Noura bint Abdul Rahman Al Saud: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Saudi royal (1875–1950)}} |
{{Short description|Saudi royal (1875–1950)}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date= |
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}} |
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{{Family name hatnote|lang=Arabic|[[Al Saud]]}} |
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{{Infobox royalty |
{{Infobox royalty |
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| spouse = {{marriage|[[Saud Al Kabir bin Abdulaziz Al Saud]]|1905 |
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Saud Al Kabir bin Abdulaziz Al Saud]]|1905}} |
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| issue = Hessa |
| issue = {{ubl|Hessa|Al Jawhara|[[Mohammed bin Saud Al Kabir|Mohammed]]}} |
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| full name = Noura bint Abdul Rahman bin Faisal bin Turki Al Saud |
| full name = Noura bint Abdul Rahman bin Faisal bin Turki Al Saud |
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| father = [[Abdul Rahman bin Faisal |
| father = [[Abdul Rahman bin Faisal, Emir of Nejd]] |
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| mother = [[Sara bint Ahmed Al Sudairi]] |
| mother = [[Sara bint Ahmed Al Sudairi]] |
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| birth_date = 1875 |
| birth_date = 1875 |
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| death_place = Riyadh, [[Saudi Arabia]] |
| death_place = Riyadh, [[Saudi Arabia]] |
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| burial_place = [[Al Oud cemetery]], Riyadh |
| burial_place = [[Al Oud cemetery]], Riyadh |
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| house = [[House of Saud]]}} |
| house = [[House of Saud|Al Saud]] |
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}} |
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'''Noura bint Abdul Rahman Al Saud''' ({{lang-ar|نورة بنت عبد الرحمن آل سعود}} ''Noura bint ʿAbd ar Raḥman Āl Suʿūd''; 1875 – July 1950) was the eldest daughter of [[Abdul Rahman bin Faisal |
'''Noura bint Abdul Rahman Al Saud''' ({{lang-ar|نورة بنت عبد الرحمن آل سعود}} ''Noura bint ʿAbd ar Raḥman Āl Suʿūd''; 1875 – July 1950) was the eldest daughter of [[Abdul Rahman bin Faisal, Emir of Nejd]], and the elder sister and adviser of [[King Abdulaziz of Saudi Arabia]]. [[Madawi Al Rasheed]] argues that she is the first example of Saudi royal women who are introduced to support the view of the progressive royalty.<ref>{{cite news|author=Madawi Al Rasheed|title=Vogue princess is hijacking Saudi women activists' struggle|work=[[Middle East Eye]] |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/opinion/vogue-princess-hijacking-saudi-women-activists-struggle|access-date=18 October 2020|date=11 June 2018|author-link=Madawi al-Rasheed}}</ref> |
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==Early life== |
==Early life== |
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{{multiple image|total_width=400|image1=Abdul Rahman bin Faisal bin Turki Al Saud.jpg|image2=Ibn Saud.png|footer=Noura's father [[Abdul Rahman bin Faisal, Emir of Nejd]] (left), and her brother [[Abdulaziz bin Abdul Rahman, King of Saudi Arabia]]}} |
{{multiple image|total_width=400|image1=Abdul Rahman bin Faisal bin Turki Al Saud.jpg|image2=Ibn Saud.png|footer=Noura's father [[Abdul Rahman bin Faisal, Emir of Nejd]] (left), and her brother [[Abdulaziz bin Abdul Rahman, King of Saudi Arabia]]}} |
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Noura was born in Riyadh in 1875.<ref name=echo>{{cite news|title=الأميرة نورة بنت عبدالرحمن و أسرار في تأسيس دولة السعودية |
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Noura was born in Riyadh in 1875.<ref name=echo>{{cite news|title=الأميرة نورة بنت عبدالرحمن و أسرار في تأسيس دولة السعودية|url=https://echoarabi.net/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AA-%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%86-%D9%88-%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%AA/|access-date=7 September 2020|work=Echo Arabi|date=2 November 2019|language=Arabic}}</ref><ref name=Rasheed2013>{{cite book|author=Madawi Al Rasheed|title=A Most Masculine State: Gender, Politics and Religion in Saudi Arabia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JmafWmVNJAAC&pg=PA43|date=30 April 2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-76104-8|page=43}}</ref><ref name=mulhim>{{cite news|author=Abdulateef Al Mulhim|title=Saudi women and their remarkable achievements|url=http://www.arabnews.com/saudi-women-and-their-remarkable-achievements|accessdate=29 July 2013|newspaper=Arab News|date=21 September 2012}}</ref> She was the eldest daughter of Abdul Rahman bin Faisal bin Turki and full sister of Abdulaziz bin Abdul Rahman, who would establish the modern Saudi Arabia and rule as its first king.