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{{Short description|Syrian general and politician (1922-1972)}}
{{Infobox Officeholder
{{Infobox officeholder
⚫
|name = Muhammad Umran<br>محمد عمران
|image = Muhammad Umran.png
| name = Muhammad Umran
⚫
| image = Muhammad Umran.png
|caption =
|imagesize = 200px
| caption =
|order = [[Ministry of Defense (Syria)|Minister of Defence]]
| imagesize = 200px
| order = 10th [[Ministry of Defense (Syria)|Minister of Defence]]
|term_start = 1 September 1965
| term_start = 1 September 1965
|term_end = 14 February 1966
| term_end = 14 February 1966
|predecessor = [[Hamad Ubayd]]
| predecessor = [[Hamad Ubayd]]
|successor = [[Hafez al-Assad]]
| successor = [[Hafez al-Assad]]
⚫
| office4 = Member of the [[Regional Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Regional Command]] of the [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Syrian Regional Branch]]
|term_start1 = 2 May 1963
| term_start4 = 1 February 1964
|term_end1 = 1965
⚫
| term_end4 = 4 April 1965
|predecessor1 = [[Mohammad al-Sufi]]
|successor1 = [[Hamad Ubayd]]
| office5 = [[Vice President of Syria]]
⚫
| term_start5 = 8 March 1963
⚫
|office4 = Member of the [[Regional Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Regional Command]] of the [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Syrian Regional Branch]]
|term_start4 = 1 February 1964
| term_end5 = 15 December 1964
| successor5 = [[Nureddin al-Atassi]]
⚫
|term_end4 = 4 April 1965
|office5 = [[Vice President of Syria]]
| birth_date = 1922
⚫
| birth_place = [[al-Mukharram]], [[French Mandate of Syria]]
⚫
|term_start5 = 8 March 1963
⚫
| death_date = {{death date and age|1972|3|4|1922}}
|term_end5 = 15 December 1964
⚫
| death_place = [[Tripoli, Lebanon]]
|birth_date = 1922
⚫
| party = [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Ba'ath Party]]
⚫
|birth_place = [[al-Mukharram]], [[French Mandate of Syria]]
| rank = [[File:Syria-Liwa.jpg|30px]] [[Major General]]
⚫
|death_date = {{death date and age|1972|3|4|1922}}
⚫
| serviceyears = 1942–1966
⚫
|death_place = [[Tripoli]], [[Lebanon]]
| native_name_lang = ar
|religion = [[Alawite]]
| native_name = {{Lang|ar|{{Script/Arabic|محمد عمران}}|rtl=yes}}
⚫
|party = [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Syrian Regional Branch]] of the [[Ba'ath Party|Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party]]
|rank = [[File:Syria-Liwa.jpg|30px]] [[Major General]]
| battles = [[First Arab-Israeli War]]
⚫
|serviceyears = 1942–1966
}}
}}


[[Lieutenant Colonel]] '''Muhammad Umran''' ({{lang-ar|محمد عمران}}; 1922–4 March 1972) was a founding member of the Military Committee of the [[Ba'ath Party|unitary Ba'ath Party]], and a leading personality in Syrian politics from the [[8th of March Revolution]] until the [[1966 Syrian coup d'état]].
[[Major General]] '''Muhammad Umran''' ({{lang-ar|محمد عمران}}; 1922 – 4 March 1972) was a Syrian general and a founding member of the Military Committee of the [[Ba'ath Party|unitary Ba'ath Party]]. He was a leading personality in Syrian politics from the [[1963 Syrian coup d'état]] until the [[1966 Syrian coup d'état|1966 coup d'état]].


==Life and career==
==Biography==
Umran was born in 1922 into an Alawi smallholder family which belonged to the [[Khayyatin]] tribe. He hailed from the village of [[al-Mukharram]], a village situated in the mountains east of [[Homs]]. Umran served in the [[Syrian Army]] during the [[1948 Arab–Israeli War]], and became active in politics following the military's forceful intervention in Syrian politics during the 1940s and 1950s. He played a small role under the aegis of [[Akram al-Hawrani]] in the 1954 uprising against [[Adib Shishakli]]'s rule.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=62}}
Umran was born in 1922 into an [[Alawites|Alawite]] [[smallholding|smallholder]] family which belonged to the [[Khayyatin]] tribe. He hailed from [[al-Mukharram]], a village situated in the mountains east of [[Homs]]. He studied at the [[Homs Military Academy]] and joined the Ba'ath Party in 1947.{{sfn|Moubayed|2006|p=346}} Umran served in the [[Syrian Army]] during the [[1948 Arab–Israeli War]], and became active in politics following the military's forceful intervention in Syrian politics during the 1940s and 1950s. He played a small role under the aegis of [[Akram al-Hawrani]] in the [[1954 Syrian coup d'état|1954 uprising]] against [[Adib Shishakli]]'s rule.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=62}}


