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{{Short description|Highest-ranking bishop in Christianity}}
{{Short description|Highest-ranking bishop in Christianity}}
{{About|the title in Christianity}}
{{About|the title in Christianity}}
{{Eastern Orthodox sidebar|expanded=organization}}
{{Catholic Church Hierarchy}}
{{Catholic Church Hierarchy}}


The highest-ranking [[bishop]]s in [[Eastern Orthodoxy]], [[Oriental Orthodoxy]], the [[Catholic Church]] (above [[major archbishop]] and [[primate (bishop)|primate]]), the [[Hussite Church]], and the [[Church of the East]] are termed '''patriarchs''' (and in certain cases also ''[[Pope (word)|popes]]'' – such as the [[Pope of Rome]] or [[Pope of Alexandria]], and ''[[catholicos|catholicoi]]'' – such as [[Catholicos Karekin II]]).<ref name="Hill2001">{{cite web |last1=Hill |first1=Don |title=Czech Republic: Hussite Church History Mirrors That Of Nation |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/1097922.html |publisher=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] |access-date=8 May 2021 |language=English |date=7 November 2001}}</ref>
The highest-ranking [[bishop]]s in [[Eastern Orthodoxy]], [[Oriental Orthodoxy]], the [[Catholic Church]] (above [[major archbishop]] and [[primate (bishop)|primate]]), the [[Hussite Church]], [[Church of the East]], and some [[Independent Catholicism|Independent Catholic Churches]] are termed '''patriarchs''' (and in certain cases also ''[[Pope (word)|popes]]'' – such as the [[Pope of Rome]] or [[Pope of Alexandria]], and ''[[catholicos|catholicoi]]'' – such as [[Catholicos Karekin II]], and [[Baselios Thomas I|Baselios Thomas I Catholicos of the East]]).<ref name="Hill2001">{{cite web |last1=Hill |first1=Don |title=Czech Republic: Hussite Church History Mirrors That Of Nation |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/1097922.html |publisher=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] |access-date=8 May 2021 |language=English |date=7 November 2001}}</ref>


The word is derived from [[Greek language|Greek]] πατριάρχης (''patriarchēs''),<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dpatria%2Frxhs πατριάρχης], Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus</ref> meaning "chief or father of a family",<ref name=OnEtDi/> a compound of πατριά (''patria''),<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dpatria%2F πατριά], Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus</ref> meaning "family", and ἄρχειν (''archein''),<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=a%29%2Frxw&la=greek&can=a%29%2Frxw0&prior=o(&d=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=a)/rxwn&i=1#lexicon ἄρχω], Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus</ref> meaning "to rule".<ref name=OnEtDi>[http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=patriarch Online Etymological Dictionary: "patriarch"]</ref><ref>[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/patriarch Merriam-Webster: "patriarch"]</ref><ref>[http://www.thefreedictionary.com/patriarch American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: "patriarch"]</ref><ref>[http://oxforddictionaries.com/view/entry/m_en_gb0610420#DWS-M_EN_GB-047375 Oxford Dictionaries: "patriarch"]</ref>
The word is derived from [[Greek language|Greek]] πατριάρχης (''patriarchēs''),<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dpatria%2Frxhs πατριάρχης], Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus</ref> meaning "chief or father of a family",<ref name=OnEtDi/> a compound of πατριά (''patria''),<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dpatria%2F πατριά], Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus</ref> meaning "family", and ἄρχειν (''archein''),<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=a%29%2Frxw&la=greek&can=a%29%2Frxw0&prior=o(&d=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=a)/rxwn&i=1#lexicon ἄρχω], Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus</ref> meaning "to rule".<ref name=OnEtDi>[http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=patriarch Online Etymological Dictionary: "patriarch"]</ref><ref>[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/patriarch Merriam-Webster: "patriarch"]</ref><ref>[http://www.thefreedictionary.com/patriarch American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: "patriarch"]</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20101104164557/http://oxforddictionaries.com/view/entry/m_en_gb0610420#DWS-M_EN_GB-047375 Oxford Dictionaries: "patriarch"]</ref>


Originally, a ''patriarch'' was a man who exercised [[Autocracy|autocratic]] authority as a [[pater familias]] over an [[extended family]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The Roman Empire: in the First Century. The Roman Empire. Life In Roman Times. Family Life |url=https://www.pbs.org/empires/romans/empire/family.html |publisher=[[PBS]] |access-date=8 May 2021 |language=English}}</ref> The system of such rule of families by senior males is termed [[patriarchy]]. Historically, a patriarch has often been the logical choice to act as [[ethnarch]] of the community identified with his religious confession within a state or empire of a different [[creed]] (such as Christians within the [[Ottoman Empire]]). The term developed an ecclesiastical meaning, within the [[Ecclesiology|Christian Church]]. The office and the ecclesiastical circumscription of a [[Christianity|Christian]] patriarch is termed a ''[[patriarchate]]''.
Originally, a ''patriarch'' was a man who exercised [[Autocracy|autocratic]] authority as a [[pater familias]] over an [[extended family]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The Roman Empire: in the First Century. The Roman Empire. Life In Roman Times. Family Life |url=https://www.pbs.org/empires/romans/empire/family.html |publisher=[[PBS]] |access-date=8 May 2021 |language=English}}</ref> The system of such rule of families by senior males is termed [[patriarchy]]. Historically, a patriarch has often been the logical choice to act as [[ethnarch]] of the community identified with his religious confession within a state or empire of a different [[creed]] (such as Christians within the [[Ottoman Empire]]). The term developed an ecclesiastical meaning within [[Christianity]]. The office and the ecclesiastical circumscription of a [[Christianity|Christian]] patriarch is termed a ''[[patriarchate]]''.