<ref name=echo/><ref name=sgazette2011>{{cite news|author=Falih Al Dhibyani|title=Noura, a trusted sister of Kingdom's founder|url=http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&contentID=20110516100827|accessdate=29 April 2012|newspaper=Saudi Gazette|date=16 May 2011|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402105359/http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&contentID=20110516100827|archivedate=2 April 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Noura's other full siblings included Faisal, Bazza, Haya and [[Sa'ad bin Abdul Rahman Al Saud|Saad]].<ref name=alba/> Their mother was a member of the Sudairi family,<ref>{{cite journal|author=Mordechai Abir|title=The Consolidation of the Ruling Class and the New Elites in Saudi Arabia|journal=Middle Eastern Studies|date=April 1987|volume=23|issue=2|pages=150–171|jstor=4283169|doi=10.1080/00263208708700697}}</ref> [[Sara bint Ahmed Al Sudairi|Sara bint Ahmed]],<ref>{{cite journal|author=Fahd Al Semmari|title=The King Abdulaziz Foundation for Research and Archives|journal=Middle East Studies Association Bulletin|date=Summer 2001|volume=35|issue=1|pages=45–46|jstor=23063369|doi=10.1017/S0026318400041432|s2cid=185974453}}</ref><ref name=s24/> who died in 1908<ref>{{cite book|author=Nadav Samin|title=Of Sand or Soil: Genealogy and Tribal Belonging in Saudi Arabia|date=2015|publisher=Princeton University Press|page=118|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/chapter/1848611/pdf|chapter=4. Marriage and Lineal Authentication|isbn=9781400873852}}</ref> or in 1910.<ref name=s24/><ref name=IHouse/> Noura's maternal grandmother was Hessa bint Muhanna bin Saleh Al Nuwairan.<ref name=alba>{{cite news|title=نورة بنت عبد الرحمن.. السيدة السعودية الأولى|url=https://www.albayan.ae/five-senses/culture/2020-05-24-1.3866450|accessdate=7 September 2020|work=Al Bayan|date=24 May 2020|language=Arabic}}</ref> Noura also had a number of half-siblings from her father's other marriages;<ref>{{cite book|author=Alexei Vassiliev|title=King Faisal: Personality, Faith and Times|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j0AhBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT12|date=1 March 2013|publisher=Saqi|isbn=978-0-86356-761-2|page=12}}</ref> her half-brothers [[Muhammad bin Abdul Rahman Al Saud|Muhammad]], [[Abdullah bin Abdul Rahman Al Saud|Abdullah]], Ahmed, and [[Musaid bin Abdul Rahman Al Saud|Musaid]] all served in the Saudi government.<ref>{{cite web|author=Christopher Keesee Mellon|title=Resiliency of the Saudi Monarchy: 1745-1975|url=https://scholarworks.aub.edu.lb/bitstream/handle/10938/10663/pj-1848.pdf?sequence=1|work=The American University of Beirut|access-date=23 January 2021|location=Beirut|format=Master's Project|date=May 2015}}</ref> |
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|url=https://echoarabi.net/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AA-%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%86-%D9%88-%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%AA/|access-date=7 September 2020|work=Echo Arabi|date=2 November 2019|language=ar}}</ref><ref name=Rasheed2013>{{cite book|author=Madawi Al Rasheed|title=A Most Masculine State: Gender, Politics and Religion in Saudi Arabia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JmafWmVNJAAC&pg=PA43|year=2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-76104-8|page=43|location=Cambridge}}</ref><ref name=mulhim>{{cite news|author=Abdulateef Al Mulhim|title=Saudi women and their remarkable achievements|access-date=29 July 2013|newspaper=Arab News|date=21 September 2012|url=http://www.arabnews.com/saudi-women-and-their-remarkable-achievements}}</ref> She was the eldest daughter of Abdul Rahman bin Faisal bin Turki and full sister of Abdulaziz bin Abdul Rahman, who would establish the modern Saudi Arabia and rule as its first king.<ref name=echo/><ref name=sgazette2011>{{cite news |
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|author=Falih Al Dhibyani|title=Noura, a trusted sister of Kingdom's founder|newspaper=[[Saudi Gazette]]|date=16 May 2011 |
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|url=http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&contentID=20110516100827|access-date=29 April 2012|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 April 2015|df=dmy-all|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402105359/http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&contentID=20110516100827}}</ref> Noura's other full siblings included Faisal, Bazza, Haya and [[Sa'ad bin Abdul Rahman Al Saud|Saad]].<ref name=alba/> Their mother was a member of the Sudairi family,<ref>{{cite journal|author=Mordechai Abir|title=The Consolidation of the Ruling Class and the New Elites in Saudi Arabia|journal=[[Middle Eastern Studies (journal)|Middle Eastern Studies]]|date=April 1987|volume=23 |
