward Fenech Adami (1987 – 1996, 1998 – 2004)|access-date = 2014-07-20|website = Gov.mt|publisher = Government of Malta – DOI }}</ref> He served in a number of senior party positions, including president of the Administrative and General Councils, and was elected to succeed [[Giorgio Borġ Olivier|Dr Giorgio Borġ Olivier]] as party leader. From April 1977 onwards, Fenech Adami led the Nationalist opposition in a campaign of civil disobedience against the [[Dom Mintoff|Mintoff]] and [[Karmenu Mifsud Bonnici|Mifsud Bonnici]] administrations of the late seventies and eighties, focusing on a message of respect for democratic principles and human rights.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Heads of States and Governments Since 1945|publisher = Routledge|year = 2014|isbn = 978-1134264902|page = 542|editor-last = Lentz|editor-first = Harris M.}}</ref>
@@ Line 53: / Line 68: @@
 ==Early political career==
-Fenech Adami joined the [[Nationalist Party (Malta)|Nationalist Party]] in the early sixties, first as a constituency official, then as president of the Administrative and General Councils, assistant secretary general, and editor of its newspaper ''Il-Poplu'' ([[English language|English]]: ''The People'').<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url = http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20090404/local/fenech-adami-bows-out.251611|title = Fenech Adami bows out|date = 2009-04-04|access-date = 2014-07-20}}</ref> He contested two unsuccessful campaigns in [[1962 Maltese general election|1962]] and [[1966 Maltese general election|1966]],<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title = Heads of States and Governments Since 1945|publisher = Routledge|year = 2014|isbn = 978-1134264902|page = 542|editor-last = Lentz|editor-first = Harris M.}}</ref> becoming a Member of Parliament in 1969 following a by-election for the newly vacant seat of Ġorġ Caruana.<ref name=":3">{{cite web|url = http://archive.maltatoday.com.mt/2009/04/01/t2.html|title = Three decades of Eddie|date = 2009-01-04|access-date = 2014-07-20|website = Malta Today|publisher = Malta Today|last = Vella|first = Matthew}}</ref> Prime Minister Borġ Olivier was instrumental in picking Fenech Adami for this co-option to Parliament.<ref name=":0" />
+Fenech Adami joined the [[Nationalist Party (Malta)|Nationalist Party]] in the early sixties, first as a constituency official, then as president of the Administrative and General Councils, assistant secretary general, and editor of its newspaper ''Il-Poplu'' ([[English language|English]]: ''The People'').<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url = http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20090404/local/fenech-adami-bows-out.251611|title = Fenech Adami bows out|date = 2009-04-04|access-date = 2014-07-20}}</ref> He contested two unsuccessful campaigns in [[1962 Maltese general election|1962]] and [[1966 Maltese general election|1966]],<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title = Heads of States and Governments Since 1945|publisher = Routledge|year = 2014|isbn = 978-1134264902|page = 542|editor-last = Lentz|editor-first = Harris M.}}</ref> becoming a Member of Parliament in 1969 following a by-election for the newly vacant seat of Ġorġ Caruana.<ref name=":3">{{cite web|url = http://archive.maltatoday.com.mt/2009/04/01/t2.html|title = Three decades of Eddie|date = 2009-01-04|access-date = 2014-07-20|website = Malta Today|last = Vella|first = Matthew}}</ref> Prime Minister Borġ Olivier was instrumental in picking Fenech Adami for this co-option to Parliament.<ref name=":0" />
-Believing that the Borġ Olivier administration ought to seize the initiative, Fenech Adami pleaded with Borġ Olivier to reshuffle the cabinet, and call early elections in 1970 when the British were negotiating the renewal of the islands' financial and defence agreement.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url = http://www.maltatoday.com.mt/arts/books/36585/eddie-manifest-destiny-20140225|title = Eddie: Manifest destinity|date = 2014-02-25|access-date = 2014-07-20|website = Malta Today|publisher = Malta Today|last = Vella|first = Matthew}}</ref> The Nationalist Party was returned to the Opposition in [[1971 Maltese general election|1971]], with the Party's clubs being in the islands' villages and towns being vandalised or destroyed – a trend which continued right up to the late eighties.