Ballet dancer: Difference between revisions
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[[File:Corsaire -Le Jardin Anime -Pierina Legnani -Olga Preobrajenska -1899.jpg|thumb|270px|[[Pierina Legnani]] (left) as Medora and [[Olga Preobrajenska]] (right) as Gulnare in the scene ''Le jardin animé'' from [[Marius Petipa]]'s final revival of ''[[Le Corsaire]]'', St. Petersburg, 1899. Legnani was named '' |
[[File:Corsaire -Le Jardin Anime -Pierina Legnani -Olga Preobrajenska -1899.jpg|thumb|270px|[[Pierina Legnani]] (left) as Medora and [[Olga Preobrajenska]] (right) as Gulnare in the scene ''Le jardin animé'' from [[Marius Petipa]]'s final revival of ''[[Le Corsaire]]'', St. Petersburg, 1899. Legnani was named ''première danseuse assoluta'' of the [[Teatro alla Scala]] in Milan, and would later be named ''[[prima ballerina assoluta]]'' of the St. Petersburg Imperial Theatres. Preobrajenska became ''prima ballerina'' of the St. Petersburg Imperial Theatres and went on to become one of the most influential teachers in the history of classical ballet.]] |
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A '''ballet dancer''' is a person who practices the [[Art (skill)|art]] of [[classical ballet]]. Both females and males can practice ballet. They rely on years of extensive training and proper technique to become a part of a professional ballet company. Ballet dancers are at a high risk of [[injury]] due to the demanding technique of ballet.<ref name=Jonas>{{cite book|last1=Jonas|first1=Gerald|title=Dancing: the Pleasure, Power, and Art of Movement|page=130|date=1998|publisher=San Val|isbn=9780613637039}}</ref> |
A '''ballet dancer''' is a person who practices the [[Art (skill)|art]] of [[classical ballet]]. Both females and males can practice ballet. They rely on years of extensive training and proper technique to become a part of a professional ballet company. Ballet dancers are at a high risk of [[injury]] due to the demanding technique of ballet.<ref name=Jonas>{{cite book|last1=Jonas|first1=Gerald|title=Dancing: the Pleasure, Power, and Art of Movement|page=130|date=1998|publisher=San Val|isbn=9780613637039}}</ref> |
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==Training and technique== |
==Training and technique== |
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{{refimprove section|date = December 2023}} |
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Ballet dancers typically begin training at an early age if they desire to perform professionally and often take part in international competitions such as YAGP and Prix de Lausanne. At these events, scholarships are being granted to the most talented dancers, enabling them to continue their training at renowned ballet schools around the world, such as the John Kranko Schule in Germany and the Académie de Danse Classique Princesse Grace in Monaco. Pre-professional ballet dancers can audition to enroll at a vocational ballet school such as The Royal Ballet School or Elmhurst Ballet School. These types of ballet boarding schools often cooperate with a professional ballet company, offering job opportunities to graduates. There are different styles of training in ballet such as the Vaganova method, the Cecchetti method and the English style of training (Royal Academy of Dance/The Royal Ballet). Training does not end when ballet dancers are hired by a professional company. Even professional ballet dancers take daily ballet class to keep their technique in check and to warm up and prepare for a day of rehearsals. Ballet is a strict form of art, and the dancer must be very athletic and flexible.{{ |
Ballet dancers typically begin training at an early age as young as three or four<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-26 |title=What is the Best Age to Start Ballet? {{!}} CPYB |url=https://cpyb.org/what-is-the-best-age-to-start-ballet/ |access-date=2024-02-19 |language=en-US}}</ref> if they desire to perform professionally and often take part in international competitions such as [[Youth America Grand Prix|YAGP]] and [[Prix de Lausanne]]. At these events, scholarships are being granted to the most talented dancers, enabling them to continue their training at renowned ballet schools around the world, such as the [[Stuttgart Ballet|John Kranko Schule]] in Germany and the Académie de Danse Classique Princesse Grace in Monaco. Pre-professional ballet dancers can audition to enroll at a vocational ballet school such as [[Royal Ballet School|The Royal Ballet School]] or [[Elmhurst Ballet School]]. These types of ballet boarding schools often cooperate with a professional ballet company, offering job opportunities to graduates. There are different styles of training in ballet such as the [[Vaganova method]], the [[Cecchetti method]] and the English style of training ([[Royal Academy of Dance]]/[[The Royal Ballet]]). Training does not end when ballet dancers are hired by a professional company. Even professional ballet dancers take daily ballet class to keep their technique in check and to warm up and prepare for a day of rehearsals. Ballet is a strict form of art,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sorabella |first=Authors: Jean |title=The Ballet {{!