Precision-guided munition: Difference between revisions
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[[File: |
[[File:First laser-guided bomb dropped on Taliban in Farah, Afghanistan (22 March 2018).webm|thumb|An Afghan Air Force [[GBU-58]] guided bomb strikes a [[Taliban]] compound in [[Farah Province]], [[Islamic Republic of Afghanistan|Afghanistan]] on March 22, 2018.]] |
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A '''precision-guided munition''' ('''PGM''', '''smart weapon''', '''smart munition''', '''smart bomb''' |
A '''precision-guided munition''' ('''PGM'''), also called a '''smart weapon''', '''smart munition''', or '''smart bomb''', is a guided [[Ammunition|munition]] intended to hit a specific target, to minimize [[collateral damage]] and increase [[lethality]] against intended targets.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/smart/docs/paper53.htm|title=Precision guided munitions and the new era of warfare|last=Hallion|first=Richard|year=1995|publisher=Air Power Studies Centre, Royal Australian Air Force|access-date=2009-02-02}}</ref> During the Persian Gulf War guided munitions accounted for only 9% of weapons fired, but accounted for 75% of all successful hits. Despite guided weapons generally being used on more difficult targets, they were still 35 times more likely to destroy their targets per weapon dropped.<ref name="washingtonpost.com">{{cite news| url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/magazine/2002/12/15/bursts-of-brilliance/0c06b132-2d70-41e6-882e-5c4ece8f5fcf/| title = Bursts of Brilliance - The Washington Post| newspaper = [[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> |
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Because the damage effects of [[explosive weapon]]s decrease with distance due to an inverse cube law, even modest improvements in accuracy (hence reduction in miss distance) enable a target to be attacked with fewer or smaller bombs. Thus, even if some [[guided bomb]]s miss, fewer air crews are put at risk and the harm to civilians and the amount of collateral damage may be reduced.{{efn|name= rusi|1= "During Russia’s participation in the Syrian Civil War, only one of its aircraft, the Su-34 fighter-bomber, regularly used precision-guided munitions, Bronk explained, and even that aircraft often used unguided bombs and rockets.".<ref name= bronk>David Roza [https://taskandpurpose.com/news/how-big-is-the-russian-air-force/ (3 Mar 2022) Where is the Russian Air Force? Experts break down why they might be hiding] "It is clear to us that Russia is losing aircraft and helicopters at a damaging rate." —Justin Bronk, RUSI</ref>}}{{efn |name= gerasimovKilled |1= Connectivity to [[GLONASS]] may be a factor in the lack of Russian PGM availability,<ref name= grozev /> and the use of 3G/4G cell towers for Russian encrypted communications (Era) |
Because the damage effects of [[explosive weapon]]s decrease with distance due to an inverse cube law, even modest improvements in accuracy (hence reduction in miss distance) enable a target to be attacked with fewer or smaller bombs. Thus, even if some [[guided bomb]]s miss, fewer air crews are put at risk and the harm to civilians and the amount of collateral damage may be reduced.{{efn|name= rusi|1= "During Russia’s participation in the Syrian Civil War, only one of its aircraft, the Su-34 fighter-bomber, regularly used precision-guided munitions, Bronk explained, and even that aircraft often used unguided bombs and rockets.".<ref name= bronk>David Roza [https://taskandpurpose.com/news/how-big-is-the-russian-air-force/ (3 Mar 2022) Where is the Russian Air Force? Experts break down why they might be hiding] "It is clear to us that Russia is losing aircraft and helicopters at a damaging rate." —Justin Bronk, RUSI</ref>}}{{efn |name= gerasimovKilled |1= Connectivity to [[GLONASS]] may be a factor in the lack of Russian PGM availability,<ref name= grozev /> and the use of 3G/4G cell towers for Russian encrypted communications (Era) |
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<ref name= 3g4gNeededForRussianERA >Rob Waugh (8 |
<ref name= 3g4gNeededForRussianERA >Rob Waugh (8 March 2022) [https://www.yahoo.com/news/russian-military-being-hacked-after-its-own-soldiers-destroy-3-g-internet-towers-104303881.html 'Idiots': Russian military phone calls hacked after own soldiers destroy 3G towers] 3G/4G Towers Needed For Russian encrypted communications (Era)</ref> during the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]]. This weakness was unearthed during the use of open communication ("Russian commanders are sometimes piggybacking on Ukrainian cell phone networks to communicate")<ref name= "Russian troops taking Ukraine sim cards" >MEHUL SRIVASTAVA, MADHUMITA MURGIA, AND HANNAH MURPHY, FT (3/9/2022, 8:33 AM) [https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2022/03/the-secret-us-mission-to-bolster-ukraines-cyber-defences-ahead-of-russias-invasion/ The secret US mission to bolster Ukraine’s cyber defences ahead of Russia’s invasion ] European official: "instead of communicating solely through encrypted military-grade phones, Russian commanders are sometimes piggybacking on Ukrainian cell phone networks to communicate, at times simply by using their Russian cell phones. |
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'The Ukrainians love it—there is so much data in simply watching these phones, whether or not they are using encrypted apps,' he said. |
'The Ukrainians love it—there is so much data in simply watching these phones, whether or not they are using encrypted apps,' he said. |
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The Ukrainians then block Russian phones from their local networks at key moments, further jamming their communications. 'Then you suddenly see Russian soldiers grabbing cell phones off Ukrainians on the street, raiding repair shops for sims,' he said. 'This is not sophisticated stuff. It’s quite puzzling."</ref> when FSB was discussing the deaths of their generals: Vitaly Gerasimov, killed 7 Mar 2022;<ref name= pichetaGuy >Rob Picheta and Jack Guy, CNN [https://www.cnn.com/2022/03/08/europe/russian-general-killed-ukraine-kharkiv-intl/index.html (8 Mar 2022) Ukraine claims Russian general has been killed in Kharkiv]</ref> [[Andrei Sukhovetsky]], killed 28 Feb 2022.<ref name= cunningham >Doug Cunningham [https://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2022/03/03/ukraine-russia-invasion-chechen-magomed-tushayev-killed/9981646322278/ (3 Mar 2022) Ukraine forces say Chechen commander Magomed Tushayev killed near Kyiv]</ref><ref name= grozev >Jamie Ross, who cites Christo Grozev of Bellingcat: (Tue, March 8, 2022, 5:32 AM) [https://www.yahoo.com/news/russian-officer-complains-dead-general-113255353.html (7 March 2022) Russian Officer Complains About Dead General and Comms Meltdown in Intercepted Call] FSB ([[Federal Security Service]], successor agency to the KGB) officers discuss Gerasimov's death amid the destruction of 3G/4G cell towers in Ukraine, and the loss of Russian encrypted communications (Era), which compromised the FSB officer's sim-card-enabled phone call.</ref> }} |
The Ukrainians then block Russian phones from their local networks at key moments, further jamming their communications. 'Then you suddenly see Russian soldiers grabbing cell phones off Ukrainians on the street, raiding repair shops for sims,' he said. 'This is not sophisticated stuff. It’s quite puzzling."</ref> when FSB was discussing the deaths of their generals: Vitaly Gerasimov, killed 7 Mar 2022;<ref name= pichetaGuy >Rob Picheta and Jack Guy, CNN [https://www.cnn.com/2022/03/08/europe/russian-general-killed-ukraine-kharkiv-intl/index.html (8 Mar 2022) Ukraine claims Russian general has been killed in Kharkiv]</ref> [[Andrei Sukhovetsky]], killed 28 Feb 2022.<ref name= cunningham >Doug Cunningham [https://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2022/03/03/ukraine-russia-invasion-chechen-magomed-tushayev-killed/9981646322278/ (3 Mar 2022) Ukraine forces say Chechen commander Magomed Tushayev killed near Kyiv]</ref><ref name= grozev >Jamie Ross, who cites Christo Grozev of Bellingcat: (Tue, March 8, 2022, 5:32 AM) [https://www.yahoo.com/news/russian-officer-complains-dead-general-113255353.html (7 March 2022) Russian Officer Complains About Dead General and Comms Meltdown in Intercepted Call] FSB ([[Federal Security Service]], successor agency to the KGB) officers discuss Gerasimov's death amid the destruction of 3G/4G cell towers in Ukraine, and the loss of Russian encrypted communications (Era), which compromised the FSB officer's sim-card-enabled phone call.</ref> }} |
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The advent of precision-guided munitions resulted in the renaming of older, low-technology |
The advent of precision-guided munitions resulted in the renaming of older, low-technology bombs as "[[unguided bomb]]s", "dumb bombs", or "iron bombs". |
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==Types== |
==Types== |
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{{Main| |
{{Main|Missile guidance}} |
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[[File:Image-GBU-24 Missile testmontage-gi BLU-109 bomb.jpg|thumb|right|A laser-guided [[GBU-24]] ([[BLU-109]] warhead variant) strikes its target]] |
[[File:Image-GBU-24 Missile testmontage-gi BLU-109 bomb.jpg|thumb|right|A laser-guided [[GBU-24]] ([[BLU-109]] warhead variant) strikes its target]] |
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Recognizing the difficulty of hitting moving ships during the [[Spanish Civil War]],<ref>Fitzsimons, Bernard, editor. ''The Illustrated Encyclopedia of 20th Century Weapons and Warfare'' (London: Phoebus, 1978), Volume 10, p.1037, "Fritz-X".</ref> the Germans were first to develop steerable munitions, using [[radio control]] or wire guidance. The U.S. tested [[television|TV]]-guided ([[GB-4]]),<ref>Fitzsimons, ''op. cit.'', Volume 10, p.1101, "GB-4".</ref> [[semi-active radar]]-guided ([[Bat (guided bomb)|Bat]]), and [[infrared]]-guided ([[VB-6 Felix|Felix]]) weapons. |
Recognizing the difficulty of hitting moving ships during the [[Spanish Civil War]],<ref>Fitzsimons, Bernard, editor. ''The Illustrated Encyclopedia of 20th Century Weapons and Warfare'' (London: Phoebus, 1978), Volume 10, p.1037, "Fritz-X".</ref> the Germans were first to develop steerable munitions, using [[radio control]] or wire guidance. The U.S. tested [[television|TV]]-guided ([[GB-4]]),<ref>Fitzsimons, ''op. cit.'', Volume 10, p.1101, "GB-4".</ref> [[semi-active radar]]-guided ([[Bat (guided bomb)|Bat]]), and [[infrared]]-guided ([[VB-6 Felix|Felix]]) weapons. |
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===Inertial-guided |
===Inertial-guided=== |
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The [[CBU-107 Passive Attack Weapon]] is an air-dropped [[guided bomb]] containing metal penetrator rods of various sizes. It was designed to attack targets where an explosive effect may be undesirable, such as [[fuel]] [[storage tank]]s or [[chemical weapon]] [[stockpile]]s<ref name="defensetech30aug13">[http://defensetech.org/2013/08/30/air-force-developed-bombs-capable-of-destroying-syrias-chemical-weapons/ Air Force Developed Bombs Capable of Destroying Syria’s Chemical Weapons] - Defensetech.org, 30 August 2013</ref> in [[civilian]] areas.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/munitions/cbu-107.htm|title=CBU-107 Passive Attack Weapon (WCMD)|website=www.globalsecurity.org}}</ref> |
The [[CBU-107 Passive Attack Weapon]] is an air-dropped [[guided bomb]] containing metal penetrator rods of various sizes. It was designed to attack targets where an explosive effect may be undesirable, such as [[fuel]] [[storage tank]]s or [[chemical weapon]] [[stockpile]]s<ref name="defensetech30aug13">[http://defensetech.org/2013/08/30/air-force-developed-bombs-capable-of-destroying-syrias-chemical-weapons/ Air Force Developed Bombs Capable of Destroying Syria’s Chemical Weapons] - Defensetech.org, 30 August 2013</ref> in [[civilian]] areas.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/munitions/cbu-107.htm|title=CBU-107 Passive Attack Weapon (WCMD)|website=www.globalsecurity.org}}</ref> |
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===Radio-controlled |
===Radio-controlled=== |
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{{Main| |
{{Main|Command guidance}} |
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The Germans were first to introduce PGMs in combat, with [[KG 100]] deploying the {{convert|1400|kg|lb|abbr=on|order=flip|adj=on}} [[MCLOS]]-guidance [[Fritz X]] armored [[glide bomb]], guided by the [[Kehl-Strasbourg radio control link|''Kehl-Straßburg'' radio guidance system]], to successfully attack the Italian [[battleship]] [[Italian battleship Roma (1940)|''Roma'']] in 1943,<ref>{{cite book |last=Fioravanzo |first=Giuseppe |title=La Marina italiana nella seconda guerra mondiale – Volume XV – La Marina dall'8 settembre 1943 alla fine del conflitto |trans-title=The Italian Navy in the Second World War – Volume XV – The Navy from 8 September 1943 to the End of the Conflict |language=it |location=Rome |year=1971 |publisher=Italian Navy Historical Branch |pages=8–34}}</ref> and the similarly ''Kehl-Straßburg'' MCLOS-guided [[Henschel Hs 293]] rocket-boosted glide bomb (also in use since 1943, but only against lightly armored or unarmored ship targets). |
The Germans were first to introduce PGMs in combat, with [[KG 100]] deploying the {{convert|1400|kg|lb|abbr=on|order=flip|adj=on}} [[MCLOS]]-guidance [[Fritz X]] armored [[glide bomb]], guided by the [[Kehl-Strasbourg radio control link|''Kehl-Straßburg'' radio guidance system]], to successfully attack the Italian [[battleship]] [[Italian battleship Roma (1940)|''Roma'']] in 1943,<ref>{{cite book |last=Fioravanzo |first=Giuseppe |title=La Marina italiana nella seconda guerra mondiale – Volume XV – La Marina dall'8 settembre 1943 alla fine del conflitto |trans-title=The Italian Navy in the Second World War – Volume XV – The Navy from 8 September 1943 to the End of the Conflict |language=it |location=Rome |year=1971 |publisher=Italian Navy Historical Branch |pages=8–34}}</ref> and the similarly ''Kehl-Straßburg'' MCLOS-guided [[Henschel Hs 293]] rocket-boosted glide bomb (also in use since 1943, but only against lightly armored or unarmored ship targets). |
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The closest [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] equivalents, both unpowered designs, were the {{convert|1000|lb|kg|abbr=on|adj=on}} VB-1 [[AZON]] (from "AZimuth ONly" control), used in both Europe and the [[China Burma India Theater|CBI theater]], and the [[United States Navy|US Navy]]'s [[Bat (guided bomb)|Bat]], primarily used in the Pacific Theater of World War II — the Navy's Bat was more advanced than either German PGM ordnance design or the USAAF's VB-1 AZON, in that it had its own on board, [[active radar homing|autonomous radar seeker system]] to direct it to a target. In addition, the U.S. tested the rocket-propelled [[LBD-1 Gargoyle|Gargoyle]], which never entered service.<ref>Fitzsimons, ''op. cit.'', Volume 10, p. 1090, "Gargoyle".</ref> Japanese PGMs—with the exception of the [[anti-ship missile|anti-ship]] air-launched, rocket-powered, human-piloted [[Yokosuka MXY-7 Ohka]], "Kamikaze" flying bomb did not see combat in World War II.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Martin Caidin |title=Japanese Guided Missiles in World War II |journal=Journal of Jet Propulsion|volume=26 |issue=8 | date=1956 |pages=691–694 | doi= 10.2514/8.7117}}</ref> |
The closest [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] equivalents, both unpowered designs, were the {{convert|1000|lb|kg|abbr=on|adj=on}} VB-1 [[AZON]] (from "AZimuth ONly" control), used in both Europe and the [[China Burma India Theater|CBI theater]], and the [[United States Navy|US Navy]]'s [[Bat (guided bomb)|Bat]], primarily used in the Pacific Theater of World War II — the Navy's Bat was more advanced than either German PGM ordnance design or the USAAF's VB-1 AZON, in that it had its own on board, [[active radar homing|autonomous radar seeker system]] to direct it to a target. In addition, the U.S. tested the rocket-propelled [[LBD-1 Gargoyle|Gargoyle]], which never entered service.<ref>Fitzsimons, ''op. cit.'', Volume 10, p. 1090, "Gargoyle".</ref> Japanese PGMs—with the exception of the [[anti-ship missile|anti-ship]] air-launched, rocket-powered, human-piloted [[Yokosuka MXY-7 Ohka]], "Kamikaze" flying bomb did not see combat in World War II.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Martin Caidin |title=Japanese Guided Missiles in World War II |journal=Journal of Jet Propulsion|volume=26 |issue=8 | date=1956 |pages=691–694 | doi= 10.2514/8.7117}}</ref> |
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Prior to the war, the British experimented with radio-controlled remotely guided planes laden with |
Prior to the war, the British experimented with radio-controlled remotely guided planes laden with explosives, such as [[Larynx (unmanned aircraft)|Larynx]]. The [[United States Army Air Forces]] used similar techniques with [[Operation Aphrodite]], but had few successes; the German [[Mistel]] (Mistletoe) "[[parasite aircraft]]" was no more effective, guided by the human pilot flying the single-engined fighter mounted above the unmanned, explosive-laden twin-engined "flying bomb" below it, released in the ''Mistel's'' attack dive from the fighter. |
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The U.S. programs restarted in the [[Korean War]]. In the 1960s, the ''electro-optical bomb'' (or ''camera bomb'') was reintroduced. They were equipped with [[television camera]]s and flare sights, by which the bomb would be steered until the flare superimposed the target. The camera bombs transmitted a "bomb's eye view" of the target back to a controlling aircraft. An operator in this aircraft then transmitted control signals to steerable fins fitted to the bomb. Such weapons were used increasingly by the [[USAF]] in the last few years of the [[Vietnam War]] because the political climate was increasingly intolerant of civilian casualties, and because it was possible to strike difficult targets (such as bridges) effectively with a single mission; the [[Thanh Hoa Bridge]], for instance, was attacked repeatedly with iron bombs, to no effect, only to be dropped in one mission with PGMs. |
