Jin Mao Tower: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Supertall skyscraper in Shanghai, China}} |
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{{WikidataCoord}} |
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{{Infobox building |
{{Infobox building |
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|name = Jin Mao Tower |
|name = Jin Mao Tower |
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|native_name = 金茂大厦 |native_name_lang = zh-hans |
|native_name = 金茂大厦 |native_name_lang = zh-hans |
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|image = |
|image = Jin Mao Tower 2007.jpg |
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|image_size = |
|image_size = |
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|caption = The Jin Mao Tower in |
|caption = The Jin Mao Tower in April 2007 |
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|start_date = 1994 |
|start_date = 1994 |
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|completion_date = 1999 |
|completion_date = 1999 |
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|building_type = [[Skyscraper]]<br/>(incl. [[office building|office]], [[hotel]], [[tourist attraction|tourism]], & [[shopping mall|retail]]) |
|building_type = [[Skyscraper]]<br/>(incl. [[office building|office]], [[hotel]], [[tourist attraction|tourism]], & [[shopping mall|retail]]) |
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|location = 88 [[Century Avenue]]<br/>[[Pudong]] District, [[Shanghai]] 200121, China |
|location = 88 [[Century Avenue]]<br/>[[Pudong]] District, [[Shanghai]] 200121, China |
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|architectural = {{convert|420.5|m|sp=us}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jin Mao Tower - The Skyscraper Center|url=https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/jin-mao-tower/189|access-date=2020-12-09|website=www.skyscrapercenter.com}}</ref> |
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|coordinates = {{Coord|31|14|14|N|121|30|05|E|region:CN-31_type:landmark|display=title}} |
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|tip = {{convert|420.5|m|sp=us}} |
|tip = {{convert|420.5|m|sp=us}} |
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|antenna_spire = {{cvt|35|m}} |
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|roof = {{cvt|385.5|m}} |
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⚫ | |top_floor = {{convert|375|m|sp=us}}<ref name=skyscraperCenter>{{cite web |url=http://skyscrapercenter.com/shanghai/jin-mao-building/ |title=Jin Mao Building - The Skyscraper Center |work=Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120524052647/http://skyscrapercenter.com/shanghai/jin-mao-building |archive-date=2012-05-24 }}</ref> |
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|observatory = {{nowrap|{{convert|374.5|m|sp=us}}<ref name=skyscraperCenter/>}} |
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|floor_count = 88<br/>(+5 spire floors)<br/>(+3 basement floors)<ref name=skyscraperCenter/> |
|floor_count = 88<br/>(+5 spire floors)<br/>(+3 basement floors)<ref name=skyscraperCenter/> |
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(Total: |
(Total: 96 floors) |
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|floor_area = {{convert|289500|m2|sqft|sp=us|abbr=on}}<ref name=skyscraperCenter/> |
|floor_area = {{convert|289500|m2|sqft|sp=us|abbr=on}}<ref name=skyscraperCenter/> |
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|elevator_count = 61<ref name=skyscraperCenter/> |
|elevator_count = 61<ref name=skyscraperCenter/> |
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|architect = [[Adrian Smith (architect)|Adrian Smith]] at [[Skidmore, Owings & Merrill|SOM]] |
|architect = [[Adrian Smith (architect)|Adrian Smith]] at [[Skidmore, Owings & Merrill|SOM]] |
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|developer = China Jin Mao Group |
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|structural_engineer= [[Skidmore, Owings & Merrill|SOM]]<ref name=skyscraperCenter/> |
|structural_engineer= [[Skidmore, Owings & Merrill|SOM]]<ref name=skyscraperCenter/> |
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| architectural_style = [[Neo-Futurism]] |
| architectural_style = [[Neo-Futurism]] |
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|references = <ref name=skyscraperCenter/><ref>{{skyscraperpage|9}}</ref> |
|references = <ref name=skyscraperCenter/><ref>{{skyscraperpage|9}}</ref> |
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}} |
}} |
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The '''Jin Mao Tower''' ({{zh|s={{linktext|金|茂|大厦}}|t={{linktext|金|茂|大廈}}|p=Jīnmào<!--NOT Jīn Mào--> Dàshà |
