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{{Short description|American astrophysicist}}
{{Short description|American astrophysicist}}
{{Infobox scientist
{{Infobox scientist
|name = John N. Bahcall
| name = John N. Bahcall
|image = John Bahcall.jpg
| image = John Bahcall.jpg
|image_size =
| image_size =
|caption =
| caption =
|birth_date = {{birth date|1934|12|30|}}
| birth_date = {{birth date|1934|12|30|}}
|birth_place = [[Shreveport, Louisiana]]
| birth_place = [[Shreveport, Louisiana]], U.S.
|death_date = {{death date and age|2005|8|17|1934|12|30}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|2005|8|17|1934|12|30}}
|death_place = [[New York City]], [[New York (state)|New York]]
| death_place = [[New York City]], [[New York (state)|New York]], U.S.
|resting_place = [[Princeton Cemetery]], Princeton, NJ
| resting_place = [[Princeton Cemetery]]
|residence = |citizenship =
| residence =
|nationality = American
| field = [[Astrophysics]]
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| work_institutions = [[Institute for Advanced Study]]<br/>[[California Institute of Technology]]<br/>[[Indiana University]]<br/>[[Harvard]]<br/>[[University of Chicago]]
|ethnicity =
|field = [[Astrophysics]]
| alma_mater =
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| doctoral_advisor =
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|work_institutions = [[Institute for Advanced Study]]<br/>[[California Institute of Technology]]<br/>[[Indiana University]]<br/>[[Harvard]]<br/>[[University of Chicago]]
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| doctoral_students =
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|alma_mater =
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| known_for = [[Solar neutrino problem]]<br/>[[Hubble Space Telescope]]
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|doctoral_advisor =
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| author_abbrev_bot =
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|doctoral_students =
| author_abbrev_zoo =
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|known_for = [[Solar neutrino problem]]<br/>[[Hubble Space Telescope]]
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| influences =
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|author_abbrev_bot =|author_abbrev_zoo =
|influences =
| influenced =
|influenced =
| footnotes =
|prizes = [[Dannie Heineman Prize for Astrophysics]] {{small|(1994)}}<br>[[Dan David Prize]] {{small|(2003)}}<br>[[Enrico Fermi Award]] {{small|(2003)}}
| awards = [[Dannie Heineman Prize for Astrophysics]] (1994)<br>[[Dan David Prize]] (2003)<br>[[Enrico Fermi Award]] (2003)
|religion = |footnotes = |signature =
| signature =
| education = [[University of California, Berkeley]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])<br>[[University of Chicago]] ([[Master of Science|MS]])<br>[[Harvard University]] ([[PhD]])
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}}'''John Norris Bahcall''' (December 30, 1934 – August 17, 2005) was an American [[List of astrophysicists|astrophysicist]] and the Richard Black Professor for Astrophysics at the [[Institute for Advanced Study]]. He was known for a wide range of contributions to solar, galactic and extragalactic astrophysics, including the [[solar neutrino problem]], the development of the [[Hubble Space Telescope]] and for his leadership and development of the Institute for Advanced Study in [[Princeton, New Jersey|Princeton]].<ref name="Tremaine">{{cite book |last=Tremaine |first=Scott D. |author-link= |year=2011 |title=Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences |volume= |location= Washington, DC |publisher= The National Academies Press |url=http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/bahcall-john-n.pdf |chapter=John Norris Bahcall 1934-2005 |pages=1–25}}</ref><ref name="Haxton"/>
}}


⚫
'''John Norris Bahcall''' (December 30, 1934 – August 17, 2005) was an American [[List of astrophysicists|astrophysicist]] and the Richard Black Professor for Astrophysics at the [[Institute for Advanced Study]]. He was known for a wide range of contributions to solar, galactic and extragalactic astrophysics, including the [[solar neutrino problem]], the development of the [[Hubble Space Telescope]] and for his leadership and development of the Institute for Advanced Study in [[Princeton, New Jersey|Princeton]].<ref name="Tremaine">{{cite book |last=Tremaine |first=Scott D. |author-link= |year=2011 |title=Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences |volume= |location= Washington, DC |publisher= The National Academies Press |url=http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/bahcall-john-n.pdf |chapter=John Norris Bahcall 1934-2005 |pages=1–25}}</ref><ref name="Haxton">{{cite journal |last1=Haxton |first1=Wick |date=1 November 2009 |title=The Scientific Life of John Bahcall |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev.nucl.010909.083722 |journal=Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science |language=en |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=1–20 |arxiv=0904.2865 |bibcode=2009ARNPS..59....1H |doi=10.1146/annurev.nucl.010909.083722 |issn=0163-8998 |s2cid=15314700 |access-date=9 March 2023}}</ref>
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==Early and family life==