The U.S. programs restarted in the [[Korean War]]. In the 1960s, the ''electro-optical bomb'' (or ''camera bomb'') was reintroduced. They were equipped with [[television camera]]s and flare sights, by which the bomb would be steered until the flare superimposed the target. The camera bombs transmitted a "bomb's eye view" of the target back to a controlling aircraft. An operator in this aircraft then transmitted control signals to steerable fins fitted to the bomb. Such weapons were used increasingly by the [[USAF]] in the last few years of the [[Vietnam War]] because the political climate was increasingly intolerant of civilian casualties, and because it was possible to strike difficult targets (such as bridges) effectively with a single mission; the [[Thanh Hoa Bridge]], for instance, was attacked repeatedly with iron bombs, to no effect, only to be dropped in one mission with PGMs. |
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Although not as popular as the newer [[JDAM]] and [[JSOW]] weapons, or even the older [[laser-guided bomb]] systems, weapons like the [[AGM-62 Walleye]] [[TV guidance|TV guided]] bomb are still being used, in conjunction with the [[AAW-144]] Data Link Pod, on [[US Navy]] [[F/A-18 Hornet]]s. |
Although not as popular as the newer [[JDAM]] and [[JSOW]] weapons, or even the older [[laser-guided bomb]] systems, weapons like the [[AGM-62 Walleye]] [[TV guidance|TV guided]] bomb are still being used, in conjunction with the [[AAW-144]] Data Link Pod, on [[US Navy]] [[F/A-18 Hornet]]s. |
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===Infrared-guided/electro-optical |
===Infrared-guided/electro-optical=== |
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{{Main|Infrared homing}} |
{{Main|Infrared homing}} |
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In World War II, the U.S. [[National Defense Research Committee]] developed the VB-6 Felix, which used infrared to home on ships. While it entered production in 1945, it was never employed operationally.<ref>Fitzsimons, ''op. cit.'', Volume 9, p. 926, "Felix".</ref> The first successful electro optical guided munition was the [[AGM-62 Walleye]] during the Vietnam war. It was a family of large glide bombs which could automatically track targets using contrast differences in the video feed. The original concept was created by engineer Norman Kay while tinkering with televisions as a hobby. It was based on a device which could track objects on a television screen and place a "blip" on them to indicate where it was aiming. The first test of the weapon on 29 January 1963 was a success, with the weapon making a direct hit on the target. It served successfully for three decades until the 1990s.<ref name="DS">{{cite web|url=http://www.designation-systems.net/dusrm/m-62.html|title=Martin Marietta AGM-62 Walleye|last=Parsch|first=Andreas|year=2002|work=Directory of U.S. Military Rockets and Missiles|publisher=Designation-Systems|access-date=9 July 2014}}</ref><ref name="JDS">[[John Darrell Sherwood]], ''Nixon's Trident: Naval Power in Southeast Asia, 1968–1972,'' (Washington: DC: [[Naval Historical Center]], forthcoming).</ref> |
In World War II, the U.S. [[National Defense Research Committee]] developed the VB-6 Felix, which used infrared to home on ships. While it entered production in 1945, it was never employed operationally.<ref>Fitzsimons, ''op. cit.'', Volume 9, p. 926, "Felix".</ref> The first successful electro optical guided munition was the [[AGM-62 Walleye]] during the Vietnam war. It was a family of large glide bombs which could automatically track targets using contrast differences in the video feed. The original concept was created by engineer Norman Kay while tinkering with televisions as a hobby. It was based on a device which could track objects on a television screen and place a "blip" on them to indicate where it was aiming. The first test of the weapon on 29 January 1963 was a success, with the weapon making a direct hit on the target. It served successfully for three decades until the 1990s.<ref name="DS">{{cite web|url=http://www.designation-systems.net/dusrm/m-62.html|title=Martin Marietta AGM-62 Walleye|last=Parsch|first=Andreas|year=2002|work=Directory of U.S. Military Rockets and Missiles|publisher=Designation-Systems|access-date=9 July 2014}}</ref><ref name="JDS">[[John Darrell Sherwood]], ''Nixon's Trident: Naval Power in Southeast Asia, 1968–1972,'' (Washington: DC: [[Naval Historical Center]], forthcoming).</ref> |
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The [[Raytheon]] [[AGM-65 Maverick|Maverick]] is the most common electro optical guided missile. As a heavy anti-tank missile it has among its various marks guidance systems such as electro-optical (AGM-65A), imaging infrared (AGM-65D), and laser homing (AGM-65E).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.raytheon.com/products/stellent/groups/public/documents/content/cms01_055755.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061020002646/http://www.raytheon.com/products/stellent/groups/public/documents/content/cms01_055755.pdf|url-status=dead|title=Raytheon AGM-65 Maverick|archivedate=20 October 2006}}</ref> The first two, by guiding themselves based on the visual or IR scene of the target, are [[fire-and-forget]] in that the pilot can release the weapon and it will guide itself to the target without further input, which allows the delivery aircraft to manoeuvre to escape return fire. The Pakistani [[NESCOM]] [[H-2 MUPSOW]] and [[H-4 MUPSOW]] is an electro-optical (IR imaging and television guided) is a drop and forget precision-guided glide bomb. The Israeli Elbit [[Opher]] is also an IR imaging "drop and forget" guided bomb that has been reported to be considerably cheaper than laser-homing bombs and can be used by any aircraft, not requiring specialized wiring for a laser designator or for another aircraft to illuminate the target. During NATO's air campaign in 1999 in Kosovo the new Italian AF AMX employed the Opher.<ref>[http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/opher+bomb+deployed+in+kosovo-52884/ "Opher bomb deployed in Kosovo"] ''FLIGHT Daily News'', 17 June 1999</ref> |
The [[Raytheon]] [[AGM-65 Maverick|Maverick]] is the most common electro optical guided missile. As a heavy anti-tank missile it has among its various marks guidance systems such as electro-optical (AGM-65A), imaging infrared (AGM-65D), and laser homing (AGM-65E).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.raytheon.com/products/stellent/groups/public/documents/content/cms01_055755.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061020002646/http://www.raytheon.com/products/stellent/groups/public/documents/content/cms01_055755.pdf|url-status=dead|title=Raytheon AGM-65 Maverick|archivedate=20 October 2006}}</ref> The first two, by guiding themselves based on the visual or IR scene of the target, are [[fire-and-forget]] in that the pilot can release the weapon and it will guide itself to the target without further input, which allows the delivery aircraft to manoeuvre to escape return fire. The Pakistani [[NESCOM]] [[H-2 MUPSOW]] and [[H-4 MUPSOW]] is an electro-optical (IR imaging and television guided) is a drop and forget precision-guided glide bomb. The Israeli Elbit [[Opher]] is also an IR imaging "drop and forget" guided bomb that has been reported to be considerably cheaper than laser-homing bombs and can be used by any aircraft, not requiring specialized wiring for a laser designator or for another aircraft to illuminate the target. During NATO's air campaign in 1999 in Kosovo the new Italian AF AMX employed the Opher.<ref>[http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/opher+bomb+deployed+in+kosovo-52884/ "Opher bomb deployed in Kosovo"] ''FLIGHT Daily News'', 17 June 1999</ref> |
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===Laser-guided |
===Laser-guided=== |
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{{Main|Laser-guided bomb}} |
{{Main|Laser-guided bomb}} |
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[[File:BOLT117LGB.jpg|thumb|[[BOLT-117]], the world's first [[laser-guided bomb]] ]] |
[[File:BOLT117LGB.jpg|thumb|[[BOLT-117]], the world's first [[laser-guided bomb]] ]] |
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In 1962, the US Army began research into [[laser]] guidance systems and by 1967 the USAF had conducted a competitive evaluation leading to full development of the world's first [[laser-guided bomb]], the [[BOLT-117]], in 1968. All such bombs work in much the same way, relying on the target being illuminated, or "painted," by a laser target designator on the ground or on an aircraft. They have the significant disadvantage of not being usable in poor weather where the target illumination cannot be seen, or where a target designator cannot get near the target. The laser designator sends its beam in a coded series of pulses so the bomb cannot be confused by an ordinary laser, and also so multiple designators can operate in reasonable proximity. |
In 1962, the US Army began research into [[laser]] guidance systems and by 1967 the USAF had conducted a competitive evaluation leading to full development of the world's first [[laser-guided bomb]], the [[BOLT-117]], in 1968. All such bombs work in much the same way, relying on the target being illuminated, or "painted," by a [[laser target designator]] on the ground or on an aircraft. They have the significant disadvantage of not being usable in poor weather where the target illumination cannot be seen, or where a target designator cannot get near the target. The laser designator sends its beam in a coded series of pulses so the bomb cannot be confused by an ordinary laser, and also so multiple designators can operate in reasonable proximity. |
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Originally the project began as a surface to air missile seeker developed by Texas Instruments. When |
Originally the project began as a surface to air missile seeker developed by [[Texas Instruments]]. When Texas Instruments executive Glenn E. Penisten attempted to sell the new technology to the Air Force they inquired if it could instead be used as a ground attack system to overcome problems they were having with accuracy of bombing in Vietnam. After 6 attempts the weapon improved accuracy from {{convert|148|to|10|ft|m|sigfig=1|abbr=on}} and greatly exceeded the design requirements. The system was sent to Vietnam and performed well. Without the existence of [[targeting pod]]s they had to be aimed using a hand held laser from the back seat of an [[F-4 Phantom]] aircraft, but still performed well. Eventually over 28,000 were dropped during the war.<ref name="washingtonpost.com"/> |
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[[File:Laser guided munition CIA report.jpg|thumbnail|Diagram showing the operation of a laser-guided ammunition round. From a CIA report, 1986.]] |
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Laser-guided weapons did not become commonplace until the advent of the microchip. They made their practical debut in Vietnam, where on 13 May 1972 they were used in the second successful attack on the [[Thanh Hóa Bridge]] ("Dragon's Jaw"). This structure had previously been the target of 800 American sorties<ref>[http://www.mn.afrl.af.mil/public/vietnam.html Thanh Hoa Bridge] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051109035612/http://www.mn.afrl.af.mil/public/vietnam.html |date=9 November 2005 }}</ref> (using unguided weapons) and was partially destroyed in each of two successful attacks, the other being on 27 April 1972 using [[AGM-62 Walleye|Walleyes]]. |
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Laser-guided weapons did not become commonplace until the advent of the [[Integrated circuit|microchip]]. They made their practical debut in Vietnam, where on 13 May 1972 they were used in the second successful attack on the [[Thanh Hóa Bridge]] ("Dragon's Jaw"). This structure had previously been the target of 800 American sorties<ref>[http://www.mn.afrl.af.mil/public/vietnam.html Thanh Hoa Bridge] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051109035612/http://www.mn.afrl.af.mil/public/vietnam.html |date=9 November 2005 }}</ref> (using unguided weapons) and was partially destroyed in each of two successful attacks, the other being on 27 April 1972 using [[AGM-62 Walleye]]s. |
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They were used, though not on a large scale, by the British forces during the 1982 [[Falklands War]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.britains-smallwars.com/Falklands/air-war.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110120025712/http://www.britains-smallwars.com/Falklands/air-war.htm|url-status=dead|title=Britain's Small Wars|archivedate=20 January 2011}}</ref> The first large-scale use of smart weapons came in the early 1990s during Operation [[Desert Storm]] when they were used by coalition forces against [[Iraq]]. Even so, most of the air-dropped ordnance used in that war was "dumb," although the percentages are biased by the large use of various (unguided) [[cluster bomb]]s. Laser-guided weapons were used in large numbers during the 1999 [[Kosovo War]], but their effectiveness was often reduced by the poor weather conditions prevalent in the southern Balkans. |
They were used, though not on a large scale, by the British forces during the 1982 [[Falklands War]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.britains-smallwars.com/Falklands/air-war.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110120025712/http://www.britains-smallwars.com/Falklands/air-war.htm|url-status=dead|title=Britain's Small Wars|archivedate=20 January 2011}}</ref> The first large-scale use of smart weapons came in the early 1990s during Operation [[Desert Storm]] when they were used by coalition forces against [[Iraq]]. Even so, most of the air-dropped ordnance used in that war was "dumb," although the percentages are biased by the large use of various (unguided) [[cluster bomb]]s. Laser-guided weapons were used in large numbers during the 1999 [[Kosovo War]], but their effectiveness was often reduced by the poor weather conditions prevalent in the southern Balkans. |
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*[[Paveway]] is a series of laser-guided bombs made in the United States. Paveway II {{convert|500|lb|kg|adj=on|abbr=on}} LGBs (such as [[GBU-12]]) are a cheaper lightweight precision-guided munition (PGM) suitable for use against vehicles and other small targets, while a Paveway III {{convert|2000|lb|kg|adj=on|abbr=on}} penetrator (such as [[GBU-24]]) is a more expensive weapon with improved aerodynamic efficiency suitable for use against high-value targets. GBU-12s were used to great effect in the first [[Gulf War]], dropped from [[General Dynamics F-111|F-111F]] aircraft to destroy Iraqi armored vehicles in a process informally referred to by pilots as "[[tank plinking]]." |
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*[[AGM-123 Skipper II]] was a short-range laser-guided missile developed by the [[United States Navy]]. The Skipper was intended as an [[Anti-ship missile|anti-ship weapon]], capable of disabling the largest vessels with a {{convert|1000|lb|kg|adj=on|abbr=on}} impact-[[fuze]]d warhead. |
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:It was composed of a [[Mark 83 bomb]] fitted with a [[Paveway]] guidance kit and two Mk 78 solid propellant rockets that fire upon launch. |
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*Some of the most commonly used laser-guided bombs are the family of GBU-54, GBU-55, and GBU-56 [[Joint Direct Attack Munition]]s, or "Laser JDAMs" (LJDAMs), which add a [[laser seeker]] to the nose of a JDAM-equipped bomb, enabling it to engage moving targets. The laser seeker is a cooperative development between [[Boeing]]'s Defense, Space and Security unit and Israel's [[Elbit Systems]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Opall-Rome |first=Barbara |date=3 May 2010 |title=U.S. Backs Israeli Munitions Upgrades |url=http://www.defensenews.com/article/20100503/DEFFEAT04/5030325/U-S-Backs-Israeli-Munitions-Upgrades |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120729074626/http://www.defensenews.com/story.php |archive-date=29 July 2012 |website=Defense News}}</ref> |
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*[[Sudarshan laser-guided bomb|Sudarshan]] is an Indian [[laser-guided bomb|laser-guided]] [[bomb]] [[Electronic kit|kit]], developed by [[Aeronautical Development Establishment]] (ADE), a [[Defence Research and Development Organisation|DRDO]] lab with technological support from another DRDO lab [[Instruments Research and Development Establishment]] (IRDE),<ref>{{cite web|location=Dehradun |agency=PTI |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/106116/india-develops-first-laser-guided.html |title=India develops first Laser Guided Bomb |date=20 October 2010 |website=Deccanherald.com |access-date=2012-02-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402161052/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/106116/india-develops-first-laser-guided.html |archive-date=2015-04-02 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Nitsi |url=http://news.oneindia.in/2010/10/21/india-invents-laser-guide-bomb.html |title=India invents 1st Laser Guided Bomb |publisher=News.oneindia.in |date=2010-10-21 |access-date=2012-02-19}}</ref> for the [[Indian Air Force]] (IAF).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://netindian.in/news/2010/01/21/0004971/india-conducts-flight-trials-laser-guided-bombs |title=India conducts flight trials of laser-guided bombs |publisher=Netindian.in |date=2010-01-21 |access-date=2012-02-19}}</ref><ref name="msn">{{citation |url=http://news.in.msn.com/national/article.aspx?cp-documentid=4480246&_p=544152d2-2200-4721-9dbc-eff67faec052#page=1 |publisher=MSN News |title=India develops first laser guided bomb |access-date=27 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101023005845/http://news.in.msn.com/national/article.aspx?cp-documentid=4480246#page=1 |archive-date=23 October 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="xinhua">{{cite web|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2010-10/20/c_13567264.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101024135019/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2010-10/20/c_13567264.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 October 2010 |title=India successfully develops advanced laser guided bomb |publisher=News.xinhuanet.com |date=2010-10-20 |access-date=2012-02-19}}</ref> |