}} Essay {{!}} The Metropolitan Museum of Art {{!}} Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/balt/hd_balt.htm#:~:text=Ballet%20is%20a%20deeply%20traditional,an%20infinite%20variety%20of%20dances. |access-date=2024-02-19 |website=The Met’s Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History |language=en}}</ref> and the dancer must be very athletic and flexible.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Koutedakis |first=Yiannis |last2=Jamurtas |first2=Athanasios |date=2004 |title=The dancer as a performing athlete: physiological considerations |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15335242/ |journal=Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) |volume=34 |issue=10 |pages=651–661 |doi=10.2165/00007256-200434100-00003 |issn=0112-1642 |pmid=15335242}}</ref> |
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[[File:Grandjete.jpg|thumb|270px|Three ballet dancers performing a ''grand jeté'' jump]] |
[[File:Grandjete.jpg|thumb|270px|Three ballet dancers performing a ''grand jeté'' jump]] |
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==Injuries== |
==Injuries== |
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{{refimprove section|date = December 2023}} |
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[[File:Monochrome Ballet Feet (Unsplash).jpg|alt=Monochrome Ballet Feet|thumb|360x360px|Many ballet dancers end up with injured feet due to the size of the shoes or the use of their feet in choreography]] |
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Ballet dancers are susceptible to injury because they are constantly putting strain and stress on their bodies and their feet. A ballet dancer's goal is to make physically demanding choreography appear effortless.<ref name="ovidsp.tx.ovid.com">{{cite journal|last1=Miller|first1=EH|last2=Schneider|first2=HJ|last3=Bronson|first3=JL|last4=McLain|first4=D|title=A new consideration in athletic injuries. The classical ballet dancer.|journal=[[Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research]]|date=September 1975|issue=111|pages=181–91|doi=10.1097/00003086-197509000-00026|pmid=125636}}</ref> |
Ballet dancers are susceptible to injury because they are constantly putting strain and stress on their bodies and their feet. A ballet dancer's goal is to make physically demanding choreography appear effortless.<ref name="ovidsp.tx.ovid.com">{{cite journal|last1=Miller|first1=EH|last2=Schneider|first2=HJ|last3=Bronson|first3=JL|last4=McLain|first4=D|title=A new consideration in athletic injuries. The classical ballet dancer.|journal=[[Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research]]|date=September 1975|issue=111|pages=181–91|doi=10.1097/00003086-197509000-00026|pmid=125636}}</ref> |
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The upper body of a ballet dancer is prone to injury because choreography and class exercises require them to exert energy into contorting their backs and hips. Back bends cause the back to pinch, making the spine vulnerable to injuries such as spasms and pinched nerves. Extending the legs and holding them in the air while turned out causes damage to the hips. Such damage includes strains, fatigue fractures, and bone density loss.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Turner|first1=Bryan S.|last2=Wainwright|first2=Steven P.|title=Corps de Ballet: the case of the injured ballet dancer|journal=[[Sociology of Health and Illness (journal)|Sociology of Health and Illness]]|date=24 March 2003|volume=25|issue=4|pages=269–288|doi=10.1111/1467-9566.00347|pmid=14498922}}</ref> |
The upper body of a ballet dancer is prone to injury because choreography and class exercises require them to exert energy into contorting their backs and hips. Back bends cause the back to pinch, making the spine vulnerable to injuries such as spasms and pinched nerves. Extending the legs and holding them in the air while turned out causes damage to the hips. Such damage includes strains, fatigue fractures, and bone density loss.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Turner|first1=Bryan S.|last2=Wainwright|first2=Steven P.|title=Corps de Ballet: the case of the injured ballet dancer|journal=[[Sociology of Health and Illness (journal)|Sociology of Health and Illness]]|date=24 March 2003|volume=25|issue=4|pages=269–288|doi=10.1111/1467-9566.00347|pmid=14498922|doi-access=free}}</ref> |