The '''Jin Mao Tower''' ({{zh|s={{linktext|金|茂|大厦}}|t={{linktext|金|茂|大廈}}|p=Jīnmào<!--NOT Jīn Mào--> Dàshà}}; [[Shanghainese]]:'' Cinmeu Dagho''; lit. ‘Golden Prosperity Building’), also known as the {{nowrap|'''Jinmao Building'''}} or {{nowrap|'''Jinmao Tower'''}}, is a {{convert|420.5|m|ft|0|adj=mid|-tall|sp=us}}, 88-story (93 if counting the floors in the spire) landmark [[skyscraper]] in [[Lujiazui]], [[Pudong]], [[Shanghai]], China. It contains a [[#Occupants|shopping mall]], [[#Occupants|offices]] and the [[#Grand Hyatt Shanghai|Grand Hyatt Shanghai]] hotel which starts from the 53rd floor, which at the time of completion was the highest hotel in the world. Along with the [[Oriental Pearl Tower]], the [[Shanghai World Financial Center]] and the [[Shanghai Tower]] it is part of the Lujiazui skyline seen from [[the Bund]]. It was the tallest building in China from its completion in 1999 until 2007, when it was surpassed by the [[Shanghai World Financial Center]] which is located close by.<ref>CNN News. "[http://www.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/asiapcf/09/14/china.tallest.building.ap/ Shanghai's bristling skyline gets giant new landmark]{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}".</ref> The [[Shanghai Tower]], a 128-story building located next to these two buildings, surpassed the height of both these buildings in 2015,<ref name=businessinsider>{{cite web |url=http://uk.businessinsider.com/shanghai-tower-tallest-building-china-2015-6?r=US&IR=T |title=The tallest building in China |publisher=uk.businessinsider.com |access-date=2015-10-21}}</ref> creating the world's first trio of adjacent supertall skyscrapers. |
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==Structure== |
==Structure== |
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[[File:JinMaoTower.JPG|thumb |
[[File:JinMaoTower.JPG|thumb|Looking up at the Jin Mao Tower]] |
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The building is located on a {{convert|24000|sqm|sp=us|abbr=on}} plot of land near the [[Lujiazui Station|Lujiazui]] [[Shanghai Metro|metro station]] and was built at an estimated cost of [[U.S. dollar|US$]]530 million.{{Citation needed|date=August 2008}} |
The building is located on a {{convert|24000|sqm|sp=us|abbr=on}} plot of land near the [[Lujiazui Station|Lujiazui]] [[Shanghai Metro|metro station]] and was built at an estimated cost of [[U.S. dollar|US$]]530 million.{{Citation needed|date=August 2008}} |
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The [[foundation (architecture)|foundation]]s rest on 1,062 high-capacity steel piles driven {{convert|83.5|m|sp=us|abbr=on}} deep in the ground to compensate for poor upper-strata soil conditions. At the time of construction, these were the longest steel piles ever used for a land-based building. The piles are capped by a 4 m-thick concrete [[floating raft system|raft]] {{convert|19.6|m|sp=us|abbr=on}} underground. The basement's surrounding [[slurry wall]] is {{nowrap|1 m}} thick, {{nowrap|36 m}} high and {{nowrap|568 m}} long. It is composed of {{convert|20,500|m3|sp=us|abbr=on}} of [[reinforced concrete]]. |
The [[foundation (architecture)|foundation]]s rest on 1,062 high-capacity steel piles driven {{convert|83.5|m|sp=us|abbr=on}} deep in the ground to compensate for poor upper-strata soil conditions. At the time of construction, these were the longest steel piles ever used for a land-based building. The piles are capped by a 4 m-thick concrete [[floating raft system|raft]] {{convert|19.6|m|sp=us|abbr=on}} underground. The basement's surrounding [[slurry wall]] is {{nowrap|1 m}} thick, {{nowrap|36 m}} high and {{nowrap|568 m}} long. It is composed of {{convert|20,500|m3|sp=us|abbr=on}} of [[reinforced concrete]]. |
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The building employs an advanced [[structural engineering]] system of [[wind engineering|wind]] and [[earthquake engineering]] which fortify it against [[typhoon]] winds of up to 200 km/h (with the top [[oscillation|swaying]] by a maximum of {{convert|75|cm|sp=us|abbr=on|disp=or}}) and [[earthquake]]s of up to 7 on the [[Richter magnitude scale|Richter scale]]. The steel shafts have [[Shear stress|shear]] joints that act as [[shock absorber]]s to cushion the lateral forces imposed by winds and quakes. The swimming pool on the 57th floor is also said to act as a passive [[ |
The building employs an advanced [[structural engineering]] system of [[wind engineering|wind]] and [[earthquake engineering]] which fortify it against [[typhoon]] winds of up to 200 km/h (with the top [[oscillation|swaying]] by a maximum of {{convert|75|cm|sp=us|abbr=on|disp=or}}) and [[earthquake]]s of up to 7 on the [[Richter magnitude scale|Richter scale]]. The steel shafts have [[Shear stress|shear]] joints that act as [[shock absorber]]s to cushion the lateral forces imposed by winds and quakes. The swimming pool on the 57th floor is also said to act as a passive [[Damping ratio|damper]]. The exterior [[curtain wall (architecture)|curtain wall]] is made of glass, [[stainless steel]], [[aluminum]], and [[granite]] and is criss-crossed by complex [[latticework]] [[Cladding (construction)|cladding]] made of aluminum alloy pipes. |
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==Operations== |
==Operations== |
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Official dedication was August 28, 1998, a date also chosen with the number 8 in mind. The building was fully operational in 1999. The Jin Mao Tower is owned by the China Jin Mao Group Co. Ltd (formerly China Shanghai Foreign Trade |