⚫
==Early life and education==
Bahcall was born into a Jewish family in [[Shreveport, Louisiana]] on December 30, 1934,<ref name="Overbye">{{cite news |last1=Overbye |first1=Dennis |title=John N. Bahcall, 70, Dies; Astrophysicist at Princeton |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/19/nyregion/john-n-bahcall-70-dies-astrophysicist-at-princeton.html |access-date=9 March 2023 |work=The New York Times |date=19 August 2005}}</ref> and would later describe an early aspiration to become a [[Reform Judaism|Reform]] [[rabbi]].<ref name="Avrahami">{{cite news |last1=Avrahami |first1=Avner |title=Family Affair The Bahcalls |url=http://www.haaretz.com/family-affair-the-bahcalls-1.90945 |access-date=9 March 2023 |work=Haaretz |date=June 11, 2003 |language=en}}</ref> He did not take science classes at high school.<ref name="Tremaine"/> In high school he was a state tennis champion<ref name="Haxton"/> and a national debate champion (1952).<ref name="Tremaine"/>
Bahcall was born into a Jewish family in [[Shreveport, Louisiana]] on December 30, 1934,<ref name="Overbye">{{cite news |last1=Overbye |first1=Dennis |title=John N. Bahcall, 70, Dies; Astrophysicist at Princeton |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/19/nyregion/john-n-bahcall-70-dies-astrophysicist-at-princeton.html |access-date=9 March 2023 |work=The New York Times |date=19 August 2005}}</ref> and would later describe an early aspiration to become a [[Reform Judaism|Reform]] [[rabbi]].<ref name="Avrahami">{{cite news |last1=Avrahami |first1=Avner |title=Family Affair The Bahcalls |url=http://www.haaretz.com/family-affair-the-bahcalls-1.90945 |access-date=9 March 2023 |work=Haaretz |date=June 11, 2003 |language=en}}</ref> He did not take science classes at high school.<ref name="Tremaine"/> In high school he was a state tennis champion<ref name="Haxton"/> and a national debate champion (1952).<ref name="Tremaine"/>


⚫
Bahcall began his university studies at [[Louisiana State University]] as a [[philosophy]] student on a tennis scholarship, where he considered pursuing the rabbinate. At the end of his freshmen year, he transferred to the [[University of California, Berkeley]], still studying philosophy.<ref name="Tremaine" /> He took his first [[physics]] class to fulfill a graduation science requirement, later saying:<ref name="Wilson" />
Bahcall married [[Princeton University]] astrophysics professor [[Neta Bahcall]], whom he met as a graduate student at the [[Weizmann Institute]] in the 1960s. They had a daughter and two sons.<ref name="Haxton">{{cite journal |last1=Haxton |first1=Wick |title=The Scientific Life of John Bahcall |journal=Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science |date=1 November 2009 |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1146/annurev.nucl.010909.083722 |arxiv=0904.2865 |bibcode=2009ARNPS..59....1H |s2cid=15314700 |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev.nucl.010909.083722 |access-date=9 March 2023 |language=en |issn=0163-8998}}</ref><ref name="Ostriker">{{cite journal |last1=Ostriker |first1=Jeremiah P. |title=OBITUARY John Norris Bahcall 1935–2005 Nuclear astrophysicist who uncovered the solar neutrino problem |journal=Nature |date=1 September 2005 |volume=437 |issue=7055 |page=43 |doi=10.1038/437043a |pmid=16136121 |s2cid=4323443 |url=http://www.sns.ias.edu/~jnb/Neta/Natureobituary.pdf |access-date=9 March 2023}}</ref> He died in New York on 17 August 2005 from a rare blood disorder.<ref name="Holley"/><ref name="Overbye"/>


