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Lucio Russo
Lucio Russo
	Lucio Russo in 2014
Born	22 November 1944 (age 79); Venice
Nationality	Italian
	Scientific career
Fields	Physics ; Mathematics ; History of science
Institutions	University of Rome Tor Vergata

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Lucio Russo (born 22 November 1944) is an Italian physicist, mathematician and historian of science. Born in Venice, he teaches at the Mathematics Department of the University of Rome Tor Vergata.

Among his main areas of interest are Gibbs measure of the Ising model, percolation theory,^[1] and finite Bernoulli schemes, within which he proved an approximate version of the classical Kolmogorov's zero–one law.^[2]

In the history of science, he has reconstructed some contributions of the Hellenistic astronomer Hipparchus, through the analysis of his surviving works, and the proof of heliocentrism attributed by Plutarch to Seleucus of Seleucia and studied the history of theories of tides,^[3] from the Hellenistic to modern age.

Books

The Forgotten Revolution

In The Forgotten Revolution: How Science Was Born in 300 BC and Why It Had to Be Reborn (Italian: La rivoluzione dimenticata), Russo promotes the belief that Hellenistic science in the period 320–144 BC reached heights not achieved by Classical age science, and proposes that it went further than ordinarily thought, in multiple fields not normally associated with ancient science.

According to Russo, Hellenistic scientists were not simply forerunners, but actually achieved scientific results of high importance, in the fields of "mathematics, solid and fluid mechanics, optics, astronomy, anatomy, physiology, scientific medicine",^[4] even psychoanalysis. They may have even discovered the inverse square law of gravitation (Russo's argument on this point hinges on well-established, but seldom discussed, evidence). Hellenistic scientists, among them Euclid, Archimedes, Eratosthenes, developed an axiomatic and deductive way of argumentation. When this way of argumentation was dropped, the ability to understand the results were lost as well. Thus, Russo conjectures that the definitions of elementary geometric objects were introduced in Euclid's Elements by Heron of Alexandria, 400 years after the work was completed.^[4] More concretely, Russo shows how the theory of tides must have been well-developed in Antiquity, because several pre-Newtonian sources relay various complementary parts of the theory without grasping their import or justification (getting the empirical facts wrong but the theory right).

Hellenistic science was focused on the city of Alexandria. The emerging scientific revolution in Alexandria was ended when Ptolemy VIII Physcon came to power. He engaged in mass purges and expulsions of all intellectuals. Other centers of Hellenistic science mentioned in Russo's book were Antioch, Pergamon, Cyzicus, Rhodes, Syracuse and Massilia.

He also concludes that the 17th-century scientific revolution in Europe was due in large part to the recovery of Hellenistic science.^[5] The Forgotten Revolution has received mixed reviews, praising Russo's enthusiasm but noting that his conclusions outreach his sources.^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]

L'America dimenticata

In L'America dimenticata, Russo suggests that the Americas were known to some European civilizations in ancient times, probably discovered by the Phoenicians or the Carthaginians, but that the knowledge was lost under Roman expansion in the second century BC.^[10]

Russo notes paintings dating to the Roman period and representing American fruits (Ananas), and small Mesoamerican toys representing wheeled trucks, when the wheel had not been invented nor used in pre-Columbian times.

With the collapse of the Hellenistic world under the attacks of the Romans around the middle of the 2nd century BC (specifically, the destruction of Corinth and Carthage in 146 BC and the expulsion of the scientific elite from Alexandria in 145 BC), these geographic notions were lost. Later Ptolemy incorrectly identified the Blessed Islands with the Canaries and since it was known that the Blessed Islands were at the antipodes relative to the eastern part of China, Ptolemy made ends meet by erroneously enlarging the longitude of all known places, and shrinking the width of a degree of longitude (500 instead of 700 stadia).