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Human rights in Malta: A report|publisher = International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights|year = 1985|page = 13}}</ref> Fenech Adami served as spokesman for the Opposition on labour relations and social services.<ref name=":2" /> His political frailty peaked with his agreement with Mintoff to declare a Maltese republic in 1974, without consulting the electorate; at the time, [[Guido de Marco]] called this "an unacceptable act of betrayal."<ref name=":1" /> Borġ Olivier's growing weakness led to a successive electoral defeat in [[1976 Maltese general election|1976]]. Fenech Adami resisted strongly the Party's proposal to abolish income tax as not being credible.<ref name=":1" /> Ultimately, the loss of two successive elections brought about Borġ Olivier's downfall and opened up the Nationalist Party for the choice of a new leader, and modernisation. This only happened following a 1977 Opposition parliamentary group meeting in de Marco's [[Ħamrun]] home, which forced Borġ Olivier to accept a designate-leader in his stead.<ref name=":1" />
+Believing that the Borġ Olivier administration ought to seize the initiative, Fenech Adami pleaded with Borġ Olivier to reshuffle the cabinet, and call early elections in 1970 when the British were negotiating the renewal of the islands' financial and defence agreement.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url = http://www.maltatoday.com.mt/arts/books/36585/eddie-manifest-destiny-20140225|title = Eddie: Manifest destinity|date = 2014-02-25|access-date = 2014-07-20|website = Malta Today|last = Vella|first = Matthew}}</ref> The Nationalist Party was returned to the Opposition in [[1971 Maltese general election|1971]], with the Party's clubs being in the islands' villages and towns being vandalised or destroyed – a trend which continued right up to the late eighties.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Human rights in Malta: A report|publisher = International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights|year = 1985|page = 13}}</ref> Fenech Adami served as spokesman for the Opposition on labour relations and social services.<ref name=":2" /> His political frailty peaked with his agreement with Mintoff to declare a Maltese republic in 1974, without consulting the electorate; at the time, [[Guido de Marco]] called this "an unacceptable act of betrayal."<ref name=":1" /> Borġ Olivier's growing weakness led to a successive electoral defeat in [[1976 Maltese general election|1976]]. Fenech Adami resisted strongly the Party's proposal to abolish income tax as not being credible.<ref name=":1" /> Ultimately, the loss of two successive elections brought about Borġ Olivier's downfall and opened up the Nationalist Party for the choice of a new leader, and modernisation. This only happened following a 1977 Opposition parliamentary group meeting in de Marco's [[Ħamrun]] home, which forced Borġ Olivier to accept a designate-leader in his stead.<ref name=":1" />
 ==Leader of the Nationalist Party==
 A relative newcomer to the Party, Fenech Adami contested the party leadership election against two other established MPs, [[Ċensu Tabone]] and de Marco in 1977. Fenech Adami swept the leadership contest in April 1977 with a two-thirds majority; upon his election, Fenech Adami chose to keep his two contenders in highly visible roles.<ref name=":3" /> Taking the lead from Borġ Olivier in 1978, Fenech Adami immediately set out to reform the Nationalist Party, adapting to the needs of a more socially aware electorate. This modernisation process attracted a new, and younger party membership.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Profiles of People in Power: The World's Government Leaders|last1 = East|first1 = Roger|publisher = Routledge|year = 2014|isbn = 978-1317639404|pages = 340–341|last2 = Thomas|first2 = Richard J.}}</ref>