⚫
{{quote|"It was the hardest thing I have ever done in my life, but I fell in love with science. I was thrilled by the fact that by knowing physics you could figure out how real things worked, like sunsets and airplanes, and that after a while everyone agreed on what was the right answer to a question."<ref name="Wilson"/>}}
⚫
==Academic career==
⚫
Bahcall began his university studies at [[Louisiana State University]] as a [[philosophy]] student on a tennis scholarship, where he considered pursuing the rabbinate. At the end of his freshmen year, he transferred to the [[University of California, Berkeley]], still studying philosophy.<ref name="Tremaine"/> He took his first [[physics]] class to fulfill a graduation science requirement, later saying:<ref name="Wilson"/>


⚫
Bahcall switched majors to physics,<ref name="Tremaine" /> and graduated with an [[Bachelor of Arts|AB]] in Physics from Berkeley in 1956. He obtained his [[Master of Science|MS]] in physics in 1957 from the [[University of Chicago]] and his [[PhD]] in physics from [[Harvard University]] in 1961.<ref name="Tremaine" /><ref name="Haxton" />
⚫
{{quote|"It was the hardest thing I have ever done in my life, but I fell in love with science. I was thrilled by the fact that by knowing physics you could figure out how real things worked, like sunsets and airplanes, and that after a while everyone agreed on what was the right answer to a question." Bahcall, 2002<ref name="Wilson"/>}}
⚫
He spent a year as a research fellow in physics with [[Emil Konopinski]] at [[Indiana University Bloomington|Indiana University]]. From 1962 to 1970, he worked with a group led by [[William Alfred Fowler|William Fowler]] at the Kellogg Laboratory of the [[California Institute of Technology]],.<ref name="Haxton" /> first as a research fellow and later as an Assistant and Associate Professor.<ref name="AIP" />


⚫
==Academic career==
⚫
Bahcall switched majors to physics,<ref name="Tremaine"/> and graduated with an [[Bachelor of Arts|AB]] in Physics from Berkeley in 1956. He obtained his [[Master of Science|MS]] in physics in 1957 from the [[University of Chicago]] and his [[PhD]] in physics from [[Harvard University|Harvard]] in 1961.<ref name="Tremaine"/><ref name="Haxton"/>
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Bahcall joined the [[Institute for Advanced Study]] in [[Princeton, New Jersey]] in 1968<ref name="Ostriker">{{cite journal |last1=Ostriker |first1=Jeremiah P. |date=1 September 2005 |title=OBITUARY John Norris Bahcall 1935–2005 Nuclear astrophysicist who uncovered the solar neutrino problem |url=http://www.sns.ias.edu/~jnb/Neta/Natureobituary.pdf |journal=Nature |volume=437 |issue=7055 |page=43 |doi=10.1038/437043a |pmid=16136121 |s2cid=4323443 |access-date=9 March 2023}}</ref><ref name="Tremaine" /> becoming a professor of natural sciences in 1971 and the Richard Black Professor of Natural Sciences in 1997.<ref name="AIP">{{cite web |title=Bahcall, John N. |url=https://history.aip.org/phn/11409023.html |website=The American Institute of Physics |access-date=9 March 2023}}</ref>
⚫
He spent a year as a research fellow in physics with [[Emil Konopinski]] at [[Indiana University Bloomington|Indiana University]]. From 1962 to 1970, he worked with a group led by [[William Alfred Fowler|William Fowler]] at the Kellogg Laboratory of the [[California Institute of Technology]],.<ref name="Haxton"/> first as a research fellow and later as an Assistant and Associate Professor.<ref name="AIP"/>

⚫
Bahcall joined the [[Institute for Advanced Study]] in [[Princeton, New Jersey]] in 1968<ref name="Ostriker"/><ref name="Tremaine"/> becoming a professor of natural sciences in 1971 and the Richard Black Professor of Natural Sciences in 1997.<ref name="AIP">{{cite web |title=Bahcall, John N. |url=https://history.aip.org/phn/11409023.html |website=The American Institute of Physics |access-date=9 March 2023}}</ref>