[[Abraham]], [[Isaac]], and [[Jacob]] are referred to as the three [[patriarchs (Bible)|patriarchs]] of the [[Israelite|people of Israel]], and the period during which they lived is termed the [[Patriarchal Age]]. The word ''patriarch'' originally acquired its religious meaning in the [[Septuagint]] version of the [[Bible]].<ref>{{CathEncy|wstitle=Patriarch}}</ref>
[[Abraham]], [[Isaac]], and [[Jacob]] are referred to as the three [[patriarchs (Bible)|patriarchs]] of the [[Israelite|people of Israel]], and the period during which they lived is termed the [[Patriarchal Age]]. The word ''patriarch'' originally acquired its religious meaning in the [[Septuagint]] version of the [[Bible]].<ref>{{CathEncy|wstitle=Patriarch}}</ref>


==Catholic Church==
==Catholic Church==
[[File:External Ornaments of Primates and Patriarchs (Interwoven with gold).svg|thumb|150px|Catholic Patriarchal (non [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|cardinal]]) coat of arms]]
[[File:External Ornaments of Primates and Patriarchs.svg|thumb|150px|Catholic Patriarchal (non [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|cardinal]]) coat of arms]]


===Patriarchs===
===Patriarchs===
[[File:1800 Wilkinson Map of the 4 Eastern Churches rectified.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Map of Justinian's Pentarchy]]
[[File:1800 Wilkinson Map of the 4 Eastern Churches rectified.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Map of Justinian's Pentarchy]]
[[File:Ibrahim Isaac Sidrak par Claude Truong-Ngoc mars 2014.jpg|thumb|[[Patriarch of Alexandria]] [[Ibrahim Isaac Sidrak]]. wearing a distinctive clothing of a patriarch]]
[[File:Ibrahim Isaac Sidrak par Claude Truong-Ngoc mars 2014.jpg|thumb|[[Patriarch of Alexandria]] [[Ibrahim Isaac Sidrak]] wearing a distinctive clothing of a patriarch]]
In the [[Catholic Church]], the bishop who is head of a particular [[autonomous Church]], known in canon law as a church ''sui iuris'', is ordinarily a patriarch, though this responsibility can be entrusted to a major archbishop, metropolitan, or other prelate for a number of reasons.<ref>{{cite book|title=Code of Canons of Eastern Churches|date=1990|pages=58–59}}</ref>
In the [[Catholic Church]], the bishop who is head of a particular [[sui iuris|autonomous church]], known in canon law as a church ''sui iuris'', is ordinarily a patriarch, though this responsibility can be entrusted to a major archbishop, metropolitan, or other prelate for a number of reasons.<ref>{{cite book|title=Code of Canons of Eastern Churches|date=1990|pages=58–59}}</ref>


Since the [[First Council of Nicaea|Council of Nicaea]], the bishop of Rome has been recognized as the first among patriarchs.<ref>{{cite web|title=DOCUMENTS FROM THE FIRST COUNCIL OF NICEA|url=https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/nicea1.txt|website=History Sourcebooks Project|publisher=Fordham university|access-date=30 September 2017}}</ref> That council designated three bishops with this 'supra-Metropolitan' title: Rome, Alexandria, and Antioch. In the [[Pentarchy]] formulated by [[Justinian I]] (527–565), the emperor assigned as a patriarchate to the Bishop of Rome the whole of Christianized Europe (including almost all of modern [[Greece]]), except for the region of [[Thrace]], the areas near [[Constantinople]], and along the coast of the Black Sea. He included in this patriarchate also the western part of North Africa. The jurisdictions of the other patriarchates extended over Roman Asia, and the rest of Africa. Justinian's system was given formal ecclesiastical recognition by the [[Quinisext Council]] of 692, which the [[Holy See|see of Rome]] has, however, not recognized.
Since the [[First Council of Nicaea|Council of Nicaea]], the bishop of Rome has been recognized as the first among patriarchs.<ref>{{cite web|title=DOCUMENTS FROM THE FIRST COUNCIL OF NICEA|url=https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/nicea1.txt|website=History Sourcebooks Project|publisher=Fordham university|access-date=30 September 2017}}</ref> That council designated three bishops with this 'supra-Metropolitan' title: Rome, Alexandria, and Antioch. In the [[Pentarchy]] formulated by [[Justinian I]] (527–565), the emperor assigned as a patriarchate to the Bishop of Rome the whole of Christianized Europe (including almost all of modern [[Greece]]), except for the region of [[Thrace]], the areas near [[Constantinople]], and along the coast of the Black Sea. He included in this patriarchate also the western part of North Africa. The jurisdictions of the other patriarchates extended over Roman Asia, and the rest of Africa. Justinian's system was given formal ecclesiastical recognition by the [[Quinisext Council]] of 692, which the [[Holy See|see of Rome]] has, however, not recognized.
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Today, the patriarchal heads of Catholic autonomous churches are:<ref>{{cite web|title=Patriarchs|url=http://www.gcatholic.org/hierarchy/patriarchs.htm|website=GCCatholic.org|access-date=30 September 2017}}</ref>
Today, the patriarchal heads of Catholic autonomous churches are:<ref>{{cite web|title=Patriarchs|url=http://www.gcatholic.org/hierarchy/patriarchs.htm|website=GCCatholic.org|access-date=30 September 2017}}</ref>
* The [[Bishop of Rome|Bishop of Rome (Pope)]], as head of the [[Latin Church|Latin Catholic Church]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Maloney|first1=G.A.|author-link1=Rome, Patriarchate of|title=New Catholic Encyclopedia|date=2002|publisher=Gale|isbn=978-0787640040|pages=15 vols|edition=Revised}}</ref>
* The [[Bishop of Rome|Patriarch of Rome (Pope)]], as head of the [[Latin Church]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Maloney|first1=G.A.|author-link1=Rome, Patriarchate of|title=New Catholic Encyclopedia|date=2002|publisher=Gale|isbn=978-0787640040|pages=15 vols|edition=Revised}}</ref>
* The [[Coptic Catholic Patriarchate of Alexandria|Coptic Catholic Patriarch of Alexandria]] and head of the [[Coptic Catholic Church]], recognised 1824
* The [[Coptic Catholic Patriarchate of Alexandria|Coptic Catholic Patriarch of Alexandria (Pope)]] and head of the [[Coptic Catholic Church]], recognised 1824
*The [[Maronite Catholic Patriarchate of Antioch|Maronite Catholic Patriarch of Antioch and all the East]] and head of the [[Maronite Catholic Church]], recognised 685
*The [[Maronite Catholic Patriarchate of Antioch|Maronite Catholic Patriarch of Antioch and All the East]] and head of the [[Maronite Church]], recognised 685
* The [[Melkite Catholic Patriarchate of Antioch|Melkite Greek Catholic Patriarchate of Antioch and All the East]], of Alexandria and of Jerusalem, head of the [[Melkite Greek Catholic Church]]; in his case, Antioch is the actual and sole patriarchate, Alexandria and Jerusalem are just titular (once residential) patriarchates vested in his see.
* The [[Melkite Catholic Patriarchate of Antioch|Melkite Greek Catholic Patriarch of Antioch and All the East]], of Alexandria and of Jerusalem, head of the [[Melkite Greek Catholic Church]]; in his case, Antioch is the actual and sole patriarchate, Alexandria and Jerusalem are just titular (once residential) patriarchates vested in his see.
*The [[Syriac Catholic Patriarchs of Antioch|Syriac Catholic Patriarch of Antioch and all the East]] and head of the [[Syriac Catholic Church]]
*The [[Syriac Catholic Patriarchs of Antioch|Syriac Catholic Patriarch of Antioch and All the East]] and head of the [[Syriac Catholic Church]]
*The [[Chaldean Catholic Patriarchate of Babylon|Patriarch of Babylon of the Chaldeans]] and head of the [[Chaldean Catholic Church]], recognised 1553
*The [[Chaldean Catholic Patriarchate of Baghdad|Chaldean Catholic Patriarch of Baghdad]] and head of the [[Chaldean Catholic Church]], recognised 1553
*The [[Patriarchate of Cilicia|Catholic Patriarch of Cilicia of the Armenians]] and head of the [[Armenian Catholic Church]], recognised 1742
*The [[Patriarchate of Cilicia|Armenian Catholic Patriarch of Cilicia]] and head of the [[Armenian Catholic Church]], recognised 1742
⚫
Four more of the [[Eastern Catholic Church]]es are headed by a prelate known as a "[[Major Archbishop]],"<ref>{{cite book|title=Code of Canons of Eastern Churches|date=1990|publisher=Catholic Church|pages=151–154}}</ref> a title essentially equivalent to that of Patriarch and originally created by [[Pope Paul VI]] in 1963 for [[Josyf Slipyj]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG1199/_P48.HTM |title=CCEO: text - IntraText CT |publisher=Intratext.com |date=4 May 2007 |access-date=28 February 2011}}</ref>