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*[[KAB-1500L]] and [[KAB-500L]] are Russian laser-guided bombs. |
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*[[LT PGB]] is a family of Chinese [[laser-guided]] [[munition]]s. |
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*[[LS PGB]] is a family of Chinese GPS+INS or laser guided munitions. |
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* The [[Advanced Precision Kill Weapon System]] (APKWS) also known as Laser, infrared Guided Rocket (LiGR) is a design conversion of [[Hydra 70]] [[unguided rocket]]s with a [[laser guidance]] kit to turn them into precision-guided munitions (PGMs).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.baesystems.com/en-us/product/apkws-laser-guided-rocket|title = APKWS® laser-guidance kit}}</ref><ref>[http://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/defense/2015-10-14/us-army-plans-first-deployment-laser-guided-rocket U.S. Army Plans First Deployment of Laser-Guided Rocket] – Ainonline.com, 14 October 2015</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.navair.navy.mil/index.cfm?fuseaction=home.display&key=56424953-9562-4734-B373-AAB87ADAB56F |title=Description the APKWS II is a design conversion of an unguided Hydra 2.75-inch rocket with a laser guidance kit to give it precision-kill capability. | NAVAIR - U.S. Navy Naval Air Systems Command - Navy and Marine Corps Aviation Research, Development, Acquisition, Test and Evaluation |access-date=1 April 2017 |archive-date=7 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151107023442/http://www.navair.navy.mil/index.cfm?fuseaction=home.display&key=56424953-9562-4734-B373-AAB87ADAB56F |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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*[[Ugroza]] ({{lang-ru|Угроза}}, meaning "menace") is a precision-guided weapons system made in [[Russian Federation]]. It is an upgrade for standard Russian "dumb" rockets, including the [[S-5 rocket|S-5]], [[S-8 rocket|S-8]], and [[S-13 rocket]]s.<ref name=nvo>{{cite news|author=Vladimir Ilyin|title=Cheaply and effectively|newspaper=[[Nezavisimaya Gazeta]]|date=18 September 1999|language=ru|author-link=Vladimir Ilyin (mathematician)}}</ref><ref name=nf>{{Cite web|url=http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes-Ammunition-Handbook/122-mm-STC-Ametech-Ugrosa-1-SAL-GP-round-Russian-Federation.html|title=Defense & Security Intelligence & Analysis: IHS Jane's | IHS|access-date=6 December 2018|archive-date=2 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402185503/http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes-Ammunition-Handbook/122-mm-STC-Ametech-Ugrosa-1-SAL-GP-round-Russian-Federation.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The system upgrades the "dumb" rockets with [[laser guidance]], very significantly increasing their accuracy. It requires a [[laser target designator]], from either an airborne or land based source, to "paint" a target. [[Circular error probable]] (CEP) is about {{convert|0.8|to|1.8|m|ft|abbr=on|order=flip}},{{r|nvo}} while maximum ranges of rockets varies from the rockets used {{convert|1.5|to|8|km|mi|abbr=on|order=flip}}.{{r|nvo}} Ugroza allows rockets to be ripple-fired up to 7 at a time. |
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:The notable novelty is that the system does not use aerodynamic flight control (e.g. tail fins), but [[reaction control system|impulse steering]] with mini-thrusters.{{r|nvo}} It has been dubbed as the Russian concept of impulse corrections (RCIC).<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kt2ZaOilGXIC&q=ugroza+rockets&pg=PA194 | title=Russia Air Force Handbook| isbn=9781433041150| date=7 February 2007| last1=Usa| first1=Ibp| publisher=International Business Publications, USA}}</ref>{{r|nvo}} |
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* The [[Roketsan Cirit]] is a Turkish [[laser guided]] missile. |
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* The '''Griffin Laser Guided Bomb''' ([[Griffin LGB]]) is a [[laser-guided bomb]] system made by [[Israel Aerospace Industries]]' MBT missile division. It is an add-on kit which is used to retrofit existing [[Mark 82 bomb|Mark 82]], [[Mark 83 bomb|Mark 83]], and [[Mark 84 bomb|Mark 84]] and other "dumb fire" [[unguided bomb|gravity bomb]]s, making them into [[laser-guided bomb|laser-guided]] smart bombs (with the option of [[Global Positioning System|GPS]] guidance). Initial development completed in 1990. |
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* Cirit is a {{convert|70|mm|in|abbr=on|order=flip}} [[precision guided|guided]] missile system fitted with a [[semi-active laser]] homing seeker. The seeker and guidance section is attached to a purpose-built [[warhead]] with a Class 5 [[Insensitive Munitions|Insensitive Munition (IM)]]. The multipurpose warhead has a combined [[armour-piercing]] ammunition with enhanced behind armor [[anti-personnel]] and [[Incendiary device|incendiary]] effects. The engine is of reduced smoke design, with IM properties. It is connected to the rear section by a roll bearing that enables it to rotate in flight. There are four small stabilising surfaces at the very rear of the missile in front of the exhaust nozzle that ensures stable flight. Roketsan has developed a new launch pod and a new canister in which Cirit is delivered as an all-up round. The Cirit has a maximum effective guided range of {{convert|8|km|mi|abbr=on|order=flip}} with a high probability of hit on a {{convert|3|×|3|m|ft|abbr=on|order=flip}} target at this range.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.roketsan.com.tr/programs_eng.php?id=5|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090101223726/http://www.roketsan.com.tr/programs_eng.php?id=5|url-status=dead|title=CIRIT 2.75" Laser Guided Missile, Roketsan|archivedate=1 January 2009}}</ref><ref>[http://www.trdefence.com/?p=5280 Roketsan targets guided anti-tank missile development and production], TR Defence, 13 July 2011</ref> |
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===Radar-guided=== |
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[[AGM-123 Skipper II]] is a short-range laser-guided missile developed by the [[United States Navy]]. The Skipper was intended as an [[Anti-ship missile|anti-ship weapon]], capable of disabling the largest vessels with a {{convert|1000|lb|kg|adj=on|abbr=on}} impact-[[fuze]]d warhead. |
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It is composed of a [[Mark 83 bomb]] fitted with a [[Paveway]] guidance kit and two Mk 78 solid propellant rockets that fire upon launch. |
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[[File:Laser guided munition CIA report.jpg|thumbnail|left|Diagram showing the operation of a laser-guided ammunition round. From a CIA report, 1986.]] |
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[[Sudarshan laser-guided bomb|Sudarshan]] is an Indian [[laser-guided bomb|laser-guided]] [[bomb]] [[Electronic kit|kit]], developed by [[Aeronautical Development Establishment]] (ADE), a [[Defence Research and Development Organisation|DRDO]] lab with technological support from another DRDO lab [[Instruments Research and Development Establishment]] (IRDE),<ref>{{cite web|author=Dehradun, 20 Oct (PTI) |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/106116/india-develops-first-laser-guided.html |title=India develops first Laser Guided Bomb |date=20 October 2010 |publisher=Deccanherald.com |access-date=2012-02-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Nitsi |url=http://news.oneindia.in/2010/10/21/india-invents-laser-guide-bomb.html |title=India invents 1st Laser Guided Bomb |publisher=News.oneindia.in |date=2010-10-21 |access-date=2012-02-19}}</ref> for the [[Indian Air Force]] (IAF).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://netindian.in/news/2010/01/21/0004971/india-conducts-flight-trials-laser-guided-bombs |title=India conducts flight trials of laser-guided bombs |publisher=Netindian.in |date=2010-01-21 |access-date=2012-02-19}}</ref><ref name="msn">{{citation |url=http://news.in.msn.com/national/article.aspx?cp-documentid=4480246&_p=544152d2-2200-4721-9dbc-eff67faec052#page=1 |publisher=MSN News |title=India develops first laser guided bomb |access-date=27 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101023005845/http://news.in.msn.com/national/article.aspx?cp-documentid=4480246#page=1 |archive-date=23 October 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="xinhua">{{cite web|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2010-10/20/c_13567264.htm |title=India successfully develops advanced laser guided bomb |publisher=News.xinhuanet.com |date=2010-10-20 |access-date=2012-02-19}}</ref> |
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[[KAB-1500L]] and [[KAB-500L]] are Russian laser-guided bombs. |
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[[LT PGB]] is a family of Chinese [[laser-guided]] [[munition]]s. |
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[[LS PGB]] is a family of Chinese GPS+INS or laser guided munitions. |
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The [[Advanced Precision Kill Weapon System]] (APKWS) also known as Laser, infrared Guided Rocket (LiGR) is a design conversion of [[Hydra 70]] [[unguided rocket]]s with a [[laser guidance]] kit to turn them into precision-guided munitions (PGMs).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.baesystems.com/en-us/product/apkws-laser-guided-rocket|title = APKWS® laser-guidance kit}}</ref><ref>[http://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/defense/2015-10-14/us-army-plans-first-deployment-laser-guided-rocket U.S. Army Plans First Deployment of Laser-Guided Rocket] – Ainonline.com, 14 October 2015</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.navair.navy.mil/index.cfm?fuseaction=home.display&key=56424953-9562-4734-B373-AAB87ADAB56F |title=Archived copy |access-date=1 April 2017 |archive-date=7 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151107023442/http://www.navair.navy.mil/index.cfm?fuseaction=home.display&key=56424953-9562-4734-B373-AAB87ADAB56F |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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[[Ugroza]] ({{lang-ru|Угроза}}, meaning "menace") is a precision-guided weapons system made in [[Russian Federation]]. It is an upgrade for standard Russian "dumb" rockets, including the [[S-5 rocket|S-5]], [[S-8 rocket|S-8]], and [[S-13 rocket]]s.<ref name=nvo>{{cite news|author=Vladimir Ilyin|title=Cheaply and effectively|newspaper=[[Nezavisimaya Gazeta]]|date=18 September 1999|language=ru|author-link=Vladimir Ilyin (mathematician)}}</ref><ref name=nf>{{Cite web|url=http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes-Ammunition-Handbook/122-mm-STC-Ametech-Ugrosa-1-SAL-GP-round-Russian-Federation.html|title = Defense & Security Intelligence & Analysis: IHS Jane's | IHS}}</ref> The system upgrades the "dumb" rockets with [[laser guidance]], very significantly increasing their accuracy. It requires a [[laser target designator]], from either an airborne or land based source, to "paint" a target. [[Circular error probable]] (CEP) is about {{convert|0.8|to|1.8|m|ft|abbr=on|order=flip}},{{r|nvo}} while maximum ranges of rockets varies from the rockets used {{convert|1.5|to|8|km|mi|abbr=on|order=flip}}.{{r|nvo}} Ugroza allows rockets to be ripple-fired up to 7 at a time. |
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The notable novelty is that the system does not use aerodynamic flight control (e.g. tail fins), but [[reaction control system|impulse steering]] with mini-thrusters.{{r|nvo}} It has been dubbed as the Russian concept of impulse corrections (RCIC).<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kt2ZaOilGXIC&q=ugroza+rockets&pg=PA194 | title=Russia Air Force Handbook| isbn=9781433041150| date=7 February 2007}}</ref>{{r|nvo}} |
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The [[Roketsan Cirit]] is a Turkish [[laser guided]] missile. |
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Cirit is a {{convert|70|mm|in|abbr=on|order=flip}} [[precision guided|guided]] missile system fitted with a [[semi-active laser]] homing seeker. The seeker and guidance section is attached to a purpose-built [[warhead]] with a Class 5 [[Insensitive Munitions|Insensitive Munition (IM)]]. The multipurpose warhead has a combined [[armour-piercing]] ammunition with enhanced behind armor [[anti-personnel]] and [[Incendiary device|incendiary]] effects. The engine is of reduced smoke design, with IM properties. It is connected to the rear section by a roll bearing that enables it to rotate in flight. There are four small stabilising surfaces at the very rear of the missile in front of the exhaust nozzle that ensures stable flight. Roketsan has developed a new launch pod and a new canister in which Cirit is delivered as an all-up round. The Cirit has a maximum effective guided range of {{convert|8|km|mi|abbr=on|order=flip}} with a high probability of hit on a {{convert|3|×|3|m|ft|abbr=on|order=flip}} target at this range.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.roketsan.com.tr/programs_eng.php?id=5|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090101223726/http://www.roketsan.com.tr/programs_eng.php?id=5|url-status=dead|title=CIRIT 2.75" Laser Guided Missile, Roketsan|archivedate=1 January 2009}}</ref><ref>[http://www.trdefence.com/?p=5280 Roketsan targets guided anti-tank missile development and production], TR Defence, 13 July 2011</ref> |
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===Radar-guided weapons=== |
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{{Main|radar guidance}} |
{{Main|radar guidance}} |
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The Lockheed-Martin [[Hellfire II]] light-weight anti-tank weapon in one mark uses the radar on the [[Boeing]] [[AH-64 Apache#ah-64D|AH-64D Apache Longbow]] to provide fire-and-forget guidance for that weapon. |
The Lockheed-Martin [[Hellfire II]] light-weight anti-tank weapon in one mark uses the radar on the [[Boeing]] [[AH-64 Apache#ah-64D|AH-64D Apache Longbow]] to provide fire-and-forget guidance for that weapon. |
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===Satellite-guided |
===Satellite-guided=== |
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{{Main|Satellite navigation systems}} |
{{Main|Satellite navigation systems}} |
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[[File:F-22 bomb.jpg|thumb|A [[F-22]] releases a [[Joint Direct Attack Munition|JDAM]] from its center internal bay while flying at supersonic speed]] |
[[File:F-22 bomb.jpg|thumb|A [[F-22]] releases a [[Joint Direct Attack Munition|JDAM]] from its center internal bay while flying at supersonic speed]] |
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Lessons learned during the first Gulf War showed the value of precision munitions, yet they also highlighted the difficulties in employing them—specifically when visibility of the ground or target from the air was degraded.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.af.mil/News/story/storyID/123017613/|title=News|website=www.af.mil}}</ref> The problem of poor visibility does not affect satellite-guided weapons such as [[Joint Direct Attack Munition]] (JDAM) and [[Joint Stand-Off Weapon]] (JSOW), which make use of the United States' [[Global Positioning System|GPS]] system for guidance. This weapon can be employed in all weather conditions, without any need for ground support. Because it is possible to [[Radar jamming and deception|jam]] GPS, the guidance package reverts to [[inertial navigation]] in the event of GPS signal loss. Inertial navigation is significantly less accurate; the JDAM achieves a published [[circular error probable|Circular Error Probable]] (CEP) of {{convert|13|m|ft|abbr=on|order=flip}} under GPS guidance, but typically only {{convert|30|m|ft|abbr=on|order=flip}} under inertial guidance (with free fall times of 100 seconds or less).<ref>U.S. Air Force [https://web.archive.org/web/20030624083412/http://www.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?fsID=108 Factsheets: Joint Direct Attack Munition]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/munitions/jdam-specs.htm|title=Joint Direct Attack Munition (JDAM)|author=John Pike|work=globalsecurity.org|access-date=1 April 2015}}</ref> |
Lessons learned during the first Gulf War showed the value of precision munitions, yet they also highlighted the difficulties in employing them—specifically when visibility of the ground or target from the air was degraded.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.af.mil/News/story/storyID/123017613/|title=News|website=www.af.mil}}</ref> The problem of poor visibility does not affect satellite-guided weapons such as [[Joint Direct Attack Munition]] (JDAM) and [[Joint Stand-Off Weapon]] (JSOW), which make use of the United States' [[Global Positioning System|GPS]] system for guidance. This weapon can be employed in all weather conditions, without any need for ground support. Because it is possible to [[Radar jamming and deception|jam]] GPS, the guidance package reverts to [[inertial navigation]] in the event of GPS signal loss. Inertial navigation is significantly less accurate; the JDAM achieves a published [[circular error probable|Circular Error Probable]] (CEP) of {{convert|13|m|ft|abbr=on|order=flip}} under GPS guidance, but typically only {{convert|30|m|ft|abbr=on|order=flip}} under inertial guidance (with free fall times of 100 seconds or less).<ref>U.S. Air Force [https://web.archive.org/web/20030624083412/http://www.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?fsID=108 Factsheets: Joint Direct Attack Munition]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/munitions/jdam-specs.htm|title=Joint Direct Attack Munition (JDAM)|author=John Pike|work=globalsecurity.org|access-date=1 April 2015}}</ref> |