With this correction, Lucio Russo manages^{[citation needed]} to pinpoint the position of the mythical Thule, reached in the 4th century BC by explorer Pytheas, on the coast of Greenland. In addition, he sheds a new light on an obscure sentence of Pliny according to which Hipparchus would have enlarged the ecumene (the known world) by 26,000 stadia.^[11]

References

^ Geoffrey R. Grimmett, "The Work of Lucio Russo on Percolation","Mathematics and Mechanics of Complex Systems", vol. 4, N° 3–4, pp. 199–211 http://msp.org/memocs/2016/4-3/p02.xhtml
^ M. Talegrand "On Russo's approximate zero-one law", "Annals of Probability", 22, (1994), 1576–1587
^ Lucio Russo, Flussi e riflussi: indagine sull'origine di una teoria scientifica, Milan, Feltrinelli, 2003, ISBN 88-07-10349-4.
^ ^a ^b Graffi, Sandro, review of La rivoluzione dimenticata, Notices Amer. Math. Soc., vol. 45, no. 5, May 1998.[1]
^ Lucio Russo, The Forgotten Revolution: How Science Was Born in 300 BC and Why It Had to Be Reborn, Berlin, Springer, 2004, ISBN 978-3-540-20396-4.
^ Michael Rowan-Robinson, "Praising Alexandrians to excess." Review of The Forgotten Revolution, Physics World vol. 17, no. 4 (April 2004).
^ Gary B. Magee, Review of The Forgotten Revolution, Economic Record, 80 (2004): 475–476.[2]
^ Samuel S. Kutler, Read This! The Mathematical Association of America Online book review column (20 September 2004).[3]
^ Mott Greene, "The birth of modern science?" Review of The Forgotten Revolution, Nature 430 (5 August 2004): 614.
^ Lucio Russo, L' America dimenticata. I rapporti tra le civiltà e un errore di Tolomeo. Seconda edizione con postfazione di obiezioni e risposte, Milan, Mondadori, 2013, ISBN 978-88-6184-320-2 [4]
^ Plinio, Naturalis Historia, II, 247

External links

Biografia Lucio Russo

[1] Geoffrey R. Grimmett, "The Work of Lucio Russo on Percolation","Mathematics and Mechanics of Complex Systems", vol. 4, N° 3–4, pp. 199–211 http://msp.org/memocs/2016/4-3/p02.xhtml

[2] M. Talegrand "On Russo's approximate zero-one law", "Annals of Probability", 22, (1994), 1576–1587

[3] Lucio Russo, Flussi e riflussi: indagine sull'origine di una teoria scientifica, Milan, Feltrinelli, 2003, ISBN 88-07-10349-4.

[graffi-4] Graffi, Sandro, review of La rivoluzione dimenticata, Notices Amer. Math. Soc., vol. 45, no. 5, May 1998.[1]

[5] Lucio Russo, The Forgotten Revolution: How Science Was Born in 300 BC and Why It Had to Be Reborn, Berlin, Springer, 2004, ISBN 978-3-540-20396-4.

[6] Michael Rowan-Robinson, "Praising Alexandrians to excess." Review of The Forgotten Revolution, Physics World vol. 17, no. 4 (April 2004).

[7] Gary B. Magee, Review of The Forgotten Revolution, Economic Record, 80 (2004): 475–476.[2]

[8] Samuel S. Kutler, Read This! The Mathematical Association of America Online book review column (20 September 2004).[3]

[9] Mott Greene, "The birth of modern science?" Review of The Forgotten Revolution, Nature 430 (5 August 2004): 614.

[10] Lucio Russo, L' America dimenticata. I rapporti tra le civiltà e un errore di Tolomeo. Seconda edizione con postfazione di obiezioni e risposte, Milan, Mondadori, 2013, ISBN 978-88-6184-320-2 [4]

