Grand Mesa: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Mountain in Colorado, US}} |
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[[Image:ViewNorthFromGrandMesaColoradoSeptember2011.JPG|right|thumb|300px|A view north across [[Grand Mesa National Forest]].]] |
[[Image:ViewNorthFromGrandMesaColoradoSeptember2011.JPG|right|thumb|300px|A view north across [[Grand Mesa National Forest]].]] |
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The '''Grand Mesa''' is a large [[mesa]] in western [[Colorado]] in the [[United States]]. It is the largest flat-topped mountain in the world.<ref>[http://nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/mesa/ National Geographic |
The '''Grand Mesa''' is a large [[mesa]] in western [[Colorado]] in the [[United States]]. It is the largest flat-topped mountain in the world.<ref>[http://nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/mesa/ National Geographic Encyclopedia (2016)]</ref> It has an area of about {{convert|500|sqmi|km2}} and stretches for about {{convert|40|mi|km|-1}} east of [[Grand Junction, Colorado|Grand Junction]] between the [[Colorado River (U.S.)|Colorado River]] and the [[Gunnison River]], its tributary to the south. The north side of the mesa is drained largely by [[Plateau Creek (Colorado)|Plateau Creek]], a smaller tributary of the Colorado. The west side is drained largely by [[Kannah Creek]], which is received to the west by the lower Gunnison River. The mesa rises about {{convert|6000|ft|m}} above the surrounding river valleys, including the [[Grand Valley (Colorado-Utah)|Grand Valley]] to the west, reaching an elevation of about {{convert|11000|ft|m}}. Much of the mesa is within [[Grand Mesa National Forest]]. Over 300 lakes, including many reservoirs created and used for drinking and irrigation water, are scattered along the top of the formation. The Grand Mesa is flat in some areas, but quite rugged in others. |
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==Geology== |
==Geology== |
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The mesa is topped by a hard [[volcano|volcanic]] [[basalt]]. This layer |
The mesa is topped by a hard layer of [[volcano|volcanic]] [[basalt]]. This layer formed between about 10.9 and 9.6 million years ago, by the eruption of at least 27 separate [[lava flows]] from a vent in the Crag Crest area and probably other vents. This built up a maximum total thickness of more than {{convert|93|m|sigfig=2|sp=us|abbr=off}} of basalt.<ref name="cole-etal-2017"/> The resistant basalt layer suppressed erosion compared to the surrounding [[sedimentary rock]] layers, which suffered rapid [[downcutting]] from the action of the Colorado and the Gunnison rivers.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2007AM/finalprogram/abstract_131567.htm |title=Cole, R.; Weston, K. Geological Society of America Meeting Abstract (2007) |access-date=2009-08-12 |archive-date=2011-06-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608161102/http://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2007AM/finalprogram/abstract_131567.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> The top layer rests on a thick sequence of [[Eocene]] [[shale]] and [[sandstone]] known as the [[Green River Formation|Green River]] and [[Wasatch Formation]]s. These layers in turn rest on a [[Cretaceous]] layer known as the [[Mesaverde Group]] that forms a cliff about halfway up the side of the mesa. The lowest layers are yellow and gray [[Mancos Shale]] of late Cretaceous age. The shale continues outward into the surrounding valleys in the vicinity of the mesa, providing a [[soil]] base that is fertile for various kinds of [[agriculture]], especially in the Gunnison Valley to the south. |
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The flows of the Grand Mesa volcanic field may have originally covered an area of {{convert|1300|sqkm||sp=us|abbr=off}}, but erosion has reduced the intact flows to just {{convert|166|sqkm||sp=us|abbr=off}}.<ref name="cole-etal-2017">{{cite journal |last1=Cole |first1=R. |last2=Stork |first2=A. |last3=Hood |first3=W. |last4=Heizler |first4=M. |title=Geochemical and geochronological characterization of Grand Mesa Volcanic Field, western Colorado |journal=New Mexico Geological Society Field Conference Series |date=2017 |volume=68 |pages=103-113 |url=https://nmgs.nmt.edu/publications/guidebooks/downloads/68/68_p0103_p0113.pdf |access-date=25 March 2021}}</ref> |
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==Climate== |
==Climate== |
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Climate on Grand Mesa varies by elevation. Higher elevations tend to be cooler and receive more precipitation. The top of the mesa is more than |
Climate on Grand Mesa varies by elevation. Higher elevations tend to be cooler and receive more precipitation. The top of the mesa is more than {{convert|2|mi|m|-1}} above sea level, and experiences an [[alpine climate]] with substantial amounts of precipitation throughout the year. Because of the high altitude, summer days are mild, and temperatures [[Diurnal temperature variation|drop sharply]] after sunset. Winter temperatures rarely rise above freezing, and can be extremely cold, often falling far below zero, especially at night. The top of the mesa is usually snow-free from late June through early October; however, the mesa receives heavy snowfall in the winter, rendering the forest service roads impassable. Accumulations of more than {{convert|300|in|cm|-1}} of snow in the winter are typical. Surrounding areas with lower elevation are warmer and more arid throughout the year. |
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The following climate data is for Mesa Lakes Resort, located on the north slopes of the mesa at |
The following climate data is for Mesa Lakes Resort, located on the north slopes of the mesa at {{convert|9800|ft}} above sea level, which experiences a [[subalpine climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''Dfc''). |
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{{Weather box <!-- Infobox begins --> |
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| single line = Y |
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| location = Bonham Reservoir, Colorado, 1991–2020 normals, 1963-2020: 9852ft (3003m) |
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|Jan record high F = 55 |
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|Feb record high F = 48 |
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|Mar record high F = 66 |
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|Apr record high F = 68 |
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|May record high F = 76 |
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|Jun record high F = 80 |