Official dedication was August 28, 1998, a date also chosen with the number 8 in mind. The building was fully operational in 1999. The Jin Mao Tower is owned by the China Jin Mao Group Co. Ltd (formerly "China Shanghai Foreign Trade Center Co. Ltd"). It reportedly has a daily maintenance cost of 1 million [[Renminbi|RMB]] ([[US$]]121,000).<ref>[http://app1.chinadaily.com.cn/star/2003/0220/fo5-1.html ''Shanghai Star''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130705184321/http://app1.chinadaily.com.cn/star/2003/0220/fo5-1.html |date=2013-07-05 }}</ref> |
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The building has 3 main entrances to the [[Lobby (room)|lobby]]: two for the office portion and one for the hotel. The basement has express elevators to the observation deck and a parking area for 600 vehicles and 7,500 bicycles. In total, 61 [[Mitsubishi]] elevators and 19 escalators carry visitors throughout the building. Levels 51, 52, and 89–93 are [[mechanical floor]]s, accessible only by service elevators. |
The building has 3 main entrances to the [[Lobby (room)|lobby]]: two for the office portion and one for the hotel. The basement has express elevators to the observation deck and a parking area for 600 vehicles and 7,500 bicycles. In total, 61 [[Mitsubishi]] elevators and 19 escalators carry visitors throughout the building. Levels 51, 52, and 89–93 are [[mechanical floor]]s, accessible only by service elevators. |
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===Grand Hyatt Shanghai=== |
===Grand Hyatt Shanghai=== |
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{{main|Grand Hyatt Shanghai}} |
{{main|Grand Hyatt Shanghai}} |
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[[File:Bar de la tour Jinmao (1).jpg|thumb|The interior of the Cloud 9 Bar, located at the 87th floor of the Jinmao Tower]] |
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⚫ | The building's anchor tenant is the [[hotel rating|five-star]] 555-room [[Grand Hyatt Shanghai]] hotel which occupies floors 53 to 87. It is one of the highest hotels in the world, second in Shanghai only to its sister property, the Shanghai Park Hyatt, occupying the 79th to 93rd floors of the immediately adjacent [[Shanghai World Financial Center]]. These have since been surpassed by [[The Ritz-Carlton, Hong Kong]], which occupies floors 102 to 118 of the [[International Commerce |
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⚫ | The building's anchor tenant is the [[hotel rating|five-star]] 555-room [[Grand Hyatt Shanghai]] hotel which occupies floors 53 to 87. It is one of the highest hotels in the world, second in Shanghai only to its sister property, the Shanghai Park Hyatt, occupying the 79th to 93rd floors of the immediately adjacent [[Shanghai World Financial Center]]. These have since been surpassed by [[The Ritz-Carlton, Hong Kong]], which occupies floors 102 to 118 of the [[International Commerce Center]] in Hong Kong. However, the tallest building to be used exclusively as a hotel is the [[JW Marriott Marquis Dubai]].{{refn|Excluding the taller [[Ryugyong Hotel]] which was never actually in use.}} Additionally, the world's longest laundry chute runs down the full length of the tower to the basement, incorporating buffers to slow the laundry during its descent. |
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The Hyatt's famous [[barrel vault|barrel-vaulted]] [[atrium (architecture)|atrium]] starts at the 56th floor<!-- NOT the 54th --> and extends upwards to the 87th. Lined with 28 annular corridors and staircases arrayed in a spiral, it is {{convert|27|m|sp=us|abbr=on}} in diameter with a clear height of approximately {{convert|115|m|sp=us|abbr=on}}.{{refn|A commonly quoted atrium height of {{nowrap|152 m}} is owed to a mistaken assumption of 38 floors of {{nowrap|4 m}} each rather than the actual 32 floor of around {{nowrap|3.5 m}} each. (The last few are a little taller.)}} It is one of the tallest atria in the world, the tallest being the [[Burj Al Arab]]'s. |
The Hyatt's famous [[barrel vault|barrel-vaulted]] [[atrium (architecture)|atrium]] starts at the 56th floor<!-- NOT the 54th --> and extends upwards to the 87th. Lined with 28 annular corridors and staircases arrayed in a spiral, it is {{convert|27|m|sp=us|abbr=on}} in diameter with a clear height of approximately {{convert|115|m|sp=us|abbr=on}}.{{refn|A commonly quoted atrium height of {{nowrap|152 m}} is owed to a mistaken assumption of 38 floors of {{nowrap|4 m}} each rather than the actual 32 floor of around {{nowrap|3.5 m}} each. (The last few are a little taller.)}} It is one of the tallest atria in the world, the tallest being the [[Burj Al Arab]]'s. |
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The hotel floors also feature: |
The hotel floors also feature: |
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* 53: The Piano Bar, a jazz club. |
* 53: The Piano Bar, a jazz club. |
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* 54: The hotel lobby and Grand Café, served by an express elevator from the tower's ground floor. |
* 54: The hotel lobby and Grand Café, served by an express elevator from the tower's ground floor. |
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===Skywalk=== |
===Skywalk=== |
