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{{Short description|Armed conflict in Sonora and Arizona}}
{{Infobox historical event
{{Infobox military conflict
|Event_Name = Yaqui Uprising
| conflict = Yaqui Uprising
|Image_Name = Uprising of Yaqui Indians Remington 1896.jpg
|Imagesize = 300px
| partof = [[Yaqui Wars]]
| image = [[File:Uprising of Yaqui Indians Remington 1896.jpg|300px]]
|Image_Alt =
|Image_Caption = "''Uprising of the Yaqui Indians - Yaqui Warriors in Retreat," by [[Frederic Remington]].''
| alt =
| caption = ''Uprising of the Yaqui Indians - Yaqui Warriors in Retreat'', by [[Frederic Remington]].
| date = August 12–14, 1896
|Participants =
|Location = [[Nogales, Sonora|Nogales]], [[Sonora]]<br>[[Nogales, Arizona|Nogales]], [[Arizona]]
| place = [[Nogales, Sonora|Nogales]], [[Sonora]]<br>[[Nogales, Arizona|Nogales]], [[Arizona]]
| result = Mexican–American victory<br>Uprising suppressed
|Date = 1896
| combatant1 = {{flagdeco|Mexico|1893}} [[Porfiriato|Mexico]]<br>{{flag|United States|1896}}
|Result = Uprising suppressed<br>~3 killed
| combatant2 = {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Pascua Yaqui Tribe of Arizona.svg}} [[Yaqui people|Yaqui]]<br>Mexican Revolutionaries
| commander1 = {{flagdeco|Mexico|1893}} [[Manuel Mascarena]]<br>{{flagdeco|Mexico|1893}} [[Emilio Kosterlitzky]]<br>{{flagdeco|United States|1896}} [[Frank Wheaton]]
| commander2 = [[Teresa Urrea]]<br>[[Lauro Aguirre]]<br>[[Tomas Urrea]]
| casualties3 = ~3 killed
}}
}}
{{Campaignbox Mexican-American wars}}
{{Campaignbox Yaqui Wars}}
{{Campaignbox Yaqui Wars}}
{{Campaignbox American Indian Wars (1898–1918)}}
{{Campaignbox American Indian Wars (1898–1918)}}
{{Campaignbox Indian wars and conflicts of Arizona}}


The '''Yaqui Uprising''', or the '''Nogales Uprising''', was an [[armed conflict]] that took place in the [[Mexico|Mexican]] state of [[Sonora]] and the [[United States|American]] state of [[Arizona]]. In February 1896 the Mexican [[revolutionary]] [[Lauro Aguirre]] drafted a [[Plans in Mexican history|plan]] to overthrow the government of [[President of Mexico|President]] [[Porfirio Diaz]]. Aguirre's cause appealed to the local [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|native Americans]], such as the [[Yaqui people|Yaqui]], who organized an expedition to capture the [[customs house]] in [[Nogales, Sonora|Nogales]], Sonora on August 12. During the battle that followed, several people were killed or wounded and the rebels were forced to retreat, ending the conflict after one encounter. It was also notable for being one of the final episodes of the [[American Indian Wars]], due to the involvement of an American [[militia]], from the adjacent town of [[Nogales, Arizona|Nogales]], Arizona, and [[Buffalo Soldiers]], who participated in an inconclusive pursuit of the hostiles.<ref>Johnson, pg. 664-665</ref>
The '''Yaqui Uprising''', also called the '''Nogales Uprising''', was an [[armed conflict]] that took place in the [[Mexico|Mexican]] state of [[Sonora]] and the [[United States|American]] state of [[Arizona]] over several days in August 1896. In February, the Mexican [[revolutionary]] [[Lauro Aguirre]] drafted a [[Plans in Mexican history|plan]] to overthrow the government of [[President of Mexico|President]] [[Porfirio Díaz]]. Aguirre's cause appealed to the local [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]], such as the [[Yaqui people|Yaqui]], who organized an expedition to capture the [[customs house]] in the border town of [[Nogales, Sonora|Nogales]] on August 12.
During the battle that followed, several people were killed or wounded and the rebels were ultimately forced to retreat, ending the conflict after one encounter. It is notable for being one of the final episodes of the [[American Indian Wars]], and for having involved simultaneous participation from American militia and [[Buffalo Soldiers]], Mexican infantry, and local police, all of whom participated in an inconclusive pursuit of the hostiles.<ref name=autogenerated5>Johnson, pg. 664-665</ref>