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|Jul record high F = 80 |
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|Aug record high F = 78 |
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|Sep record high F = 78 |
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|Oct record high F = 67 |
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|Nov record high F = 57 |
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|Dec record high F = 58 |
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|year record high F = |
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|Jan avg record high F = 40.8 |
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|Feb avg record high F = 40.0 |
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|Mar avg record high F = 47.1 |
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|Apr avg record high F = 52.5 |
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|May avg record high F = 62.5 |
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|Jun avg record high F = 74.3 |
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|Jul avg record high F = 75.8 |
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|Aug avg record high F = 71.9 |
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|Sep avg record high F = 67.6 |
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|Oct avg record high F = 59.3 |
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|Nov avg record high F = 49.2 |
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|Dec avg record high F = 41.6 |
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|year avg record high F = 76.1 |
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|Jan high F = 25.9 |
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|Feb high F = 27.0 |
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|Mar high F = 33.8 |
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|Apr high F = 39.9 |
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|May high F = 49.3 |
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|Jun high F = 62.2 |
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|Jul high F = 67.7 |
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|Aug high F = 63.6 |
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|Sep high F = 57.0 |
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|Oct high F = 45.2 |
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|Nov high F = 33.8 |
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|Dec high F = 25.8 |
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|year high F = |
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|Jan mean F = 16.1 |
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|Feb mean F = 15.4 |
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|Mar mean F = 23.1 |
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|Apr mean F = 28.7 |
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|May mean F = 38.1 |
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|Jun mean F = 49.3 |
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|Jul mean F = 55.0 |
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|Aug mean F = 51.9 |
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|Sep mean F = 45.7 |
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|Oct mean F = 34.7 |
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|Nov mean F = 23.8 |
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|Dec mean F = 15.2 |
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|year mean F = |
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|Jan low F = 6.3 |
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|Feb low F = 3.7 |
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|Mar low F = 12.3 |
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|Apr low F = 17.4 |
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|May low F = 26.8 |
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|Jun low F = 36.5 |
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|Jul low F = 42.2 |
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|Aug low F = 40.2 |
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|Sep low F = 34.4 |
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|Oct low F = 24.2 |
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|Nov low F = 13.8 |
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|Dec low F = 4.6 |
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|year low F = |
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|Jan avg record low F = -15.0 |
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|Feb avg record low F = -16.2 |
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|Mar avg record low F = -10.3 |
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|Apr avg record low F = -0.1 |
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|May avg record low F = 12.3 |
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|Jun avg record low F = 26.3 |
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|Jul avg record low F = 35.4 |
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|Aug avg record low F = 32.5 |
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|Sep avg record low F = 21.6 |
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|Oct avg record low F = 6.6 |
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|Nov avg record low F = -7.8 |
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|Dec avg record low F = -17.9 |
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|year avg record low F = -21.5 |
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|Jan record low F = −36 |
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|Feb record low F = −33 |
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|Mar record low F = −24 |
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|Apr record low F = -16 |
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|May record low F = -3 |
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|Jun record low F = 19 |
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|Jul record low F = 27 |
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|Aug record low F = 19 |
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|Sep record low F = 11 |
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|Oct record low F = -14 |
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|Nov record low F = -26 |
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|Dec record low F = −30 |
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|year record low F = |
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|precipitation colour = green |
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|Jan precipitation inch = 2.87 |