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The [[Joint Direct Attack Munition]] (JDAM) is a guidance kit that converts [[unguided bomb]]s, or "dumb bombs", into all-weather "smart" munitions. JDAM-equipped bombs are guided by an integrated [[inertial guidance system]] coupled to a [[Global Positioning System]] (GPS) receiver, giving them a published range of up to {{convert|15|nmi|mi km|order=out|abbr=on}}. JDAM-equipped bombs range from {{convert|500|to|2000|lb|kg}}.<ref name="AFL1">{{cite web|url=http://www.af.mil/news/story.asp?storyID=123017613|title=JDAM continues to be warfighter's weapon of choice|access-date=2007-07-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026092532/http://www.af.mil/news/story.asp?storyID=123017613|archive-date=2012-10-26}}</ref> When installed on a bomb, the JDAM kit is given a GBU (Guided Bomb Unit) nomenclature, superseding the [[Mark 80]] or '''BLU''' (Bomb, Live Unit) nomenclature of the bomb to which it is attached. |
* The [[Joint Direct Attack Munition]] (JDAM) is a guidance kit that converts [[unguided bomb]]s, or "dumb bombs", into all-weather "smart" munitions. JDAM-equipped bombs are guided by an integrated [[inertial guidance system]] coupled to a [[Global Positioning System]] (GPS) receiver, giving them a published range of up to {{convert|15|nmi|mi km|order=out|abbr=on}}. JDAM-equipped bombs range from {{convert|500|to|2000|lb|kg}}.<ref name="AFL1">{{cite web|url=http://www.af.mil/news/story.asp?storyID=123017613|title=JDAM continues to be warfighter's weapon of choice|access-date=2007-07-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026092532/http://www.af.mil/news/story.asp?storyID=123017613|archive-date=2012-10-26}}</ref> When installed on a bomb, the JDAM kit is given a GBU (Guided Bomb Unit) nomenclature, superseding the [[Mark 80]] or '''BLU''' (Bomb, Live Unit) nomenclature of the bomb to which it is attached. |
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* The [[High Speed Low Drag Bomb|'''High Speed Low Drag Bomb''']] is a series precision-guided munition used by [[Indian Air Force]]. It has {{convert|450|kg|lb|adj=on|abbr=on}} and {{convert|500|kg|lb|adj=on|abbr=on}} variants. They use [[Inertial navigation system|Inertial Navigation System]] and [[Global Positioning System|GPS]]/[[Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System|NavIC]] [[satellite guidance]] in mid-course and [[semi-active laser homing]] for Terminal guidance. |
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[[Wind Corrected Munitions Dispenser]] (WCMD) is a [[GPS/INS]]-guided US tail kit for use with the TMD (Tactical Munitions Dispenser) family of cluster bombs to convert them to precision-guided munitions. |
* [[Wind Corrected Munitions Dispenser]] (WCMD) is a [[GPS/INS]]-guided US tail kit for use with the TMD (Tactical Munitions Dispenser) family of cluster bombs to convert them to precision-guided munitions. |
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* '''[[Wan Chien|Wan chien]]''' – Taiwanese indigenous version of JDAM.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2013/09/21/taiwan-develops-anti-invasion-munitions-against-china.html|title=Taiwan develops 'anti-invasion' munitions against China|date=2013-09-21|work=Fox News|access-date=2017-03-09}}</ref> |
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:The Griffin conversion kit consists of a front "seeker" section and a set of steerable tailplanes. The resulting guided munition features "trajectory shaping", which allows the bomb to fall along a variety of trajectories – from a shallow angle to a vertical [[top attack]] profile. IAI publishes a [[circular error probable]] figure for the weapon of 5 metres.<ref name="iai_summary">{{cite web |
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'''[[Wan Chien|Wan chien]]''' – Taiwanese indigenous version of JDAM.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2013/09/21/taiwan-develops-anti-invasion-munitions-against-china.html|title=Taiwan develops 'anti-invasion' munitions against China|date=2013-09-21|work=Fox News|access-date=2017-03-09}}</ref> |
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The '''Griffin Laser Guided Bomb''' ([[Griffin LGB]]) is a [[laser-guided bomb]] system made by [[Israel Aerospace Industries]]' MBT missile division. It is an add-on kit which is used to retrofit existing [[Mark 82 bomb|Mark 82]], [[Mark 83 bomb|Mark 83]], and [[Mark 84 bomb|Mark 84]] and other "dumb fire" [[unguided bomb|gravity bomb]]s, making them into [[laser-guided bomb|laser-guided]] smart bombs (with the option of [[Global Positioning System|GPS]] guidance). Initial development completed in 1990. |
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The Griffin conversion kit consists of a front "seeker" section and a set of steerable tailplanes. The resulting guided munition features "trajectory shaping", which allows the bomb to fall along a variety of trajectories – from a shallow angle to a vertical [[top attack]] profile. IAI publishes a [[circular error probable]] figure for the weapon of 5 metres.<ref name="iai_summary">{{cite web |
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|url=http://www.iai.co.il/34290-16151-en/SystemMissileandSpace_MBTMissiles_PrecisionGuidedMunitions.aspx?btl=1 |
|url=http://www.iai.co.il/34290-16151-en/SystemMissileandSpace_MBTMissiles_PrecisionGuidedMunitions.aspx?btl=1 |
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|title=Laser-Guided Bomb Kits |
|title=Laser-Guided Bomb Kits |
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[[File:KAB-500S-E - MAKS2015part7-18.jpg|thumb|[[KAB-500S-E]]. Russian GLONASS-Guided Bomb]] |
[[File:KAB-500S-E - MAKS2015part7-18.jpg|thumb|[[KAB-500S-E]]. Russian GLONASS-Guided Bomb]] |
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The [[GBU-57A/B]] '''Massive [[Aircraft ordnance|Ordnance]] Penetrator''' ('''MOP''') is a [[United States Air Force|U.S. Air Force]], precision-guided, {{convert|30000|lb|kg|adj=on}} "[[bunker buster]]" [[bomb]].<ref>[http://www.fbo.gov/index?s=opportunity&mode=form&id=6bded5f03e250578c12cc6939537f128&tab=core&_cview=0 B-2/Massive Ordnance Penetrator (MOP) GBU-57A/B]. FedBizOpps</ref> This is substantially larger than the deepest penetrating bunker busters previously available, the {{convert|5000|lb|kg|adj=on}} [[GBU-28]] and [[GBU-37 GPS-Aided Munition|GBU-37]]. |
* The [[GBU-57A/B]] '''Massive [[Aircraft ordnance|Ordnance]] Penetrator''' ('''MOP''') is a [[United States Air Force|U.S. Air Force]], precision-guided, {{convert|30000|lb|kg|adj=on}} "[[bunker buster]]" [[bomb]].<ref>[http://www.fbo.gov/index?s=opportunity&mode=form&id=6bded5f03e250578c12cc6939537f128&tab=core&_cview=0 B-2/Massive Ordnance Penetrator (MOP) GBU-57A/B]. FedBizOpps</ref> This is substantially larger than the deepest penetrating bunker busters previously available, the {{convert|5000|lb|kg|adj=on}} [[GBU-28]] and [[GBU-37 GPS-Aided Munition|GBU-37]]. |
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* The '''[[SMKB]]''' ('''S'''mart-'''MK'''-'''B'''omb) is a Brazilian guidance kit that turns a standard {{convert|500|lb|kg|adj=on}} [[Mk 82]] or {{convert|1000|lb|kg|adj=on}} [[Mk 83]] into a precision-guided weapon, respectively called SMKB-82 and SMKB-83. The kit provides extended range up to {{convert|50|km|mi|abbr=on|order=flip}} and are guided by an integrated [[inertial guidance system]] coupled to three satellites networks ([[GPS]], [[Galileo (satellite navigation)|Galileo]] and [[GLONASS]]), relying on wireless to handle the flow of data between the aircraft and the munition. |
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* [[FT PGB]] is a family of Chinese satellite and [[Inertial navigation system|Inertial]], guided munitions. |
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The '''[[SMKB]]''' ('''S'''mart-'''MK'''-'''B'''omb) is a Brazilian guidance kit that turns a standard {{convert|500|lb|kg|adj=on}} [[Mk 82]] or {{convert|1000|lb|kg|adj=on}} [[Mk 83]] into a precision-guided weapon, respectively called SMKB-82 and SMKB-83. The kit provides extended range up to {{convert|50|km|mi|abbr=on|order=flip}} and are guided by an integrated [[inertial guidance system]] coupled to three satellites networks, relying on wireless to handle the flow of data between the aircraft and the munition. |
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* [[LS PGB]] is a family of Chinese GPS+INS or laser guided munitions. |
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[[FT PGB]] is a family of Chinese satellite and [[Inertial navigation system|Inertial]], guided munitions. |
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[[LS PGB]] is a family of Chinese GPS+INS or laser guided munitions. |
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The precision of these weapons is dependent both on the precision of the measurement system used for location determination and the precision in setting the coordinates of the target. The latter critically depends on intelligence information, not all of which is accurate. According to a CIA report, the accidental [[United States bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade]] during [[Operation Allied Force]] by NATO aircraft was attributed to faulty target information.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/cia/public_affairs/speeches/1999/dci_speech_072299.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061004025533/https://www.cia.gov/cia/public_affairs/speeches/1999/dci_speech_072299.html|url-status=dead|title=DCI Statement on the Belgrade Chinese Embassy|archivedate=4 October 2006}}</ref> However, if the targeting information ''is'' accurate, satellite-guided weapons are significantly more likely to achieve a successful strike in any given weather conditions than any other type of precision-guided munition. |
The precision of these weapons is dependent both on the precision of the measurement system used for location determination and the precision in setting the coordinates of the target. The latter critically depends on intelligence information, not all of which is accurate. According to a CIA report, the accidental [[United States bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade]] during [[Operation Allied Force]] by NATO aircraft was attributed to faulty target information.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/cia/public_affairs/speeches/1999/dci_speech_072299.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061004025533/https://www.cia.gov/cia/public_affairs/speeches/1999/dci_speech_072299.html|url-status=dead|title=DCI Statement on the Belgrade Chinese Embassy|archivedate=4 October 2006}}</ref> However, if the targeting information ''is'' accurate, satellite-guided weapons are significantly more likely to achieve a successful strike in any given weather conditions than any other type of precision-guided munition. |
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Responding to after-action reports from pilots who employed laser or satellite guided weapons, [[Boeing]] developed a Laser JDAM (LJDAM) to provide both types of guidance in a single kit. Based on the existing [[Joint Direct Attack Munition]] configurations, a laser guidance package is added to a GPS/INS-guided weapon to increase its overall accuracy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boeing.com/defense-space/missiles/jdam/docs/laser_jdam_overview.pdf|title=Weapons|work=boeing.com|access-date=1 April 2015}}</ref> Raytheon has developed the Enhanced Paveway family, which adds GPS/INS guidance to their Paveway family of laser-guidance packages.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.raytheon.com/products/stellent/groups/public/documents/content/cms01_055758.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307042008/http://www.raytheon.com/products/stellent/groups/public/documents/content/cms01_055758.pdf|url-status=dead|title=Raytheon Enhanced Paveway|archivedate=7 March 2008}}</ref> These "hybrid" laser and GPS guided weapons permit the carriage of fewer weapons types, while retaining mission flexibility, because these weapons can be employed equally against moving and fixed targets, or targets of opportunity. For instance, a typical weapons load on an F-16 flying in the [[Iraq War]] included a single {{convert|2000|lb|kg|adj=on}} JDAM and two {{convert|1000|lb|kg|adj=on}} LGBs. With LJDAM, and the new GBU-39 [[Small Diameter Bomb]] (SDB), these same aircraft can carry more bombs if necessary, and have the option of satellite or laser guidance for each weapon release. |
Responding to after-action reports from pilots who employed laser or satellite guided weapons, [[Boeing]] developed a Laser JDAM (LJDAM) to provide both types of guidance in a single kit. Based on the existing [[Joint Direct Attack Munition]] configurations, a laser guidance package is added to a GPS/INS-guided weapon to increase its overall accuracy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boeing.com/defense-space/missiles/jdam/docs/laser_jdam_overview.pdf|title=Weapons|work=boeing.com|access-date=1 April 2015}}</ref> Raytheon has developed the Enhanced Paveway family, which adds GPS/INS guidance to their Paveway family of laser-guidance packages.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.raytheon.com/products/stellent/groups/public/documents/content/cms01_055758.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307042008/http://www.raytheon.com/products/stellent/groups/public/documents/content/cms01_055758.pdf|url-status=dead|title=Raytheon Enhanced Paveway|archivedate=7 March 2008}}</ref> These "hybrid" laser and GPS guided weapons permit the carriage of fewer weapons types, while retaining mission flexibility, because these weapons can be employed equally against moving and fixed targets, or targets of opportunity. For instance, a typical weapons load on an F-16 flying in the [[Iraq War]] included a single {{convert|2000|lb|kg|adj=on}} JDAM and two {{convert|1000|lb|kg|adj=on}} LGBs. With LJDAM, and the new GBU-39 [[Small Diameter Bomb]] (SDB), these same aircraft can carry more bombs if necessary, and have the option of satellite or laser guidance for each weapon release. |
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[[Spice (munition)]] is an Israeli [[Electro-optics|EO]]/[[GPS]]-guided guidance kit for converting air-droppable unguided [[bomb]]s into precision guided bombs. Spice can be preprogrammed, with up to 100 different targets it may have to engage during a mission. The one target it will ''actually'' engage may then be selected, inflight, by an aircrewman. |
* [[Spice (munition)]] is an Israeli [[Electro-optics|EO]]/[[GPS]]-guided guidance kit for converting air-droppable unguided [[bomb]]s into precision guided bombs. Spice can be preprogrammed, with up to 100 different targets it may have to engage during a mission. The one target it will ''actually'' engage may then be selected, inflight, by an aircrewman. |
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* [[HGK (bomb)|The HGK guidance kit (HGK)]], {{lang-tr|Hassas Güdüm Kiti / Precision Guidance Kit}}), developed by [[TÜBİTAK Defense Industries Research and Development Institute|TÜBİTAK-SAGE]], is a [[Global Positioning System|GPS]]/[[Inertial navigation system|INS]] guidance kit that converts {{convert|2000|lb|kg|adj=on}} [[Mark 84 bomb]]s into [[Smart bomb|smart weapon]]s. It enables precision strike capability in all weather conditions with long range at a dispersion of {{convert|6|m|ft|abbr=on|order=flip}}.<ref>[http://www.sage.tubitak.gov.tr/home.do?ot=1&sid=1310&pid=547 TÜBİTAK SAGE] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130326003209/http://www.sage.tubitak.gov.tr/home.do?ot=1&pid=547&sid=1310 |date=26 March 2013 }}</ref> |
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* [[Armement Air-Sol Modulaire]] (AASM),<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.safran-electronics-defense.com/aerospace/weapons-and-missiles/aasm|title = Safran Electronics & Defense}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/armement-air-sol-modulaire-aasm-hammer-air-to-ground-missile/|title=Armement Air-Sol Modulaire (AASM) HAMMER Air-to-Ground Missile|website=www.airforce-technology.com}}</ref> developed by [[Safran Electronics & Defense]], comprises a frontal guidance kit and a rear-mounted range extension kit matched to a [[dumb bomb]]. The weapon is modular because it can integrate different types of guidance units and different types of bombs. It uses hybrid [[inertial navigation system]] (INS) / [[Global Positioning System]] (GPS) guidance. Other variants add [[infrared homing]] or [[laser guidance]] to increase accuracy. |
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[[HGK (bomb)|The HGK guidance kit (HGK)]], {{lang-tr|Hassas Güdüm Kiti / Precision Guidance Kit}}), developed by [[TÜBİTAK Defense Industries Research and Development Institute|TÜBİTAK-SAGE]], is a [[Global Positioning System|GPS]]/[[Inertial navigation system|INS]] guidance kit that converts {{convert|2000|lb|kg|adj=on}} [[Mark 84 bomb]]s into [[Smart bomb|smart weapon]]s. It enables precision strike capability in all weather conditions with long range at a dispersion of {{convert|6|m|ft|abbr=on|order=flip}}.<ref>[http://www.sage.tubitak.gov.tr/home.do?ot=1&sid=1310&pid=547 TÜBİTAK SAGE] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130326003209/http://www.sage.tubitak.gov.tr/home.do?ot=1&pid=547&sid=1310 |date=26 March 2013 }}</ref> |