He was one of the five founding members of the Military Committee, the other founding members were [[Hafez al-Assad]], [[Salah Jadid]], [[Ahmad al-Mir]] and [[Abd al-Karim al-Jundi]], but acted as the committee's leading mind.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=62}} Umran was the committee's chairman until the [[8th of March Revolution]] in 1963, and was the oldest committee member.{{sfn|Moubayed|2006|p=346}} In the beginning, the Military Committee's goal was to rebuild the Ba'ath Party, which had been dissolved on the orders of [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] when the [[United Arab Republic]] was founded, and establish a new party leadership.{{sfn|Seale|1990|pp=63–64}} During the UAR years, Umran and Jadid travelled the country and established contact with former party comrades, but without mentioning the existence of the Military Committee.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=64–65}} In the immediate aftermath of the UAR's dissolution, Umran contacted the other members of the Military Committee, and asked about the possibility of launching a coup to reestablish the union. He had outlined the political climate in Syria, and compared the strength of the Ba'ath Party against other political opponents – he reached the conclusion that a coup could be successful.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=80}}
He was one of the five founding members of the Military Committee, the other founding members were [[Hafez al-Assad]], [[Salah Jadid]], [[Ahmad al-Mir]] and [[Abd al-Karim al-Jundi]], but acted as the committee's leading mind.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=62}} Umran was the committee's chairman until the [[8th of March Revolution]] in 1963, and was the oldest committee member.{{sfn|Moubayed|2006|p=346}} In the beginning, the Military Committee's goal was to rebuild the Ba'ath Party, which had been dissolved on the orders of [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] when the [[United Arab Republic]] was founded, and establish a new party leadership.{{sfn|Seale|1990|pp=63–64}} During the UAR years, Umran and Jadid travelled the country and established contact with former party comrades, but without mentioning the existence of the Military Committee.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=64–65}} In the immediate aftermath of the UAR's dissolution, Umran contacted the other members of the Military Committee, and asked about the possibility of launching a coup to reestablish the union. He had outlined the political climate in Syria, and compared the strength of the Ba'ath Party against other political opponents – he reached the conclusion that a coup could be successful.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=80}}
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Umran was a delegate at the 5th National Congress of the Ba'ath Party, and told [[Michel Aflaq]] of the Military Committee's intentions – Aflaq consented to a military coup to take power, but no agreement was made between him and the Military Committee on how to share power after seizing power.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=75}} Following the 8th of March Revolution in 1963 which brought the [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Syrian Regional Branch]] of the Ba'ath Party to power in Syria, Umran was first given the command of the [[5th Brigade (Syria)|5th Brigade]] in Homs, but was promoted in June to become commander of the [[70th Armoured Brigade (Syria)|70th Armoured Brigade]].{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=79}} Umran was appointed Deputy Prime Minister in the [[Salah al-Din al-Bitar]]'s cabinet, the first Ba'athist government in Syrian history.{{sfn|Moubayed|2006|pp=346–347}}
Umran was a delegate at the 5th National Congress of the Ba'ath Party, and told [[Michel Aflaq]] of the Military Committee's intentions – Aflaq consented to a military coup to take power, but no agreement was made between him and the Military Committee on how to share power after seizing power.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=75}} Following the 8th of March Revolution in 1963 which brought the [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Syrian Regional Branch]] of the Ba'ath Party to power in Syria, Umran was first given the command of the [[5th Brigade (Syria)|5th Brigade]] in Homs, but was promoted in June to become commander of the [[70th Armoured Brigade (Syria)|70th Armoured Brigade]].{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=79}} Umran was appointed Deputy Prime Minister in the [[Salah al-Din al-Bitar]]'s cabinet, the first Ba'athist government in Syrian history.{{sfn|Moubayed|2006|pp=346–347}}