[11] Plinio, Naturalis Historia, II, 247

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+{{Short description|Italian physicist, mathematician and historian of science}}
 {{About||the New York State Assemblyman|Lucio Russo (politician)}}
-'''Lucio Russo''' (born 22 November 1944) is an [[Italy|Italian]] [[physicist]], [[mathematician]] and [[historian]] of science. Born in [[Venice]], he teaches at the Mathematics Department of the [[University of Rome Tor Vergata]].
+{{Infobox scientist
-In the history of science, he has reconstructed some contributions of the [[Hellenistic period|Hellenistic]] astronomer [[Hipparchus]], through the analysis of his surviving works, and the proof of [[heliocentrism]] attributed by [[Plutarch]] to [[Seleucus of Seleucia]] and studied the history of theories of [[tide]]s, from the Hellenistic to modern age.
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+'''Lucio Russo''' (born 22 November 1944) is an Italian [[physicist]], [[mathematician]] and [[historian]] of science. Born in [[Venice]], he teaches at the Mathematics Department of the [[University of Rome Tor Vergata]].
-== ''The Forgotten Revolution'' ==
+Among his main areas of interest are [[Gibbs measure]] of the [[Ising model]], [[percolation theory]],<ref>Geoffrey R. Grimmett, "The Work of Lucio Russo on Percolation","[[Mathematics and Mechanics of Complex Systems]]", vol.&nbsp;4, N°&nbsp;3–4, pp.&nbsp;199–211 http://msp.org/memocs/2016/4-3/p02.xhtml</ref> and finite [[Bernoulli distribution|Bernoulli]] schemes, within which he proved an approximate version of the classical [[Kolmogorov's zero–one law]].<ref>M. Talegrand "On Russo's approximate zero-one law", "[[Annals of Probability]]", 22, (1994), 1576–1587</ref>
-=== Theory ===
+In the history of science, he has reconstructed some contributions of the [[Hellenistic period|Hellenistic]] astronomer [[Hipparchus]], through the analysis of his surviving works, and the proof of [[heliocentrism]] attributed by [[Plutarch]] to [[Seleucus of Seleucia]] and studied the history of theories of [[tide]]s,<ref>Lucio Russo, ''Flussi e riflussi: indagine sull'origine di una teoria scientifica'', Milan, Feltrinelli, 2003, {{ISBN|88-07-10349-4}}.</ref> from the Hellenistic to modern age.
-In ''The Forgotten Revolution: How Science Was Born in 300 BC and Why It Had to Be Reborn'' (Italian: ''La rivoluzione dimenticata''), Russo stresses the well-established fact that Hellenistic science reached heights not achieved by [[Classical age]] science, and proposes that it went further than ordinarily thought. These results were lost with the Roman conquest and during the Middle Ages, because the scholars of that period did not have the capability to understand them. The legacy of Hellenistic science was one of the bases of the [[scientific revolution]] of the 16th century, as ancient texts started once again to be available in Europe.
+== Books ==
-According to Russo, Hellenistic scientists were not simply forerunners, but actually achieved scientific results of high importance, in the fields of "mathematics, solid and fluid mechanics, optics, astronomy, anatomy, physiology, scientific medicine",<ref name=graffi>Graffi, Sandro, review of ''La rivoluzione dimenticata'', ''Notices Amer. Math. Soc.'', vol. 45, no. 5, May 1998.[http://www.ams.org/notices/199805/review-graffi.pdf]</ref> even psychological analysis.  They may have even discovered the [[inverse square law]] of [[gravitation]] (Russo's argument on this point hinges on well-established, but seldom discussed, evidence). Hellenistic scientists, among whom [[Euclid]], [[Archimedes]], [[Eratosthenes]], developed an axiomatic and deductive way of argumentation. When this way of argumentation was dropped, the ability to understand the results were lost as well. Thus Russo conjectures that the definitions of elementary geometric objects were introduced in Euclid's ''[[Euclid's Elements|Elements]]'' by [[Heron of Alexandria]], 400 years after the work was completed.<ref name=graffi /> More concretely, Russo shows how the theory of tides must have been well-developed in Antiquity, because several pre-Newtonian sources relay various complementary parts of the theory without grasping their import or justification (getting the empirical facts wrong but the theory right).
+=== ''The Forgotten Revolution'' ===