==Background==
The conflict stemmed from resistance to dictator Porfirio Díaz and his "anti-agrarian and anti-indigenous Mexican policies". It was propagated by the fact that the [[Mexican Army]] and the Yaquis had been fighting a largely uninterrupted war against one another for several decades prior to 1896. The war forced many of the natives to flee north into the U.S. state of Arizona, where they settled around [[Tucson, Arizona|Tucson]] and [[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix]], occasionally recrossing the border to fight the Mexican soldiers. Díaz was known for censoring his critics in the media, which created unrest among the civilian population of Mexico and in the United States.

At the town of [[Solomonville, Arizona|Solomonville]], in southern Arizona, journalist Lauro Aguirre and Flores Chapa established the anti-Díaz newspaper ''El Independiente'', and on February 5, 1896, they wrote the ''Plan Restaurador de Constitucion y Reformista''. The plan claimed that Díaz had violated the [[Constitution of 1857]] in multiple ways and was mistreating native Mexicans, particularly by deporting them to the [[Yucatán]]. It also proposed free elections and the use of force to overthrow the Díaz regime. The Yaqui and the [[Pima people|Pima]] were long-time enemies of Mexico, so Aguirre had no trouble in recruiting local natives to support his cause.


==Uprising==
==Uprising==
The conflict began as result of the [[dictator]] Porfirio Diaz and his "''anti-agrarian and anti-indigenous Mexican policies''". Also, the [[Mexican Army]] and the Yaquis had been fighting an almost constant war against each other for several decades prior to 1896. The wars forced many of the natives to flee north into the American state of Arizona where they settled around [[Tucson, Arizona|Tucson]] and [[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix]], occasionally recrossing the border to fight the Mexican soldiers. Diaz was known for censoring critics in the media, which created unrest amongst the civilian population of Mexico and in the United States. At the town of [[Solomonville, Arizona|Solomonville]], in southern Arizona, the [[journalist]] Lauro Aguirre and Flores Chapa established the anti-Diaz [[newspaper]] "''El Independiente''" and on February 5, 1896, they wrote the "''Plan Restaurador de Constitucion y Reformista''". The plan claimed that Diaz had violated the [[Constitution of 1857]] in multiple ways and was mistreating native Mexicans, particularly by deporting them to the [[Yucatan]]. It also proposed free elections and the use of force to overthrow the Diaz regime. The Yaquis and the Pimas were long time enemies of Mexico so Aguirre had no trouble in recruiting local natives to help in the fight. In March 1896, the United States government arrested Aguirre and Chapa, because the Mexican consul accused them of conspiring to reenter Mexico and engage in revolutionary actions, but both of the men were acquitted in federal court after the American consul's investigation concluded that they were innocent of any wrongdoing. However, the plan was signed by twenty-three people, including Aguirre, and one other man believed to be Tomas Urrea, the father of the revolutionary [[Teresa Urrea]]. Because Tomas Urrea had close relations with many of the people involved in the uprising, Teresa Urrea was suspected of being the mastermind. There were at least seventy Yaquis, Pimas and Mexicans who participated in the raid. Many were employees of the [[Southern Pacific Railroad]]. They called themselves ''"Teresasitas''" and their goal was to "''capture the arms, ammunition, and money in the Mexican custom-house at Nogales.''"<ref>Garcia, pg. 173-176</ref><ref>Ruiz, pg. 97-117</ref><ref>http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fur04</ref><ref>Johnson, pg. 664-665</ref><ref>Garza, pg. 40-41</ref>
In March 1896, the United States government arrested Aguirre and Chapa because the Mexican consul accused them of conspiring to re-enter Mexico and engage in revolutionary actions, but both of the men were acquitted in federal court after the American consul's investigation concluded that they were innocent of any wrongdoing. However, the plan was signed by twenty-three people, including Aguirre, and one other man believed to be Tomas Urrea, the father of the revolutionary [[Teresa Urrea]]. Because Tomas Urrea had close relations with many of the people involved in the uprising, Teresa Urrea was suspected of being the mastermind. Sixty to seventy Yaqui, Pima and Mexican revolutionaries, many of them employees of the [[Southern Pacific Railroad]], united in a rebel band calling themselves "Teresitas" to participate in a raid, with the goal being to "capture the arms, ammunition, and money in the Mexican custom-house at Nogales."<ref name=autogenerated5 /><ref name=autogenerated2>Garcia, pg. 173-176</ref><ref name=autogenerated1>Ruiz, pg. 97-117</ref><ref name=autogenerated3>[http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fur04 URREA, TERESA | The Handbook of Texas Online| Texas State Historical Association (TSHA)<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref name=autogenerated4>Garza, pg. 40-41</ref>

