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{{short description|Eye condition}}
{{Short description|Eye condition}}
{{more citations needed|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox medical condition
{{Infobox medical condition
|name = Eye strain
|name = Eye strain
|synonym = Asthenopia, aesthenopia
|synonym = Asthenopia, aesthenopia
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|specialty = <!--from Wikidata; can be overwritten-->
|specialty = <!--from Wikidata; can be overwritten-->
|field = [[Ophthalmology]]
|field = [[Ophthalmology]]
|symptoms =
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|complications =
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{{refimprove|date=October 2020}}
<!-- Definition and symptoms -->
<!-- Definition and symptoms -->
'''Eye strain''', also known as '''asthenopia''' (from Greek ''a-sthen-opia'', {{lang-grc|ἀσθεν-ωπία}}, {{translation|weak-eye-condition}}), is an [[eye]] condition that manifests through [[nonspecific symptom|non-specific symptom]]s such as fatigue, pain in or around the eyes, [[blurred vision]], [[headache]], and occasional [[diplopia|double vision]]. Symptoms often occur after long-term use of computers, digital devices, reading or other activities that involve extended visual tasks <ref>{{cite journal |last1=FT |first1=Vaz |last2=SP |first2=Henriques |last3=DS |first3=Silva |last4=J |first4=Roque |last5=AS |first5=Lopes |last6=M |first6=Mota |title=Digital Asthenopia: Portuguese Group of Ergophthalmology Survey |journal=Acta Med Port |date=April 2019 |volume=32(4) |pages=260-265 |doi=10.20344/amp.10942 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31067419/}}</ref> which are broadly classified into external and internal symptom factors.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=JE |first1=Sheedy |last2=JN |first2=Hayes |last3=J |first3=Engle |title=Is all asthenopia the same? |journal=Optom Vis Sci |date=November 2003 |volume=80(11) |pages=732-739 |doi=10.1097/00006324-200311000-00008 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14627938/}}</ref>
'''Eye strain''', also known as '''asthenopia''' (from Greek ''a-sthen-opia'', {{lang-grc|ἀσθενωπία}}, {{translation|weak-eye-condition}}), is a common [[eye]] condition that manifests through [[nonspecific symptom|non-specific symptom]]s such as fatigue, pain in or around the eyes, [[blurred vision]], [[headache]], and occasional [[diplopia|double vision]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sheedy |first1=James E. |last2=Hayes |first2=John N. |last3=Engle |first3=Jon |date=November 2003 |title=Is all asthenopia the same? |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14627938 |journal=Optometry and Vision Science|volume=80 |issue=11 |pages=732–739 |doi=10.1097/00006324-200311000-00008 |issn=1040-5488 |pmid=14627938|s2cid=16299425 }}</ref> Symptoms often occur after long-term use of computers, digital devices, reading or other activities that involve extended visual tasks<ref>{{cite journal |last1=FT |first1=Vaz |last2=SP |first2=Henriques |last3=DS |first3=Silva |last4=J |first4=Roque |last5=AS |first5=Lopes |last6=M |first6=Mota |title=Digital Asthenopia: Portuguese Group of Ergophthalmology Survey |journal=[[Acta Med Port]] |date=April 2019 |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=260–265 |doi=10.20344/amp.10942 |pmid=31067419 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31067419/|hdl=10400.10/2236 |s2cid=148571110 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> which are broadly classified into external and internal symptom factors.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=JE |first1=Sheedy |last2=JN |first2=Hayes |last3=J |first3=Engle |title=Is all asthenopia the same? |journal=Optom Vis Sci |date=November 2003 |volume=80 |issue=11 |pages=732–739 |doi=10.1097/00006324-200311000-00008 |pmid=14627938 |s2cid=16299425 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14627938/}}</ref> The experience of eye strain when reading in dim light has given rise to the [[List of common misconceptions|common misconception]] that such an activity causes permanent eye damage.<ref>Rachel C. Vreeman, Aaron E. Carroll, "Medical Myths", ''[[The British Medical Journal]]'' (now called ''The BMJ'') '''335''':1288 (December 20, 2007), {{doi|10.1136/bmj.39420.420370.25}}</ref>


When concentrating on a visually intense task, such as continuously focusing on a book or computer monitor, the [[ciliary muscles]] and the extraocular muscles are strained. This causes discomfort, soreness or pain on the eyeballs. Closing the eyes for ten minutes and relaxing the muscles of the face and neck at least once an hour usually alleviates the problem.
When concentrating on a visually intense task, such as continuously focusing on a book or computer monitor, the [[ciliary muscles]] and the extraocular muscles are strained. This causes discomfort, soreness or pain on the eyeballs. Closing the eyes for ten minutes and relaxing the muscles of the face and neck at least once an hour usually relieves the problem.