-A second contribution of Russo's is the conclusion that:{{Quote|the post-Renaissance scientific revolution of the seventeenth century was basically due to the conscious recovery of the Hellenistic science (not even to its full extent, reached only in the second half of the nineteenth century with [[Richard Dedekind]]'s and [[Karl Weierstrass]]'s isolation of the real number concept directly out of Euclid's definition of proportion).<ref name=graffi />}}
+In ''The Forgotten Revolution: How Science Was Born in 300 BC and Why It Had to Be Reborn'' (Italian: ''La rivoluzione dimenticata''), Russo promotes the belief that Hellenistic science in the period 320–144 BC reached heights not achieved by [[Classical age]] science, and proposes that it went further than ordinarily thought, in multiple fields not normally associated with ancient science.
+According to Russo, Hellenistic scientists were not simply forerunners, but actually achieved scientific results of high importance, in the fields of "mathematics, solid and fluid mechanics, optics, astronomy, anatomy, physiology, scientific medicine",<ref name="graffi">Graffi, Sandro, review of ''La rivoluzione dimenticata'', ''Notices Amer. Math. Soc.'', vol. 45, no. 5, May 1998.[https://www.ams.org/notices/199805/review-graffi.pdf]</ref> even psychoanalysis. They may have even discovered the [[inverse square law]] of [[gravitation]] (Russo's argument on this point hinges on well-established, but seldom discussed, evidence). Hellenistic scientists, among them [[Euclid]], [[Archimedes]], [[Eratosthenes]], developed an axiomatic and deductive way of argumentation. When this way of argumentation was dropped, the ability to understand the results were lost as well. Thus, Russo conjectures that the definitions of elementary geometric objects were introduced in Euclid's ''[[Euclid's Elements|Elements]]'' by [[Heron of Alexandria]], 400 years after the work was completed.<ref name="graffi" /> More concretely, Russo shows how the theory of tides must have been well-developed in Antiquity, because several pre-Newtonian sources relay various complementary parts of the theory without grasping their import or justification (getting the empirical facts wrong but the theory right).
-=== Critical reception ===
+Hellenistic science was focused on the city of [[Alexandria]]. The emerging scientific revolution in Alexandria was ended when [[Ptolemy VIII Physcon]] came to power. He engaged in mass purges and expulsions of all intellectuals. Other centers of Hellenistic science mentioned in Russo's book were [[Antioch]], [[Pergamon]], [[Cyzicus]], [[Rhodes]], [[Syracuse, Sicily|Syracuse]] and [[Massilia]].
-{{Quote|''The Forgotten Revolution'' is full of fascinating detail, and the reconstruction of lost work is ingenious. But ''caveat emptor''. What should have been a splendid hymn to Alexandrian achievement is undermined by the author's excessive claims of its influence on Renaissance science, and by his underestimation of the importance of the seeds sown by Aristotle and others in the classical period. &ndash; Michael Rowan-Robinson, ''Physics World''.<ref>Michael Rowan-Robinson, "Praising Alexandrians to excess." Review of ''The Forgotten Revolution'', ''Physics World'' vol. 17, no. 4 (April 2004).[http://physicsweb.org/articles/review/17/4/1/1]</ref>}}
+He also concludes that the 17th-century scientific revolution in Europe was due in large part to the recovery of Hellenistic science.<ref>Lucio Russo, ''The Forgotten Revolution: How Science Was Born in 300 BC and Why It Had to Be Reborn'', Berlin, Springer, 2004, {{ISBN|978-3-540-20396-4}}.</ref> ''The Forgotten Revolution'' has received mixed reviews, praising Russo's enthusiasm but noting that his conclusions outreach his sources.<ref>Michael Rowan-Robinson, "[https://physicsworld.com/a/praising-alexandrians-to-excess/ Praising Alexandrians to excess]." Review of ''The Forgotten Revolution'', ''[[Physics World]]'' vol. 17, no. 4 (April 2004).</ref><ref>Gary B. Magee, Review of ''The Forgotten Revolution'', ''Economic Record,'' 80 (2004): 475&ndash;476.[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1475-4932.2004.00203.x/abstract]</ref><ref>Samuel S. Kutler, ''Read This!'' The Mathematical Association of America Online book review column (20 September 2004).[https://www.maa.org/press/maa-reviews/the-forgotten-revolution-how-science-was-born-in-300-bc-and-why-it-had-to-be-reborn]</ref><ref>Mott Greene, "[http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v430/n7000/full/430614a.html The birth of modern science?]" Review of ''The Forgotten Revolution'', ''Nature'' '''430''' (5 August 2004): 614.</ref>