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Injuries are common in ballet dancers because ballet consists of putting the body in unnatural positions. One such position is [[Positions of the feet in ballet#First position|first position]], in which the heels are placed together as the toes point outward, rotating, or "turning out" the legs. If First Position is done incorrectly it can cause knee problems, however, when done correctly (turning out with the hips rather than the knees) it should increase flexibility and reduce pressure on the knees. Meniscal tears and dislocations can happen at the knees when positioned incorrectly because it is easy to let the knees slide forward while turned out in first position. |
Injuries are common in ballet dancers because ballet consists of putting the body in unnatural positions. One such position is [[Positions of the feet in ballet#First position|first position]], in which the heels are placed together as the toes point outward, rotating, or "turning out" the legs. If First Position is done incorrectly it can cause knee problems, however, when done correctly (turning out with the hips rather than the knees) it should increase flexibility and reduce pressure on the knees. Meniscal tears and dislocations can happen at the knees when positioned incorrectly because it is easy to let the knees slide forward while turned out in first position. |
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==Gendered titles== |
==Gendered titles== |
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{{unreferenced section|date = December 2023}} |
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[[File:Ballet-Ballerina-1843.jpg|thumb|270px|Ballerina]] |
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Traditionally, gender-specific titles are used for ballet dancers. In French and Italian, gender-neutral words for such purposes simply never existed (at least historically), and customary usage in English-speaking ballet companies was originally borrowed from those languages. In French, a male ballet dancer is referred to as a ''[[Wikt:danseur|danseur]]'' and a female as a ''[[Wikt:danseuse|danseuse]]''. In Italian, a ''[[Wikt:ballerina|ballerina]]'' is a female who typically holds a principal title within a [[ballet company]]; the title for equally ranked males is ''[[Wikt:ballerino|ballerino]]''. In Italian, the common term for a male dancer is ''danzatore'' and a female dancer is a ''danzatrice''.{{Relevance inline|date=July 2019}} |
Traditionally, gender-specific titles are used for ballet dancers. In French and Italian, gender-neutral words for such purposes simply never existed (at least historically), and customary usage in English-speaking ballet companies was originally borrowed from those languages. In French, a male ballet dancer is referred to as a ''[[Wikt:danseur|danseur]]'' and a female as a ''[[Wikt:danseuse|danseuse]]''. In Italian, a ''[[Wikt:ballerina|ballerina]]'' is a female who typically holds a principal title within a [[ballet company]]; the title for equally ranked males is ''[[Wikt:ballerino|ballerino]]''. In Italian, the common term for a male dancer is ''danzatore'' and a female dancer is a ''danzatrice''.{{Relevance inline|date=July 2019}} |
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These terms are rarely used in English. Since ballerino is not used in English, it does not enjoy the same connotation as ''ballerina''. A regular male dancer in Italy is called a ''ballerino''. In the English-speaking world, boys or men who dance classical ballet are usually referred to as (male) ballet dancers. Often |
These terms are rarely used in English. Since ''ballerino'' is not used in English, it does not enjoy the same connotation as ''ballerina''. A regular male dancer in Italy is called a ''ballerino''. In the English-speaking world, boys or men who dance classical ballet are usually referred to as (male) ballet dancers. Often ''ballerino'' is used in English-based countries as slang. |
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==Hierarchic titles== |
==Hierarchic titles== |
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{{unreferenced section|date = December 2023}} |
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[[File:NWFusionPaquitaPas2.jpg|thumb|270px|Dancers performing ''[[Paquita]]'' grand [[pas de deux]] entrée]] |
[[File:NWFusionPaquitaPas2.jpg|thumb|270px|Dancers performing ''[[Paquita]]'' grand ''[[pas de deux]]'' entrée]] |