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|issue=2|pages=150–171|doi=10.1080/00263208708700697|jstor=4283169}}</ref> [[Sara bint Ahmed Al Sudairi|Sara bint Ahmed]],<ref>{{cite journal |
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|author=Fahd Al Semmari|title=The King Abdulaziz Foundation for Research and Archives|journal=Middle East Studies Association Bulletin |
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|date=Summer 2001|volume=35|issue=1|pages=45–46|jstor=23063369|s2cid=185974453|doi=10.1017/S0026318400041432}}</ref><ref name=s24/> who died in 1908<ref>{{cite book|author=Nadav Samin|title=Of Sand or Soil: Genealogy and Tribal Belonging in Saudi Arabia|year=2015|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, NJ|page=118|isbn=9781400873852|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/chapter/1848611/pdf}}</ref> or in 1910.<ref name=s24/><ref name=IHouse/> Noura's maternal grandmother was Hessa bint Muhanna bin Saleh Al Nuwairan.<ref name=alba>{{cite news|title=نورة بنت عبد الرحمن.. السيدة السعودية الأولى|url=https://www.albayan.ae/five-senses/culture/2020-05-24-1.3866450|access-date=7 September 2020|work=Al Bayan|date=24 May 2020|language=ar}}</ref> Noura also had a number of half-siblings from her father's other marriages, including [[Muhammad bin Abdul Rahman Al Saud|Muhammad]], [[Abdullah bin Abdul Rahman Al Saud|Abdullah]], Ahmed, and [[Musaid bin Abdul Rahman Al Saud|Musaid]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Alexei Vassiliev|author-link=Alexei Mikhailovich Vasiliev|title=King Faisal: Personality, Faith and Times|year=2013 |
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|location=London|publisher=Saqi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j0AhBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT12|isbn=978-0-86356-761-2|page=12}}</ref> |
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Noura and her brother Abdulaziz attended a mosque school in Riyadh when their father was in Hail province under the Al Rashid rule.<ref name=hobday>{{cite book|author=Peter Hobday|title=Saudi Arabia Today. An Introduction to the Richest Oil Power|year=1986|publisher=The Macmillan Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-333-21471-8|page=21|edition=2nd|doi=10.1007/978-1-349-03214-3|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-03214-3}}</ref> There she learned to read and write from her early years which was a very rare quality for an Arab girl at that period of time.<ref name=echo/><ref name=alayam/><ref name=pmoh>{{cite book|title=Prince Mohammed bin Abdul Rahman Al Faisal Al Saud|publisher=Prince Mohammed bin Abdul Rahman and Family Charitable Organization|page=55|url=http://www.pmba-alfaisal.com/new.pdf|archive-date=17 September 2012|url-status=dead |
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Noura learned to read and write from her early years which was a very rare quality for an Arab girl at that period of time in the country.<ref name=echo/><ref name=alayam/> |
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|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120917105724/http://pmba-alfaisal.com/new.pdf|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In 1891 Noura left Riyadh with her family members when her father was forced to exile.<ref name=hobday/> |
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==Relations and activities== |
==Relations and activities== |
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King Abdulaziz and Noura were very close to each other.<ref name=sgazette2011/><ref>{{cite web| |
King Abdulaziz and Noura were very close to each other.<ref name=sgazette2011/><ref>{{cite web|editor=Helen Chapin Metz|editor-link=Helen Chapin Metz|title=Saudi Arabia: A Country Study|url=http://countrystudies.us/saudi-arabia/53.htm|access-date=9 May 2012|year=1992}}</ref> It is well known that on several occasions, King Abdulaziz identified himself in public by proclaiming "I am the brother of Noura."<ref name=IHouse>{{cite web|title=King Abdulaziz' Noble Character|url=http://d1.islamhouse.com/data/en/ih_books/single/en_king_Abdul_Aziz.pdf|publisher=Islam House|access-date=29 April 2012}}</ref> Muhammad bin Abdul Rahman, another of her younger brothers, also used to say the same.<ref name=pmoh/> |
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Noura was reported to have the |
Noura was reported to have the "minds of 40 men" and great wisdom.<ref name=sgazette2011/> She encouraged Abdulaziz to regain the leadership of the region when the family was in exile in Kuwait.<ref name=Rasheed2013/> Her charismatic personality and strong political ideas led to King Abdulaziz's paying attention to her opinion about many crucial issues.<ref name=sgazette2011/> Eventually, she became one of his main advisors<ref>{{cite journal|author=Mark C. Thompson|title=Saudi Women Leaders: Challenges and Opportunities|year=2015|volume=5|journal=Journal of Arabian Studies|issue=1|pages=15–36|doi=10.1080/21534764.2015.1050880|s2cid=154226553}}</ref> and even took his place in running the state when he was unable to do so. |