===Major archbishoprics===
⚫
Four more of the [[Eastern Catholic Church]]es are headed by a prelate known as a "[[Major Archbishop]],"<ref>{{cite book|title=Code of Canons of Eastern Churches|date=1990|publisher=Catholic Church|pages=151–154}}</ref> a title essentially equivalent to that of Patriarch and originally created by [[Pope Paul VI]] in 1963 for [[Josyf Slipyj]]:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG1199/_P48.HTM |title=CCEO: text - IntraText CT |publisher=Intratext.com |date=4 May 2007 |access-date=28 February 2011}}</ref>
*The [[Lists of leaders of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church|Major Archbishop of Kyiv-Halych]] and head of the [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church]]
*The [[List of Major Archbishops of Ernakulam-Angamaly|Major Archbishop of Ernakulam-Angamaly]] and head of the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]]
*The [[List of Major Archbishops of Trivandrum|Major Archbishop of Trivandrum]] and head of the [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Church]]
*The [[List of Major Archbishops of Făgăraş and Alba Iulia|Major Archbishop of Făgăraş and Alba Iulia]] and head of the [[Romanian Greek Catholic Church]]

Within their proper ''sui iuris'' churches there is no difference between patriarchs and major archbishops. However, differences exist in the order of precedence (i.e. patriarchs take precedence over major archbishops) and in the mode of accession. Whereas the election of a major archbishop has to be confirmed by the pope before he may take office,<ref>[[Codex Canonum Ecclesiarum Orientalium]]: Can. 153</ref> no papal confirmation is needed for a newly elected patriarch before he takes office. Rather, a newly installed patriarch is required to petition the pope as soon as possible for the concession of what is called ecclesiastical communion.<ref>[[Codex Canonum Ecclesiarum Orientalium]]: Can. 76</ref><ref>An example of the petition and the granting of ''ecclesiastical communion'': {{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/letters/2006/documents/hf_ben-xvi_let_20060406_alessandria-copti_en.html|title=Exchange of letters between Benedict XVI and His Beatitude Antonios Naguib|publisher=[[Holy See Press Office]]|access-date=2013-01-18}}</ref> Furthermore, patriarchs who are created [[Cardinal (Catholic Church)|cardinals]] form part of the order of [[cardinal bishop]]s, whereas major archbishops are only created [[cardinal priest]]s.


===Minor Latin patriarchates===
===Minor Latin patriarchates===
Minor patriarchs do not have jurisdiction over other metropolitan bishops. The title is granted purely as an honor for various historical reasons. They take precedence after the heads of autonomous churches in full communion, whether pope, patriarch, or major archbishop.
Minor patriarchs do not have jurisdiction over other metropolitan bishops. The title is granted purely as an honour for various historical reasons. They take precedence after the heads of autonomous churches in full communion, whether pope, patriarch, or major archbishop.
*The [[Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem]], established 1099.
*The [[Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem]], established 1099.
*The [[Patriarch of the East Indies]] a titular patriarchal see, united to [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Goa and Daman|Goa and Daman]], established 1886.
*The [[Patriarch of the East Indies]], a titular patriarchal see, united to [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Goa and Daman|Goa and Daman]], established 1886.
*The [[Patriarch of Lisbon]], established 1716.
*The [[Patriarch of Lisbon]], established 1716.
*The [[Patriarch of Venice]], established 1451.
*The [[Patriarch of Venice]], established 1451.
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===="Patriarch of the West"====
===="Patriarch of the West"====
{{main|Pentarchy}}
{{main|Patriarch of the West}}
In theological and other scholarly literature of the [[Early Modern]] period, the title "[[Patriarch of the West]]" ([[Latin language|Latin]]: ''Patriarcha Occidentis''; [[Greek language|Greek]]: Πατριάρχης τῆς Δύσεως) was mainly used as designation for the jurisdiction of the Bishop of Rome over the [[Latin Church]] in the West. From 1863 to 2005, the title "Patriarch of the West" was appended to the list of papal titles in the ''[[Annuario Pontificio]]'', which in 1885 became a semi-official publication of the Holy See. This was done without historical precedent or theological justification: There was no ecclesiastical office as such, except occasionally as a truism: the patriarch of Rome, for the [[Latin Church]], was the only patriarch, and the only apostolic see, in the "west".
In theological and other scholarly literature of the [[Early Modern]] period, the title "[[Patriarch of the West]]" ([[Latin language|Latin]]: ''Patriarcha Occidentis''; [[Greek language|Greek]]: Πατριάρχης τῆς Δύσεως) was mainly used as designation for the jurisdiction of the Bishop of Rome over the [[Latin Church]] in the West.