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|Feb precipitation inch = 3.58 |
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|Mar precipitation inch = 3.07 |
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|Apr precipitation inch = 3.01 |
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|May precipitation inch = 2.13 |
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|Jun precipitation inch = 1.11 |
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|Jul precipitation inch = 2.04 |
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|Aug precipitation inch = 2.24 |
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|Sep precipitation inch = 2.45 |
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|Oct precipitation inch = 2.60 |
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|Nov precipitation inch = 2.45 |
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|Dec precipitation inch = 3.81 |
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|Jan snow inch = 29.9 |
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|Feb snow inch = 30.3 |
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|Mar snow inch = 27.7 |
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|Apr snow inch = 20.7 |
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|May snow inch = 11.1 |
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|Jun snow inch = 0.4 |
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|Jul snow inch = 0.0 |
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|Aug snow inch = 0.0 |
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|Sep snow inch = 2.8 |
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|Oct snow inch = 14.2 |
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|Nov snow inch = 19.3 |
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|Dec snow inch = 29.3 |
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|year snow inch = |
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|source 1 = NOAA<ref name = NOAA> |
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{{cite web |
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|url = https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&startDate=0001-01-01&endDate=9996-12-31&stations=USC00050825&format=pdf |
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|publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |
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|title = U.S. Climate Normals Quick Access – Station: Bonham RSVR, CO |
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|access-date = August 10, 2023 |
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}} |
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</ref> |
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|source 2 = XMACIS (2002-2020 snow, monthly max/mins & records)<ref name = XMACIS> |
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{{cite web |
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|url = https://xmacis.rcc-acis.org/ |
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|publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |
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|title = xmACIS |
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|access-date = December 8, 2023 |
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}} |
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</ref> |
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}} |
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{{Weather box |
{{Weather box |
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|location = Mesa Lakes Resort, Colorado ( |
|location = Mesa Lakes Resort, Colorado (1971–1979) |
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|single line = Y |
|single line = Y |
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|Jan record high F = 47 |
|Jan record high F = 47 |
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|year snow inch = 380.5 |
|year snow inch = 380.5 |
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|source 1 = The Western Regional Climate Center<ref name="WRCC">{{cite web |
|source 1 = The Western Regional Climate Center<ref name="WRCC">{{cite web |
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| url =http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/cgi-bin/cliMAIN.pl?co5520| title =Seasonal Temperature and Precipitation Information | |
| url =http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/cgi-bin/cliMAIN.pl?co5520| title =Seasonal Temperature and Precipitation Information | access-date =March 24, 2013 | publisher =Western Regional Climate Center }}</ref> |
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|date=March 2013 |
|date=March 2013 |
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}} |
}} |
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{{commons category|Grand Mesa}} |
{{commons category|Grand Mesa}} |
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* {{cite peakbagger |rid=14640 |name=Grand Mesa}} |
* {{cite peakbagger |rid=14640 |name=Grand Mesa}} |
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* [http://www.twanight.org/newTWAN/photos.asp?ID=3001822 Summer Nightfall on Grand Mesa (time-lapse video)] |
<!-- 404 Error * [http://www.twanight.org/newTWAN/photos.asp?ID=3001822 Summer Nightfall on Grand Mesa (time-lapse video)]--> |
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{{Mountains of Colorado}} |
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{{Colorado}} |
{{Colorado}} |
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{{coord|39| |
{{coord|39|1|36|N|108|4|53|W|display=title}} |
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[[Category:Colorado Plateau]] |
[[Category:Colorado Plateau]] |
Latest revision as of 10:33, 17 June 2024
The Grand Mesa is a large mesa in western Colorado in the United States. It is the largest flat-topped mountain in the world.[1] It has an area of about 500 square miles (1,300 km2) and stretches for about 40 miles (60 km) east of Grand Junction between the Colorado River and the Gunnison River, its tributary to the south. The north side of the mesa is drained largely by Plateau Creek, a smaller tributary of the Colorado. The west side is drained largely by Kannah Creek, which is received to the west by the lower Gunnison River. The mesa rises about 6,000 feet (1,800 m) above the surrounding river valleys, including the Grand Valley to the west, reaching an elevation of about 11,000 feet (3,400 m). Much of the mesa is within Grand Mesa National Forest. Over 300 lakes, including many reservoirs created and used for drinking and irrigation water, are scattered along the top of the formation. The Grand Mesa is flat in some areas, but quite rugged in others.