After taking power, Umran became a member of the [[National Council for the Revolutionary Command]] (NCRC), the leading decision-making organ.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=78}} The organ was controlled more-or-less by the Military Committee and the Ba'ath Party's military wing, and important decisions were made without the collaboration of their civilian colleagues. After complaints from the civilian wing, Umran gave the civilian wing (represented by Aflaq, al-Bitar and [[Mansur al-Atrash]] among others) a faint idea of what the military leadership was up to.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=78}}
After taking power, Umran became a member of the [[National Council for the Revolutionary Command]] (NCRC), the leading decision-making organ.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=78}} The organ was controlled more-or-less by the Military Committee and the Ba'ath Party's military wing, and important decisions were made without the collaboration of their civilian colleagues. After complaints from the civilian wing, Umran gave the civilian wing (represented by Aflaq, al-Bitar and [[Mansur al-Atrash]] among others) a faint idea of what the military leadership was up to.{{sfn|Seale|1990|p=78}} Due to his allegiance to the civilian wing, he was stripped of his military title by the Military Committee and was appointed an ambassador in [[Spain]], as a form of exile for dissidents.{{sfn|Moubayed|2006|p=347}}


Umran was ousted from his position during the [[1966 Syrian coup d'état]] by his former Military Committee comrades and was subsequently jailed in [[Mezzeh Prison]]. He was released following the 1967 [[Six-Day War]] with Israel, which ended in the latter's occupation of Syria's [[Golan Heights]]. Following his release, he fled to [[Lebanon]].<ref name="HRW">Paul, James A. (1990). [https://books.google.com/books?id=N-xjxWYWnlwC&pg=PA140 Human Rights in Syria]. ''[[Human Rights Watch]]''. p. 40.</ref>
Umran was ousted from his position during the [[1966 Syrian coup d'état]] by his former Military Committee comrades and was subsequently jailed in [[Mezzeh Prison]]. He was released following the 1967 [[Six-Day War]] with Israel, which ended in the latter's occupation of Syria's [[Golan Heights]]. Following his release, he fled to [[Lebanon]].<ref name="HRW">Paul, James A. (1990). [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_N-xjxWYWnlwC/page/n143 <!-- pg=140 --> Human Rights in Syria]. ''[[Human Rights Watch]]''. p. 40.</ref>


==Death==
==Death==
Umran was shot and killed outside of his home in [[Tripoli, Lebanon]] on 4 March 1972.<ref name="Dam2017">{{cite book|author=Nikolaos Van Dam|title=Destroying a Nation: The Civil War in Syria|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MARsDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT49|date=30 July 2017|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-1-78672-248-5|pages=49–}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1972/03/05/archives/exiled-syrian-aide-is-slain-in-lebanon.html |title=Exiled Syrian aide is slain in Lebanon |website=The New York Times |date=5 March 1972 |access-date=2 June 2023 |archive-date=2 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180402110512/https://www.nytimes.com/1972/03/05/archives/exiled-syrian-aide-is-slain-in-lebanon.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
Umran was assassinated in [[Tripoli, Lebanon]] on 14 March 1972.<ref name="HRW"/>


==References==
==References==


===Citations===
===Citations===
{{reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}