The title was not included in the 2006 ''Annuario''. On 22 March 2006, the [[Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity]] offered an explanation for the decision to remove the title. It stated that the title "Patriarch of the West" had become "obsolete and practically unusable" when the term ''the West'' comprises Australia, New Zealand and North America in addition to Western Europe, and that it was "pointless to insist on maintaining it" given that, since the [[Second Vatican Council]], the [[Latin Church]], for which "the West" is an equivalent, has been organized as a number of [[episcopal conference]]s and their international groupings.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.zenit.org/en/articles/communique-on-title-patriarch-of-west | work=Zenit | title=Communiqué on title 'Patriarch of the West' | date= 22 March 2006| access-date = 20 December 2017}}</ref>
The title was not included in the 2006 ''Annuario Pontificio''. On 22 March 2006, the [[Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity]] offered an explanation for the decision to remove the title. It stated that the title "Patriarch of the West" had become "obsolete and practically unusable" when the term ''the West'' comprises Australia, New Zealand and North America in addition to Western Europe, and that it was "pointless to insist on maintaining it" given that, since the [[Second Vatican Council]], the [[Latin Church]], for which "the West" is an equivalent, has been organized as a number of [[episcopal conference]]s and their international groupings.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.zenit.org/en/articles/communique-on-title-patriarch-of-west | work=Zenit | title=Communiqué on title 'Patriarch of the West' | date= 22 March 2006| access-date = 20 December 2017}}</ref> The title was reintroduced in the 2024 edition of ''Annuario Pontificio''. No explanation was provided for its reintroduction.<ref>{{cite news |title=Why is Pope Francis embracing the patriarchy (of the West)? |url=https://www.pillarcatholic.com/p/why-is-pope-francis-embracing-the |access-date=18 April 2024 |agency=The Pillar |date=10 April 2024}}</ref>


Though the formulation "Patriarch of the West" is no longer used, the pope in that role issues the ''Code of Canon Law'' for the Latin Church. During the [[Synod of Bishops (Catholic)|Synod of Bishops]] on the Middle East in 2009, [[Pope Benedict XVI]] appeared, as patriarch of the Latin Church, with the other patriarchs, but without the [[Latin patriarch of Jerusalem]], though he was present at the same synod.<ref>{{cite web|title=Meeting of the Eastern Catholic Patriarchs and Major Archbishops with Pope Benedict XVI|url=http://orientale-lumen.blogspot.it/2009/09/meeting-of-eastern-catholic-patriarchs.html|website=Society of St. John Chrysostom| access-date=30 September 2017|date=20 September 2009}}</ref>
As the "Patriarch of the West", the pope issues the ''Code of Canon Law'' for the Latin Church. During the [[Synod of Bishops (Catholic)|Synod of Bishops]] on the Middle East in 2009, [[Pope Benedict XVI]] appeared, as patriarch of the Latin Church, with the other patriarchs, but without the [[Latin patriarch of Jerusalem]], though he was present at the same synod.<ref>{{cite web|title=Meeting of the Eastern Catholic Patriarchs and Major Archbishops with Pope Benedict XVI|url=http://orientale-lumen.blogspot.it/2009/09/meeting-of-eastern-catholic-patriarchs.html|website=Society of St. John Chrysostom| access-date=30 September 2017|date=20 September 2009}}</ref>