A page or photograph with the same image twice, but slightly displaced (from a printing mishap, a camera moving during the shot, etc.) can cause eye strain due to the brain misinterpreting the image fault as [[diplopia]] and trying in vain to adjust the sideways movements of the two eyeballs to fuse the two images into one.
A page or photograph with the same image twice, but slightly displaced (from a printing mishap, a camera moving during the shot, etc.) can cause eye strain due to the brain misinterpreting the image fault as [[diplopia]] and trying in vain to adjust the sideways movements of the two eyeballs to fuse the two images into one.


Eye strain can also happen when viewing a blurred image (including images deliberately partly blurred for censorship), due to the ciliary muscle tightening trying in vain to focus the blurring out.
Eye strain can also happen when viewing a blurred image (including images deliberately partly blurred for censorship), due to the ciliary muscle tightening trying in vain to focus the blurring out.


==Symptoms==
== Symptoms ==
* [[blurred vision]]
'''Fatigue related eye strain'''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=B |first1=Antona |last2=AR |first2=Barrio |last3=A |first3=Gascó |last4=A |first4=Pinar |last5=M |first5=González-Pérez |last6=MC |first6=Puell |title=Symptoms associated with reading from a smartphone in conditions of light and dark |date=April 2018 |doi=10.1016/j.apergo.2017.10.014 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29409625/}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=S |first1=Jaiswal |last2=L |first2=Asper |last3=J |first3=Long |last4=A |first4=Lee |last5=K |first5=Harrison |last6=B |first6=Golebiowski |title=Ocular and visual discomfort associated with smartphones, tablets and computers: what we do and do not know |date=September 2019 |volume=102(5) |pages=463-477 |doi=10.1111/cxo.12851 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30663136/}}</ref>''':'''
* sore, tired, burning, or itching eyes
*blurred vision
*difficulty in refocusing
* difficulty concentrating
*irritated or burning eyes
* [[dry eyes]] or watery eyes
* eye discomfort
*dry eyes
* headaches
*tired eyes
* irritated or burning eyes
*sensitivity to bright lights
* sensitivity to bright lights
*eye discomfort
* tired eyes
*headaches
* sore eyes<ref>{{cite journal |last1=B |first1=Antona |last2=AR |first2=Barrio |last3=A |first3=Gascó |last4=A |first4=Pinar |last5=M |first5=González-Pérez |last6=MC |first6=Puell |title=Symptoms associated with reading from a smartphone in conditions of light and dark |journal=Applied Ergonomics |date=April 2018 |volume=68 |pages=12–17 |doi=10.1016/j.apergo.2017.10.014 |pmid=29409625 |url=https://docta.ucm.es/bitstreams/764fe18b-12a0-430e-af46-c2f78048c795/download}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=S |first1=Jaiswal |last2=L |first2=Asper |last3=J |first3=Long |last4=A |first4=Lee |last5=K |first5=Harrison |last6=B |first6=Golebiowski |title=Ocular and visual discomfort associated with smartphones, tablets and computers: what we do and do not know |journal=Clinical & Experimental Optometry |date=September 2019 |volume=102 |issue=5 |pages=463–477 |doi=10.1111/cxo.12851 |pmid=30663136 |s2cid=58558016 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30663136/}}</ref>
*sore eyes


==Therapy==
==Therapy==
Known methods of relieving strain of the ocular muscles are taking periodic breaks by closing the eyes.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=S |first1=Lertwisuttipaiboon |last2=T |first2=Pumpaibool |last3=KJ |first3=Neeser |last4=N |first4=Kasetsuwan |title=Effectiveness of a participatory eye care program in reducing eye strain among staff computer users in Thailand |journal=Risk Manag Healthc Policy |date=May 2017 |volume=10 |pages=71–80 |doi=10.2147/RMHP.S134940 |pmid=28546777 |pmc=5436759 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
'''Fatigue related eye strain'''<br>
Known methods of relieving strain of the ocular muscles are: taking periodic breaks by closing the eyes,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=S |first1=Lertwisuttipaiboon |last2=T |first2=Pumpaibool |last3=KJ |first3=Neeser |last4=N |first4=Kasetsuwan |title=Effectiveness of a participatory eye care program in reducing eye strain among staff computer users in Thailand |journal=Risk Manag Healthc Policy |date=May 2017 |doi=10.2147/RMHP.S134940 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28546777/}}</ref> obtaining good sleep and proper nutrition.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=CC |first1=Han |last2=R |first2=Liu |last3=RR |first3=Liu |last4=ZH |first4=Zhu |last5=RB |first5=Yu |last6=L |first6=Ma |title=Prevalence of asthenopia and its risk factors in Chinese college students |journal=Int J Ophthalmol |date= 18 October 2013|doi=10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24195055/}}</ref>