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* [[Paveway IV]] is a dual mode [[Global Positioning System|GPS]]/[[inertial navigation system|INS]] and [[Laser guidance|laser-guided]] bomb manufactured by [[Raytheon|Raytheon UK]] (formerly Raytheon Systems Limited).<ref name="RAF">{{cite news|title=Paveway IV|url=http://www.raf.mod.uk/equipment/paveway4.cfm|access-date=7 January 2015|agency=Royal Air Force|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231155406/http://www.raf.mod.uk/equipment/paveway4.cfm|archive-date=31 December 2014}}</ref> It is the latest iteration of the [[Paveway]] series. |
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* [[Denel Dynamics Umbani]] a [[Precision guided munition|precision-guided]] bomb kit manufactured by [[Denel Dynamics]] in South Africa. It consists of a number of modules fitted to [[NATO]] standard [[Mark 81 bomb|Mk81]], [[Mk82]] or [[Mark 83 bomb|Mk83]] low drag free-fall bombs to convert them to [[glide bomb]]s.<ref name="deneldynamics1">{{cite web |url=http://www.deneldynamics.co.za/brochures/Broc0273_Umbani%20External.pdf |title=Umbani Brochure |publisher=Denel Dynamics |access-date=2012-06-18 |archive-date=23 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723010941/http://www.deneldynamics.co.za/brochures/Broc0273_Umbani%20External.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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[[Armement Air-Sol Modulaire]] (AASM)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.safran-electronics-defense.com/aerospace/weapons-and-missiles/aasm|title = Safran Electronics & Defense}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/armement-air-sol-modulaire-aasm-hammer-air-to-ground-missile/|title=Armement Air-Sol Modulaire (AASM) HAMMER Air-to-Ground Missile|website=www.airforce-technology.com}}</ref> is a French equivalent to JDAM. AASM comprises a frontal guidance kit and a rear-mounted range extension kit matched to a [[dumb bomb]]. The weapon is modular because it can integrate different types of guidance units and different types of bombs. It uses hybrid [[inertial navigation system]] (INS) / [[Global Positioning System]] (GPS) guidance. Other variants add [[infrared homing]] or [[laser guidance]] to increase accuracy. |
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* [[Smart Anti-Airfield Weapon]] (SAAW) is an Indian precision-guided [[Anti-runway penetration bomb|Anti-Airfield Weapon]] developed by [[Research Centre Imarat]] of [[DRDO]] with a range up to {{convert|100|km|mi|order=flip|abbr=on}} . |
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* [[High Speed Low Drag Bomb]] (HSLD) is an Indian precision guided munition developed by [[Armament Research and Development Establishment]] that is comparable with the US' [[Mark 80]] series. It uses [[Inertial navigation system|inertial]] and [[satellite navigation]] with [[laser guidance]] kit for target accuracy. |
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[[Paveway IV]] is a dual mode [[Global Positioning System|GPS]]/[[inertial navigation system|INS]] and [[Laser guidance|laser-guided]] bomb manufactured by [[Raytheon|Raytheon UK]] (formerly Raytheon Systems Limited).<ref name="RAF">{{cite news|title=Paveway IV|url=http://www.raf.mod.uk/equipment/paveway4.cfm|access-date=7 January 2015|agency=Royal Air Force|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231155406/http://www.raf.mod.uk/equipment/paveway4.cfm|archive-date=31 December 2014}}</ref> It is the latest iteration of the [[Paveway]] series. |
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* '''Moving Target Artillery Round (MTAR)''' |
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: The U.S. Navy leads development for a new {{convert|155|mm|in|abbr=on}} artillery round called Moving Target Artillery Round, capable of destroying moving targets in GPS-denied environments". The Office of Naval Research (ONR), the Naval Surface Warfare Center Dahlgren Division (NSWC Dahlgren), and the [[U.S. Army Research Laboratory]] (ARL) have been coordinating MTAR, with final development scheduled for 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/10769/u-s-navy-wants-long-range-guided-artillery-shell-for-hitting-moving-targets|title=U.S. Navy Wants Long-Range Guided Artillery Shell For Hitting Moving Targets|last=Trevithick|first=Joseph|work=The Drive|access-date=2018-07-12}}</ref> |
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[[Denel Dynamics Umbani]] a [[Precision guided munition|precision-guided]] bomb kit manufactured by [[Denel Dynamics]] in South Africa. It consists of a number of modules fitted to [[NATO]] standard [[Mark 81 bomb|Mk81]], [[Mk82]] or [[Mark 83 bomb|Mk83]] low drag free-fall bombs to convert them to [[glide bomb]]s.<ref name="deneldynamics1">{{cite web|url=http://www.deneldynamics.co.za/brochures/Broc0273_Umbani%20External.pdf |title=Umbani Brochure |publisher=Denel Dynamics |access-date=2012-06-18}}</ref> |
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: Key features of the MTAR shell include extended range against moving targets, precision guidance and navigation without GPS, subsystem modularity, subsystem maturity, weapon system compatibility, restricted altitude, all-weather capability, reduced time of flight, and affordability. The new munition is intended for the Army or Marine Corps M777A1 howitzer, the M109A6 Paladin, and M109A7 Paladin Integrated Management (PIM) self-propelled {{convert|155|mm|in|abbr=on|adj=on}} artillery systems. The shell also would be for the Navy's Advanced Gun System (AGS) aboard the Zumwalt-class destroyer, and other future naval gun systems.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.militaryaerospace.com/articles/2018/04/artillery-smart-munition-moving-targets.html|title=Army and Navy to develop prototype artillery smart munition able to hit moving targets without GPS|website=www.militaryaerospace.com|date=13 April 2018 |access-date=2018-07-12}}</ref> |
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* '''Precision Guidance Kit – Modernization (PGK-M)''' |
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[[Smart Anti-Airfield Weapon]] (SAAW) is an Indian precision-guided [[Anti-runway penetration bomb|Anti-Airfield Weapon]] developed by [[Research Centre Imarat]] of [[DRDO]] with the range up to {{convert|100|km|mi|order=flip|abbr=on}} . |
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: The U.S. Army is planning for GPS-denied environments with the new Precision Guidance Kit – Modernization (PGK-M). An enhancement of previous technologies, PGK-M will give U.S. forces the ability to continue launching precision strikes when GPS is compromised by the enemy.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.popularmechanics.com/military/weapons/a19735395/the-us-army-is-developing-artillery-that-has-gps-precisionwithout-gps/|title=The Army Is Preparing Artillery For Battles Without GPS|date=2018-04-10|work=Popular Mechanics|access-date=2018-07-12}}</ref> |
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: Picatinny Arsenal engineers are leading the development of a GPS alternative using image navigation for precision guidance of munitions, under the Armament Research, Development and Engineering Center (ARDEC). Other research partners include Draper Labs, [[U.S. Army Research Laboratory]], [[Air Force Research Laboratory]] and the Aviation and Missile Research, Development, and Engineering Center.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.army.mil/article/168220/researchers_develop_technology_for_precision_munitions_even_without_gps|title=Researchers develop technology for precision munitions even without GPS|work=www.army.mil|access-date=2018-07-12}}</ref> |
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[[High Speed Low Drag Bomb]] (HSLD) is an Indian precision guided munition developed by [[Armament Research and Development Establishment]] that is comparable to US [[Mark 80]] series. It uses [[Inertial navigation system|inertial]] and [[satellite navigation]] with [[laser guidance]] kit for target accuracy. |
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: The enhanced munition can navigate to a desired location, through a reference image used by the technology to reach the target.<ref name=":1" /> The PGK-M includes a collection of ad hoc software programmable radio networks, various kinds of wave-relay connectivity technologies and navigational technology.<ref name=":0" /> |
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* [[PBK-500U Drel]] is a Russian guided jamming-resistant stealth glide bomb. |
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'''Moving Target Artillery Round (MTAR)''' |
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The U.S. Navy leads development for a new {{convert|155|mm|in|abbr=on}} artillery round called Moving Target Artillery Round, capable of destroying moving targets in GPS-denied environments". The Office of Naval Research (ONR), the Naval Surface Warfare Center Dahlgren Division (NSWC Dahlgren), and the [[U.S. Army Research Laboratory]] (ARL) have been coordinating MTAR, with final development scheduled for 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/10769/u-s-navy-wants-long-range-guided-artillery-shell-for-hitting-moving-targets|title=U.S. Navy Wants Long-Range Guided Artillery Shell For Hitting Moving Targets|last=Trevithick|first=Joseph|work=The Drive|access-date=2018-07-12}}</ref> |
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Key features of the MTAR shell include extended range against moving targets, precision guidance and navigation without GPS, subsystem modularity, subsystem maturity, weapon system compatibility, restricted altitude, all-weather capability, reduced time of flight, and affordability. The new munition is intended for the Army or Marine Corps M777A1 howitzer, the M109A6 Paladin, and M109A7 Paladin Integrated Management (PIM) self-propelled {{convert|155|mm|in|abbr=on|adj=on}} artillery systems. The shell also would be for the Navy's Advanced Gun System (AGS) aboard the Zumwalt-class destroyer, and other future naval gun systems.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.militaryaerospace.com/articles/2018/04/artillery-smart-munition-moving-targets.html|title=Army and Navy to develop prototype artillery smart munition able to hit moving targets without GPS|website=www.militaryaerospace.com|access-date=2018-07-12}}</ref> |
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'''Precision Guidance Kit – Modernization (PGK-M)''' |
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The U.S. Army is planning for GPS-denied environments with the new Precision Guidance Kit – Modernization (PGK-M). An enhancement of previous technologies, PGK-M will give U.S. forces the ability to continue launching precision strikes when GPS is compromised by the enemy.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.popularmechanics.com/military/weapons/a19735395/the-us-army-is-developing-artillery-that-has-gps-precisionwithout-gps/|title=The Army Is Preparing Artillery For Battles Without GPS|date=2018-04-10|work=Popular Mechanics|access-date=2018-07-12}}</ref> |
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Picatinny Arsenal engineers are leading the development of a GPS alternative using image navigation for precision guidance of munitions, under the Armament Research, Development and Engineering Center (ARDEC). Other research partners include Draper Labs, [[U.S. Army Research Laboratory]], [[Air Force Research Laboratory]] and the Aviation and Missile Research, Development, and Engineering Center.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.army.mil/article/168220/researchers_develop_technology_for_precision_munitions_even_without_gps|title=Researchers develop technology for precision munitions even without GPS|work=www.army.mil|access-date=2018-07-12}}</ref> |
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The enhanced munition can navigate to a desired location, through a reference image used by the technology to reach the target.<ref name=":1" /> The PGK-M includes a collection of ad hoc software programmable radio networks, various kinds of wave-relay connectivity technologies and navigational technology.<ref name=":0" /> |
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[[PBK-500U Drel]] is a Russian guided jamming-resistant stealth glide bomb. |
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===Cannon and mortar-launched guided projectiles=== |
===Cannon and mortar-launched guided projectiles=== |
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A cannon-launched guided projectile (CLGP), is fired from [[artillery]], [[naval artillery|ship's cannon]], or [[armored vehicle]]s. Several agencies and organizations sponsored the CLGP programs. The [[United States Navy]] sponsored the Deadeye program, a laser-guided shell for its [[5"/54 caliber Mark 45 gun|{{convert|5|in|mm|abbr=on|0}} guns]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.navweaps.com/Weapons/WNUS_5-54_mk42.htm|title=USA 5"/54 (12.7 cm) Mark 42|work=navweaps.com|access-date=1 April 2015}}</ref> and a program to mate a [[Paveway]] guidance system to an {{convert|8|in|mm|abbr=on|0}} shell<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.navweaps.com/Weapons/WNUS_8-55_mk71.htm|title=USA 8"/55 (20.3 cm) Mark 71|work=navweaps.com|access-date=1 April 2015}}</ref> for the [[8"/55 caliber Mark 71 gun]] in the 1970s ([https://web.archive.org/web/20090205004441/http://navweaps.com/Weapons/WNUS_8-55_mk71_pics.htm Photo]). Other Navy efforts include the [[BTERM]], [[ERGM]], and [[LRLAP]] shells. |
A cannon-launched guided projectile (CLGP), is fired from [[artillery]], [[naval artillery|ship's cannon]], or [[armored vehicle]]s. Several agencies and organizations sponsored the CLGP programs. The [[United States Navy]] sponsored the Deadeye program, a laser-guided shell for its [[5"/54 caliber Mark 45 gun|{{convert|5|in|mm|abbr=on|0}} guns]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.navweaps.com/Weapons/WNUS_5-54_mk42.htm|title=USA 5"/54 (12.7 cm) Mark 42|work=navweaps.com|access-date=1 April 2015}}</ref> and a program to mate a [[Paveway]] guidance system to an {{convert|8|in|mm|abbr=on|0}} shell<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.navweaps.com/Weapons/WNUS_8-55_mk71.htm|title=USA 8"/55 (20.3 cm) Mark 71|work=navweaps.com|access-date=1 April 2015}}</ref> for the [[8"/55 caliber Mark 71 gun]] in the 1970s ([https://web.archive.org/web/20090205004441/http://navweaps.com/Weapons/WNUS_8-55_mk71_pics.htm Photo]). Other Navy efforts include the [[BTERM]], [[ERGM]], and [[LRLAP]] shells. |
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The [[U.S. Army]]'s [[MGM-51 Shillelagh]] missile can be considered a type of CLGP. Intended for use on the [[M551 Sheridan]] light tank, the Shillelagh missile was fired out of the Sheridan's cannon to provide robust anti-tank capability. The Army's [[M712 Copperhead]] laser guided artillery round was used in Desert Storm. Army CLGPs include the [[M982 Excalibur]] {{convert|155|mm|in|abbr=on}} artillery shell, the [[XM395 Precision Guided Mortar Munition]], and the [[XM1156 Precision Guidance Kit]] to refit existing 155 mm shells with precision guidance, as the [[United States Air Force|Air Force]]'s [[JDAM]] program converts dumb bombs into precision munitions. |
* The [[U.S. Army]]'s [[MGM-51 Shillelagh]] missile can be considered a type of CLGP. Intended for use on the [[M551 Sheridan]] light tank, the Shillelagh missile was fired out of the Sheridan's cannon to provide robust anti-tank capability. The Army's [[M712 Copperhead]] laser guided artillery round was used in Desert Storm. Army CLGPs include the [[M982 Excalibur]] {{convert|155|mm|in|abbr=on}} artillery shell, the [[XM395 Precision Guided Mortar Munition]], and the [[XM1156 Precision Guidance Kit]] to refit existing 155 mm shells with precision guidance, as the [[United States Air Force|Air Force]]'s [[JDAM]] program converts dumb bombs into precision munitions. |
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* [[M982 Excalibur]], GPS-guided munitions (XM982) for 155 mm artillery was developed in a collaborative effort between [[U.S. Army Research Laboratory]] (ARL) and the Armaments Research and Development Center (ARDEC). Research included developing GPS and microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) Inertial Sensor Technology. Excalibur was fielded in Operation Iraqi Freedom in the summer of 2007. Technology developed on the Excalibur is also applied in the Army's Precision Guidance Kit (PGK) for use on existing conventional projectiles and the Mortar Guidance Kit (MGK) for use on conventional mortars.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Ratches|first1= James A.|last2=Richard|first2=Chait|last3=Lyons|first3=John W.|date=February 2013|title=Some Recent Sensor-Related Army Critical Technology Events|url=http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA586199|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620174307/http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA586199|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 June 2017|website=www.dtic.mil}}</ref> |
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* [[XM1111 Mid-Range Munition]] is cancelled {{convert|120|mm|in|abbr=on}} tank gun launched missile. |
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[[M982 Excalibur]], GPS-guided munitions (XM982) for 155 mm artillery was developed in a collaborative effort between [[U.S. Army Research Laboratory]] (ARL) and the Armaments Research and Development Center (ARDEC). Research included developing GPS and microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) Inertial Sensor Technology. Excalibur was fielded in Operation Iraqi Freedom in the summer of 2007. Technology developed on the Excalibur is also applied in the Army's Precision Guidance Kit (PGK) for use on existing conventional projectiles and the Mortar Guidance Kit (MGK) for use on conventional mortars.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Ratches|first1= James A.|last2=Richard|first2=Chait|last3=Lyons|first3=John W.|date=February 2013|title=Some Recent Sensor-Related Army Critical Technology Events|url=http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA586199|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620174307/http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA586199|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 June 2017|website=www.dtic.mil}}</ref> |