===Current and historical Catholic patriarchates===
===Current and historical Catholic patriarchates===
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|-
|-
| [[Chaldean Catholic Church|Chaldean]]
| [[Chaldean Catholic Church|Chaldean]]
| [[List of Chaldean Catholic Patriarchs of Babylon|Babylon]]
| [[List of Chaldean Catholic patriarchs of Baghdad|Baghdad]]
| [[Louis Raphaël I Sako]]
| [[Louis Raphaël I Sako]]
|-
|-
|rowspan="4"| Major archbishops<br>of autonomous<br>particular churches
|rowspan="10"| Titular<br>[[Latin Church]]<br>patriarchs
| [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church|Ukrainian]]
| [[Lists of leaders of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church|Kyiv-Halych]]
| [[Sviatoslav Shevchuk]]
|-
| [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church|Syro-Malabar]]
| [[List of Major archbishops of Ernakulam-Angamaly|Ernakulam-Angamaly]]
| [[George Alencherry]]
|-
| [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Church|Syro-Malankara]]
| [[List of Major Archbishops of Trivandrum|Trivandrum]]
| [[Baselios Cleemis]]
|-
| [[Romanian Church United with Rome, Greek-Catholic|Romanian]]
| [[List of Major Archbishops of Făgăraş and Alba Iulia|Făgăraş and Alba Iulia]]
| [[Lucian Mureșan]]
|-
|rowspan="10"| Titular<br>[[Latin Rite]]<br>patriarchs
| Latin
| Latin
| [[Patriarchate of Aquileia|Aquileia]]
| [[Patriarchate of Aquileia|Aquileia]]
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| Latin
| Latin
| [[Patriarch of Lisbon|Lisbon]]
| [[Patriarch of Lisbon|Lisbon]]
| [[Rui Valério]]
| [[Manuel Clemente|Manuel (III) Clemente]]
|-
|-
| Latin
| Latin
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| [[Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople|Patriarch of Constantinople]]
| [[Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople|Patriarch of Constantinople]]
| the chief of the [[Orthodox Church of Constantinople]]
| the chief of the [[Orthodox Church of Constantinople]]
| The "[[primus inter pares]]" of [[East-West Schism|post-Schism]] [[Eastern Orthodoxy]], recognized in 381 by [[First Council of Constantinople]].
| The "[[primus inter pares]]" of [[East-West Schism|post-Schism]] [[Eastern Orthodoxy]], recognized in 451 by [[Council of Chalcedon]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Правило 28 - IV Вселенский Собор – Халкидонский (451г.) - Церковное право |url=https://azbyka.ru/pravo/chetvertyj-vselenskij-sobor-28/ |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=azbyka.ru |language=ru-RU}}</ref>
|-
|-
| [[List of Greek Orthodox Patriarchs of Alexandria|Patriarch of Alexandria]]
| [[List of Greek Orthodox Patriarchs of Alexandria|Patriarch of Alexandria]]
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| [[List of Metropolitans and Patriarchs of Moscow|Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia]]
| [[List of Metropolitans and Patriarchs of Moscow|Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia]]
| the chief of the [[Russian Orthodox Church]] in [[Russia]]
| the chief of the [[Russian Orthodox Church]] in [[Russia]]
| Recognized as a Patriarchate in 1589<ref>[http://www.cnewa.org/ecc-bodypg-us.aspx?eccpageID=17&IndexView=toc Catholic Near East Welfare Association, a Papal agency for humanitarian and pastoral assistance] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115041625/http://www.cnewa.org/ecc-bodypg-us.aspx?eccpageID=17&IndexView=toc |date=2009-01-15 }} (ID: 17).</ref>
| Recognized as a Patriarchate in 1593<ref>[http://www.cnewa.org/ecc-bodypg-us.aspx?eccpageID=17&IndexView=toc Catholic Near East Welfare Association, a Papal agency for humanitarian and pastoral assistance] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115041625/http://www.cnewa.org/ecc-bodypg-us.aspx?eccpageID=17&IndexView=toc |date=2009-01-15 }} (ID: 17).</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=КОНСТАНТИНОПОЛЬСКИЙ СОБОР 1593 - Древо |url=http://drevo-info.ru/articles/13679594.html |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=drevo-info.ru |language=ru}}</ref>
|-
|-
| [[Patriarch of All Romania]]
| [[Patriarch of All Romania]]
Line 242: Line 218:
| The Patriarch of Kyiv and All Rus-Ukraine
| The Patriarch of Kyiv and All Rus-Ukraine
| The chief of the [[Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church Canonical]].
| The chief of the [[Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church Canonical]].
|-
| The Patriarch of the Autocephalous Orthodox Church of Europe<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mission-orthodoxe.org/ |title=Eglise Orthodoxe Autonome de France |access-date=1 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208093533/http://www.mission-orthodoxe.org/ |archive-date=8 December 2008 |url-status=dead }}.</ref>
|
|-
|-
| Patriarch of the [[Autocephalous Turkish Orthodox Patriarchate]]
| Patriarch of the [[Autocephalous Turkish Orthodox Patriarchate]]
Line 263: Line 236:
| [[Pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria|Pope of Alexandria and Patriarch of All Africa]]
| [[Pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria|Pope of Alexandria and Patriarch of All Africa]]
| The chief of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria in Egypt and All Africa
| The chief of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria in Egypt and All Africa
| The Spiritual Leader of [[Oriental Orthodoxy]].
|-
|-
|rowspan="1"| [[Ethiopian Orthodox Church]]
|rowspan="1"| [[Ethiopian Orthodox Church]]
Line 276: Line 248:
|-
|-
| rowspan="2"| [[Syriac Orthodox Church]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Syriac Orthodox Church]]
| [[List of Syriac Orthodox Patriarchs of Antioch|Patriarch of Antioch]]
| [[List of Syriac Orthodox Patriarchs of Antioch and all the East|Patriarch of Antioch]]
| The chief of the Syriac Orthodox Church|Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch
| The chief of the Syriac Orthodox Church|Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch
| Supreme Leader of the Universal Syriac Orthodox Church.
| Supreme Leader of the Universal Syriac Orthodox Church.
Line 282: Line 254:
| [[Catholicos of India]]
| [[Catholicos of India]]
| [[Maphrian]], the second highest ecclesiastical authority in the Syriac Orthodox Church
| [[Maphrian]], the second highest ecclesiastical authority in the Syriac Orthodox Church
| The local head of the [[Malankara Syrian Orthodox Church]]
| The local head of the [[Jacobite Syrian Christian Church|Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Church]]
|-
|-
|rowspan="1"| [[Indian Orthodox Church]]
|rowspan="1"| [[Indian Orthodox Church]]
Line 315: Line 287:
*[[List of Patriarchs of the Assyrian Church of the East|Catholicos-Patriarch of the Assyrian Church of the East]].
*[[List of Patriarchs of the Assyrian Church of the East|Catholicos-Patriarch of the Assyrian Church of the East]].
*[[List of Patriarchs of the Ancient Church of the East|Catholicos-Patriarchs of the Ancient Church of the East]] (since 1964)
*[[List of Patriarchs of the Ancient Church of the East|Catholicos-Patriarchs of the Ancient Church of the East]] (since 1964)

⚫
=== Manichaeism ===
⚫
The term patriarch has also been used for the leader of the extinct, dualist, heretical [[Manichaeism|Manichaeist]] sect, initially based at [[Ctesiphon]] (near modern-day [[Baghdad]]) and later at [[Samarkand]].