Bahcall became a member of the [[National Academy of Sciences]] in 1976.<ref>{{Cite web|title=John N. Bahcall|url=http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/deceased-members/58069.html|access-date=2021-10-15|website=www.nasonline.org}}</ref>
Bahcall became a member of the [[National Academy of Sciences]] in 1976.<ref>{{Cite web|title=John N. Bahcall|url=http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/deceased-members/58069.html|access-date=2021-10-15|website=www.nasonline.org}}</ref>
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==Research==
==Research==
Bahcall published over six hundred scientific papers<ref name="Ostriker"/> and wrote or edited nine books on astrophysics.<ref name="Haxton"/>
Bahcall published over six hundred scientific papers<ref name="Ostriker"/> and wrote or edited nine books on astrophysics.<ref name="Haxton"/>
Bahcall is most notable for his work in establishing the [[standard solar model]]. He spent much of his life pursuing the [[solar neutrino problem]] with [[physical chemistry|physical chemist]] [[Raymond Davis Jr.|Raymond Davis, Jr]]. Together, Davis and Bahcall collaborated on the [[Homestake Experiment]]. To test Bahcall's theoretical predictions, Davis created an underground [[detector for neutrinos]] in a [[South Dakota]] gold mine, essentially a large tank filled with [[perchloroethylene|cleaning fluid]]. The flux of neutrinos found by the detector was one-third the amount theoretically predicted by Bahcall, a discrepancy that took over thirty years to resolve.<ref name="Haxton"/><ref name="Jelley">{{cite journal |last1=Jelley |first1=Nick |last2=McDonald |first2=Arthur B. |last3=Robertson |first3=R.G. Hamish |title=The Sudbury Neutrino Observatory |journal=Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science |date=1 November 2009 |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=431–465 |doi=10.1146/annurev.nucl.55.090704.151550 |bibcode=2009ARNPS..59..431J |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev.nucl.55.090704.151550 |language=en |issn=0163-8998|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Martin">{{cite book |last1=Martin |first1=B. R. |title=Particle physics |date=1997 |publisher=J. Wiley |location=Chichester, England |isbn=978-0-471-97285-3 |edition=2nd |url=https://archive.org/details/particlephysics0000mart_k5d4/page/265 |page=265}}</ref> Bahcall's ongoing research in this area resulted in publication of his book, ''Neutrino Astrophysics'' (1989), considered a standard reference on solar neutrinos.<ref name="Tremaine"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bahcall |first1=John N. |title=Neutrino astrophysics |date=1989 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge [England] |isbn=978-0521379755}}</ref>
Bahcall is most notable for his work in establishing the [[standard solar model]]. He spent much of his life pursuing the [[solar neutrino problem]] with [[physical chemistry|physical chemist]] [[Raymond Davis Jr.|Raymond Davis, Jr]]. Together, Davis and Bahcall collaborated on the [[Homestake Experiment]]. To test Bahcall's theoretical predictions, Davis created an underground [[detector for neutrinos]] in a [[South Dakota]] gold mine, essentially a large tank filled with [[perchloroethylene|cleaning fluid]]. The flux of neutrinos found by the detector was one-third the amount theoretically predicted by Bahcall, a discrepancy that took over thirty years to resolve.<ref name="Haxton"/><ref name="Jelley">{{cite journal |last1=Jelley |first1=Nick |last2=McDonald |first2=Arthur B. |last3=Robertson |first3=R.G. Hamish |title=The Sudbury Neutrino Observatory |journal=Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science |date=1 November 2009 |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=431–465 |doi=10.1146/annurev.nucl.55.090704.151550 |bibcode=2009ARNPS..59..431J |language=en |issn=0163-8998|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Martin">{{cite book |last1=Martin |first1=B. R. |title=Particle physics |date=1997 |publisher=J. Wiley |location=Chichester, England |isbn=978-0-471-97285-3 |edition=2nd |url=https://archive.org/details/particlephysics0000mart_k5d4/page/265 |page=265}}</ref> Bahcall's ongoing research in this area resulted in publication of his book, ''Neutrino Astrophysics'' (1989), considered a standard reference on solar neutrinos.<ref name="Tremaine"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bahcall |first1=John N. |title=Neutrino astrophysics |date=1989 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge [England] |isbn=978-0521379755}}</ref>