===Bibliography===
===Bibliography===
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* {{cite book | author = Anderson, Bette Signe | title = Nationalist Voices in Jordan: The Street and the State | ref = CITEREFAnderson2005 | publisher = [[University of Texas Press]] | year = 2005 | isbn = 978-0-292-70625-5}}
* {{cite book | author = Anderson, Bette Signe | title = Nationalist Voices in Jordan: The Street and the State | ref = CITEREFAnderson2005 | publisher = [[University of Texas Press]] | year = 2005 | isbn = 978-0-292-70625-5}}
* {{cite book | author = Ginat, Rami | title = Egypt's Incomplete Revolution: Lutfi al-Khuli and Nasser's Socialism in the 1960s | ref = CITEREFGinat1997 | publisher = [[Routledge]] | year = 1998 | isbn = 978-0714647388 }}
* {{cite book | author = Ginat, Rami | title = Egypt's Incomplete Revolution: Lutfi al-Khuli and Nasser's Socialism in the 1960s | ref = CITEREFGinat1997 | publisher = [[Routledge]] | year = 1998 | isbn = 978-0714647388 }}
* {{cite book | author = Makiya, Kanan | title = Republic of Fear: The Politics of Modern Iraq | ref = CITEREFMakiya1998 | publisher = [[University of California Press]] | year = 1998 | isbn = 978-0520214392 }}
* {{cite book | author = Makiya, Kanan | title = Republic of Fear: The Politics of Modern Iraq | ref = CITEREFMakiya1998 | publisher = [[University of California Press]] | year = 1998 | isbn = 978-0520214392 | url = https://archive.org/details/republicoffearpo00maki }}
* {{cite book | author = Moubayed, Sami M. | ref = CITEREFMoubayed2006 | title = Steel & Silk: Men and Women who shaped Syria 1900–2000 | publisher = Cune Press | year = 2006 | isbn = 978-1885942418 }}
* {{cite book | author = Moubayed, Sami M. | author-link = Sami Moubayed | ref = CITEREFMoubayed2006 | title = Steel & Silk: Men and Women who shaped Syria 1900–2000 | publisher = Cune Press | year = 2006 | isbn = 978-1885942418 }}
* {{cite book | author = Rejwan, Nissom | ref = CITEREFRejwan2008 | title = Arabs in the Mirror: Images and Self-Images from Pre-Islamic to Modern Times | publisher = [[University of Texas Press]] | year = 2008 | edition = 1st | isbn = 978-0292717282 }}
* {{cite book | author = Rejwan, Nissom | ref = CITEREFRejwan2008 | title = Arabs in the Mirror: Images and Self-Images from Pre-Islamic to Modern Times | publisher = [[University of Texas Press]] | year = 2008 | edition = 1st | isbn = 978-0292717282 }}
* {{cite book | author = [[Patrick Seale|Seale, Patrick]] | ref = CITEREFSeale1990 | title = Asad of Syria: The Struggle for the Middle East | publisher = [[University of California Press]] | year = 1990 | isbn = 978-0520069763 }}
* {{cite book | author = Seale, Patrick | author-link = Patrick Seale | ref = CITEREFSeale1990 | title = Asad of Syria: The Struggle for the Middle East | publisher = [[University of California Press]] | year = 1990 | isbn = 978-0520069763 | url = https://archive.org/details/asadofsyriastrug00seal }}
{{Refend}}
{{Refend}}


{{SyriaDefenseMins}}
{{SyriaDefenseMins}}
{{Ba'ath Party}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Umran, Muhammad}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Umran, Muhammad}}
[[Category:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region politicians]]
[[Category:Members of the Regional Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region]]
[[Category:1922 births]]
[[Category:1922 births]]
[[Category:Syrian ministers of defense]]
[[Category:Syrian ministers of defense]]
[[Category:Vice Presidents of Syria]]
[[Category:Vice presidents of Syria]]
[[Category:1972 deaths]]
[[Category:1972 deaths]]
[[Category:Syrian Arab nationalists]]
[[Category:Syrian Arab nationalists]]
[[Category:Syrian Alawites]]
[[Category:Syrian Alawites]]
[[Category:Assassinated Syrian politicians]]
[[Category:Asian politicians assassinated in the 1970s]]
[[Category:Politicians assassinated in 1972]]

Revision as of 19:17, 21 June 2024

Muhammad Umran
محمد عمران‎
10th Minister of Defence
In office
1 September 1965 – 14 February 1966
Preceded byHamad Ubayd
Succeeded byHafez al-Assad
Member of the Regional Command of the Syrian Regional Branch
In office
1 February 1964 – 4 April 1965
Vice President of Syria
In office
8 March 1963 – 15 December 1964
Succeeded byNureddin al-Atassi
Personal details
Born1922
al-Mukharram, French Mandate of Syria
DiedMarch 4, 1972(1972-03-04) (aged 49–50)
Tripoli, Lebanon
Political partyBa'ath Party
Military service
Years of service1942–1966
Rank Major General
Battles/warsFirst Arab-Israeli War

Major General Muhammad Umran (Arabic: محمد عمران; 1922 – 4 March 1972) was a Syrian general and a founding member of the Military Committee of the unitary Ba'ath Party. He was a leading personality in Syrian politics from the 1963 Syrian coup d'état until the 1966 coup d'état.