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Ballet companies continue to rank their dancers in hierarchical fashion; most have adopted a gender neutral classification system. In most large companies, there are usually several leading dancers of each gender, titled [[principal dancer]] or ''[[Wikt:étoile|étoile]]'' to reflect their seniority, and more often, their status within the company. The most common rankings (in English) are: |
Ballet companies continue to rank their dancers in hierarchical fashion; most have adopted a gender neutral classification system. In most large companies, there are usually several leading dancers of each gender, titled [[principal dancer]] or ''[[Wikt:étoile|étoile]]'' to reflect their seniority, and more often, their status within the company. The most common rankings (in English) are: |
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* Apprentice (or Junior Company/Young Dancers programme) |
* Apprentice (or Junior Company/Young Dancers programme) |
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Some ballet companies also run a separate company for their youngest recruits. Such is the case with the Dutch National Ballet which has launched the Junior Company, which at times also tours and performs separately. The UK-based Royal Ballet runs the Aud Jebsen Young Dancers Programme. Dancers who are identified as a guest artist are usually those who have achieved a high rank with their home company, and have subsequently been engaged to dance with other ballet companies around the world, normally performing the lead role. They are usually principal dancers or soloists with their home company, but given the title of Guest Artist when performing with another company. Well known |
Some ballet companies also run a separate company for their youngest recruits. Such is the case with the Dutch National Ballet which has launched the Junior Company, which at times also tours and performs separately. The UK-based Royal Ballet runs the Aud Jebsen Young Dancers Programme. Dancers who are identified as a guest artist are usually those who have achieved a high rank with their home company, and have subsequently been engaged to dance with other ballet companies around the world, normally performing the lead role. They are usually principal dancers or soloists with their home company, but given the title of Guest Artist when performing with another company. Well known guest artists include [[Marianela Nunez]] and [[Kathryn Morgan]]. |
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===Changes in terminology=== |
===Changes in terminology=== |
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[[File:Darcey Bussell, curtain call for Theme and Variations.jpg|270px|thumb|[[The Royal Ballet]]'s [[Darcey Bussell]] and [[Carlos Acosta]] at the curtain call of ''[[Theme and Variations (ballet)|Theme and Variations]]'' |
[[File:Darcey Bussell, curtain call for Theme and Variations.jpg|270px|thumb|[[The Royal Ballet]]'s [[Darcey Bussell]] and [[Carlos Acosta]] at the curtain call of ''[[Theme and Variations (ballet)|Theme and Variations]]'']] |
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<!--Note, so poorly is the presentation of the Edwin Denby source—information is lacking to assign it to a specific actual book (no publisher, edition, ISBN, etc.), and then no way to assign it to a chapter therein (no chapter, page number, etc.)—that there is no way to check this, the only source appearing, for its coverage of all material before and after it. It is therefore simplest to assume than this section is, on the whole, unsourced.--> |
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''Ballerina'' means any female ballet student or dancer, although historically, it was once a rank given only to the most exceptional female [[Soloist (ballet)|soloists]].{{says who|date = December 2023}} As late as the 1950s a ''ballerina'' was the principal female dancer of a ballet company who was also very accomplished in the international world of ballet, especially beyond her own company; female dancers who danced ballet were then called ''danseuses'' or simply ballet dancers—that is, ''ballerina'' was a critical accolade bestowed on relatively few female dancers, somewhat similar to the title [[diva]] in opera.{{says who|date = December 2023}} The male version of this term is ''danseur noble'' (in French), although since the 1960s, the term has lost its hierarchical meaning and is applied generally to women who are ballet dancers.<ref>[[Edwin Denby (poet)|Denby, Edwin]] (1965) ''Dancers, Buildings, and People in the Streets''.{{full|date = December 2023}}{{better source|date = December 2023}}</ref>{{page needed|date = December 2023}}{{verification needed|date = December 2023}} |
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As used in Italy, the terms ballerino (a male dancer, usually in ballet) and ballerina do not imply the accomplished and critically acclaimed dancers once meant by the terms ''ballerina'' and ''danseur noble'' as they were used in English |