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The Skywalk, a {{convert|1520|sqm|sp=us|abbr=on}} indoor [[observation deck]] with a capacity of 1,000+ people, occupies the 88th floor of the building. In addition to the panoramic views of Shanghai, it offers a topside view of the hotel atrium below. It also includes a small [[China Post|post office]]. Access is through two express elevators from the basement that travel at 9.1 m/s and take 45 seconds to reach the top. As of 2009, admission to the 88th floor costs 88 [[Renminbi|RMB]] for adults and 45 [[Renminbi|RMB]] for children. |
The Skywalk, a {{convert|1520|sqm|sp=us|abbr=on}} indoor [[observation deck]] with a capacity of 1,000+ people, occupies the 88th floor of the building. In addition to the panoramic views of Shanghai, it offers a topside view of the hotel atrium below. It also includes a small [[China Post|post office]]. Access is through two express elevators from the basement that travel at 9.1 m/s and take 45 seconds to reach the top. As of 2009, admission to the 88th floor costs 88 [[Renminbi|RMB]] for adults and 45 [[Renminbi|RMB]] for children. |
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==Events== |
==Events== |
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* On February 18, 2001, Han Qizhi, a 31-year-old shoe salesman from [[Anhui]] province "struck by a rash impulse", climbed the building barehanded and in street clothes.<ref>[http://www.iol.co.za/news/world/spiderman-seeks-vengeance-for-china-climb-1.56755#.VIr-72SUc4R "'Spiderman' seeks vengeance for China climb"] at Independent Online. 2 Mar 2001.</ref> He was arrested with bleeding hands and detained for about two weeks.<ref>[https://telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1559172/Prison-for-scaling-Chinas-tallest-skyscraper.html "Prison for Scaling China's Tallest Skyscraper"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713130000/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1559172/Prison-for-scaling-Chinas-tallest-skyscraper.html |date=2015-07-13 }} 1 Aug 2007.</ref> |
* On February 18, 2001, Han Qizhi, a 31-year-old shoe salesman from [[Anhui]] province "struck by a rash impulse", climbed the building barehanded and in street clothes.<ref>[http://www.iol.co.za/news/world/spiderman-seeks-vengeance-for-china-climb-1.56755#.VIr-72SUc4R "'Spiderman' seeks vengeance for China climb"] at Independent Online. 2 Mar 2001.</ref> He was arrested with bleeding hands and detained for about two weeks.<ref>[https://telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1559172/Prison-for-scaling-Chinas-tallest-skyscraper.html "Prison for Scaling China's Tallest Skyscraper"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713130000/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1559172/Prison-for-scaling-Chinas-tallest-skyscraper.html |date=2015-07-13 }} 1 Aug 2007.</ref> |
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* On October 5, 2004, as part of Shanghai's [[Holidays in the People's Republic of China|National Day]] celebrations, a multi-national group of [[BASE jumping|BASE jumpers]] invited by the Shanghai Sports Bureau leapt from the top of the tower. The 34-year-old [[Australians|Australian]] jumper [[Roland "Slim" Simpson|Roland Simpson]]'s [[parachute]] malfunctioned and he crashed himself against an adjacent building. He fell into a [[coma]] and died in Australia on October 22.<ref>[http://english.cri.cn/2008/2004-10-27/[email protected] ''CRI Online'']</ref><ref>[http://www.blogofdeath.com/archives/001201.html ''Blog of Death''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927101525/http://www.blogofdeath.com/archives/001201.html |date=2011-09-27 }}</ref> |
* On October 5, 2004, as part of Shanghai's [[Holidays in the People's Republic of China|National Day]] celebrations, a multi-national group of [[BASE jumping|BASE jumpers]] invited by the Shanghai Sports Bureau leapt from the top of the tower. The 34-year-old [[Australians|Australian]] jumper [[Roland "Slim" Simpson|Roland Simpson]]'s [[parachute]] malfunctioned and he crashed himself against an adjacent building. He fell into a [[coma]] and died in Australia on October 22.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070223195047/http://english.cri.cn/2008/2004-10-27/[email protected] ''CRI Online'']</ref><ref>[http://www.blogofdeath.com/archives/001201.html ''Blog of Death''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927101525/http://www.blogofdeath.com/archives/001201.html |date=2011-09-27 }}</ref> |
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* In early 2007, the building was illuminated with the name [[Windows Vista]] as part of [[Microsoft]]'s marketing campaign for the [[operating system]].<ref name="WindowsVistaAdvertisement">{{cite web|url=https://news.softpedia.com/news/The-Largest-Windows-Vista-Advertisement-46397.shtml|title=The Largest Windows Vista Advertisement|last=Oiaga|first=Marius|date=February 6, 2007|publisher=[[Softpedia]]| |
* In early 2007, the building was illuminated with the name [[Windows Vista]] as part of [[Microsoft]]'s marketing campaign for the [[operating system]].<ref name="WindowsVistaAdvertisement">{{cite web|url=https://news.softpedia.com/news/The-Largest-Windows-Vista-Advertisement-46397.shtml|title=The Largest Windows Vista Advertisement|last=Oiaga|first=Marius|date=February 6, 2007|publisher=[[Softpedia]]|access-date=May 3, 2015}}</ref> |