Geology
[edit]The mesa is topped by a hard layer of volcanic basalt. This layer formed between about 10.9 and 9.6 million years ago, by the eruption of at least 27 separate lava flows from a vent in the Crag Crest area and probably other vents. This built up a maximum total thickness of more than 93 meters (310 feet) of basalt.[2] The resistant basalt layer suppressed erosion compared to the surrounding sedimentary rock layers, which suffered rapid downcutting from the action of the Colorado and the Gunnison rivers.[3] The top layer rests on a thick sequence of Eocene shale and sandstone known as the Green River and Wasatch Formations. These layers in turn rest on a Cretaceous layer known as the Mesaverde Group that forms a cliff about halfway up the side of the mesa. The lowest layers are yellow and gray Mancos Shale of late Cretaceous age. The shale continues outward into the surrounding valleys in the vicinity of the mesa, providing a soil base that is fertile for various kinds of agriculture, especially in the Gunnison Valley to the south.
The flows of the Grand Mesa volcanic field may have originally covered an area of 1,300 square kilometers (500 square miles), but erosion has reduced the intact flows to just 166 square kilometers (64 square miles).[2]
Climate
[edit]Climate on Grand Mesa varies by elevation. Higher elevations tend to be cooler and receive more precipitation. The top of the mesa is more than 2 miles (3,220 m) above sea level, and experiences an alpine climate with substantial amounts of precipitation throughout the year. Because of the high altitude, summer days are mild, and temperatures drop sharply after sunset. Winter temperatures rarely rise above freezing, and can be extremely cold, often falling far below zero, especially at night. The top of the mesa is usually snow-free from late June through early October; however, the mesa receives heavy snowfall in the winter, rendering the forest service roads impassable. Accumulations of more than 300 inches (760 cm) of snow in the winter are typical. Surrounding areas with lower elevation are warmer and more arid throughout the year.
The following climate data is for Mesa Lakes Resort, located on the north slopes of the mesa at 9,800 feet (3,000 m) above sea level, which experiences a subalpine climate (Köppen Dfc).
Climate data for Bonham Reservoir, Colorado, 1991–2020 normals, 1963-2020: 9852ft (3003m) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °F (°C) | 55 (13) |
48 (9) |
66 (19) |
68 (20) |
76 (24) |
80 (27) |
80 (27) |
78 (26) |
78 (26) |
67 (19) |
57 (14) |
58 (14) |
80 (27) |
Mean maximum °F (°C) | 40.8 (4.9) |
40.0 (4.4) |
47.1 (8.4) |
52.5 (11.4) |
62.5 (16.9) |
74.3 (23.5) |
75.8 (24.3) |
71.9 (22.2) |
67.6 (19.8) |
59.3 (15.2) |
49.2 (9.6) |
41.6 (5.3) |
76.1 (24.5) |
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 25.9 (−3.4) |
27.0 (−2.8) |
33.8 (1.0) |
39.9 (4.4) |
49.3 (9.6) |
62.2 (16.8) |
67.7 (19.8) |
63.6 (17.6) |
57.0 (13.9) |
45.2 (7.3) |
33.8 (1.0) |
25.8 (−3.4) |
44.3 (6.8) |
Daily mean °F (°C) | 16.1 (−8.8) |
15.4 (−9.2) |
23.1 (−4.9) |
28.7 (−1.8) |
38.1 (3.4) |
49.3 (9.6) |
55.0 (12.8) |
51.9 (11.1) |
45.7 (7.6) |
34.7 (1.5) |
23.8 (−4.6) |
15.2 (−9.3) |
33.1 (0.6) |
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 6.3 (−14.3) |
3.7 (−15.7) |
12.3 (−10.9) |
17.4 (−8.1) |
26.8 (−2.9) |
36.5 (2.5) |
42.2 (5.7) |
40.2 (4.6) |
34.4 (1.3) |
24.2 (−4.3) |
13.8 (−10.1) |
4.6 (−15.2) |
21.9 (−5.6) |
Mean minimum °F (°C) | −15.0 (−26.1) |
−16.2 (−26.8) |
−10.3 (−23.5) |
−0.1 (−17.8) |
12.3 (−10.9) |
26.3 (−3.2) |
35.4 (1.9) |
32.5 (0.3) |
21.6 (−5.8) |
6.6 (−14.1) |
−7.8 (−22.1) |
−17.9 (−27.7) |
−21.5 (−29.7) |
Record low °F (°C) | −36 (−38) |
−33 (−36) |
−24 (−31) |
−16 (−27) |
−3 (−19) |
19 (−7) |
27 (−3) |
19 (−7) |
11 (−12) |
−14 (−26) |
−26 (−32) |
−30 (−34) |
−36 (−38) |
Average precipitation inches (mm) | 2.87 (73) |
3.58 (91) |
3.07 (78) |
3.01 (76) |
2.13 (54) |
1.11 (28) |
2.04 (52) |
2.24 (57) |
2.45 (62) |
2.60 (66) |
2.45 (62) |
3.81 (97) |
31.36 (796) |
Average snowfall inches (cm) | 29.9 (76) |
30.3 (77) |
27.7 (70) |