As used in Italy, the terms ''ballerino'' (a male dancer, usually in ballet) and ''ballerina'' do not imply the accomplished and critically acclaimed dancers once meant by the terms ''ballerina'' and ''danseur noble'' as they were used in English; rather, they simply mean one who dances ballet.{{says who|date = December 2023}} Italian terms that do convey an accomplished female ballet dancer are ''prima ballerina'' and ''prima ballerina assoluta'' (the French word ''étoile'' is used in this sense at the [[La Scala Theatre Ballet|Scala ballet company]] in Milan, but has a different meaning at the [[Paris Opera Ballet]]).{{says who|date = December 2023}} The title or rank of ''{{Lang|it|prima ballerina assoluta}}'' was originally inspired by the Italian ballet masters of the early [[Romantic ballet]] and was bestowed on a ''ballerina'' who was considered to be exceptionally talented, above the standard of other leading ''ballerine''.{{says who|date = December 2023}} The title is very rarely used today and recent uses have typically been symbolic, in recognition of a notable career; as a result, it is commonly viewed as an honour rather than an active rank.{{fact|date = December 2023}} |
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===Historical rank names, women=== |
===Historical rank names, women=== |
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* [[Italian ballet]] |
* [[Italian ballet]] |
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* [[Russian ballet]] |
* [[Russian ballet]] |
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* [[List of dancers]] |
* [[List of dancers]] |
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* [[Women in dance]] |
* [[Women in dance]] |
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==References== |
==References== |
Latest revision as of 14:46, 15 June 2024
This article needs additional citations for verification. (December 2023) |
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Corsaire_-Le_Jardin_Anime_-Pierina_Legnani_-Olga_Preobrajenska_-1899.jpg/270px-Corsaire_-Le_Jardin_Anime_-Pierina_Legnani_-Olga_Preobrajenska_-1899.jpg)
A ballet dancer is a person who practices the art of classical ballet. Both females and males can practice ballet. They rely on years of extensive training and proper technique to become a part of a professional ballet company. Ballet dancers are at a high risk of injury due to the demanding technique of ballet.[1]
Training and technique
[edit]This section needs additional citations for verification. (December 2023) |
Ballet dancers typically begin training at an early age as young as three or four[2] if they desire to perform professionally and often take part in international competitions such as YAGP and Prix de Lausanne. At these events, scholarships are being granted to the most talented dancers, enabling them to continue their training at renowned ballet schools around the world, such as the John Kranko Schule in Germany and the Académie de Danse Classique Princesse Grace in Monaco. Pre-professional ballet dancers can audition to enroll at a vocational ballet school such as The Royal Ballet School or Elmhurst Ballet School. These types of ballet boarding schools often cooperate with a professional ballet company, offering job opportunities to graduates. There are different styles of training in ballet such as the Vaganova method, the Cecchetti method and the English style of training (Royal Academy of Dance/The Royal Ballet). Training does not end when ballet dancers are hired by a professional company. Even professional ballet dancers take daily ballet class to keep their technique in check and to warm up and prepare for a day of rehearsals. Ballet is a strict form of art,[3] and the dancer must be very athletic and flexible.[4]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Grandjete.jpg/270px-Grandjete.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Angel_Corella_as_Aminta.jpg/270px-Angel_Corella_as_Aminta.jpg)
Ballet dancers begin their classes at the barre, a wooden beam that runs along the walls of the ballet studio. Dancers use the barre to support themselves during exercises. Barre work is designed to warm up the body and stretch muscles to prepare for center work, where they execute exercises without the barre. Center work in the middle of the room starts out with slower exercises, gradually leading up to faster exercises and larger movements. Ballet dancers finish center work practicing big leaps across the floor, which is called grande allegro. Daily ballet class at a professional ballet company is a popular annual feature which is being livestreamed each year during World Ballet Day.