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She was also known to be quite progressive and outspoken. For instance, when the telephone was first introduced to the country, many Islamic clerics rejected it and considered it to be a tool of the devil, but she actively supported its use and argued that it was an amazing device that they would not be able to live without.<ref name=Rasheed2013/> She also played an important role in teaching her nephews and nieces the system of social norms. It is reported that whenever one of them misbehaved as a child, the King would send him to their aunt for discipline.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Stig Stenslie|title=Power Behind the Veil: Princesses of House of Saud|journal=Journal of Arabian Studies: Arabia, the Gulf, and the Red Sea|year=2011|volume=1|issue=1|pages=69–79|doi=10.1080/21534764.2011.576050|s2cid=153320942}}</ref> In addition, Noura was a pioneer in charity activities and the founder of the first charity program for the poor and orphans in the country.<ref name=mulhim/> |
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| ⚫ | Dame [[Violet Dickson]], a Briton, met Noura in 1937 and stated that she was the most charismatic and important personality in the [[Arabian Peninsula]] at that period.<ref name=mulhim/> [[Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone |
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| ⚫ | Dame [[Violet Dickson]], a Briton, met Noura in 1937 and stated that she was the most charismatic and important personality in the [[Arabian Peninsula]] at that period.<ref name=mulhim/> [[Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone]], a British royal who visited Saudi Arabia in 1938, also met Noura and stated that she "is about sixty and said to be his [King Abdulaziz's] chief adviser, a fine, handsome woman."<ref>{{cite journal |
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|title=The journey of a lifetime|url=http://www.geographical.co.uk/Magazine/Princess_Alice_-_Jul_11.html|journal=Geographical|date=July 2011|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 May 2014|df=dmy-all|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521124537/http://www.geographical.co.uk/Magazine/Princess_Alice_-_Jul_11.html}}</ref> |
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==Personal life== |
==Personal life== |
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[[File:سعود الكبير بن عبدالعزيز بن سعود بن فيصل بن تركي بن عبدالله بن محمد بن سعود.jpg|thumb|Noura's husband, Saud Al Kabir]] |
[[File:سعود الكبير بن عبدالعزيز بن سعود بن فيصل بن تركي بن عبدالله بن محمد بن سعود.jpg|thumb|Noura's husband, Saud Al Kabir]] |
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Noura bint Abdul Rahman married [[Saud bin Abdulaziz bin Saud bin Faisal]] in 1905.<ref name=sgazette2011/><ref name="alayam"/> He was from the Al Kabir branch of the House of Saud, consisting of descendants of [[Saud bin Faisal bin Turki]],<ref name=kech>{{cite book|author=Joseph A. Kechichian|title=Succession in Saudi Arabia|year=2001|publisher=Palgrave|location=New York|isbn=9780312238803|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=79Fs5bLPgBYC |
Noura bint Abdul Rahman married [[Saud bin Abdulaziz bin Saud bin Faisal]], known as Saud Al Kabir, in 1905.<ref name=sgazette2011/><ref name="alayam"/> He was from the Al Kabir branch of the House of Saud, consisting of descendants of [[Saud bin Faisal bin Turki]],<ref name=kech>{{cite book|author=Joseph A. Kechichian|title=Succession in Saudi Arabia|year=2001|publisher=Palgrave|location=New York|isbn=9780312238803 |
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|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=79Fs5bLPgBYC&pg=PR11|author-link=Joseph A. Kéchichian}}</ref> [[Emir of Nejd]] from 1871 to 1875<ref name=wbqua/> and elder brother of Noura's father Emir Abdul Rahman bin Faisal.<ref name=kech/> |
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In 1903, the Al Kabir branch began to question Abdulaziz's right to rule and took refuge from their mothers' tribe, [[Ajman tribe|Ajman]].<ref name=Rasheed2013/> Later Abdulaziz pardoned Saud, the most powerful surviving Al Kabir family member.<ref>{{cite web|author=Simon Henderson|title=After King Fahd|work=Washington Institute|access-date=2 February 2013|format=Policy Paper|year=1994|archive-date=17 May 2013 |