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* Also in 2007, after years of being refused permission to climb the building,<ref>[http://www.mountaineering.ie/news/2001/news0105climb.htm ''Climbing News''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071025022648/http://www.mountaineering.ie/news/2001/news0105climb.htm |date=2007-10-25 }}, [http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=3&art_id=qw9835093823B241 ''Independent Online'']</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20070531/od_uk_nm/oukoe_uk_china_climber;_ylt=As3g6Bm7yfEzMIukj.1w0zbMWM0F |title= |
* Also in 2007, after years of being refused permission to climb the building,<ref>[http://www.mountaineering.ie/news/2001/news0105climb.htm ''Climbing News''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071025022648/http://www.mountaineering.ie/news/2001/news0105climb.htm |date=2007-10-25 }}, [http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=3&art_id=qw9835093823B241 ''Independent Online'']</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20070531/od_uk_nm/oukoe_uk_china_climber;_ylt=As3g6Bm7yfEzMIukj.1w0zbMWM0F |title=90-minute high = 15 days in jail - Yahoo! News |access-date=2017-01-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070602203844/http://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20070531/od_uk_nm/oukoe_uk_china_climber |archive-date=2007-06-02 }}</ref> the [[French people|French]] [[buildering|urban climber]] [[Alain Robert]] was arrested, jailed for 5 days, and expelled from China for his unauthorized ascent and descent, made while wearing a [[Spider-Man]] costume.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090216143031/http://chinaeconomicreview.com/quirkies/category/alain-robert "Spiderman Climbs Jin Mao Tower"] in Yahoo News. 4 Jun 2007. Hosted at the ''China Economic Review'' & Archive.com.</ref> |
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* On April 3, 2009, [[Shanda]] used a laser-light show on the tower to advertise the open beta of [[Aion: Upheaval|Aion: The Tower of Eternity]]. The image made by the lasers could be seen from 7:30 pm to 10:00 pm and ran until April 12, 2009.<ref>[https://mods.curse.com/news/aion/12183-aion-online-advertises-on-the-second-largest "Aion Online Advertises on the Second Largest Building in Shanghai"] 2009-04-08 Retrieved on 2017-08-18</ref> |
* On April 3, 2009, [[Shanda]] used a laser-light show on the tower to advertise the open beta of ''[[Aion: Upheaval|Aion: The Tower of Eternity]]''. The image made by the lasers could be seen from 7:30 pm to 10:00 pm and ran until April 12, 2009.<ref>[https://mods.curse.com/news/aion/12183-aion-online-advertises-on-the-second-largest "Aion Online Advertises on the Second Largest Building in Shanghai"] 2009-04-08 Retrieved on 2017-08-18</ref> |
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==Gallery== |
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<gallery widths="150" heights="120" perrow="5" caption="Jin Mao Tower"> |
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File:Jin Mao Building-2005.JPG|The Jin Mao Tower with the construction of the [[Shanghai World Financial Center]] at the background |
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File:JinMao Tower von oben.jpg|The Jin Mao Tower seen from the 100th floor of the [[Shanghai World Financial Center]] |
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File:Tower pudong shanghai jinmao tower(cropped).jpg|The Jin Mao Tower at night |
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</gallery> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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* [[Fazlur Rahman Khan]] |
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* [[List of tallest buildings in Shanghai]] |
* [[List of tallest buildings in Shanghai]] |
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* [[List of skyscrapers]] |
* [[List of skyscrapers]] |
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{{Commons+cat|Jin Mao Tower}} |
{{Commons+cat|Jin Mao Tower}} |
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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20151019005547/http://www.jinmao88.com/html/index.php Jinmao88.com], the management company's official website {{in lang|en|zh}} |
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20151019005547/http://www.jinmao88.com/html/index.php Jinmao88.com], the management company's official website {{in lang|en|zh}} |
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* [http://shanghai.grand.hyatt.com Grand Hyatt Shanghai] {{in lang|en|zh}} |
* [http://shanghai.grand.hyatt.com Grand Hyatt Shanghai] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006180254/http://shanghai.grand.hyatt.com/ |date=2008-10-06 }} {{in lang|en|zh}} |
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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052154/http://www.concordelift.com/shownews.asp?id=77 Elevator Layout] |
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052154/http://www.concordelift.com/shownews.asp?id=77 Elevator Layout] |
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* [http://skyscrapermodels.us/models/Jin_Mao_SHA.html A scale paper model] |