Nogales, Sonora, and Nogales, Arizona are immediately opposite each other on the [[U.S.–Mexico border]], so on August 12, when the Teresitas attacked, the Mexican [[consulate]], Manuel Mascarena, requested aid from the Americans in or around the American Nogales. A militia was hastily assembled on the Arizona side of the border and sent in to help rout the rebels during the battle. On the next day [[Brigadier General]] [[Frank Wheaton]] dispatched elements of the [[24th Infantry Regiment|24th Infantry]]. At least three men were killed in the fighting and several others were wounded, but other sources claim that seven Mexicans died while the Teresitas lost about the same amount. When the rebels retreated they were pursued by a [[Posse comitatus (common law)|posse]] of Sonoran policemen. The police eventually caught up with the Teresitas later that day and fought another skirmish which left the Mexican commander dead. On the day after that, a large force of Mexican Army troops, under the command of [[Colonel]] [[Emilio Kosterlitzky]], joined in the pursuit while two companies of the 24th Infantry conducted their own separate operations. Both of the pursuing parties failed to catch up with the rebels, a portion of whom dispersed to their homes in southern Arizona. After that there was no further conflict, and the successful defense of Nogales was effective in suppressing the uprising.


==Aftermath==
Nogales, Sonora, and Nogales, Arizona abut one another so on August 12, when the Teresasitas attacked, the Mexican [[consulate]], Manuel Mascarena, requested aid from the Americans in or around Nogales, Arizona. A militia was hastily assembled on the Arizona side of the border and sent in to help rout the rebels during the battle and on the next day [[Brigadier General]] [[Frank Wheaton]] dispatched elements of the [[24th Infantry Regiment|24th Infantry]]. At least three men were killed in the fighting and several others were wounded but other sources claim that seven Mexicans died while the Teresasitas lost about the same amount. When the rebels retreated they were pursued by a [[Posse comitatus (common law)|posse]] of Sonoran [[policemen]]. The police eventually caught up with the Teresasitas later that day and fought another skirmish which left the Mexican commander dead. On the ay after that, a large force of Mexican Army troops, under the command of [[Colonel]] [[Emilio Kosterlitzky]], joined in the pursuit while two companies of the 24th Infantry conducted their own separate operations. Both of the pursuing parties failed to catch up with the rebels, a portion of whom dispersed to their homes in southern Arizona. After that there was no further conflict, the successful defense of Nogales was effective in suppressing the uprising. Aguirre continued to print and circulate news critical of the Diaz regime but in 1902 he was forced to leave his home in Mexico due the belief that Diaz was trying to kidnap him. Aguirre continued writing in the United States and he later attempted to take over the city of [[Ciudad Juarez]] but this plot was foiled. On September 11, 1896, Teresa Urrea publicly denounced having had anything to do with the uprising, but Porfirio Diaz held her responsible so he pressured the American government into moving Urrea from [[El Paso, Texas|El Paso]], [[Texas]] to [[Clifton, Arizona|Clifton]], Arizona, away from the volatile border region.<ref>Garcia, pg. 173-176</ref><ref>Ruiz, pg. 97-117</ref><ref>http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fur04</ref><ref>Johnson, pg. 664-665</ref><ref>Garza, pg. 40-41</ref><ref>http://net.lib.byu.edu/~rdh7/wwi/comment/huachuca/HI1-01.htm</ref>
Aguirre continued to print and circulate news critical of the Díaz regime but in 1902 he was forced to leave his home in Mexico out of fear that Díaz was trying to kidnap him. Aguirre continued writing in the United States and later attempted to take over the city of [[Ciudad Juárez]], but this plot was foiled. On September 11, 1896, Teresa Urrea publicly denied having had anything to do with the uprising, but Porfirio Díaz held her responsible so he pressured the American government into moving Urrea from [[El Paso, Texas]] to [[Clifton, Arizona]], away from the volatile border region.<ref name=autogenerated5 /><ref name=autogenerated2 /><ref name=autogenerated1 /><ref name=autogenerated3 /><ref name=autogenerated4 /><ref>[http://net.lib.byu.edu/~rdh7/wwi/comment/huachuca/HI1-01.htm Huachuca Illustrated, vol 1, 1993: Fort Huachuca: The Traditional Home of the Buffalo Soldier<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
*[[Yaqui Wars]]
*[[Yaqui Wars]]
*[[Texas Band of Yaqui Indians]]
*[[Garza Revolution]]
*[[Garza Revolution]]
*[[Battle of Nogales]]
*[[Battle of Nogales (1913)]]
*[[Battle of Nogales (1915)]]
*[[Battle of Ambos Nogales]]
*[[Battle of Ambos Nogales]]
*[[Crawford Affair]]
*[[Crawford Affair]]
Line 30: Line 47:


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


*{{cite book|last=Garcia|first=Mario T.|coauthors=|title=Desert Immigrants: The Mexicans of El Paso, 1880-1920|series=|url=|year=1981|location=|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=0300025203}}
*{{cite book|last=Garcia|first=Mario T.|title=Desert Immigrants: The Mexicans of El Paso, 1880-1920|year=1981|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=0-300-02520-3}}
*{{cite book|last=Ruiz|first=Vicki|coauthors=Virginia Sánchez Korrol|title=Latina legacies: identity, biography, and community|series=|url=|year=2005|location=|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0195153995}}
*{{cite book|last=Ruiz|first=Vicki|author2=Virginia Sánchez Korrol |title=Latina legacies: identity, biography, and community|year=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-515399-5}}
*{{cite book|last=Johnson|first=Alfred S.|coauthors=Clarence A. Bickford|title=The Cyclopedic review of current history, Volume 6|series=|url=|year=1896|location=|publisher=Garretson, Cox & Co|isbn=}}
*{{cite book|last=Johnson|first=Alfred S.|author2=Clarence A. Bickford |title=The Cyclopedic review of current history, Volume 6|year=1896|publisher=Garretson, Cox & Co}}
*{{cite book|last=Garza|first=Hedda|coauthors=|title=Latinas: Hispanic women in the United States |series=|url=|year=1994|location=|publisher=University of New Mexico Press|isbn=082632360X}}
*{{cite book|last=Garza|first=Hedda|title=Latinas: Hispanic women in the United States |year=1994|publisher=University of New Mexico Press|isbn=0-8263-2360-X}}


{{Buffalo Soldiers}}
{{Buffalo Soldiers}}
{{Authority control}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Yaqui Uprising}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Yaqui Uprising}}
[[Category:History of Mexico]]
[[Category:19th-century military history of the United States]]
[[Category:History of Arizona]]
[[Category:American frontier]]
[[Category:Military history of the United States]]
[[Category:American Old West]]
[[Category:Wars involving Mexico]]
[[Category:Wars involving Mexico]]
[[Category:Wars involving the United States]]
[[Category:Wars involving the United States]]
Line 51: Line 67:
[[Category:Battles involving the Yaqui]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Yaqui]]
[[Category:1896 in Mexico]]
[[Category:1896 in Mexico]]
[[Category:1896 in the United States]]
[[Category:1896 in Arizona Territory]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1896]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1896]]
[[Category:Arizona folklore]]
[[Category:Arizona folklore]]

Latest revision as of 19:57, 21 June 2024

Yaqui Uprising
Part of Yaqui Wars

Uprising of the Yaqui Indians - Yaqui Warriors in Retreat, by Frederic Remington.
DateAugust 12–14, 1896
Location
Result Mexican–American victory
Uprising suppressed
Belligerents
Mexico
 United States
Yaqui
Mexican Revolutionaries
Commanders and leaders
Manuel Mascarena
Emilio Kosterlitzky
Frank Wheaton
Teresa Urrea
Lauro Aguirre
Tomas Urrea
Casualties and losses
~3 killed

The Yaqui Uprising, also called the Nogales Uprising, was an armed conflict that took place in the Mexican state of Sonora and the American state of Arizona over several days in August 1896. In February, the Mexican revolutionary Lauro Aguirre drafted a plan to overthrow the government of President Porfirio Díaz. Aguirre's cause appealed to the local Native Americans, such as the Yaqui, who organized an expedition to capture the customs house in the border town of Nogales on August 12.