After center work, females present exercises on pointe, wearing pointe shoes. Males practice jumps and turns. They may practice partner work together.[1]
Injuries
[edit]This section needs additional citations for verification. (December 2023) |
![Monochrome Ballet Feet](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Monochrome_Ballet_Feet_%28Unsplash%29.jpg/270px-Monochrome_Ballet_Feet_%28Unsplash%29.jpg)
Ballet dancers are susceptible to injury because they are constantly putting strain and stress on their bodies and their feet. A ballet dancer's goal is to make physically demanding choreography appear effortless.[5]
The upper body of a ballet dancer is prone to injury because choreography and class exercises require them to exert energy into contorting their backs and hips. Back bends cause the back to pinch, making the spine vulnerable to injuries such as spasms and pinched nerves. Extending the legs and holding them in the air while turned out causes damage to the hips. Such damage includes strains, fatigue fractures, and bone density loss.[6]
Injuries are common in ballet dancers because ballet consists of putting the body in unnatural positions. One such position is first position, in which the heels are placed together as the toes point outward, rotating, or "turning out" the legs. If First Position is done incorrectly it can cause knee problems, however, when done correctly (turning out with the hips rather than the knees) it should increase flexibility and reduce pressure on the knees. Meniscal tears and dislocations can happen at the knees when positioned incorrectly because it is easy to let the knees slide forward while turned out in first position.
Ballet dancer's feet are prone to fractures and other damage. Landing incorrectly (not through the foot, with knees bent) from jumps and dancing on pointe may increase the risk of broken bones and weakened ankles where care and attention is not taken by a conscientious teacher or student. Tendonitis is common in female ballet dancers because pointe work is strenuous on their ankles. Landing from jumps incorrectly may also lead to shin splints, in which the muscle separates from the bone.[5]
Class time is used to correct any habits that could lead to injury. If the ballet dancer is properly trained, the dancer will decrease their risk of injury. Some ballet dancers also turn to stretching or other methods of cross training, like Pilates, yoga, non impact cardio, and swimming. This outside training, attempts to minimize the risk of bodily damage by increasing strength, exercise diversity, and stamina. These days ballet companies around the world pay a lot of attention to the prevention of injuries and a lot of ballet companies have in-house health suites providing facilities and expert guidance to dancers. Most ballet companies and ballet boarding schools alike also employ their own physiotherapist. The Australian Ballet invented a calf rise exercise to prevent injuries that is now being used by ballet companies across the globe. This exercise is often being featured during livestreams on World Ballet Day.
Gendered titles
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Ballet-Ballerina-1843.jpg/270px-Ballet-Ballerina-1843.jpg)
Traditionally, gender-specific titles are used for ballet dancers. In French and Italian, gender-neutral words for such purposes simply never existed (at least historically), and customary usage in English-speaking ballet companies was originally borrowed from those languages. In French, a male ballet dancer is referred to as a danseur and a female as a danseuse. In Italian, a ballerina is a female who typically holds a principal title within a ballet company; the title for equally ranked males is ballerino. In Italian, the common term for a male dancer is danzatore and a female dancer is a danzatrice.[relevant?]
These terms are rarely used in English. Since ballerino is not used in English, it does not enjoy the same connotation as ballerina. A regular male dancer in Italy is called a ballerino. In the English-speaking world, boys or men who dance classical ballet are usually referred to as (male) ballet dancers. Often ballerino is used in English-based countries as slang.
Hierarchic titles
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/NWFusionPaquitaPas2.jpg/270px-NWFusionPaquitaPas2.jpg)
Ballet companies continue to rank their dancers in hierarchical fashion; most have adopted a gender neutral classification system. In most large companies, there are usually several leading dancers of each gender, titled principal dancer or étoile to reflect their seniority, and more often, their status within the company. The most common rankings (in English) are:
- Principal dancer
- Soloist (or First soloist)
- Demi-soloist (or Second soloist)
- First Artist
- Corps de ballet (or Artist)
- Apprentice (or Junior Company/Young Dancers programme)
Some ballet companies also run a separate company for their youngest recruits. Such is the case with the Dutch National Ballet which has launched the Junior Company, which at times also tours and performs separately. The UK-based Royal Ballet runs the Aud Jebsen Young Dancers Programme. Dancers who are identified as a guest artist are usually those who have achieved a high rank with their home company, and have subsequently been engaged to dance with other ballet companies around the world, normally performing the lead role. They are usually principal dancers or soloists with their home company, but given the title of Guest Artist when performing with another company. Well known guest artists include Marianela Nunez and Kathryn Morgan.