-On 15 October 1979, following hearsay about an attempt on the life of Dom Mintoff, a large group of thugs attacked and burnt down the premises and printing presses of the independent newspaper, ''[[The Times of Malta]].''<ref name=":4">{{cite web|url = http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20091016/local/black-monday-should-never-have-happened-labour-leader.277592|title = Black Monday should never have happened – Labour leader|date = 2009-10-16|access-date = 2014-07-20|website = timesofmalta.com|publisher = Times of Malta|last = Sansone|first = Kurt}}</ref>'' ''The thugs proceeded to ransack various Nationalist Party clubs and the private residence of Fenech Adami in Birkirkara.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5">{{cite web|url = http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20091011/local/unfaded-memories-of-black-monday.277047|title = Unfaded memories of Black Monday|date = 2009-11-10|access-date = 2014-07-20|website = timesofmalta.com|publisher = Times of Malta|last1 = Grech|first1 = Herman|last2 = Massa|first2 = Ariadne}}</ref>'' ''  Fenech Adami's neighbours locked themselves in their homes as soon as they heard the commotion. Approaching her house from mass, Mary Fenech Adami was shocked at the mayhem: the front door was wide open, with ten men inside ransacking valuables and stealing heirlooms, smashing glass doors and shutters, hurling books and furniture outside onto the street.<ref name=":6">{{cite web|url = http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20091011/black-monday/shades-of-black-monday.276878|title = Shades of Black Monday|date = 2009-11-10|access-date = 2014-07-20|website = timesofmalta.com|publisher = Times of Malta|last = Sansone|first = Kurt}}</ref> The thugs had wooden clubs, which appeared to be solid sawn-off table legs.<ref name=":5" /> The six rooms forming the ground floor of the Fenech Adami residence were completely wrecked. Mary Fenech Adami was attacked and slammed against a wall. Her earrings were ripped off, and she was punched on her chest and face. She was then kicked and pushed onto the street.<ref name=":6" /> Mary Fenech Adami, her four sons and her mother-in-law only escaped by going up to the third storey of their house and jumping onto a neighbour's house.<ref name=":5" /> These incidents marked an escalation of violence in the islands, and came to be known as [[Black Monday (Malta)|''Black Monday'']].<ref name=":6" /> The attack consolidated Fenech Adami's leadership, with a mass meeting held outside Fenech Adami's residence attracting one of the largest crowds ever, signalling the changing mood in the country.<ref name=":6" />
+On 15 October 1979, following hearsay about an attempt on the life of Dom Mintoff, a large group of thugs attacked and burnt down the premises and printing presses of the independent conservative newspaper, ''[[The Times of Malta]].''<ref name=":4">{{cite web|url = http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20091016/local/black-monday-should-never-have-happened-labour-leader.277592|title = Black Monday should never have happened – Labour leader|date = 2009-10-16|access-date = 2014-07-20|website = timesofmalta.com|publisher = Times of Malta|last = Sansone|first = Kurt}}</ref>'' ''The thugs proceeded to ransack various Nationalist Party clubs and the private residence of Fenech Adami in Birkirkara.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5">{{cite web|url = http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20091011/local/unfaded-memories-of-black-monday.277047|title = Unfaded memories of Black Monday|date = 2009-11-10|access-date = 2014-07-20|website = timesofmalta.com|publisher = Times of Malta|last1 = Grech|first1 = Herman|last2 = Massa|first2 = Ariadne}}</ref>'' ''  Fenech Adami's neighbours locked themselves in their homes as soon as they heard the commotion. Approaching her house from mass, Mary Fenech Adami was shocked at the mayhem: the front door was wide open, with ten men inside ransacking valuables and stealing heirlooms, smashing glass doors and shutters, hurling books and furniture outside onto the street.<ref name=":6">{{cite web|url = http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20091011/black-monday/shades-of-black-monday.276878|title = Shades of Black Monday|date = 2009-11-10|access-date = 2014-07-20|website = timesofmalta.com|publisher = Times of Malta|last = Sansone|first = Kurt}}</ref> The thugs had wooden clubs, which appeared to be solid sawn-off table legs.<ref name=":5" /> The six rooms forming the ground floor of the Fenech Adami residence were completely wrecked. Mary Fenech Adami was attacked and slammed against a wall. Her earrings were ripped off, and she was punched on her chest and face. She was then kicked and pushed onto the street.<ref name=":6" /> Mary Fenech Adami, her four sons and her mother-in-law only escaped by going up to the third storey of their house and jumping onto a neighbour's house.<ref name=":5" /> These incidents marked an escalation of violence in the islands, and came to be known as [[Black Monday (Malta)|''Black Monday'']].<ref name=":6" /> The attack consolidated Fenech Adami's leadership, with a mass meeting held outside Fenech Adami's residence attracting one of the largest crowds ever, signalling the changing mood in the country.<ref name=":6" />