The 2002 [[Nobel Prize]] in physics was awarded to Davis and [[Masatoshi Koshiba]] for their pioneering work in observing the neutrinos predicted from Bahcall's solar model, thereby vindicating Bahcall's prediction.<ref name="Nobel">{{cite web | url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2002/press.html | title=Press Release: The 2002 Nobel Prize in Physics | publisher=Nobel Media AB | website=nobelprize.org | access-date=2017-03-29}}</ref><ref name="Holley">{{cite news |last1=Holley |first1=Joe |title=Solar Physics Expert John Bahcall Dies |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/08/19/AR2005081901735_pf.html |access-date=9 March 2023 |newspaper=Washington Post |date=August 20, 2005}}</ref>
The 2002 [[Nobel Prize]] in physics was awarded to Davis and [[Masatoshi Koshiba]] for their pioneering work in observing the neutrinos predicted from Bahcall's solar model, thereby vindicating Bahcall's prediction.<ref name="Nobel">{{cite web | url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2002/press.html | title=Press Release: The 2002 Nobel Prize in Physics | publisher=Nobel Media AB | website=nobelprize.org | access-date=2017-03-29}}</ref><ref name="Holley">{{cite news |last1=Holley |first1=Joe |title=Solar Physics Expert John Bahcall Dies |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/08/19/AR2005081901735_pf.html |access-date=9 March 2023 |newspaper=Washington Post |date=August 20, 2005}}</ref>
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In 1992, Bahcall received the [[NASA Distinguished Service Medal]] for this work.<ref name="NASA2006"/><ref name="Kaufman">{{cite news |last1=Kaufman |first1=Ron |title=People: John Bahcall Receives Award From NASA For His Work On Hubble Space Telescope |url=https://www.the-scientist.com/profession/people-john-bahcall-receives-award-from-nasa-for-his-work-on-hubble-space-telescope-60096 |access-date=9 March 2023 |work=The Scientist Magazine® |date=May 24, 1992 |language=en}}</ref> He reintroduced the traditional method of star counts, as a quantitative tool for assessing galactic structure. <ref name="Pinsonneault">{{cite journal|last=Pinsonneault|first=M.|title=The Legacy of John Bahcall|journal=[[ASP Conference Series]]|date=2008 |url=https://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/2008ASPC..384....3P |volume=384|page=3|bibcode=2008ASPC..384....3P}}</ref>
In 1992, Bahcall received the [[NASA Distinguished Service Medal]] for this work.<ref name="NASA2006"/><ref name="Kaufman">{{cite news |last1=Kaufman |first1=Ron |title=People: John Bahcall Receives Award From NASA For His Work On Hubble Space Telescope |url=https://www.the-scientist.com/profession/people-john-bahcall-receives-award-from-nasa-for-his-work-on-hubble-space-telescope-60096 |access-date=9 March 2023 |work=The Scientist Magazine® |date=May 24, 1992 |language=en}}</ref> He reintroduced the traditional method of star counts, as a quantitative tool for assessing galactic structure. <ref name="Pinsonneault">{{cite journal|last=Pinsonneault|first=M.|title=The Legacy of John Bahcall|journal=[[ASP Conference Series]]|date=2008 |url=https://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/2008ASPC..384....3P |volume=384|page=3|bibcode=2008ASPC..384....3P}}</ref>


The standard model of a galaxy, with a massive [[black hole]] surrounded by stars, is known as the [[Bahcall-Wolf model]]. The Bahcall-Soneira model was for many years the standard model for the structure of the [[Milky Way]]. He also contributed to accurate astrophysical models of stellar interiors.<ref name="Haxton"/><ref name="Tremaine"/>
The standard model of a galaxy, with a massive [[black hole]] surrounded by stars, is known as the [[Bahcall-Wolf model]]. The Bahcall-Soneira model was for many years the standard model for the structure of the [[Milky Way]]. He also contributed to accurate astrophysical models of stellar interiors.<ref name="Haxton"/><ref name="Tremaine"/>

== Personal life and death ==
Bahcall married [[Princeton University]] astrophysics professor [[Neta Bahcall]], whom he met as a graduate student at the [[Weizmann Institute]] in the 1960s. They had a daughter and two sons (including [[Safi Bahcall]]).<ref name="Haxton" /><ref name="Ostriker" /> He died in New York on 17 August 2005 from a rare blood disorder.<ref name="Holley" /><ref name="Overbye" />