* [http://skyscrapermodels.us/models/Jin_Mao_SHA.html A scale paper model] |
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* Overviews at [https://web.archive.org/web/20040810041316/http://chinaguides.shanghai-window.com/destination/shanghai/attractions/pudong/jingmao/jinmao.html China Guides], [https://web.archive.org/web/20060125040943/http://www.ctbuh.org/htmlfiles/featured_buildings/bom_jm.html CTBUH], [https://web.archive.org/web/20120524052647/http://skyscrapercenter.com/shanghai/jin-mao-building Skycraper Center], [http://www.architravel.com/architravel/building/jin-mao-tower/ Architravel], [http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=103803 Emporis], and [http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=9 SkyscraperPage] |
* Overviews at [https://web.archive.org/web/20040810041316/http://chinaguides.shanghai-window.com/destination/shanghai/attractions/pudong/jingmao/jinmao.html China Guides], [https://web.archive.org/web/20060125040943/http://www.ctbuh.org/htmlfiles/featured_buildings/bom_jm.html CTBUH], [https://web.archive.org/web/20120524052647/http://skyscrapercenter.com/shanghai/jin-mao-building Skycraper Center], [http://www.architravel.com/architravel/building/jin-mao-tower/ Architravel] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617144641/http://www.architravel.com/architravel/building/jin-mao-tower/ |date=2018-06-17 }}, [https://web.archive.org/web/20040825075545/http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=103803 Emporis], and [http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=9 SkyscraperPage] |
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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101230002115/http://www.chinapicturespub.com/municipality/shanghai-china/jinmao-building.html Photos of the Jinmao Building] at China Pictures |
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101230002115/http://www.chinapicturespub.com/municipality/shanghai-china/jinmao-building.html Photos of the Jinmao Building] at China Pictures |
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[[Category:1994 in Shanghai]] |
Revision as of 07:53, 14 June 2024
31°14′14″N 121°30′5″E / 31.23722°N 121.50139°E
Jin Mao Tower | |
---|---|
金茂大厦 | |
![]() The Jin Mao Tower in April 2007 | |
![]() | |
General information | |
Status | Completed |
Type | Skyscraper (incl. office, hotel, tourism, & retail) |
Architectural style | Neo-Futurism |
Location | 88 Century Avenue Pudong District, Shanghai 200121, China |
Construction started | 1994 |
Completed | 1999 |
Cost | US$530 million (1999) |
Height | |
Architectural | 420.5 meters (1,380 ft)[1] |
Tip | 420.5 meters (1,380 ft) |
Antenna spire | 35 m (115 ft) |
Roof | 385.5 m (1,265 ft) |
Top floor | 375 meters (1,230 ft)[2] |
Observatory | 374.5 meters (1,229 ft)[2] |
Technical details | |
Floor count | 88 (+5 spire floors) (+3 basement floors)[2] (Total: 96 floors) |
Floor area | 289,500 m2 (3,116,000 sq ft)[2] |
Lifts/elevators | 61[2] |
Design and construction | |
Architect(s) | Adrian Smith at SOM |
Developer | China Jin Mao Group |
Structural engineer | SOM[2] |
References | |
[2][3] |
The Jin Mao Tower (simplified Chinese: 金茂大厦; traditional Chinese: 金茂大廈; pinyin: Jīnmào Dàshà; Shanghainese: Cinmeu Dagho; lit. ‘Golden Prosperity Building’), also known as the Jinmao Building or Jinmao Tower, is a 420.5-meter-tall (1,380 ft), 88-story (93 if counting the floors in the spire) landmark skyscraper in Lujiazui, Pudong, Shanghai, China. It contains a shopping mall, offices and the Grand Hyatt Shanghai hotel which starts from the 53rd floor, which at the time of completion was the highest hotel in the world. Along with the Oriental Pearl Tower, the Shanghai World Financial Center and the Shanghai Tower it is part of the Lujiazui skyline seen from the Bund. It was the tallest building in China from its completion in 1999 until 2007, when it was surpassed by the Shanghai World Financial Center which is located close by.[4] The Shanghai Tower, a 128-story building located next to these two buildings, surpassed the height of both these buildings in 2015,[5] creating the world's first trio of adjacent supertall skyscrapers.
Structure
The building is located on a 24,000 m2 (260,000 sq ft) plot of land near the Lujiazui metro station and was built at an estimated cost of US$530 million.[citation needed]
It was designed by the Chicago firm of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (SOM). Its postmodern form, whose complexity rises as it ascends, draws on traditional Chinese architecture such as the tiered pagoda, gently stepping back to create a rhythmic pattern as it rises. Like the Petronas Towers in Malaysia, the building's proportions revolve around the number 8, associated with prosperity in Chinese culture. The 88 floors (93 if the spire floors are counted) are divided into 16 segments, each of which is 1/8 shorter than the 16-story base. The tower is built around an octagon-shaped concrete shear wall core surrounded by 8 exterior composite supercolumns and 8 exterior steel columns. Three sets of 8 two-story high outrigger trusses connect the columns to the core at six of the floors to provide additional support.