During the battle that followed, several people were killed or wounded and the rebels were ultimately forced to retreat, ending the conflict after one encounter. It is notable for being one of the final episodes of the American Indian Wars, and for having involved simultaneous participation from American militia and Buffalo Soldiers, Mexican infantry, and local police, all of whom participated in an inconclusive pursuit of the hostiles.[1]

Background

[edit]

The conflict stemmed from resistance to dictator Porfirio Díaz and his "anti-agrarian and anti-indigenous Mexican policies". It was propagated by the fact that the Mexican Army and the Yaquis had been fighting a largely uninterrupted war against one another for several decades prior to 1896. The war forced many of the natives to flee north into the U.S. state of Arizona, where they settled around Tucson and Phoenix, occasionally recrossing the border to fight the Mexican soldiers. Díaz was known for censoring his critics in the media, which created unrest among the civilian population of Mexico and in the United States.

At the town of Solomonville, in southern Arizona, journalist Lauro Aguirre and Flores Chapa established the anti-Díaz newspaper El Independiente, and on February 5, 1896, they wrote the Plan Restaurador de Constitucion y Reformista. The plan claimed that Díaz had violated the Constitution of 1857 in multiple ways and was mistreating native Mexicans, particularly by deporting them to the Yucatán. It also proposed free elections and the use of force to overthrow the Díaz regime. The Yaqui and the Pima were long-time enemies of Mexico, so Aguirre had no trouble in recruiting local natives to support his cause.

Uprising

[edit]

In March 1896, the United States government arrested Aguirre and Chapa because the Mexican consul accused them of conspiring to re-enter Mexico and engage in revolutionary actions, but both of the men were acquitted in federal court after the American consul's investigation concluded that they were innocent of any wrongdoing. However, the plan was signed by twenty-three people, including Aguirre, and one other man believed to be Tomas Urrea, the father of the revolutionary Teresa Urrea. Because Tomas Urrea had close relations with many of the people involved in the uprising, Teresa Urrea was suspected of being the mastermind. Sixty to seventy Yaqui, Pima and Mexican revolutionaries, many of them employees of the Southern Pacific Railroad, united in a rebel band calling themselves "Teresitas" to participate in a raid, with the goal being to "capture the arms, ammunition, and money in the Mexican custom-house at Nogales."[1][2][3][4][5]

Nogales, Sonora, and Nogales, Arizona are immediately opposite each other on the U.S.–Mexico border, so on August 12, when the Teresitas attacked, the Mexican consulate, Manuel Mascarena, requested aid from the Americans in or around the American Nogales. A militia was hastily assembled on the Arizona side of the border and sent in to help rout the rebels during the battle. On the next day Brigadier General Frank Wheaton dispatched elements of the 24th Infantry. At least three men were killed in the fighting and several others were wounded, but other sources claim that seven Mexicans died while the Teresitas lost about the same amount. When the rebels retreated they were pursued by a posse of Sonoran policemen. The police eventually caught up with the Teresitas later that day and fought another skirmish which left the Mexican commander dead. On the day after that, a large force of Mexican Army troops, under the command of Colonel Emilio Kosterlitzky, joined in the pursuit while two companies of the 24th Infantry conducted their own separate operations. Both of the pursuing parties failed to catch up with the rebels, a portion of whom dispersed to their homes in southern Arizona. After that there was no further conflict, and the successful defense of Nogales was effective in suppressing the uprising.

Aftermath

[edit]

Aguirre continued to print and circulate news critical of the Díaz regime but in 1902 he was forced to leave his home in Mexico out of fear that Díaz was trying to kidnap him. Aguirre continued writing in the United States and later attempted to take over the city of Ciudad Juárez, but this plot was foiled. On September 11, 1896, Teresa Urrea publicly denied having had anything to do with the uprising, but Porfirio Díaz held her responsible so he pressured the American government into moving Urrea from El Paso, Texas to Clifton, Arizona, away from the volatile border region.[1][2][3][4][5][6]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  • Garcia, Mario T. (1981). Desert Immigrants: The Mexicans of El Paso, 1880-1920. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-02520-3.
  • Ruiz, Vicki; Virginia Sánchez Korrol (2005). Latina legacies: identity, biography, and community. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-515399-5.
  • Johnson, Alfred S.; Clarence A. Bickford (1896). The Cyclopedic review of current history, Volume 6. Garretson, Cox & Co.
  • Garza, Hedda (1994). Latinas: Hispanic women in the United States. University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 0-8263-2360-X.