==Honors==
==Honors==
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* 1998, [[National Medal of Science]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Digest of Other White House Announcements |url=https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/digest-other-white-house-announcements-85 |website=The American Presidency Project |access-date=9 March 2023}}</ref>
* 1998, [[National Medal of Science]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Digest of Other White House Announcements |url=https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/digest-other-white-house-announcements-85 |website=The American Presidency Project |access-date=9 March 2023}}</ref>
*1998, [[Hans Bethe Prize]]<ref>{{cite web |title=1998 Hans A. Bethe Prize Recipient |url=https://www.aps.org/programs/honors/prizes/prizerecipient.cfm?last_nm=Bahcall&first_nm=John&year=1998 |website=American Physical Society |access-date=9 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
*1998, [[Hans Bethe Prize]]<ref>{{cite web |title=1998 Hans A. Bethe Prize Recipient |url=https://www.aps.org/programs/honors/prizes/prizerecipient.cfm?last_nm=Bahcall&first_nm=John&year=1998 |website=American Physical Society |access-date=9 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
*1994, [[Dannie Heineman Prize for Astrophysics|Heineman Prize]]<ref>{{Citation | title = John N. Bahcall received the Dannie Heineman Prize for Astrophysics 1994 of the American Astronomical Society. | year = 1994 | journal = Physics Today | volume = 47 | issue = 12 | pages = R75| bibcode = 1994PhT....47R..75.|doi = 10.1063/1.2808583 }}</ref>\
*1994, [[Dannie Heineman Prize for Astrophysics|Heineman Prize]]<ref>{{Citation | title = John N. Bahcall received the Dannie Heineman Prize for Astrophysics 1994 of the American Astronomical Society. | year = 1994 | journal = Physics Today | volume = 47 | issue = 12 | pages = R75| bibcode = 1994PhT....47R..75.|doi = 10.1063/1.2808583 }}</ref>
*1992, [[NASA Distinguished Public Service Medal]], NASA<ref name="NASA2006"/>
*1992, [[NASA Distinguished Public Service Medal]], NASA<ref name="NASA2006"/>
*1976, Fellow of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]]<ref name=AAAS>{{cite web|title=Book of Members, 1780-2010: Chapter B|url=http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterB.pdf|publisher=[[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]]|access-date=5 May 2011}}</ref>
*1976, Fellow of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]]<ref name=AAAS>{{cite web|title=Book of Members, 1780-2010: Chapter B|url=http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterB.pdf|publisher=[[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]]|access-date=5 May 2011}}</ref>
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[[Category:21st-century American Jews]]
[[Category:21st-century American Jews]]
[[Category:Members of the American Philosophical Society]]
[[Category:Members of the American Philosophical Society]]
[[Category:Benjamin Franklin Medal (Franklin Institute) laureates]]

Revision as of 19:38, 22 June 2024

John N. Bahcall
Born(1934-12-30)December 30, 1934
Shreveport, Louisiana, U.S.
DiedAugust 17, 2005(2005-08-17) (aged 70)
New York City, New York, U.S.
Resting placePrinceton Cemetery
EducationUniversity of California, Berkeley (BA)
University of Chicago (MS)
Harvard University (PhD)
Known forSolar neutrino problem
Hubble Space Telescope
AwardsDannie Heineman Prize for Astrophysics (1994)
Dan David Prize (2003)
Enrico Fermi Award (2003)
Scientific career
FieldsAstrophysics
InstitutionsInstitute for Advanced Study
California Institute of Technology
Indiana University
Harvard
University of Chicago

John Norris Bahcall (December 30, 1934 – August 17, 2005) was an American astrophysicist and the Richard Black Professor for Astrophysics at the Institute for Advanced Study. He was known for a wide range of contributions to solar, galactic and extragalactic astrophysics, including the solar neutrino problem, the development of the Hubble Space Telescope and for his leadership and development of the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton.[1][2]

Early life and education

Bahcall was born into a Jewish family in Shreveport, Louisiana on December 30, 1934,[3] and would later describe an early aspiration to become a Reform rabbi.[4] He did not take science classes at high school.[1] In high school he was a state tennis champion[2] and a national debate champion (1952).[1]

Bahcall began his university studies at Louisiana State University as a philosophy student on a tennis scholarship, where he considered pursuing the rabbinate. At the end of his freshmen year, he transferred to the University of California, Berkeley, still studying philosophy.[1] He took his first physics class to fulfill a graduation science requirement, later saying:[5]

"It was the hardest thing I have ever done in my life, but I fell in love with science. I was thrilled by the fact that by knowing physics you could figure out how real things worked, like sunsets and airplanes, and that after a while everyone agreed on what was the right answer to a question."[5]