-{{Quote|If there is anything you like in modern science and mathematics (or art, linguistics, architecture, technology or medicine), he is glad to show you that the Hellenistic Greeks had already been there and done that. He is even pretty sure they had the inverse-square law of gravitation.<br /><br />Is this vision true to the facts? A great deal of it is, yes, but not all, and certainly not the bit about the inverse-square law. Yet the effort to spin out the 'what if &hellip;?' is well worth it. We have access to only 1&ndash;2% of these ancient texts for which we know the titles, the rest being lost, which leaves a good deal of room for Russo to imagine a Hellenistic science much more ample and more modern than previously thought. &ndash; Mott Greene, ''Nature''.<ref>Mott Greene, "The birth of modern science?" Review of ''The Forgotten Revolution'', ''Nature'' '''430''' (5 August 2004): 614.[http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v430/n7000/full/430614a.html]</ref>}}
+=== ''L'America dimenticata'' ===
-{{Quote|The corpus of evidence amassed by Russo will make it very hard for even the most sceptical reader to continue to treat the Hellenistic world so dismissively. Nevertheless, given the partial and speculative nature of much of the evidence adduced, one cannot help but feel that Russo goes too far in his denigration of some of the most brilliant minds of the Scientific Revolution (or, for that matter, the Roman world). &ndash; Gary B. Magee, ''Economic Record''.<ref>Gary B. Magee, Review of ''The Forgotten Revolution'', ''Economic Record,'' 80 (2004): 475&ndash;476.[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1475-4932.2004.00203.x/abstract]</ref>}}
+In ''L'America dimenticata'', Russo suggests that the Americas [[Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact theories|were known to some European civilizations]] in ancient times, probably discovered by the [[Theory of Phoenician discovery of the Americas|Phoenicians]] or the [[Carthaginians]], but that the knowledge was lost under Roman expansion in the second century BC.<ref>Lucio Russo, ''L' America dimenticata. I rapporti tra le civiltà e un errore di Tolomeo. Seconda edizione con postfazione di obiezioni e risposte'', Milan, Mondadori, 2013, {{ISBN|978-88-6184-320-2}} [https://www.amazon.it/LAmerica-dimenticata-rapporti-civilt%C3%A0-Tolomeo/dp/8861843085]</ref>
+Russo notes paintings dating to the [[Rome|Roman]] period and representing American fruits (''[[Ananas]]''), and small [[Mesoamerican]] toys representing wheeled trucks, when the wheel had not been invented nor used in pre-Columbian times.
-{{Quote|The novelty of these conclusions is such that one might be tempted to react with plain disbelief, if not with a shrug. The reader should, however, avoid such a reaction, because the scholarly support is unquestionably impressive. It includes a methodological novelty, this time in the examination of the original sources. Thanks to his dual competence in science and philology, Russo does away with a time-honored habit among scholars of antiquity &ndash; namely, that humanists only deal with 'literary' sources and historians of science with the 'scientific' ones. &ndash; Sandro Graffi, ''Notices Amer. Math. Soc.''<ref name=graffi />}}
+With the collapse of the Hellenistic world under the attacks of the Romans around the middle of the 2nd century BC (specifically, the destruction of [[Corinth]] and [[Carthage]] in 146 BC and the expulsion of the scientific elite from [[Alexandria]] in 145 BC), these geographic notions were lost. Later [[Ptolemy]] incorrectly identified the Blessed Islands with the [[Canary Islands|Canaries]] and since it was known that the Blessed Islands were at the antipodes relative to the eastern part of China, Ptolemy made ends meet by erroneously enlarging the longitude of all known places, and shrinking the width of a degree of longitude (500 instead of 700 stadia).