 The Nationalist Party's support grew enough to attract the majority of votes in the [[1981 Maltese general election|controversial 1981 elections]], but failed to gain a majority of seats.<ref name=":2" /> This was caused by heavily gerrymandered districts, which ensured Labour would retain the Constitutionally required majority of seats in Parliament. The election led to years of bitter struggles against an entrenched Labour government. Fenech Adami led a successful campaign of civil disobedience, boycotting Parliament repeatedly from 1981 to 1983. An upsurge in political violence against the Nationalist Party began, with Fenech Adami pushing for democratic renewal in the nation.<ref name=":3" /> The Nationalist Party instructed supporters to boycott government-friendly businesses, bringing prominent Labour supporters to their knees thus forcing Labour to acknowledge the anomalous situation.<ref name=":3" /> In March 1983, the Nationalist opposition returned to their seats in Parliament on the basis of starting negotiations to enact constitutional amendments to prevent perverse results in future general elections.<ref name=":2" />
@@ Line 73: / Line 88: @@
 Between 1987 and 1992, Fenech Adami ushered a major period of change in Malta. Foreign relations were expanded, with Malta starting its transition towards a modern European democracy. Under Fenech Adami, the islands steered a more pro-Western course.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Western Europe 2013|last = Thompson|first = Wayne C.|publisher = Rowman & Littlefield|year = 2013|isbn = 978-1475805079|page = 370}}</ref> Malta maintained its economic and political ties with Libya, diplomatic ties it built under the socialist administration, but the friendship treaty between the two countries was renegotiated. Fenech Adami widened Malta's political distance with [[Muammar Gaddafi|Gaddafi]], eliminating military obligations on both sides. Fenech Adami also severed Malta's air links with Libya, and honoured the UN embargo on the country.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Encyclopedia of Nationalism, Two-Volume Set|last = Motyl|first = Alexander J.|publisher = Academic Press|year = 2000|isbn = 0080545246|page = 315}}</ref>
-The country's physical infrastructure was completely overhauled, with many roads reconstructed, [[Malta International Airport|a new airport]], [[reverse osmosis plant]]s and power station built, as well as the removal of import licenses and quotas. Telecommunications, financial services and the banking sectors were deregulated or privatised.<ref name="official" /> By the early nineties, Fenech Adami started to direct his economic and governmental policies to integrate Malta into the [[European Economic Community]]. This included the gradual removal of local import and customs duties.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book|title = Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Nations: World leaders|publisher = Gale Group|year = 2002|isbn = 0787666106|page = 370}}</ref> As prime minister he asked for a number of presidential pardons including one for Joseph Fenech, who was a well known criminal.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20090505/local/cases-against-zeppi-l-hafi-dropped.255678|title = Cases against Zeppi l-Hafi dropped|date = 2009-05-05|access-date =2015-04-09|website = Times of Malta|publisher = Times of Malta}}</ref> The pardon was proffered on the basis of Joseph Fenech acting as a star witness in a trial for the attempted murder of [[Richard Cachia Caruana]], then personal assistant to prime minister Fenech Adami.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2009-05-06/news/all-proceedings-against-zeppi-l-hafi-dropped-off-224381/|title = All Proceedings against Zeppi l-Hafi dropped off|date = 2009-05-06|access-date = 2015-04-10|work = The Malta Independent}}</ref>