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* [[LAHAT]] is Israeli [[semi-active laser homing]] guided low-weight anti-tank guided missile that can be launched from [[smoothbore]] tank guns. |
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* [[KSTAM]] is South Korean guided munition shot from the gun of [[K2 Black Panther]] tank. |
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[[XM1111 Mid-Range Munition]] is cancelled {{convert|120|mm|in|abbr=on}} tank gun launched missile. |
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* [[Krasnopol (weapon system)|30F39 Krasnopol]] is a Russian {{convert|152|/|155|mm|in|abbr=on}} [[cannon]]-launched, fin-stabilized, [[base bleed]]-assisted, semi-automatic [[laser-guided]], [[explosive]] [[projectile]]. It automatically 'homes' on a point illuminated by a laser designator, typically operated by a ground-based artillery observer. |
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* [[Kitolov-2M]] is a Russian laser-guided {{convert|120|/|122|mm|in|abbr=on}} artillery shell with Malakhit automated artillery [[fire control system]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.kbptula.ru/en/productions/artillery-guided-weapon-systems/kitolov-2m |title=KBP Instrument Design Bureau - Kitolov-2M |access-date=6 January 2018 |archive-date=16 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716202216/http://www.kbptula.ru/en/productions/artillery-guided-weapon-systems/kitolov-2m |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>http://roe.ru/pdfs/pdf_1914.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref> |
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[[LAHAT]] is Israeli [[semi-active laser homing]] guided low-weight anti-tank guided missile that can be launched from [[smoothbore]] tank guns. |
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* [[9M119 Svir/Refleks]] are Russian [[tank gun]]-launched laser-guided projectiles. |
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* [[Strix mortar round|Pansarsprängvinggranat m/94 ''STRIX'']] is a Swedish endphase-guided projectile fired from a {{convert|120|mm|in|abbr=on}} [[mortar (weapon)|mortar]] currently manufactured by [[Saab Bofors Dynamics]]. |
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[[KSTAM]] is South Korean guided munition shot from the gun of [[K2 Black Panther]] tank. |
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:STRIX is fired like a conventional mortar round. The round contains an [[infrared]] imaging sensor that it uses to guide itself onto any [[tank]] or [[armoured fighting vehicle]] in the vicinity where it lands. The seeker is designed to ignore targets that are already burning.<ref name="urlSweden and Switzerland, last customers of Strix 120 mm mortar munition | October 2018 Global Defense Security army news industry | Defense Security global news industry army 2018 | Archive News year">{{Cite web|url=https://www.armyrecognition.com/october_2018_global_defense_security_army_news_industry/sweden_and_switzerland_last_customers_of_strix_120mm_mortar_munition.html|title=Sweden and Switzerland, last customers of Strix 120mm mortar munition | October 2018 Global Defense Security army news industry | Defense Security global news industry army 2018 | Archive News year|website=www.armyrecognition.com|date=17 October 2018 }}</ref> |
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* '''[[Basir]]''' is an Iranian artillery fired [[laser-guided]], 155 mm [[explosive]] [[projectile]] designed to destroy enemy tanks, vehicles and other moving or non-moving targets with high precision.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mashreghnews.ir/news/95405/مهمات-هوشمند-و-لیزری-بصیر-رونمایی-شد-عکس|title=مهمات هوشمند و لیزری «بصیر» رونمایی شد+عکس|date=30 January 2012|website=مشرق نیوز}}</ref> This weapon is similar in function with Russian [[Krasnopol (Weapon)|Kransnopol]] or American [[M712 Copperhead]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2021}} |
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[[Krasnopol (Weapon)|30F39 Krasnopol]] is a Russian {{convert|152|/|155|mm|in|abbr=on}} [[cannon]]-launched, fin-stabilized, [[base bleed]]-assisted, semi-automatic [[laser-guided]], [[explosive]] [[projectile]]. It automatically 'homes' on a point illuminated by a laser designator, typically operated by a ground-based artillery observer. |
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* '''[[SMArt 155]]''' is a German 155 mm artillery round, designed for a long range, [[indirect fire]] [[top attack]] role against armoured vehicles. The SMArt [[carrier shell]] contains two [[submunition]]s with [[infrared sensor]] and [[millimeter wave]] [[radar]], which descend over the battlefield on [[ballute]]s and attack hardened targets with [[explosively formed penetrator]] warheads. Built with multiple redundant self-destruct mechanisms, these submunitions were specifically designed{{dubious-inline|Designed to Comply With CCM|date=January 2013}} to fall outside the category of submunition weapons prohibited by the 2008 [[Convention on Cluster Munitions]]. |
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* '''[[SAMHO (missile)|SAMHO]]''' is an Indian gun-launched [[anti-tank guided missile]] developed by the [[Armament Research and Development Establishment]] (ARDE) for the [[Arjun MBT]] of the [[Indian Army]]. |
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[[Kitolov-2M]] is a Russian laser-guided {{convert|120|/|122|mm|in|abbr=on}} artillery shell with Malakhit automated artillery [[fire control system]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.kbptula.ru/en/productions/artillery-guided-weapon-systems/kitolov-2m |title=Archived copy |access-date=6 January 2018 |archive-date=16 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716202216/http://www.kbptula.ru/en/productions/artillery-guided-weapon-systems/kitolov-2m |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>http://roe.ru/pdfs/pdf_1914.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref> |
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* '''Rheinmetall Denel Munitions 155 mm V-LAP'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.armyrecognition.com/weapons_defence_industry_military_technology_uk/south_african_company_denel_produces_new_artillery_rounds_81003173.html|title = South African company Denel produces new artillery rounds 81003173 | weapons defence industry military technology UK | analysis focus army defence military industry army| date=10 March 2017 }}</ref><ref>https://www.rheinmetall-defence.com/media/editor_media/rm_defence/publicrelations/pressemitteilungen/2014_1/aad/2014_09_17_AAD_10_Rheinmetall_Denel_Munition.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref> |
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* '''GP1''': Chinese laser-guided 155 mm artillery projectile based on Krasnopol.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.norinco.com/GB/61/76/index.html|title=功能维护升级中|access-date=21 November 2017|archive-date=11 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180511235612/http://www.norinco.com/GB/61/76/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>http://www.janes360.com/images/assets/423/54423/precision-guided_munitions_for_field_artillery.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200112120111/https://www.janes.com/images/assets/423/54423/precision-guided_munitions_for_field_artillery.pdf |date=12 January 2020 }} {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://warisboring.com/47635-2/|title = Somebody's Popping off Laser-Guided Shells in Libya|date = 13 November 2017}}</ref> |
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[[9M119 Svir/Refleks]] are Russian [[tank gun]]-launched laser-guided projectiles. |
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* '''GP6''': Chinese laser-guided 155 mm artillery projectile based on Krasnopol. |
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* '''[[XM395 Precision Guided Mortar Munition]]''' |
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[[Strix mortar round|Pansarsprängvinggranat m/94 ''STRIX'']] is a Swedish endphase-guided projectile fired from a {{convert|120|mm|in|abbr=on}} [[mortar (weapon)|mortar]] currently manufactured by [[Saab Bofors Dynamics]]. |
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* '''[[KM-8 Gran]]''' is a Russian guided 120 mm mortar shell with Malakhit [[fire control system]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.deagel.com/Defensive-Weapons/KM-8-Gran_a000931001.aspx|title = Ancile}}</ref><ref>https://ndiastorage.blob.core.usgovcloudapi.net/ndia/2016/armament/18259_Williams.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.kbptula.ru/index.php/en/productions/artillery-guided-weapon-systems/gran |title=KBP Instrument Design Bureau - Gran |access-date=24 November 2017 |archive-date=12 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181112214706/http://www.kbptula.ru/index.php/en/productions/artillery-guided-weapon-systems/gran |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://characterisationexplosiveweapons.org/studies/final-report/|title = Final Report}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://roe.ru/eng/catalog/land-forces/guided-weapon-systems/km-8/|title = The "Gran" guided weapon system for 120mm mortars КМ-8 | Catalog Rosoboronexport}}</ref> |
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STRIX is fired like a conventional mortar round. The round contains an [[infrared]] imaging sensor that it uses to guide itself onto any [[tank]] or [[armoured fighting vehicle]] in the vicinity where it lands. The seeker is designed to ignore targets that are already burning.<ref name="urlSweden and Switzerland, last customers of Strix 120 mm mortar munition | October 2018 Global Defense Security army news industry | Defense Security global news industry army 2018 | Archive News year">{{Cite web|url=https://www.armyrecognition.com/october_2018_global_defense_security_army_news_industry/sweden_and_switzerland_last_customers_of_strix_120mm_mortar_munition.html|title=Sweden and Switzerland, last customers of Strix 120mm mortar munition | October 2018 Global Defense Security army news industry | Defense Security global news industry army 2018 | Archive News year|website=www.armyrecognition.com}}</ref> |
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* '''GP120 (GP4)''' is a Chinese terminal corrected 120 mm mortar shell.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://english.chinamil.com.cn/view/2017-03/27/content_7540752.htm |title=Enhanced capability for WMA029 mortar system - China Military |access-date=22 November 2017 |archive-date=1 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170401075430/http://english.chinamil.com.cn/view/2017-03/27/content_7540752.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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* '''GP140''' is a Chinese [[semi-active laser]] (SAL) guided 120 mm mortar shell. |
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'''[[Basir]]''' is an Iranian artillery fired [[laser-guided]], 155 mm [[explosive]] [[projectile]] designed to destroy enemy tanks, vehicles and other moving or non-moving targets with high precision.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mashreghnews.ir/news/95405/مهمات-هوشمند-و-لیزری-بصیر-رونمایی-شد-عکس|title=مهمات هوشمند و لیزری «بصیر» رونمایی شد+عکس|date=30 January 2012|website=مشرق نیوز}}</ref> This weapon is similar in function with Russian [[Krasnopol (Weapon)|Kransnopol]] or American [[M712 Copperhead]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2021}} |
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'''[[SMArt 155]]''' is a German 155 mm artillery round, designed for a long range, [[indirect fire]] [[top attack]] role against armoured vehicles. The SMArt [[carrier shell]] contains two [[submunition]]s with [[infrared sensor]] and [[millimeter wave]] [[radar]], which descend over the battlefield on [[ballute]]s and attack hardened targets with [[explosively formed penetrator]] warheads. Built with multiple redundant self-destruct mechanisms, these submunitions were specifically designed{{dubious-inline|Designed to Comply With CCM|date=January 2013}} to fall outside the category of submunition weapons prohibited by the 2008 [[Convention on Cluster Munitions]]. |
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'''[[SAMHO (missile)|SAMHO]]''' is an Indian gun-launched [[anti-tank guided missile]] developed by the [[Armament Research and Development Establishment]] (ARDE) for the [[Arjun MBT]] of the [[Indian Army]]. |
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'''Rheinmetall Denel Munitions 155 mm V-LAP'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.armyrecognition.com/weapons_defence_industry_military_technology_uk/south_african_company_denel_produces_new_artillery_rounds_81003173.html|title = South African company Denel produces new artillery rounds 81003173 | weapons defence industry military technology UK | analysis focus army defence military industry army}}</ref><ref>https://www.rheinmetall-defence.com/media/editor_media/rm_defence/publicrelations/pressemitteilungen/2014_1/aad/2014_09_17_AAD_10_Rheinmetall_Denel_Munition.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref> |
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'''GP1''': Chinese laser-guided 155 mm artillery projectile based on Krasnopol.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.norinco.com/GB/61/76/index.html|title=功能维护升级中}}</ref><ref>http://www.janes360.com/images/assets/423/54423/precision-guided_munitions_for_field_artillery.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://warisboring.com/47635-2/|title = Somebody's Popping off Laser-Guided Shells in Libya|date = 13 November 2017}}</ref> |
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'''GP6''': Chinese laser-guided 155 mm artillery projectile based on Krasnopol. |
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'''[[XM395 Precision Guided Mortar Munition]]''' |
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'''[[Strix mortar round]]''' |
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'''[[KM-8 Gran]]''' is a Russian guided 120 mm mortar shell with Malakhit [[fire control system]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.deagel.com/Defensive-Weapons/KM-8-Gran_a000931001.aspx|title = Ancile}}</ref><ref>https://ndiastorage.blob.core.usgovcloudapi.net/ndia/2016/armament/18259_Williams.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.kbptula.ru/index.php/en/productions/artillery-guided-weapon-systems/gran |title=Archived copy |access-date=24 November 2017 |archive-date=12 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181112214706/http://www.kbptula.ru/index.php/en/productions/artillery-guided-weapon-systems/gran |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://characterisationexplosiveweapons.org/studies/final-report/|title = Final Report}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://roe.ru/eng/catalog/land-forces/guided-weapon-systems/km-8/|title = The "Gran" guided weapon system for 120mm mortars КМ-8 | Catalog Rosoboronexport}}</ref> |
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'''GP120 (GP4)''' is a Chinese terminal corrected 120 mm mortar shell.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://english.chinamil.com.cn/view/2017-03/27/content_7540752.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=22 November 2017 |archive-date=1 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170401075430/http://english.chinamil.com.cn/view/2017-03/27/content_7540752.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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'''GP140''' is a Chinese [[semi-active laser]] (SAL) guided 120 mm mortar shell. |
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===Guided small arms=== |
===Guided small arms=== |
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{{Main|Precision-guided firearm}} |
{{Main|Precision-guided firearm}} |
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Precision-guided [[small arms]] prototypes have been developed which use a laser designator to guide an [[smart bullet|electronically actuated bullet]] to a target.<ref name="SandiaLabs">{{cite web|url=https://share.sandia.gov/news/resources/news_releases/bullet/|title=Sandia's self-guided bullet prototype can hit target a mile away}}</ref> Another system in development uses a laser range finder to trigger an explosive small arms shell in proximity to a target. The U.S. Army plans to use such devices in the future.<ref name="NewScientist2711">{{cite web|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20227116.900-radiocontrolled-bullets-leave-no-place-to-hide.html|title=Radio-controlled bullets leave no place to hide |last=Kleiner|first=Kurt|date=2009-06-06|work=New Scientist|access-date=2009-06-14}}</ref> |
Precision-guided [[small arms]] prototypes have been developed which use a laser designator to guide an [[smart bullet|electronically actuated bullet]] to a target.<ref name="SandiaLabs">{{cite web|url=https://share.sandia.gov/news/resources/news_releases/bullet/|title=Sandia's self-guided bullet prototype can hit target a mile away|access-date=1 February 2012|archive-date=5 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205021438/https://share.sandia.gov/news/resources/news_releases/bullet/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Another system in development uses a laser range finder to trigger an explosive small arms shell in proximity to a target. The U.S. Army plans to use such devices in the future.<ref name="NewScientist2711">{{cite web|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20227116.900-radiocontrolled-bullets-leave-no-place-to-hide.html|title=Radio-controlled bullets leave no place to hide |last=Kleiner|first=Kurt|date=2009-06-06|work=New Scientist|access-date=2009-06-14}}</ref> |