Bahcall switched majors to physics,[1] and graduated with an AB in Physics from Berkeley in 1956. He obtained his MS in physics in 1957 from the University of Chicago and his PhD in physics from Harvard University in 1961.[1][2] He spent a year as a research fellow in physics with Emil Konopinski at Indiana University. From 1962 to 1970, he worked with a group led by William Fowler at the Kellogg Laboratory of the California Institute of Technology,.[2] first as a research fellow and later as an Assistant and Associate Professor.[6]

Academic career

Bahcall joined the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey in 1968[7][1] becoming a professor of natural sciences in 1971 and the Richard Black Professor of Natural Sciences in 1997.[6]

Bahcall became a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 1976.[8] He was president of the American Astronomical Society from 1990–92,[5] and was president-elect of the American Physical Society at the date of his death.[9]

Research

Bahcall published over six hundred scientific papers[7] and wrote or edited nine books on astrophysics.[2] Bahcall is most notable for his work in establishing the standard solar model. He spent much of his life pursuing the solar neutrino problem with physical chemist Raymond Davis, Jr. Together, Davis and Bahcall collaborated on the Homestake Experiment. To test Bahcall's theoretical predictions, Davis created an underground detector for neutrinos in a South Dakota gold mine, essentially a large tank filled with cleaning fluid. The flux of neutrinos found by the detector was one-third the amount theoretically predicted by Bahcall, a discrepancy that took over thirty years to resolve.[2][10][11] Bahcall's ongoing research in this area resulted in publication of his book, Neutrino Astrophysics (1989), considered a standard reference on solar neutrinos.[1][12]

The 2002 Nobel Prize in physics was awarded to Davis and Masatoshi Koshiba for their pioneering work in observing the neutrinos predicted from Bahcall's solar model, thereby vindicating Bahcall's prediction.[13][14]

In addition to his work on solar neutrinos, Bahcall collaborated with Eli Waxman on the Waxman-Bahcall bound for high energy neutrinos. This bound sets a limit on high energy neutrino flux based on the observed flux of high energy cosmic rays. It was not possible to verify this prediction until after his death, with the construction of neutrino telescopes capable of detecting very high energy neutrinos, such as the IceCube Neutrino Observatory.[2][1][15]

Another contribution of Bahcall to astrophysics was the development and implementation of the Hubble Space Telescope, in collaboration with Lyman Spitzer, Jr., from the 1970s through to the period after the telescope was launched in 1990.[2][1] In 1992, Bahcall received the NASA Distinguished Service Medal for this work.[16][17] He reintroduced the traditional method of star counts, as a quantitative tool for assessing galactic structure. [18]

The standard model of a galaxy, with a massive black hole surrounded by stars, is known as the Bahcall-Wolf model. The Bahcall-Soneira model was for many years the standard model for the structure of the Milky Way. He also contributed to accurate astrophysical models of stellar interiors.[2][1]

Personal life and death

Bahcall married Princeton University astrophysics professor Neta Bahcall, whom he met as a graduate student at the Weizmann Institute in the 1960s. They had a daughter and two sons (including Safi Bahcall).[2][7] He died in New York on 17 August 2005 from a rare blood disorder.[14][3]