Changes in terminology
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Darcey_Bussell%2C_curtain_call_for_Theme_and_Variations.jpg/270px-Darcey_Bussell%2C_curtain_call_for_Theme_and_Variations.jpg)
Ballerina means any female ballet student or dancer, although historically, it was once a rank given only to the most exceptional female soloists.[according to whom?] As late as the 1950s a ballerina was the principal female dancer of a ballet company who was also very accomplished in the international world of ballet, especially beyond her own company; female dancers who danced ballet were then called danseuses or simply ballet dancers—that is, ballerina was a critical accolade bestowed on relatively few female dancers, somewhat similar to the title diva in opera.[according to whom?] The male version of this term is danseur noble (in French), although since the 1960s, the term has lost its hierarchical meaning and is applied generally to women who are ballet dancers.[7][page needed][verification needed]
As used in Italy, the terms ballerino (a male dancer, usually in ballet) and ballerina do not imply the accomplished and critically acclaimed dancers once meant by the terms ballerina and danseur noble as they were used in English; rather, they simply mean one who dances ballet.[according to whom?] Italian terms that do convey an accomplished female ballet dancer are prima ballerina and prima ballerina assoluta (the French word étoile is used in this sense at the Scala ballet company in Milan, but has a different meaning at the Paris Opera Ballet).[according to whom?] The title or rank of prima ballerina assoluta was originally inspired by the Italian ballet masters of the early Romantic ballet and was bestowed on a ballerina who was considered to be exceptionally talented, above the standard of other leading ballerine.[according to whom?] The title is very rarely used today and recent uses have typically been symbolic, in recognition of a notable career; as a result, it is commonly viewed as an honour rather than an active rank.[citation needed]
Historical rank names, women
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Wilma_Haydee_Giglio_-_Coppelia%2C_Swanilda-Prix_de_Lausanne_2010-4.jpg/270px-Wilma_Haydee_Giglio_-_Coppelia%2C_Swanilda-Prix_de_Lausanne_2010-4.jpg)
More or less, depending on the source, the rankings for women—from highest to lowest—used to be:
- Prima ballerina assoluta
- Prima ballerina, premier sujet or première danseuse
- Sujet
- Coryphée
- Corps de ballet
Historical rank names, men
[edit]For men, the ranks were:
- Premier danseur noble
- Premier danseur
- Danseur
- Sujet
- Coryphée
- Corps de ballet
- Ballerino
See also
[edit]- Italian ballet
- Russian ballet
- List of dancers
- Women in dance
- Western stereotype of the male ballet dancer
References
[edit]- ^ a b Jonas, Gerald (1998). Dancing: the Pleasure, Power, and Art of Movement. San Val. p. 130. ISBN 9780613637039.
- ^ "What is the Best Age to Start Ballet? | CPYB". 26 March 2023. Retrieved 19 February 2024.
- ^ Sorabella, Authors: Jean. "The Ballet | Essay | The Metropolitan Museum of Art | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History". The Met’s Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. Retrieved 19 February 2024.
- ^ Koutedakis, Yiannis; Jamurtas, Athanasios (2004). "The dancer as a performing athlete: physiological considerations". Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.). 34 (10): 651–661. doi:10.2165/00007256-200434100-00003. ISSN 0112-1642. PMID 15335242.
- ^ a b Miller, EH; Schneider, HJ; Bronson, JL; McLain, D (September 1975). "A new consideration in athletic injuries. The classical ballet dancer". Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research (111): 181–91. doi:10.1097/00003086-197509000-00026. PMID 125636.
- ^ Turner, Bryan S.; Wainwright, Steven P. (24 March 2003). "Corps de Ballet: the case of the injured ballet dancer". Sociology of Health and Illness. 25 (4): 269–288. doi:10.1111/1467-9566.00347. PMID 14498922.
- ^ Denby, Edwin (1965) Dancers, Buildings, and People in the Streets.[full citation needed][better source needed]
External links
[edit]Media related to Ballet dancers at Wikimedia Commons