== Other Christian denominations ==
== Other Christian denominations ==
Line 326: Line 295:


;Independent Catholic
;Independent Catholic
⚫
*The Patriarch of the [[Catholic Apostolic Church of Antioch]].<ref>When a woman was elected head of this Church, she was styled [[Matriarch]]. {{cite web|url=http://www.churchofantioch.org/coa/index.php?option%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D29%26Itemid%3D45 |title=The Catholic Apostolic Church of Antioch - Directory of Administration |access-date=2010-03-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705133253/http://www.churchofantioch.org/coa/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=29&Itemid=45 |archive-date=2010-07-05 }}</ref>
⚫
*The Patriarch Juan Almario E.M. Calampiano of the [[Apostolic Catholic Church (Philippines)|Apostolic Catholic Church]] in the [[Philippines]].
*The Patriarch of the [[Brazilian Catholic Apostolic Church]] in [[Brazil]] (Not officially used, but described in a similarly holy level).
*The Patriarch of the [[Brazilian Catholic Apostolic Church]] in [[Brazil]] (Not officially used, but described in a similarly holy level).
*Patriarch Dr. +John Paul Hozvicka "Servant of Christ Jesus of the Catholic Faith" United States
*The Patriarch of the [[Venezuelan Catholic Apostolic Church]] in [[Venezuela]].
*The Patriarch of the [[Venezuelan Catholic Apostolic Church]] in [[Venezuela]].
⚫
*The Patriarch of the [[Catholic Apostolic Church of Antioch]].<ref>When a woman was elected head of this Church, she was styled [[Matriarch]]. {{cite web|url=http://www.churchofantioch.org/coa/index.php?option%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D29%26Itemid%3D45 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2010-03-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705133253/http://www.churchofantioch.org/coa/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=29&Itemid=45 |archive-date=2010-07-05 }}</ref>
⚫
*The Patriarch of the [[Apostolic Catholic Church (Philippines)|Apostolic Catholic Church]], in the [[Philippines]].


;Independent Eastern Catholic
;Independent Eastern Catholic
Line 345: Line 315:
;Latter Day Saint movement
;Latter Day Saint movement
{{Main|Patriarch (Latter Day Saints)}}
{{Main|Patriarch (Latter Day Saints)}}
In the [[Latter Day Saint movement]], a [[Patriarch (Latter Day Saints)|patriarch]] is one who has been ordained to the office of patriarch in the [[Melchizedek priesthood (Latter Day Saints)|Melchizedek priesthood]]. The term is considered synonymous with the term [[Evangelist (Latter Day Saints)|evangelist]], a term favored by the [[Community of Christ]]. In [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]], one of the patriarch's primary responsibilities is to give [[patriarchal blessing]]s, as Jacob did to his twelve sons according to the Old Testament. Patriarchs are typically assigned in each [[Stake (Mormonism)|stake]] and possess the title for life.
In the [[Latter Day Saint movement]], a [[Patriarch (Latter Day Saints)|patriarch]] is one who has been ordained to the office of patriarch in the [[Melchizedek priesthood (Latter Day Saints)|Melchizedek priesthood]]. The term is considered synonymous with the term [[Evangelist (Latter Day Saints)|evangelist]], a term favored by the [[Community of Christ]]. In [[the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]], one of the patriarch's primary responsibilities is to give [[patriarchal blessing]]s, as Jacob did to his twelve sons according to the Old Testament. Patriarchs are typically assigned in each [[Stake (Mormonism)|stake]] and possess the title for life.

⚫
==Manichaeism ==
⚫
The term patriarch has also been used for the leader of the extinct [[Manichaeism|Manichaean]] religion, initially based at [[Ctesiphon]] (near modern-day [[Baghdad]]) and later at [[Samarkand]].



==See also==
==See also==
Line 358: Line 332:
* [[Major archbishop]]
* [[Major archbishop]]
* [[List of Metropolitans and Patriarchs of Moscow]]
* [[List of Metropolitans and Patriarchs of Moscow]]
* [[Rishama]] in Mandaeism


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 01:04, 22 June 2024

This article is about the title in Christianity. For other uses, see Patriarch (disambiguation).
Part of a series on the
Eastern Orthodox Church
Christ Pantocrator (Deesis mosaic detail)
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Overview
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Autocephalous Churches who are officially part of the communion:

Autocephaly recognized by some autocephalous Churches de jure:

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Spiritual independence recognized by Georgian Orthodox Church:


Autonomous jurisdictions

Semi-Autonomous:

Episcopal assemblies
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  • Other possible ecumenical councils:
  • Other important councils:
History
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  • The four fasting periods:
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Part of a series on the
Hierarchy of the
Catholic Church
Saint Peter
Saint Peter
Ecclesiastical titles (order of precedence)
Liturgical titles
Administrative and pastoral titles
Consecrated and professed titles
Additional titles
Organization titles

The highest-ranking bishops in Eastern Orthodoxy, Oriental Orthodoxy, the Catholic Church (above major archbishop and primate), the Hussite Church, Church of the East, and some Independent Catholic Churches are termed patriarchs (and in certain cases also popes – such as the Pope of Rome or Pope of Alexandria, and catholicoi – such as Catholicos Karekin II, and Baselios Thomas I Catholicos of the East).[1]

The word is derived from Greek πατριάρχης (patriarchēs),[2] meaning "chief or father of a family",[3] a compound of πατριά (patria),[4] meaning "family", and ἄρχειν (archein),[5] meaning "to rule".[3][6][7][8]

Originally, a patriarch was a man who exercised autocratic authority as a pater familias over an extended family.[9] The system of such rule of families by senior males is termed patriarchy. Historically, a patriarch has often been the logical choice to act as ethnarch of the community identified with his religious confession within a state or empire of a different creed (such as Christians within the Ottoman Empire). The term developed an ecclesiastical meaning within Christianity. The office and the ecclesiastical circumscription of a Christian patriarch is termed a patriarchate.

Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob are referred to as the three patriarchs of the people of Israel, and the period during which they lived is termed the Patriarchal Age. The word patriarch originally acquired its religious meaning in the Septuagint version of the Bible.[10]

Catholic Church

[edit]
Catholic Patriarchal (non cardinal) coat of arms

Patriarchs

[edit]
Map of Justinian's Pentarchy
Patriarch of Alexandria Ibrahim Isaac Sidrak wearing a distinctive clothing of a patriarch

In the Catholic Church, the bishop who is head of a particular autonomous church, known in canon law as a church sui iuris, is ordinarily a patriarch, though this responsibility can be entrusted to a major archbishop, metropolitan, or other prelate for a number of reasons.[11]

Since the Council of Nicaea, the bishop of Rome has been recognized as the first among patriarchs.[12] That council designated three bishops with this 'supra-Metropolitan' title: Rome, Alexandria, and Antioch. In the Pentarchy formulated by Justinian I (527–565), the emperor assigned as a patriarchate to the Bishop of Rome the whole of Christianized Europe (including almost all of modern Greece), except for the region of Thrace, the areas near Constantinople, and along the coast of the Black Sea. He included in this patriarchate also the western part of North Africa. The jurisdictions of the other patriarchates extended over Roman Asia, and the rest of Africa. Justinian's system was given formal ecclesiastical recognition by the Quinisext Council of 692, which the see of Rome has, however, not recognized.