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In 2008 the [[EXACTO]] program began under [[DARPA]] to develop a "[[fire and forget]]" smart sniper rifle system including a guided smart bullet and improved scope. The exact technologies of this smart bullet have not been released. EXACTO was test fired in 2014 and 2015 and results showing the bullet alter course to correct its path to its target were released.<ref>https://www.darpa.mil/news-events/2015-04-27</ref> |
In 2008 the [[EXACTO]] program began under [[DARPA]] to develop a "[[fire and forget]]" smart sniper rifle system including a guided smart bullet and improved scope. The exact technologies of this smart bullet have not been released. EXACTO was test fired in 2014 and 2015 and results showing the bullet alter course to correct its path to its target were released.<ref>https://www.darpa.mil/news-events/2015-04-27 {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2022}}</ref> |
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In 2012 [[Sandia National Laboratories]] announced a self-guided bullet prototype that could track a target illuminated with a [[laser designator]]. The bullet is capable of updating its position 30 times a second and hitting targets over a mile away.<ref> |
In 2012 [[Sandia National Laboratories]] announced a self-guided bullet prototype that could track a target illuminated with a [[laser designator]]. The bullet is capable of updating its position 30 times a second and hitting targets over a mile away.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://share.sandia.gov/news/resources/news_releases/bullet |title=Sandia's self-guided bullet prototype can hit target a mile away |access-date=1 February 2012 |archive-date=20 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220081042/https://share.sandia.gov/news/resources/news_releases/bullet/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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In mid-2016, Russia revealed it was developing a similar "[[smart bullet]]" weapon designed to hit targets at a distance of up to {{convert|10|km|mi|abbr=on|order=flip|sigfig=1}}.<ref>[http://kitup.military.com/2016/07/russians-launch-smart-bullet-effort-in-the-wake-of-u-s-program.html Russians Launch Smart Bullet Effort in the Wake of U.S. Program] - Kitup.Military.com, 20 July 2016</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tass.com/defense/889242|title=Russia launches 'smart bullet' testing in guided flight regime|website=TASS}}</ref> |
In mid-2016, Russia revealed it was developing a similar "[[smart bullet]]" weapon designed to hit targets at a distance of up to {{convert|10|km|mi|abbr=on|order=flip|sigfig=1}}.<ref>[http://kitup.military.com/2016/07/russians-launch-smart-bullet-effort-in-the-wake-of-u-s-program.html Russians Launch Smart Bullet Effort in the Wake of U.S. Program] - Kitup.Military.com, 20 July 2016</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tass.com/defense/889242|title=Russia launches 'smart bullet' testing in guided flight regime|website=TASS}}</ref> |
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[[Pike (munition)|Pike]]<ref>https://www.defensetech.org/2015/10/12/raytheon-displays-new-mini-rocket-for-special-forces-infantry/ |
[[Pike (munition)|Pike]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.defensetech.org/2015/10/12/raytheon-displays-new-mini-rocket-for-special-forces-infantry/ |title=Raytheon Unveils New Mini Missile for Special Forces, Infantry - Defensetech |access-date=12 December 2017 |archive-date=13 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213010905/https://www.defensetech.org/2015/10/12/raytheon-displays-new-mini-rocket-for-special-forces-infantry/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> is a precision-guided mini-missile fired from an underslung grenade launcher. |
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[[Air burst]] grenade launchers are a type of precision-guided weapons. Such grenade launchers can preprogram their grenades using a [[fire-control system]] to explode in the air above or beside the enemy.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://sadefensejournal.com/grenade-launchers-and-their-ammunition-international-developments/|title=Grenade Launchers and their Ammunition: International Developments |journal=Small Arms Defense Journal}}</ref><ref>http://www.quarryhs.co.uk/GRENADES%20WEB%20ARTICLE.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref><ref>https://www.orbitalatk.com/defense-systems/armament-systems/cdte/</ref> |
[[Air burst]] grenade launchers are a type of precision-guided weapons. Such grenade launchers can preprogram their grenades using a [[fire-control system]] to explode in the air above or beside the enemy.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://sadefensejournal.com/grenade-launchers-and-their-ammunition-international-developments/|title=Grenade Launchers and their Ammunition: International Developments |journal=Small Arms Defense Journal}}</ref><ref>http://www.quarryhs.co.uk/GRENADES%20WEB%20ARTICLE.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171025235131/http://quarryhs.co.uk/GRENADES%20WEB%20ARTICLE.pdf |date=25 October 2017 }} {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref><ref>https://www.orbitalatk.com/defense-systems/armament-systems/cdte/</ref> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
Revision as of 05:01, 20 June 2024
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A precision-guided munition (PGM), also called a smart weapon, smart munition, or smart bomb, is a guided munition intended to hit a specific target, to minimize collateral damage and increase lethality against intended targets.[1] During the Persian Gulf War guided munitions accounted for only 9% of weapons fired, but accounted for 75% of all successful hits. Despite guided weapons generally being used on more difficult targets, they were still 35 times more likely to destroy their targets per weapon dropped.[2]
Because the damage effects of explosive weapons decrease with distance due to an inverse cube law, even modest improvements in accuracy (hence reduction in miss distance) enable a target to be attacked with fewer or smaller bombs. Thus, even if some guided bombs miss, fewer air crews are put at risk and the harm to civilians and the amount of collateral damage may be reduced.[a][b]
The advent of precision-guided munitions resulted in the renaming of older, low-technology bombs as "unguided bombs", "dumb bombs", or "iron bombs".
Types
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Image-GBU-24_Missile_testmontage-gi_BLU-109_bomb.jpg/220px-Image-GBU-24_Missile_testmontage-gi_BLU-109_bomb.jpg)
Recognizing the difficulty of hitting moving ships during the Spanish Civil War,[9] the Germans were first to develop steerable munitions, using radio control or wire guidance. The U.S. tested TV-guided (GB-4),[10] semi-active radar-guided (Bat), and infrared-guided (Felix) weapons.
Inertial-guided
The CBU-107 Passive Attack Weapon is an air-dropped guided bomb containing metal penetrator rods of various sizes. It was designed to attack targets where an explosive effect may be undesirable, such as fuel storage tanks or chemical weapon stockpiles[11] in civilian areas.[12]
Radio-controlled
The Germans were first to introduce PGMs in combat, with KG 100 deploying the 3,100 lb (1,400 kg) MCLOS-guidance Fritz X armored glide bomb, guided by the Kehl-Straßburg radio guidance system, to successfully attack the Italian battleship Roma in 1943,[13] and the similarly Kehl-Straßburg MCLOS-guided Henschel Hs 293 rocket-boosted glide bomb (also in use since 1943, but only against lightly armored or unarmored ship targets).
The closest Allied equivalents, both unpowered designs, were the 1,000 lb (450 kg) VB-1 AZON (from "AZimuth ONly" control), used in both Europe and the CBI theater, and the US Navy's Bat, primarily used in the Pacific Theater of World War II — the Navy's Bat was more advanced than either German PGM ordnance design or the USAAF's VB-1 AZON, in that it had its own on board, autonomous radar seeker system to direct it to a target. In addition, the U.S. tested the rocket-propelled Gargoyle, which never entered service.[14] Japanese PGMs—with the exception of the anti-ship air-launched, rocket-powered, human-piloted Yokosuka MXY-7 Ohka, "Kamikaze" flying bomb did not see combat in World War II.[15]
Prior to the war, the British experimented with radio-controlled remotely guided planes laden with explosives, such as Larynx. The United States Army Air Forces used similar techniques with Operation Aphrodite, but had few successes; the German Mistel (Mistletoe) "parasite aircraft" was no more effective, guided by the human pilot flying the single-engined fighter mounted above the unmanned, explosive-laden twin-engined "flying bomb" below it, released in the Mistel's attack dive from the fighter.
The U.S. programs restarted in the Korean War. In the 1960s, the electro-optical bomb (or camera bomb) was reintroduced. They were equipped with television cameras and flare sights, by which the bomb would be steered until the flare superimposed the target. The camera bombs transmitted a "bomb's eye view" of the target back to a controlling aircraft. An operator in this aircraft then transmitted control signals to steerable fins fitted to the bomb. Such weapons were used increasingly by the USAF in the last few years of the Vietnam War because the political climate was increasingly intolerant of civilian casualties, and because it was possible to strike difficult targets (such as bridges) effectively with a single mission; the Thanh Hoa Bridge, for instance, was attacked repeatedly with iron bombs, to no effect, only to be dropped in one mission with PGMs.
Although not as popular as the newer JDAM and JSOW weapons, or even the older laser-guided bomb systems, weapons like the AGM-62 Walleye TV guided bomb are still being used, in conjunction with the AAW-144 Data Link Pod, on US Navy F/A-18 Hornets.
Infrared-guided/electro-optical
In World War II, the U.S. National Defense Research Committee developed the VB-6 Felix, which used infrared to home on ships. While it entered production in 1945, it was never employed operationally.[16] The first successful electro optical guided munition was the AGM-62 Walleye during the Vietnam war. It was a family of large glide bombs which could automatically track targets using contrast differences in the video feed. The original concept was created by engineer Norman Kay while tinkering with televisions as a hobby. It was based on a device which could track objects on a television screen and place a "blip" on them to indicate where it was aiming. The first test of the weapon on 29 January 1963 was a success, with the weapon making a direct hit on the target. It served successfully for three decades until the 1990s.[17][18]
The Raytheon Maverick is the most common electro optical guided missile. As a heavy anti-tank missile it has among its various marks guidance systems such as electro-optical (AGM-65A), imaging infrared (AGM-65D), and laser homing (AGM-65E).[19] The first two, by guiding themselves based on the visual or IR scene of the target, are fire-and-forget in that the pilot can release the weapon and it will guide itself to the target without further input, which allows the delivery aircraft to manoeuvre to escape return fire. The Pakistani NESCOM H-2 MUPSOW and H-4 MUPSOW is an electro-optical (IR imaging and television guided) is a drop and forget precision-guided glide bomb. The Israeli Elbit Opher is also an IR imaging "drop and forget" guided bomb that has been reported to be considerably cheaper than laser-homing bombs and can be used by any aircraft, not requiring specialized wiring for a laser designator or for another aircraft to illuminate the target. During NATO's air campaign in 1999 in Kosovo the new Italian AF AMX employed the Opher.[20]
Laser-guided
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/BOLT117LGB.jpg/220px-BOLT117LGB.jpg)
In 1962, the US Army began research into laser guidance systems and by 1967 the USAF had conducted a competitive evaluation leading to full development of the world's first laser-guided bomb, the BOLT-117, in 1968. All such bombs work in much the same way, relying on the target being illuminated, or "painted," by a laser target designator on the ground or on an aircraft. They have the significant disadvantage of not being usable in poor weather where the target illumination cannot be seen, or where a target designator cannot get near the target. The laser designator sends its beam in a coded series of pulses so the bomb cannot be confused by an ordinary laser, and also so multiple designators can operate in reasonable proximity.
Originally the project began as a surface to air missile seeker developed by Texas Instruments. When Texas Instruments executive Glenn E. Penisten attempted to sell the new technology to the Air Force they inquired if it could instead be used as a ground attack system to overcome problems they were having with accuracy of bombing in Vietnam. After 6 attempts the weapon improved accuracy from 148 to 10 ft (50 to 3 m) and greatly exceeded the design requirements. The system was sent to Vietnam and performed well. Without the existence of targeting pods they had to be aimed using a hand held laser from the back seat of an F-4 Phantom aircraft, but still performed well. Eventually over 28,000 were dropped during the war.[2]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Laser_guided_munition_CIA_report.jpg/220px-Laser_guided_munition_CIA_report.jpg)
Laser-guided weapons did not become commonplace until the advent of the microchip. They made their practical debut in Vietnam, where on 13 May 1972 they were used in the second successful attack on the Thanh Hóa Bridge ("Dragon's Jaw"). This structure had previously been the target of 800 American sorties[21] (using unguided weapons) and was partially destroyed in each of two successful attacks, the other being on 27 April 1972 using AGM-62 Walleyes.
They were used, though not on a large scale, by the British forces during the 1982 Falklands War.[22] The first large-scale use of smart weapons came in the early 1990s during Operation Desert Storm when they were used by coalition forces against Iraq. Even so, most of the air-dropped ordnance used in that war was "dumb," although the percentages are biased by the large use of various (unguided) cluster bombs. Laser-guided weapons were used in large numbers during the 1999 Kosovo War, but their effectiveness was often reduced by the poor weather conditions prevalent in the southern Balkans.
- Paveway is a series of laser-guided bombs made in the United States. Paveway II 500 lb (230 kg) LGBs (such as GBU-12) are a cheaper lightweight precision-guided munition (PGM) suitable for use against vehicles and other small targets, while a Paveway III 2,000 lb (910 kg) penetrator (such as GBU-24) is a more expensive weapon with improved aerodynamic efficiency suitable for use against high-value targets. GBU-12s were used to great effect in the first Gulf War, dropped from F-111F aircraft to destroy Iraqi armored vehicles in a process informally referred to by pilots as "tank plinking."
- AGM-123 Skipper II was a short-range laser-guided missile developed by the United States Navy. The Skipper was intended as an anti-ship weapon, capable of disabling the largest vessels with a 1,000 lb (450 kg) impact-fuzed warhead.
- It was composed of a Mark 83 bomb fitted with a Paveway guidance kit and two Mk 78 solid propellant rockets that fire upon launch.
- Some of the most commonly used laser-guided bombs are the family of GBU-54, GBU-55, and GBU-56 Joint Direct Attack Munitions, or "Laser JDAMs" (LJDAMs), which add a laser seeker to the nose of a JDAM-equipped bomb, enabling it to engage moving targets. The laser seeker is a cooperative development between Boeing's Defense, Space and Security unit and Israel's Elbit Systems.[23]
- Sudarshan is an Indian laser-guided bomb kit, developed by Aeronautical Development Establishment (ADE), a DRDO lab with technological support from another DRDO lab Instruments Research and Development Establishment (IRDE),[24][25] for the Indian Air Force (IAF).[26][27][28]
- KAB-1500L and KAB-500L are Russian laser-guided bombs.
- LT PGB is a family of Chinese laser-guided munitions.
- LS PGB is a family of Chinese GPS+INS or laser guided munitions.
- The Advanced Precision Kill Weapon System (APKWS) also known as Laser, infrared Guided Rocket (LiGR) is a design conversion of Hydra 70 unguided rockets with a laser guidance kit to turn them into precision-guided munitions (PGMs).[29][30][31]
- Ugroza (Russian: Угроза, meaning "menace") is a precision-guided weapons system made in Russian Federation. It is an upgrade for standard Russian "dumb" rockets, including the S-5, S-8, and S-13 rockets.[32][33] The system upgrades the "dumb" rockets with laser guidance, very significantly increasing their accuracy. It requires a laser target designator, from either an airborne or land based source, to "paint" a target. Circular error probable (CEP) is about 2.6 to 5.9 ft (0.8 to 1.8 m),[32] while maximum ranges of rockets varies from the rockets used 0.93 to 4.97 mi (1.5 to 8 km).[32] Ugroza allows rockets to be ripple-fired up to 7 at a time.
- The notable novelty is that the system does not use aerodynamic flight control (e.g. tail fins), but impulse steering with mini-thrusters.[32] It has been dubbed as the Russian concept of impulse corrections (RCIC).[34][32]
- The Roketsan Cirit is a Turkish laser guided missile.
- The Griffin Laser Guided Bomb (Griffin LGB) is a laser-guided bomb system made by Israel Aerospace Industries' MBT missile division. It is an add-on kit which is used to retrofit existing Mark 82, Mark 83, and Mark 84 and other "dumb fire" gravity bombs, making them into laser-guided smart bombs (with the option of GPS guidance). Initial development completed in 1990.