Biography

Umran was born in 1922 into an Alawite smallholder family which belonged to the Khayyatin tribe. He hailed from al-Mukharram, a village situated in the mountains east of Homs. He studied at the Homs Military Academy and joined the Ba'ath Party in 1947.[1] Umran served in the Syrian Army during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, and became active in politics following the military's forceful intervention in Syrian politics during the 1940s and 1950s. He played a small role under the aegis of Akram al-Hawrani in the 1954 uprising against Adib Shishakli's rule.[2]

He was one of the five founding members of the Military Committee, the other founding members were Hafez al-Assad, Salah Jadid, Ahmad al-Mir and Abd al-Karim al-Jundi, but acted as the committee's leading mind.[2] Umran was the committee's chairman until the 8th of March Revolution in 1963, and was the oldest committee member.[1] In the beginning, the Military Committee's goal was to rebuild the Ba'ath Party, which had been dissolved on the orders of Gamal Abdel Nasser when the United Arab Republic was founded, and establish a new party leadership.[3] During the UAR years, Umran and Jadid travelled the country and established contact with former party comrades, but without mentioning the existence of the Military Committee.[4] In the immediate aftermath of the UAR's dissolution, Umran contacted the other members of the Military Committee, and asked about the possibility of launching a coup to reestablish the union. He had outlined the political climate in Syria, and compared the strength of the Ba'ath Party against other political opponents – he reached the conclusion that a coup could be successful.[5]

Umran was a delegate at the 5th National Congress of the Ba'ath Party, and told Michel Aflaq of the Military Committee's intentions – Aflaq consented to a military coup to take power, but no agreement was made between him and the Military Committee on how to share power after seizing power.[6] Following the 8th of March Revolution in 1963 which brought the Syrian Regional Branch of the Ba'ath Party to power in Syria, Umran was first given the command of the 5th Brigade in Homs, but was promoted in June to become commander of the 70th Armoured Brigade.[7] Umran was appointed Deputy Prime Minister in the Salah al-Din al-Bitar's cabinet, the first Ba'athist government in Syrian history.[8]

After taking power, Umran became a member of the National Council for the Revolutionary Command (NCRC), the leading decision-making organ.[9] The organ was controlled more-or-less by the Military Committee and the Ba'ath Party's military wing, and important decisions were made without the collaboration of their civilian colleagues. After complaints from the civilian wing, Umran gave the civilian wing (represented by Aflaq, al-Bitar and Mansur al-Atrash among others) a faint idea of what the military leadership was up to.[9] Due to his allegiance to the civilian wing, he was stripped of his military title by the Military Committee and was appointed an ambassador in Spain, as a form of exile for dissidents.[10]

Umran was ousted from his position during the 1966 Syrian coup d'état by his former Military Committee comrades and was subsequently jailed in Mezzeh Prison. He was released following the 1967 Six-Day War with Israel, which ended in the latter's occupation of Syria's Golan Heights. Following his release, he fled to Lebanon.[11]

Death

Umran was shot and killed outside of his home in Tripoli, Lebanon on 4 March 1972.[12][13]

References

Citations

  1. ^ a b Moubayed 2006, p. 346.
  2. ^ a b Seale 1990, p. 62.
  3. ^ Seale 1990, pp. 63–64.
  4. ^ Seale 1990, p. 64–65.
  5. ^ Seale 1990, p. 80.
  6. ^ Seale 1990, p. 75.
  7. ^ Seale 1990, p. 79.
  8. ^ Moubayed 2006, pp. 346–347.
  9. ^ a b Seale 1990, p. 78.
  10. ^ Moubayed 2006, p. 347.
  11. ^ Paul, James A. (1990). Human Rights in Syria. Human Rights Watch. p. 40.
  12. ^ Nikolaos Van Dam (30 July 2017). Destroying a Nation: The Civil War in Syria. I.B.Tauris. pp. 49–. ISBN 978-1-78672-248-5.
  13. ^ "Exiled Syrian aide is slain in Lebanon". The New York Times. 5 March 1972. Archived from the original on 2 April 2018. Retrieved 2 June 2023.

Bibliography

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