+The country's physical infrastructure was completely overhauled, with many roads reconstructed, [[Malta International Airport|a new airport]], [[reverse osmosis plant]]s and power station built, as well as the removal of import licenses and quotas. Telecommunications, financial services and the banking sectors were deregulated or privatised.<ref name="official" /> By the early nineties, Fenech Adami started to direct his economic and governmental policies to integrate Malta into the [[European Economic Community]]. This included the gradual removal of local import and customs duties.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book|title = Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Nations: World leaders|publisher = Gale Group|year = 2002|isbn = 0787666106|page = 370}}</ref> As prime minister he asked for a number of presidential pardons including one for Joseph Fenech, who was a well known criminal.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20090505/local/cases-against-zeppi-l-hafi-dropped.255678|title = Cases against Zeppi l-Hafi dropped|date = 2009-05-05|access-date =2015-04-09|website = Times of Malta}}</ref> The pardon was proffered on the basis of Joseph Fenech acting as a star witness in a trial for the attempted murder of [[Richard Cachia Caruana]], then personal assistant to prime minister Fenech Adami.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2009-05-06/news/all-proceedings-against-zeppi-l-hafi-dropped-off-224381/|title = All Proceedings against Zeppi l-Hafi dropped off|date = 2009-05-06|access-date = 2015-04-10|work = The Malta Independent}}</ref>
 Fenech Adami was reconfirmed as Prime Minister in the February 1992 elections, with a modest majority.<ref name=":8" /> The gradual decrease in income taxes, and the reduction in levies on trade with EEC countries led to a worrying decrease in government revenues. In order to ensure sustainable public finances, the Nationalist government introduced a value-added tax (VAT) to counterbalance the loss in tariff income.<ref name=":8" /> VAT proved to be very unpopular, with the new leader of the Labour Party, [[Alfred Sant]], riding a wave of popular dissatisfaction at the pace and depth of the reforms intended to allow Malta to join the European Union.{{citation needed|date=August 2015}} Disgruntled businesses, vocal minority groups (such as hunters and trappers) and the newly found dynamism of the Labour Party led to [[1996 Maltese general election|the loss of the 1996 general elections]], with the Nationalist Party gaining only 47.8% of cast votes.{{citation needed|date=August 2015}}
@@ Line 101: / Line 116: @@
 * [[File:PRT_Order_of_Prince_Henry_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png|80px]] Grand-Cross of the [[Order of Prince Henry]], [[Portugal]] (09.11.1994)<ref name="ordens.presidencia.pt">{{cite web|title=Cidadãos Estrangeiros Agraciados com Ordens Portuguesas|url=http://www.ordens.presidencia.pt/?idc=154|website=Página Oficial das Ordens Honoríficas Portuguesas|access-date=4 August 2017}}</ref>
 * [[File:LVA_Order_of_the_Three_Stars_-_Knight_BAR.png|80px]] Commander Grand-Cross of the [[Order of the Three Stars]], [[Latvia]] (2004){{citation needed|date=August 2015}}
+* [[File:Order of the Star of Romania - Ribbon bar.svg|80px]] Grand Cross with Chain of the [[Order of the Star of Romania]] (2004)
 * [[File:ITA_OMRI_2001_GC-GCord_BAR.svg|80px]] Knight Grand-Cross with Grand Cordon of the [[Order of Merit of the Italian Republic]] (2005)<ref name="quirinale.it">{{cite web|title=Le onorificenze della Repubblica Italiana|url=https://www.quirinale.it/onorificenze/insigniti/158133|website=Presidenza della repubblica|access-date=18 July 2019}}</ref>
 *[[File:Order_of_the_Bath_(ribbon).svg|80px]] Honorary Knight Grand-Cross of the [[Order of the Bath]], [[United Kingdom]] (2005)
@@ Line 165: / Line 181: @@
 [[Category:Living people]]
 [[Category:Presidents of Malta]]
-[[Category:Prime Ministers of Malta]]
+[[Category:Prime ministers of Malta]]
 [[Category:Members of the House of Representatives of Malta]]
 [[Category:University of Malta alumni]]

v t e Heads of State of Malta
Queen (1964–1974)	Elizabeth II
President (from 1974)	Mamo Buttigieg Hyzler* Barbara Xuereb* Tabone Mifsud Bonnici de Marco Fenech Adami Abela Coleiro Preca Vella Spiteri Debono
*Acting President

v t e Prime ministers of Malta
Before Abolishment of 1933-1947	Joseph Howard Francesco Buhagiar Ugo Pasquale Mifsud Gerald Strickland Ugo Pasquale Mifsud
After Abolishment of 1933-1947	Paul Boffa Enrico Mizzi George Borg Olivier Dom Mintoff
After Abolishment of 1958-1962	George Borg Olivier
State of Malta	George Borg Olivier Dom Mintoff
Republic of Malta	Dom Mintoff Karmenu Mifsud Bonnici Eddie Fenech Adami Alfred Sant Eddie Fenech Adami Lawrence Gonzi Joseph Muscat Robert Abela

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