The foundations rest on 1,062 high-capacity steel piles driven 83.5 m (274 ft) deep in the ground to compensate for poor upper-strata soil conditions. At the time of construction, these were the longest steel piles ever used for a land-based building. The piles are capped by a 4 m-thick concrete raft 19.6 m (64 ft) underground. The basement's surrounding slurry wall is 1 m thick, 36 m high and 568 m long. It is composed of 20,500 m3 (720,000 cu ft) of reinforced concrete.
The building employs an advanced structural engineering system of wind and earthquake engineering which fortify it against typhoon winds of up to 200 km/h (with the top swaying by a maximum of 75 cm or 30 in) and earthquakes of up to 7 on the Richter scale. The steel shafts have shear joints that act as shock absorbers to cushion the lateral forces imposed by winds and quakes. The swimming pool on the 57th floor is also said to act as a passive damper. The exterior curtain wall is made of glass, stainless steel, aluminum, and granite and is criss-crossed by complex latticework cladding made of aluminum alloy pipes.
Operations
Official dedication was August 28, 1998, a date also chosen with the number 8 in mind. The building was fully operational in 1999. The Jin Mao Tower is owned by the China Jin Mao Group Co. Ltd (formerly "China Shanghai Foreign Trade Center Co. Ltd"). It reportedly has a daily maintenance cost of 1 million RMB (US$121,000).[6]
The building has 3 main entrances to the lobby: two for the office portion and one for the hotel. The basement has express elevators to the observation deck and a parking area for 600 vehicles and 7,500 bicycles. In total, 61 Mitsubishi elevators and 19 escalators carry visitors throughout the building. Levels 51, 52, and 89–93 are mechanical floors, accessible only by service elevators.
Occupants
The 3-level basement has a food court, while the first two floors include the Hyatt's conference and banquet facilities. The first six floors include a shopping mall, restaurants, and nightclubs, include Pu-J's.
The lower 50 floors (in the first 4 segments of the tower) are made up of 123,000 m2 (1,320,000 sq ft) of offices, divided into 5 elevator zones (3-6, 7-17, 18-29, 30-40, and 41-50). Office spaces are open-plan (column-free), with a floor-to-floor gross height of 4.0 m (13.1 ft) and net height of 2.7 m (8 ft 10 in).
Grand Hyatt Shanghai
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Bar_de_la_tour_Jinmao_%281%29.jpg/220px-Bar_de_la_tour_Jinmao_%281%29.jpg)
The building's anchor tenant is the five-star 555-room Grand Hyatt Shanghai hotel which occupies floors 53 to 87. It is one of the highest hotels in the world, second in Shanghai only to its sister property, the Shanghai Park Hyatt, occupying the 79th to 93rd floors of the immediately adjacent Shanghai World Financial Center. These have since been surpassed by The Ritz-Carlton, Hong Kong, which occupies floors 102 to 118 of the International Commerce Center in Hong Kong. However, the tallest building to be used exclusively as a hotel is the JW Marriott Marquis Dubai.[7] Additionally, the world's longest laundry chute runs down the full length of the tower to the basement, incorporating buffers to slow the laundry during its descent.
The Hyatt's famous barrel-vaulted atrium starts at the 56th floor and extends upwards to the 87th. Lined with 28 annular corridors and staircases arrayed in a spiral, it is 27 m (89 ft) in diameter with a clear height of approximately 115 m (377 ft).[8] It is one of the tallest atria in the world, the tallest being the Burj Al Arab's.
The hotel floors also feature:
- 53: The Piano Bar, a jazz club.
- 54: The hotel lobby and Grand Café, served by an express elevator from the tower's ground floor.
- 55: Canton, a high-end Cantonese restaurant that takes up the entire floor.
- 56: A collection of restaurants including The Grill, the Italian Cucina, the Japanese Kobachi, and the Patio Lounge located at the base of the atrium.
- 57: Club Oasis, a fitness club featuring what was once the world's highest swimming pool.
- 85: The highest level of rooms in the hotel and elevators to the two levels above
- 86: Club Jin Mao, a Shanghainese restaurant.
- 87: Cloud 9, a sky bar with panoramic view.
Skywalk
The Skywalk, a 1,520 m2 (16,400 sq ft) indoor observation deck with a capacity of 1,000+ people, occupies the 88th floor of the building. In addition to the panoramic views of Shanghai, it offers a topside view of the hotel atrium below. It also includes a small post office. Access is through two express elevators from the basement that travel at 9.1 m/s and take 45 seconds to reach the top. As of 2009, admission to the 88th floor costs 88 RMB for adults and 45 RMB for children.