-{{Quote|Russo finds Hellenistic interpretations everywhere, and where there is no text to back him up, he speculates that such a text is lost &hellip; The treat in store for the reader of this book is the vast learning that Lucio Russo has acquired, which he explains with lucidity. What is hard for the readers, however, to judge is to what extent the ancient world had true science in Russo's sense. What is definitely so is that the Alexandrine world had great accomplishments to excite our wonder. &ndash; Samuel S. Kutler, ''Read This!''<ref>Samuel S. Kutler, ''Read This!'' The Mathematical Association of America Online book review column (20 September 2004).[http://www.maa.org/reviews/forgottenrevolution.html]</ref>}}
+With this correction, Lucio Russo manages{{citation needed|date=April 2021}} to pinpoint the position of the mythical [[Thule]], reached in the 4th century BC by explorer [[Pytheas]], on the coast of [[Greenland]]. In addition, he sheds a new light on an obscure sentence of [[Pliny the elder|Pliny]] according to which Hipparchus would have enlarged the [[ecumene]] (the known world) by 26,000 [[Stadion (unit)|stadia]].<ref>Plinio, Naturalis Historia, II, 247</ref>
-== Other works ==
-=== ''L' America dimenticata'' ===
-In ''L&apos; America dimenticata''<ref>Lucio Russo, ''L&apos; America dimenticata. I rapporti tra le civiltà e un errore di Tolomeo'' (2013) [http://www.amazon.it/LAmerica-dimenticata-rapporti-civilt%C3%A0-Tolomeo/dp/8861843085]</ref> Lucio Russo puts forward the bold hypothesis that the American continent was known in ancient times, probably discovered by the [[Phoenicians]] or the [[Carthaginians]]. Besides [[Hipparchus]] likely knew the longitude of the [[Lesser Antilles]], then known as [[Fortunate Isles|Blessed Islands]], with remarkable precision.
-After all, it has been known for a long time of paintings dating to the [[Rome|Roman]] period and representing American fruits (''[[Ananas]]'') and of small [[Mesoamerican]] toys representing wheeled trucks, when the wheel had not been invented nor used in pre-Columbian times.
-With the collapse of the Hellenistic world under the attacks of the Romans around the middle of the 2nd century BC (recall the destruction of [[Corinth]] and [[Carthage]] in 146 BC and the expulsion of the scientific elite from [[Alexandria]] in 145 BC), these geographic notions were lost. Later [[Ptolemy]] incorrectly identified the Blessed Islands with the [[Canary Islands|Canaries]] and since it was known that the Blessed Islands where at the antipodes relative to the eastern part of China, Ptolemy made ends meet by erroneously enlarging the longitude of all know places, and shrinking the width of a degree of longitude (500 instead of 700 stadia).
-With this correction Lucio Russo manages to pinpoint the position of the mythical [[Thule]], reached in the 4th century BC by explorer [[Pytheas]], on the coast of [[Greenland]]. Besides he sheds a new light on an obscure sentence of [[pliny the elder|Pliny]] according to which Hipparchus would have enlarged the known [[ecumene]] by 26,000 stadia.<ref>Plinio, Naturalis Historia, II, 247</ref>
 == See also ==
@@ Line 45: / Line 80: @@
 {{reflist}}
-* Lucio Russo, ''The Forgotten Revolution: How Science Was Born in 300 BC and Why It Had to Be Reborn'', Berlin, Springer, 2004, ISBN 978-3-540-20396-4.
-* [http://www.mediamente.rai.it/home/bibliote/biografi/r/russo.htm ''Biografia'' Lucio Russo]
-* ''Flussi e riflussi: indagine sull'origine di una teoria scientifica'' (2003)
 == External links ==
@@ Line 54: / Line 85: @@
 {{wikiquote}}
+* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080623085839/http://www.mediamente.rai.it/home/bibliote/biografi/r/russo.htm ''Biografia'' Lucio Russo]
 {{Authority control}}
-{{Persondata
-| NAME              = Russo, Lucio
-| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
-| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Italian historian and scientist
-| DATE OF BIRTH     = 22 november 1944
-| PLACE OF BIRTH    = Venice
-| DATE OF DEATH     =
-| PLACE OF DEATH    =
-}}
 {{DEFAULTSORT:Russo, Lucio}}
 [[Category:1944 births]]
 [[Category:Living people]]
-[[Category:People from Venice]]
+[[Category:Scientists from Venice]]
-[[Category:Italian historians]]
+[[Category:20th-century Italian historians]]
-[[Category:Italian physicists]]
+[[Category:20th-century Italian physicists]]
 [[Category:20th-century Italian mathematicians]]
 [[Category:21st-century Italian mathematicians]]
-[[Category:Historians of science]]
+[[Category:Italian historians of science]]
-[[Category:University of Rome Tor Vergata faculty]]
+[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Rome Tor Vergata]]

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