== See also ==
== See also ==
*[[Astigmatism#Ophthalmic astigmatism|Astigmatism]]
* [[Astigmatism#Ophthalmic astigmatism|Astigmatism]]
*[[Computer vision syndrome]]
* [[Computer vision syndrome]]
*[[Eye examination]]
* [[Eye examination]]
* [[Light-on-dark color scheme]]
*[[Ocular neurosis]]
*[[Photophobia]]
* [[Ocular neurosis]]
*[[Vision therapy]]
* [[Photophobia]]
*[[Visual looming syndrome]]
* [[Vision therapy]]
* [[Visual looming syndrome]]


==References==
==References==
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== External links ==
== External links ==
{{Medical resources
{{Medical resources
| ICD10 ={{ICD10|H|53|1}}
| ICD10 ={{ICD10|H|53|1}}
| ICD9 = {{ICD9|368.13}}
| ICD9 = {{ICD9|368.13}}
| MeSH=D001248
| MeSH=D001248
}}
}}
{{wiktionary|asthenopia}}
{{wiktionary|asthenopia}}



{{Eye pathology}}
{{Eye pathology}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Visual disturbances and blindness]]
[[Category:Visual disturbances and blindness]]

Revision as of 08:35, 16 June 2024

Eye strain
Other namesAsthenopia, aesthenopia
SpecialtyOphthalmology

Eye strain, also known as asthenopia (from Greek a-sthen-opia, Ancient Greek: ἀσθενωπία, transl. weak-eye-condition), is a common eye condition that manifests through non-specific symptoms such as fatigue, pain in or around the eyes, blurred vision, headache, and occasional double vision.[1] Symptoms often occur after long-term use of computers, digital devices, reading or other activities that involve extended visual tasks[2] which are broadly classified into external and internal symptom factors.[3] The experience of eye strain when reading in dim light has given rise to the common misconception that such an activity causes permanent eye damage.[4]

When concentrating on a visually intense task, such as continuously focusing on a book or computer monitor, the ciliary muscles and the extraocular muscles are strained. This causes discomfort, soreness or pain on the eyeballs. Closing the eyes for ten minutes and relaxing the muscles of the face and neck at least once an hour usually relieves the problem.

A page or photograph with the same image twice, but slightly displaced (from a printing mishap, a camera moving during the shot, etc.) can cause eye strain due to the brain misinterpreting the image fault as diplopia and trying in vain to adjust the sideways movements of the two eyeballs to fuse the two images into one.

Eye strain can also happen when viewing a blurred image (including images deliberately partly blurred for censorship), due to the ciliary muscle tightening trying in vain to focus the blurring out.

Symptoms

  • blurred vision
  • sore, tired, burning, or itching eyes
  • difficulty concentrating
  • dry eyes or watery eyes
  • eye discomfort
  • headaches
  • irritated or burning eyes
  • sensitivity to bright lights
  • tired eyes
  • sore eyes[5][6]

Therapy

Known methods of relieving strain of the ocular muscles are taking periodic breaks by closing the eyes.[7]

See also

References

  1. ^ Sheedy, James E.; Hayes, John N.; Engle, Jon (November 2003). "Is all asthenopia the same?". Optometry and Vision Science. 80 (11): 732–739. doi:10.1097/00006324-200311000-00008. ISSN 1040-5488. PMID 14627938. S2CID 16299425.
  2. ^ FT, Vaz; SP, Henriques; DS, Silva; J, Roque; AS, Lopes; M, Mota (April 2019). "Digital Asthenopia: Portuguese Group of Ergophthalmology Survey". Acta Med Port. 32 (4): 260–265. doi:10.20344/amp.10942. hdl:10400.10/2236. PMID 31067419. S2CID 148571110.
  3. ^ JE, Sheedy; JN, Hayes; J, Engle (November 2003). "Is all asthenopia the same?". Optom Vis Sci. 80 (11): 732–739. doi:10.1097/00006324-200311000-00008. PMID 14627938. S2CID 16299425.
  4. ^ Rachel C. Vreeman, Aaron E. Carroll, "Medical Myths", The British Medical Journal (now called The BMJ) 335:1288 (December 20, 2007), doi:10.1136/bmj.39420.420370.25
  5. ^ B, Antona; AR, Barrio; A, Gascó; A, Pinar; M, González-Pérez; MC, Puell (April 2018). "Symptoms associated with reading from a smartphone in conditions of light and dark". Applied Ergonomics. 68: 12–17. doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2017.10.014. PMID 29409625.
  6. ^ S, Jaiswal; L, Asper; J, Long; A, Lee; K, Harrison; B, Golebiowski (September 2019). "Ocular and visual discomfort associated with smartphones, tablets and computers: what we do and do not know". Clinical & Experimental Optometry. 102 (5): 463–477. doi:10.1111/cxo.12851. PMID 30663136. S2CID 58558016.
  7. ^ S, Lertwisuttipaiboon; T, Pumpaibool; KJ, Neeser; N, Kasetsuwan (May 2017). "Effectiveness of a participatory eye care program in reducing eye strain among staff computer users in Thailand". Risk Manag Healthc Policy. 10: 71–80. doi:10.2147/RMHP.S134940. PMC 5436759. PMID 28546777.