There were at the time bishops of other apostolic sees that operated with patriarchal authority beyond the borders of the Roman Empire, such as the Catholicos of Selucia-Ctesephon.

Today, the patriarchal heads of Catholic autonomous churches are:[13]

Four more of the Eastern Catholic Churches are headed by a prelate known as a "Major Archbishop,"[15] a title essentially equivalent to that of Patriarch and originally created by Pope Paul VI in 1963 for Josyf Slipyj.[16]

Minor Latin patriarchates

[edit]

Minor patriarchs do not have jurisdiction over other metropolitan bishops. The title is granted purely as an honour for various historical reasons. They take precedence after the heads of autonomous churches in full communion, whether pope, patriarch, or major archbishop.

Historical Latin patriarchates

[edit]

Patriarch as title ad personam

[edit]

The pope can confer the rank of patriarch without any see, upon an individual archbishop, as happened on 24 February 1676 to Alessandro Crescenzi, of the Somascans, former Latin Titular Patriarch of Alexandria (19 January 1671 – retired 27 May 1675), who nevertheless resigned the title on 9 January 1682.

"Patriarch of the West"

[edit]
Main article: Patriarch of the West

In theological and other scholarly literature of the Early Modern period, the title "Patriarch of the West" (Latin: Patriarcha Occidentis; Greek: Πατριάρχης τῆς Δύσεως) was mainly used as designation for the jurisdiction of the Bishop of Rome over the Latin Church in the West.

The title was not included in the 2006 Annuario Pontificio. On 22 March 2006, the Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity offered an explanation for the decision to remove the title. It stated that the title "Patriarch of the West" had become "obsolete and practically unusable" when the term the West comprises Australia, New Zealand and North America in addition to Western Europe, and that it was "pointless to insist on maintaining it" given that, since the Second Vatican Council, the Latin Church, for which "the West" is an equivalent, has been organized as a number of episcopal conferences and their international groupings.[17] The title was reintroduced in the 2024 edition of Annuario Pontificio. No explanation was provided for its reintroduction.[18]

As the "Patriarch of the West", the pope issues the Code of Canon Law for the Latin Church. During the Synod of Bishops on the Middle East in 2009, Pope Benedict XVI appeared, as patriarch of the Latin Church, with the other patriarchs, but without the Latin patriarch of Jerusalem, though he was present at the same synod.[19]

Current and historical Catholic patriarchates

[edit]
Current and historical Catholic patriarchates
Type Church Patriarchate Patriarch
Patriarchs
of autonomous
particular churches 		Latin Rome Pope Francis
Coptic Alexandria Ibrahim Isaac Sidrak
Syrian Antioch Ignatius Joseph III Younan
Maronite Antioch Bechara Boutros al-Rahi
Greek-Melkite Antioch Youssef Absi
Armenian Cilicia Raphaël Bedros XXI Minassian
Chaldean Baghdad Louis Raphaël I Sako
Titular
Latin Church
patriarchs 		Latin Aquileia suppressed in 1751
Latin Grado suppressed in 1451
Latin Jerusalem Pierbattista Pizzaballa
Latin Lisbon Rui Valério
Latin Venice Francesco Moraglia
Latin Alexandria suppressed in 1964
Latin Antioch suppressed in 1964
Latin Constantinople suppressed in 1964
Latin East Indies Filipe Neri Ferrão
Latin West Indies vacant since 1963

Eastern Christianity

[edit]

Eastern Orthodox

[edit]
Main article: Eastern Orthodox
The five ancient Patriarchates, the Pentarchy
Title Church Recognition / Additional notes
Patriarch of Rome the Pope of Rome Originally "primus inter pares" according to Eastern Orthodoxy, recognized in 325 by First Council of Nicaea. Currently not an Episcopal or Patriarchal authority in the Eastern Orthodox Church, following the Great Schism in 1054.
Patriarch of Constantinople the chief of the Orthodox Church of Constantinople The "primus inter pares" of post-Schism Eastern Orthodoxy, recognized in 451 by Council of Chalcedon.[20]
Patriarch of Alexandria the Pope of All Africa and the chief of the Greek Orthodox Church of Alexandria Recognized in 325 by First Council of Nicaea.
Patriarch of Antioch the head of the Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch and All the East in the Near East Recognized in 325 by First Council of Nicaea.
Patriarch of Jerusalem the chief of the Eastern Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem in Israel, Palestine, Jordan and All Arabia Recognized in 451 by Council of Chalcedon.
  • The five junior Patriarchates created after the consolidation of the Pentarchy, in chronological order of their recognition as Patriarchates by the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople:
The five junior Patriarchates created after the consolidation of the Pentarchy
Title Church Recognition / Additional notes
Patriarch of All Bulgaria the chief of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church in Bulgaria Recognized as a Patriarchate in 918-919/927[21]
Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia the chief of the Georgian Orthodox Church in Georgia Recognized as a Catholicate (Patriarchate) in 1008[22]
Serbian Patriarch the chief of the Serbian Orthodox Church in Serbia (and the former Yugoslavia) Recognized as a Patriarchate in 1375[23]
Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia the chief of the Russian Orthodox Church in Russia Recognized as a Patriarchate in 1593[24][25]
Patriarch of All Romania the chief of the Romanian Orthodox Church in Romania Recognized as a Patriarchate in 1925[26]

Patriarchs outside the Eastern Orthodox Communion

[edit]
Patriarchs outside the Eastern Orthodox Communion
Title Church
Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia The chief of the Russian Old-Orthodox Church.
The Patriarch of Kyiv and All Rus-Ukraine The chief of the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church Canonical.
Patriarch of the Autocephalous Turkish Orthodox Patriarchate