20.7 (53) |
11.1 (28) |
0.4 (1.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
2.8 (7.1) |
14.2 (36) |
19.3 (49) |
29.3 (74) |
185.7 (471.1) |
Source 1: NOAA[4] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: XMACIS (2002-2020 snow, monthly max/mins & records)[5] |
Climate data for Mesa Lakes Resort, Colorado (1971–1979) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °F (°C) | 47 (8) |
47 (8) |
56 (13) |
62 (17) |
77 (25) |
78 (26) |
80 (27) |
77 (25) |
75 (24) |
63 (17) |
55 (13) |
48 (9) |
80 (27) |
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 27.9 (−2.3) |
30.9 (−0.6) |
34.5 (1.4) |
41.0 (5.0) |
52.6 (11.4) |
64.1 (17.8) |
69.2 (20.7) |
66.6 (19.2) |
59.0 (15.0) |
49.0 (9.4) |
34.8 (1.6) |
28.9 (−1.7) |
46.7 (8.2) |
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 3.4 (−15.9) |
6.1 (−14.4) |
11.3 (−11.5) |
17.4 (−8.1) |
28.1 (−2.2) |
36.9 (2.7) |
43.0 (6.1) |
41.8 (5.4) |
35.5 (1.9) |
26.2 (−3.2) |
14.0 (−10.0) |
4.6 (−15.2) |
22.5 (−5.3) |
Record low °F (°C) | −35 (−37) |
−25 (−32) |
−18 (−28) |
−13 (−25) |
10 (−12) |
16 (−9) |
31 (−1) |
28 (−2) |
21 (−6) |
−4 (−20) |
−18 (−28) |
−28 (−33) |
−35 (−37) |
Average precipitation inches (mm) | 2.54 (65) |
2.09 (53) |
2.60 (66) |
2.66 (68) |
1.81 (46) |
1.52 (39) |
2.11 (54) |
1.64 (42) |
1.87 (47) |
2.91 (74) |
2.56 (65) |
2.39 (61) |
26.71 (678) |
Average snowfall inches (cm) | 67.2 (171) |
50.7 (129) |
60.7 (154) |
52.0 (132) |
17.4 (44) |
3.4 (8.6) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
1.4 (3.6) |
23.4 (59) |
46.0 (117) |
58.2 (148) |
380.5 (966) |
Source: The Western Regional Climate Center[6] |
Geography
[edit]The mesa is traversed by the Grand Mesa Scenic and Historic Byway, which includes SH 65, between the town of Mesa on the north and the town of Cedaredge on the south. The route over the mesa provides a dramatic contrast in landscape, climate and vegetation. On the north side, the road climbs the steep terrain near the Powderhorn Resort ski area. The forested top of the mesa remains snowbound much later in the spring than the surrounding valleys, and is a popular location for cross-country skiing and snowmobiling.
-
Cliff edge on western face of the mesa.
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Typical landscape on top of the mesa.
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In the summer, cattle graze atop the mesa.
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View from Grand Mesa looking south towards Island Lake and the San Juan Mountains.
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Numerous ponds and small lakes dot the top of the Mesa.
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Fall colors atop the mesa.
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Western edge of the mesa.
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Typical Forest Service road atop the mesa.
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The view towards Grand Junction.
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An aerial photograph of Grand Mesa.
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ National Geographic Encyclopedia (2016)
- ^ a b Cole, R.; Stork, A.; Hood, W.; Heizler, M. (2017). "Geochemical and geochronological characterization of Grand Mesa Volcanic Field, western Colorado" (PDF). New Mexico Geological Society Field Conference Series. 68: 103–113. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
- ^ "Cole, R.; Weston, K. Geological Society of America Meeting Abstract (2007)". Archived from the original on 2011-06-08. Retrieved 2009-08-12.
- ^ "U.S. Climate Normals Quick Access – Station: Bonham RSVR, CO". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved August 10, 2023.
- ^ "xmACIS". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved December 8, 2023.
- ^ "Seasonal Temperature and Precipitation Information". Western Regional Climate Center. Retrieved March 24, 2013.
Further reading
[edit]- Halka Chronic (1980). Roadside Geology of Colorado. Missoula Montana: Mountain Press Publishing Co. ISBN 0-87842-105-X.
External links
[edit]- "Grand Mesa". Peakbagger.com.