Events
- On February 18, 2001, Han Qizhi, a 31-year-old shoe salesman from Anhui province "struck by a rash impulse", climbed the building barehanded and in street clothes.[9] He was arrested with bleeding hands and detained for about two weeks.[10]
- On October 5, 2004, as part of Shanghai's National Day celebrations, a multi-national group of BASE jumpers invited by the Shanghai Sports Bureau leapt from the top of the tower. The 34-year-old Australian jumper Roland Simpson's parachute malfunctioned and he crashed himself against an adjacent building. He fell into a coma and died in Australia on October 22.[11][12]
- In early 2007, the building was illuminated with the name Windows Vista as part of Microsoft's marketing campaign for the operating system.[13]
- Also in 2007, after years of being refused permission to climb the building,[14][15] the French urban climber Alain Robert was arrested, jailed for 5 days, and expelled from China for his unauthorized ascent and descent, made while wearing a Spider-Man costume.[16]
- On April 3, 2009, Shanda used a laser-light show on the tower to advertise the open beta of Aion: The Tower of Eternity. The image made by the lasers could be seen from 7:30 pm to 10:00 pm and ran until April 12, 2009.[17]
Gallery
- Jin Mao Tower
-
The Jin Mao Tower's retail area in the lower floors
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The hotel's atrium, viewed from the Skywalk on the 88th floor
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The four mechanical stories forming the spire of the building are brightly illuminated at night
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The SWFC and Jin Mao Tower, displaying the latter's latticework cladding of aluminum alloy pipes.
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A view from the Jin Mao Tower's Skywalk, showing the Oriental Pearl Tower in Lujiazui and, across the Huangpu River, Shanghai's Bund, Nanjing Road, and the Garden Bridge across Suzhou Creek
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The Jin Mao Tower with the construction of the Shanghai World Financial Center at the background
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The Jin Mao Tower seen from the 100th floor of the Shanghai World Financial Center
-
The Jin Mao Tower at night
See also
- List of tallest buildings in Shanghai
- List of skyscrapers
- List of tallest buildings and structures in the world
- List of tallest freestanding structures in the world
Notes
- ^ "Jin Mao Tower - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com. Retrieved 2020-12-09.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Jin Mao Building - The Skyscraper Center". Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. Archived from the original on 2012-05-24.
- ^ "Jin Mao Tower". SkyscraperPage.
- ^ CNN News. "Shanghai's bristling skyline gets giant new landmark[permanent dead link]".
- ^ "The tallest building in China". uk.businessinsider.com. Retrieved 2015-10-21.
- ^ Shanghai Star Archived 2013-07-05 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Excluding the taller Ryugyong Hotel which was never actually in use.
- ^ A commonly quoted atrium height of 152 m is owed to a mistaken assumption of 38 floors of 4 m each rather than the actual 32 floor of around 3.5 m each. (The last few are a little taller.)
- ^ "'Spiderman' seeks vengeance for China climb" at Independent Online. 2 Mar 2001.
- ^ "Prison for Scaling China's Tallest Skyscraper" Archived 2015-07-13 at the Wayback Machine 1 Aug 2007.
- ^ CRI Online
- ^ Blog of Death Archived 2011-09-27 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Oiaga, Marius (February 6, 2007). "The Largest Windows Vista Advertisement". Softpedia. Retrieved May 3, 2015.
- ^ Climbing News Archived 2007-10-25 at the Wayback Machine, Independent Online
- ^ "90-minute high = 15 days in jail - Yahoo! News". Archived from the original on 2007-06-02. Retrieved 2017-01-14.
- ^ "Spiderman Climbs Jin Mao Tower" in Yahoo News. 4 Jun 2007. Hosted at the China Economic Review & Archive.com.
- ^ "Aion Online Advertises on the Second Largest Building in Shanghai" 2009-04-08 Retrieved on 2017-08-18
External links
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
- Jinmao88.com, the management company's official website (in English and Chinese)
- Grand Hyatt Shanghai Archived 2008-10-06 at the Wayback Machine (in English and Chinese)
- Elevator Layout
- A scale paper model
- Overviews at China Guides, CTBUH, Skycraper Center, Architravel Archived 2018-06-17 at the Wayback Machine, Emporis, and SkyscraperPage
- Photos of the Jinmao Building at China Pictures
Geographic data related to Jin Mao Tower at OpenStreetMap
- Office buildings completed in 1998
- Skyscrapers in Shanghai
- Hotels in Shanghai
- Tourist attractions in Shanghai
- Landmarks in Shanghai
- Skidmore, Owings & Merrill buildings
- Postmodern architecture in China
- Hyatt Hotels and Resorts
- Retail buildings in China
- Skyscraper office buildings in Shanghai
- Skyscraper hotels in Shanghai
- Sinochem Group
- 1994 in Shanghai