- Cirit is a 2.8 in (70 mm) guided missile system fitted with a semi-active laser homing seeker. The seeker and guidance section is attached to a purpose-built warhead with a Class 5 Insensitive Munition (IM). The multipurpose warhead has a combined armour-piercing ammunition with enhanced behind armor anti-personnel and incendiary effects. The engine is of reduced smoke design, with IM properties. It is connected to the rear section by a roll bearing that enables it to rotate in flight. There are four small stabilising surfaces at the very rear of the missile in front of the exhaust nozzle that ensures stable flight. Roketsan has developed a new launch pod and a new canister in which Cirit is delivered as an all-up round. The Cirit has a maximum effective guided range of 5.0 mi (8 km) with a high probability of hit on a 9.8 ft × 9.8 ft (3 m × 3 m) target at this range.[35][36]
Radar-guided
The Lockheed-Martin Hellfire II light-weight anti-tank weapon in one mark uses the radar on the Boeing AH-64D Apache Longbow to provide fire-and-forget guidance for that weapon.
Satellite-guided
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/F-22_bomb.jpg/220px-F-22_bomb.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/BGT_Hosbo.jpg/220px-BGT_Hosbo.jpg)
Lessons learned during the first Gulf War showed the value of precision munitions, yet they also highlighted the difficulties in employing them—specifically when visibility of the ground or target from the air was degraded.[37] The problem of poor visibility does not affect satellite-guided weapons such as Joint Direct Attack Munition (JDAM) and Joint Stand-Off Weapon (JSOW), which make use of the United States' GPS system for guidance. This weapon can be employed in all weather conditions, without any need for ground support. Because it is possible to jam GPS, the guidance package reverts to inertial navigation in the event of GPS signal loss. Inertial navigation is significantly less accurate; the JDAM achieves a published Circular Error Probable (CEP) of 43 ft (13 m) under GPS guidance, but typically only 98 ft (30 m) under inertial guidance (with free fall times of 100 seconds or less).[38][39]
- The Joint Direct Attack Munition (JDAM) is a guidance kit that converts unguided bombs, or "dumb bombs", into all-weather "smart" munitions. JDAM-equipped bombs are guided by an integrated inertial guidance system coupled to a Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver, giving them a published range of up to 17 mi (28 km). JDAM-equipped bombs range from 500 to 2,000 pounds (230 to 910 kg).[40] When installed on a bomb, the JDAM kit is given a GBU (Guided Bomb Unit) nomenclature, superseding the Mark 80 or BLU (Bomb, Live Unit) nomenclature of the bomb to which it is attached.
- The High Speed Low Drag Bomb is a series precision-guided munition used by Indian Air Force. It has 450 kg (990 lb) and 500 kg (1,100 lb) variants. They use Inertial Navigation System and GPS/NavIC satellite guidance in mid-course and semi-active laser homing for Terminal guidance.
- Wind Corrected Munitions Dispenser (WCMD) is a GPS/INS-guided US tail kit for use with the TMD (Tactical Munitions Dispenser) family of cluster bombs to convert them to precision-guided munitions.
- Wan chien – Taiwanese indigenous version of JDAM.[41]
- The Griffin conversion kit consists of a front "seeker" section and a set of steerable tailplanes. The resulting guided munition features "trajectory shaping", which allows the bomb to fall along a variety of trajectories – from a shallow angle to a vertical top attack profile. IAI publishes a circular error probable figure for the weapon of 5 metres.[42]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/KAB-500S-E_-_MAKS2015part7-18.jpg/220px-KAB-500S-E_-_MAKS2015part7-18.jpg)
- The GBU-57A/B Massive Ordnance Penetrator (MOP) is a U.S. Air Force, precision-guided, 30,000-pound (14,000 kg) "bunker buster" bomb.[43] This is substantially larger than the deepest penetrating bunker busters previously available, the 5,000-pound (2,300 kg) GBU-28 and GBU-37.
- The SMKB (Smart-MK-Bomb) is a Brazilian guidance kit that turns a standard 500-pound (230 kg) Mk 82 or 1,000-pound (450 kg) Mk 83 into a precision-guided weapon, respectively called SMKB-82 and SMKB-83. The kit provides extended range up to 31 mi (50 km) and are guided by an integrated inertial guidance system coupled to three satellites networks (GPS, Galileo and GLONASS), relying on wireless to handle the flow of data between the aircraft and the munition.
- FT PGB is a family of Chinese satellite and Inertial, guided munitions.
- LS PGB is a family of Chinese GPS+INS or laser guided munitions.
The precision of these weapons is dependent both on the precision of the measurement system used for location determination and the precision in setting the coordinates of the target. The latter critically depends on intelligence information, not all of which is accurate. According to a CIA report, the accidental United States bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade during Operation Allied Force by NATO aircraft was attributed to faulty target information.[44] However, if the targeting information is accurate, satellite-guided weapons are significantly more likely to achieve a successful strike in any given weather conditions than any other type of precision-guided munition.
Advanced guidance concepts
Responding to after-action reports from pilots who employed laser or satellite guided weapons, Boeing developed a Laser JDAM (LJDAM) to provide both types of guidance in a single kit. Based on the existing Joint Direct Attack Munition configurations, a laser guidance package is added to a GPS/INS-guided weapon to increase its overall accuracy.[45] Raytheon has developed the Enhanced Paveway family, which adds GPS/INS guidance to their Paveway family of laser-guidance packages.[46] These "hybrid" laser and GPS guided weapons permit the carriage of fewer weapons types, while retaining mission flexibility, because these weapons can be employed equally against moving and fixed targets, or targets of opportunity. For instance, a typical weapons load on an F-16 flying in the Iraq War included a single 2,000-pound (910 kg) JDAM and two 1,000-pound (450 kg) LGBs. With LJDAM, and the new GBU-39 Small Diameter Bomb (SDB), these same aircraft can carry more bombs if necessary, and have the option of satellite or laser guidance for each weapon release.
- Spice (munition) is an Israeli EO/GPS-guided guidance kit for converting air-droppable unguided bombs into precision guided bombs. Spice can be preprogrammed, with up to 100 different targets it may have to engage during a mission. The one target it will actually engage may then be selected, inflight, by an aircrewman.
- The HGK guidance kit (HGK), Turkish: Hassas Güdüm Kiti / Precision Guidance Kit), developed by TÜBİTAK-SAGE, is a GPS/INS guidance kit that converts 2,000-pound (910 kg) Mark 84 bombs into smart weapons. It enables precision strike capability in all weather conditions with long range at a dispersion of 20 ft (6 m).[47]
- Armement Air-Sol Modulaire (AASM),[48][49] developed by Safran Electronics & Defense, comprises a frontal guidance kit and a rear-mounted range extension kit matched to a dumb bomb. The weapon is modular because it can integrate different types of guidance units and different types of bombs. It uses hybrid inertial navigation system (INS) / Global Positioning System (GPS) guidance. Other variants add infrared homing or laser guidance to increase accuracy.
- Paveway IV is a dual mode GPS/INS and laser-guided bomb manufactured by Raytheon UK (formerly Raytheon Systems Limited).[50] It is the latest iteration of the Paveway series.
- Denel Dynamics Umbani a precision-guided bomb kit manufactured by Denel Dynamics in South Africa. It consists of a number of modules fitted to NATO standard Mk81, Mk82 or Mk83 low drag free-fall bombs to convert them to glide bombs.[51]
- Smart Anti-Airfield Weapon (SAAW) is an Indian precision-guided Anti-Airfield Weapon developed by Research Centre Imarat of DRDO with a range up to 62 mi (100 km) .
- High Speed Low Drag Bomb (HSLD) is an Indian precision guided munition developed by Armament Research and Development Establishment that is comparable with the US' Mark 80 series. It uses inertial and satellite navigation with laser guidance kit for target accuracy.
- Moving Target Artillery Round (MTAR)
- The U.S. Navy leads development for a new 155 mm (6.1 in) artillery round called Moving Target Artillery Round, capable of destroying moving targets in GPS-denied environments". The Office of Naval Research (ONR), the Naval Surface Warfare Center Dahlgren Division (NSWC Dahlgren), and the U.S. Army Research Laboratory (ARL) have been coordinating MTAR, with final development scheduled for 2019.[52]
- Key features of the MTAR shell include extended range against moving targets, precision guidance and navigation without GPS, subsystem modularity, subsystem maturity, weapon system compatibility, restricted altitude, all-weather capability, reduced time of flight, and affordability. The new munition is intended for the Army or Marine Corps M777A1 howitzer, the M109A6 Paladin, and M109A7 Paladin Integrated Management (PIM) self-propelled 155 mm (6.1 in) artillery systems. The shell also would be for the Navy's Advanced Gun System (AGS) aboard the Zumwalt-class destroyer, and other future naval gun systems.[53]
- Precision Guidance Kit – Modernization (PGK-M)
- The U.S. Army is planning for GPS-denied environments with the new Precision Guidance Kit – Modernization (PGK-M). An enhancement of previous technologies, PGK-M will give U.S. forces the ability to continue launching precision strikes when GPS is compromised by the enemy.[54]
- Picatinny Arsenal engineers are leading the development of a GPS alternative using image navigation for precision guidance of munitions, under the Armament Research, Development and Engineering Center (ARDEC). Other research partners include Draper Labs, U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Air Force Research Laboratory and the Aviation and Missile Research, Development, and Engineering Center.[55]
- The enhanced munition can navigate to a desired location, through a reference image used by the technology to reach the target.[55] The PGK-M includes a collection of ad hoc software programmable radio networks, various kinds of wave-relay connectivity technologies and navigational technology.[54]
- PBK-500U Drel is a Russian guided jamming-resistant stealth glide bomb.
Cannon and mortar-launched guided projectiles
A cannon-launched guided projectile (CLGP), is fired from artillery, ship's cannon, or armored vehicles. Several agencies and organizations sponsored the CLGP programs. The United States Navy sponsored the Deadeye program, a laser-guided shell for its 5 in (127 mm) guns[56] and a program to mate a Paveway guidance system to an 8 in (203 mm) shell[57] for the 8"/55 caliber Mark 71 gun in the 1970s (Photo). Other Navy efforts include the BTERM, ERGM, and LRLAP shells.
- The U.S. Army's MGM-51 Shillelagh missile can be considered a type of CLGP. Intended for use on the M551 Sheridan light tank, the Shillelagh missile was fired out of the Sheridan's cannon to provide robust anti-tank capability. The Army's M712 Copperhead laser guided artillery round was used in Desert Storm. Army CLGPs include the M982 Excalibur 155 mm (6.1 in) artillery shell, the XM395 Precision Guided Mortar Munition, and the XM1156 Precision Guidance Kit to refit existing 155 mm shells with precision guidance, as the Air Force's JDAM program converts dumb bombs into precision munitions.
- M982 Excalibur, GPS-guided munitions (XM982) for 155 mm artillery was developed in a collaborative effort between U.S. Army Research Laboratory (ARL) and the Armaments Research and Development Center (ARDEC). Research included developing GPS and microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) Inertial Sensor Technology. Excalibur was fielded in Operation Iraqi Freedom in the summer of 2007. Technology developed on the Excalibur is also applied in the Army's Precision Guidance Kit (PGK) for use on existing conventional projectiles and the Mortar Guidance Kit (MGK) for use on conventional mortars.[58]
- XM1111 Mid-Range Munition is cancelled 120 mm (4.7 in) tank gun launched missile.
- LAHAT is Israeli semi-active laser homing guided low-weight anti-tank guided missile that can be launched from smoothbore tank guns.
- KSTAM is South Korean guided munition shot from the gun of K2 Black Panther tank.
- 30F39 Krasnopol is a Russian 152 / 155 mm (6.0 / 6.1 in) cannon-launched, fin-stabilized, base bleed-assisted, semi-automatic laser-guided, explosive projectile. It automatically 'homes' on a point illuminated by a laser designator, typically operated by a ground-based artillery observer.
- Kitolov-2M is a Russian laser-guided 120 / 122 mm (4.7 / 4.8 in) artillery shell with Malakhit automated artillery fire control system.[59][60]
- 9M119 Svir/Refleks are Russian tank gun-launched laser-guided projectiles.
- Pansarsprängvinggranat m/94 STRIX is a Swedish endphase-guided projectile fired from a 120 mm (4.7 in) mortar currently manufactured by Saab Bofors Dynamics.
- STRIX is fired like a conventional mortar round. The round contains an infrared imaging sensor that it uses to guide itself onto any tank or armoured fighting vehicle in the vicinity where it lands. The seeker is designed to ignore targets that are already burning.[61]
- Basir is an Iranian artillery fired laser-guided, 155 mm explosive projectile designed to destroy enemy tanks, vehicles and other moving or non-moving targets with high precision.[62] This weapon is similar in function with Russian Kransnopol or American M712 Copperhead.[citation needed]
- SMArt 155 is a German 155 mm artillery round, designed for a long range, indirect fire top attack role against armoured vehicles. The SMArt carrier shell contains two submunitions with infrared sensor and millimeter wave radar, which descend over the battlefield on ballutes and attack hardened targets with explosively formed penetrator warheads. Built with multiple redundant self-destruct mechanisms, these submunitions were specifically designed[dubious – discuss] to fall outside the category of submunition weapons prohibited by the 2008 Convention on Cluster Munitions.
- SAMHO is an Indian gun-launched anti-tank guided missile developed by the Armament Research and Development Establishment (ARDE) for the Arjun MBT of the Indian Army.
- Rheinmetall Denel Munitions 155 mm V-LAP[63][64]
- GP1: Chinese laser-guided 155 mm artillery projectile based on Krasnopol.[65][66][67]
- GP6: Chinese laser-guided 155 mm artillery projectile based on Krasnopol.
- XM395 Precision Guided Mortar Munition
- KM-8 Gran is a Russian guided 120 mm mortar shell with Malakhit fire control system.[68][69][70][71][72]
- GP120 (GP4) is a Chinese terminal corrected 120 mm mortar shell.[73]
- GP140 is a Chinese semi-active laser (SAL) guided 120 mm mortar shell.
Guided small arms
Precision-guided small arms prototypes have been developed which use a laser designator to guide an electronically actuated bullet to a target.[74] Another system in development uses a laser range finder to trigger an explosive small arms shell in proximity to a target. The U.S. Army plans to use such devices in the future.[75]
In 2008 the EXACTO program began under DARPA to develop a "fire and forget" smart sniper rifle system including a guided smart bullet and improved scope. The exact technologies of this smart bullet have not been released. EXACTO was test fired in 2014 and 2015 and results showing the bullet alter course to correct its path to its target were released.[76]
In 2012 Sandia National Laboratories announced a self-guided bullet prototype that could track a target illuminated with a laser designator. The bullet is capable of updating its position 30 times a second and hitting targets over a mile away.[77]
In mid-2016, Russia revealed it was developing a similar "smart bullet" weapon designed to hit targets at a distance of up to 6 mi (10 km).[78][79]
Pike[80] is a precision-guided mini-missile fired from an underslung grenade launcher.
Air burst grenade launchers are a type of precision-guided weapons. Such grenade launchers can preprogram their grenades using a fire-control system to explode in the air above or beside the enemy.[81][82][83]
See also
Notes
- ^ "During Russia’s participation in the Syrian Civil War, only one of its aircraft, the Su-34 fighter-bomber, regularly used precision-guided munitions, Bronk explained, and even that aircraft often used unguided bombs and rockets.".[3]
- ^ Connectivity to GLONASS may be a factor in the lack of Russian PGM availability,[4] and the use of 3G/4G cell towers for Russian encrypted communications (Era) [5] during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. This weakness was unearthed during the use of open communication ("Russian commanders are sometimes piggybacking on Ukrainian cell phone networks to communicate")[6] when FSB was discussing the deaths of their generals: Vitaly Gerasimov, killed 7 Mar 2022;[7] Andrei Sukhovetsky, killed 28 Feb 2022.[8][4]
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External links
Media related to Precision-guided munitions at Wikimedia Commons
- A Brief History of Precision Guided Weapons
- How Smart Bombs Work
- BBC: "Smart bombs missed Iraqi targets" — on the first employment of the JSOW, guidance failures from a software error subsequently fixed.
- "Fact File: Smart Bombs – not so Smart" BBC story discussing the limitations of guided munition employment.
- Janes.com: "Ukraine develops indigenous guided airborne weapons" — 2006 article about Ukrainian guided bomb development.
- "World War II Glide Bombs" (Part1)
- "World War II Glide Bombs" (Part2)
- "World War II Glide Bombs" (Modern Glide Bombs)
- "Soviet/Russian Guided Bombs" by Air Power Australia