Oriental Orthodox Churches

[edit]
Main article: Oriental Orthodoxy
Oriental Orthodox leaders
Church Title Authority Additional notes
Coptic Orthodox Church Pope of Alexandria and Patriarch of All Africa The chief of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria in Egypt and All Africa
Ethiopian Orthodox Church Archbishop of Axum and Patriarch Catholicos of All Ethiopia Chief of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church in Ethiopia
Eritrean Orthodox Church Archbishop of Asmara and Patriarch of All Eritrea Chief of the Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church in Eritrea
Syriac Orthodox Church Patriarch of Antioch Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch Supreme Leader of the Universal Syriac Orthodox Church.
Catholicos of India Maphrian, the second highest ecclesiastical authority in the Syriac Orthodox Church The local head of the Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Church
Indian Orthodox Church Catholicos of the East. Holds the additional title of Malankara Metropolitan The supreme leader of the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church
Armenian Orthodox Church Catholicos of Etchmiadzin, Armenia and of All Armenians Supreme leader of the Armenian Apostolic Church Supreme Patriarch of the Armenian Apostolic Church
Catholicos of Cilicia Chief of the Armenian Apostolic Church of the Great House of Cilicia Chief of Diasporan Armenians of the Armenian Apostolic Church. Headquartered in Antelias, Lebanon
---Armenian Patriarch of Constantinople Chief of the Armenians in Turkey.
---Armenian Patriarch of Jerusalem and of Holy Zion Chief of Armenians in Jerusalem, Israel, Palestine, Jordan and the Persian Gulf

Church of the East

[edit]
Main articles: Nestorianism, List of Patriarchs of the Church of the East, and Catholicos of the East (disambiguation)

Catholicose of the East is the title that has been held by the ecclesiastical heads of the Church of the East, the Grand Metropolitan of Seleucia-Ctesiphon, since AD. 280.

It refers to Patriarchs of the Church of the East, primate (Catholicos-Patriarch) of the Church of the East now divided into:

Other Christian denominations

[edit]

The title of "Patriarch" is assumed also by the leaders of certain Christian denominations, who are seldom in communion with none of the historic Christian Churches. Many, but not necessarily all such patriarchs are church leaders of the following Churches:

Hussite
Independent Catholic
Independent Eastern Catholic
Independent Eastern Orthodox
Independent Oriental Orthodox
Protestant
Latter Day Saint movement
Main article: Patriarch (Latter Day Saints)

In the Latter Day Saint movement, a patriarch is one who has been ordained to the office of patriarch in the Melchizedek priesthood. The term is considered synonymous with the term evangelist, a term favored by the Community of Christ. In the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, one of the patriarch's primary responsibilities is to give patriarchal blessings, as Jacob did to his twelve sons according to the Old Testament. Patriarchs are typically assigned in each stake and possess the title for life.

Manichaeism

[edit]

The term patriarch has also been used for the leader of the extinct Manichaean religion, initially based at Ctesiphon (near modern-day Baghdad) and later at Samarkand.


See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Hill, Don (7 November 2001). "Czech Republic: Hussite Church History Mirrors That Of Nation". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Retrieved 8 May 2021.
  2. ^ πατριάρχης, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus
  3. ^ a b Online Etymological Dictionary: "patriarch"
  4. ^ πατριά, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus
  5. ^ ἄρχω, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus
  6. ^ Merriam-Webster: "patriarch"
  7. ^ American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: "patriarch"
  8. ^ Oxford Dictionaries: "patriarch"
  9. ^ "The Roman Empire: in the First Century. The Roman Empire. Life In Roman Times. Family Life". PBS. Retrieved 8 May 2021.
  10. ^ Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Patriarch" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  11. ^ Code of Canons of Eastern Churches. 1990. pp. 58–59.
  12. ^ "DOCUMENTS FROM THE FIRST COUNCIL OF NICEA". History Sourcebooks Project. Fordham university. Retrieved 30 September 2017.
  13. ^ "Patriarchs". GCCatholic.org. Retrieved 30 September 2017.
  14. ^ Maloney, G.A. (2002). New Catholic Encyclopedia (Revised ed.). Gale. pp. 15 vols. ISBN 978-0787640040.
  15. ^ Code of Canons of Eastern Churches. Catholic Church. 1990. pp. 151–154.
  16. ^ "CCEO: text - IntraText CT". Intratext.com. 4 May 2007. Retrieved 28 February 2011.
  17. ^ "Communiqué on title 'Patriarch of the West'". Zenit. 22 March 2006. Retrieved 20 December 2017.
  18. ^ "Why is Pope Francis embracing the patriarchy (of the West)?". The Pillar. 10 April 2024. Retrieved 18 April 2024.
  19. ^ "Meeting of the Eastern Catholic Patriarchs and Major Archbishops with Pope Benedict XVI". Society of St. John Chrysostom. 20 September 2009. Retrieved 30 September 2017.
  20. ^ "Правило 28 - IV Вселенский Собор – Халкидонский (451г.) - Церковное право". azbyka.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 2023-10-02.
  21. ^ Catholic Near East Welfare Association, a Papal agency for humanitarian and pastoral assistance Archived 2009-01-15 at the Wayback Machine (ID: 20).
  22. ^ Catholic Near East Welfare Association, a Papal agency for humanitarian and pastoral support Archived 2009-01-15 at the Wayback Machine (ID: 21).
  23. ^ Catholic Near East Welfare Association, a Papal agency for humanitarian and pastoral assistance Archived 2009-01-15 at the Wayback Machine (ID: 18).
  24. ^ Catholic Near East Welfare Association, a Papal agency for humanitarian and pastoral assistance Archived 2009-01-15 at the Wayback Machine (ID: 17).
  25. ^ "КОНСТАНТИНОПОЛЬСКИЙ СОБОР 1593 - Древо". drevo-info.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 2023-10-02.
  26. ^ Catholic Near East Welfare Association, a Papal agency for humanitarian and pastoral assistance Archived 2009-01-15 at the Wayback Machine (ID: 19).
  27. ^ When a woman was elected head of this Church, she was styled Matriarch. "The Catholic Apostolic Church of Antioch - Directory of Administration". Archived from the original on 2010-07-05. Retrieved 2010-03-18.

Further reading

[edit]
[edit]
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