Honors

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Tremaine, Scott D. (2011). "John Norris Bahcall 1934-2005". Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences (PDF). Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. pp. 1–25.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Haxton, Wick (1 November 2009). "The Scientific Life of John Bahcall". Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science. 59 (1): 1–20. arXiv:0904.2865. Bibcode:2009ARNPS..59....1H. doi:10.1146/annurev.nucl.010909.083722. ISSN 0163-8998. S2CID 15314700. Retrieved 9 March 2023.
  3. ^ a b Overbye, Dennis (19 August 2005). "John N. Bahcall, 70, Dies; Astrophysicist at Princeton". The New York Times. Retrieved 9 March 2023.
  4. ^ Avrahami, Avner (June 11, 2003). "Family Affair The Bahcalls". Haaretz. Retrieved 9 March 2023.
  5. ^ a b c Wilson, Teresa (12 December 2017). "This Month in Astronomical History: Remembering John Bahcall". American Astronomical Society. Retrieved 9 March 2023.
  6. ^ a b "Bahcall, John N." The American Institute of Physics. Retrieved 9 March 2023.
  7. ^ a b c Ostriker, Jeremiah P. (1 September 2005). "OBITUARY John Norris Bahcall 1935–2005 Nuclear astrophysicist who uncovered the solar neutrino problem" (PDF). Nature. 437 (7055): 43. doi:10.1038/437043a. PMID 16136121. S2CID 4323443. Retrieved 9 March 2023.
  8. ^ "John N. Bahcall". www.nasonline.org. Retrieved 2021-10-15.
  9. ^ "APS Mourns Loss of President-Elect John Bahcall". APS News. 14 (9). October 2005.
  10. ^ Jelley, Nick; McDonald, Arthur B.; Robertson, R.G. Hamish (1 November 2009). "The Sudbury Neutrino Observatory". Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science. 59 (1): 431–465. Bibcode:2009ARNPS..59..431J. doi:10.1146/annurev.nucl.55.090704.151550. ISSN 0163-8998.
  11. ^ Martin, B. R. (1997). Particle physics (2nd ed.). Chichester, England: J. Wiley. p. 265. ISBN 978-0-471-97285-3.
  12. ^ Bahcall, John N. (1989). Neutrino astrophysics. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521379755.
  13. ^ "Press Release: The 2002 Nobel Prize in Physics". nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB. Retrieved 2017-03-29.
  14. ^ a b Holley, Joe (August 20, 2005). "Solar Physics Expert John Bahcall Dies". Washington Post. Retrieved 9 March 2023.
  15. ^ Waxman, Eli; Bahcall, John (1999). "High energy neutrinos from astrophysical sources: An upper bound". Physical Review D. 59 (2): 023002. arXiv:hep-ph/9807282. Bibcode:1998PhRvD..59b3002W. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.59.023002. S2CID 38054395.
  16. ^ a b c "RELEASE : 06-005 NASA Honors Distinguished Astronomer With Medal". NASA. January 10, 2006. Retrieved 9 March 2023.
  17. ^ Kaufman, Ron (May 24, 1992). "People: John Bahcall Receives Award From NASA For His Work On Hubble Space Telescope". The Scientist Magazine®. Retrieved 9 March 2023.
  18. ^ Pinsonneault, M. (2008). "The Legacy of John Bahcall". ASP Conference Series. 384: 3. Bibcode:2008ASPC..384....3P.
  19. ^ "Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement". www.achievement.org. American Academy of Achievement.
  20. ^ "Comstock Prize in Physics". National Academy of Sciences.
  21. ^ "2003 February 14 meeting of the Royal Astronomical Society Journal". The Observatory. 123: 189–195. August 2003. Bibcode:2003Obs...123..189.
  22. ^ Gaisser, Thomas K.; Pittel, Stuart (1 May 2004). "Neutrinos from the Sun: The 2003 Benjamin Franklin Medal in Physics presented to John Bahcall11Institute for Advanced Study, School of Natural Sciences, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA., Raymond Davis, Jr.22Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA., and Masatoshi Koshiba33International Center for Elementary Particle Physics, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan". Journal of the Franklin Institute. 341 (3): 223–229. doi:10.1016/j.jfranklin.2003.12.024. ISSN 0016-0032.
  23. ^ "John Bahcall (1934 - 2005)". Dan David Prize. 28 November 2021. Retrieved 9 March 2023.
  24. ^ "FERMI John N. Bahcall and Raymon... | U.S. DOE Office of Science (SC)". US Department of Energy. 28 December 2010. Retrieved 9 March 2023.
  25. ^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 2021-10-15.
  26. ^ "Henry Norris Russell Lectureship". American Astronomical Society. Retrieved 9 March 2023.
  27. ^ "Digest of Other White House Announcements". The American Presidency Project. Retrieved 9 March 2023.
  28. ^ "1998 Hans A. Bethe Prize Recipient". American Physical Society. Retrieved 9 March 2023.
  29. ^ "John N. Bahcall received the Dannie Heineman Prize for Astrophysics 1994 of the American Astronomical Society.", Physics Today, 47 (12): R75, 1994, Bibcode:1994PhT....47R..75., doi:10.1063/1.2808583
  30. ^ "Book of Members, 1780-2010: Chapter B" (PDF). American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 5 May 2011.
  31. ^ "J. N. Bahcall received the Helen B. Warner Price of the American Astronomical Society.", Physics Today, 24 (3): c85, 1971, Bibcode:1971PhT....24c..85., doi:10.1063/1.3022650
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