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| ⚫ | |url=http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/uploads/Documents/pubs/PP_37_AFTERKINGFAHD.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517194450/http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/uploads/Documents/pubs/PP_37_AFTERKINGFAHD.pdf}}</ref> Saud Al Kabir then married Noura.<ref name=wbqua>{{cite book|author=William B. Quandt|title=Saudi Arabia in the 1980s: Foreign Policy, Security, and Oil|year=1981|publisher=[[Brookings Institution]]|location=Washington DC|page=79|isbn=0815720513|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g3gf5fKvv_4C&pg=PA1}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Richard Ben Cramer|title=What Hath Allah Wrought|access-date=5 September 2020|date=15 May 1983|work=[[The Philadelphia Inquirer]]|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1814359370|id={{ProQuest|1814359370}}}}</ref><ref name=sh2009>{{cite web|author=Simon Henderson|title=Factors Affecting Saudi Succession are a Family Affair|work=The Cutting Edge|access-date=9 May 2012|date=12 October 2009|url=http://www.thecuttingedgenews.com/index.php?article=11655&pageid=37&pagename=Page+One}}</ref> In other words, Saud Al Kabir's loyalty to Abdulaziz was secured as a result of his marriage to Noura bint Abdul Rahman.<ref>{{cite book|author=Sabri Sharif|title=The House of Saud in Commerce: A Study of Royal Entrepreneurship in Saudi Arabia|year=2001|publisher=I. S. Publications|location=New Delhi|isbn=81-901254-0-0 |
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|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=51Bb8Ix7xw8C&pg=PA151}}</ref> Since then, the Al Kabir branch has become influential, but they have been mostly kept away from political power.<ref name=sh2009/> On the other hand, Saud Al Kabir served as the governor of [[Al-Qassim Province]] following the foundation of Saudi Arabia in 1932.<ref>{{cite thesis|author=Mohammad Zaid Al Kahtani|title=The Foreign Policy of King Abdulaziz |
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|location=[[University of Leeds]]|url=https://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/529/|date=December 2004|degree=PhD}}</ref> |
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Noura and her husband had three children: two daughters, Hessa and Al Jawhara, followed by a son, [[Mohammed bin Saud Al Kabir|Mohammed]]. Prince Mohammed was a senior and respected prince due to his powerful [[tribal]] knowledge and connections.<ref>{{cite journal|author2=Yahia H. Zoubir |
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| ⚫ | |||
|author1=Louisa Dris-Aït-Hamadouche|volume=24|title=The US-Saudi Relationship and the Iraq War: The Dialectics of a Dependent Alliance |
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|journal=Journal of Third World Studies|date=Spring 2007|issue=2|page=124|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/233188283|id={{ProQuest|233188283}}}}</ref> Princess Al Jawhara was the third spouse of Noura's nephew [[Faisal of Saudi Arabia|King Faisal]].<ref name=sgazette2011/><ref>{{cite book|title=Saudi Arabia|url=https://adst.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Saudi-Arabia.pdf|publisher=Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training|page=57|format=Country Readers Series|isbn=0844407917|access-date=7 January 2021|archive-date=9 January 2021|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109115846/https://adst.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Saudi-Arabia.pdf}}</ref> They married in October 1935.<ref>{{cite web |title=File 11/44 Leading Personalities in Iraq, Iran & Saudi Arabia|publisher=[[Qatar Digital Library]] |url=https://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100061134244.0x00004d|access-date=19 August 2023|date=13 January 1948}}</ref> |
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Noura's grandchildren include the Saudi businessman [[Sultan bin Mohammad Al Kabir]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Prince Sultan Al Kabeer |
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Noura and her husband had two daughters, Hessa and Al Jawhara, followed by a son, [[Mohammed bin Saud Al Kabir|Mohammed]]. Prince Mohammed was a senior and respected prince due to his powerful [[tribal]] knowledge and connections.<ref>{{cite journal|author2=Yahia H. Zoubir|author1=Louisa Dris-Aït-Hamadouche|title=The US-Saudi Relationship and the Iraq War: The Dialectics of a Dependent Alliance|journal=Journal of Third World Studies|date=Spring 2007|volume=24|issue=2|page=124|url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/233188283|id={{ProQuest|233188283}}}}</ref> Princess Al Jawhara was the third spouse of Noura's nephew [[Faisal of Saudi Arabia|King Faisal]].<ref name=sgazette2011/><ref>{{cite web|title=Saudi Arabia|url=https://adst.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Saudi-Arabia.pdf|work=Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training|access-date=7 January 2021|page=57|format=Country Readers Series|isbn=0844407917}}</ref> Noura's grandchildren include the Saudi businessman [[Sultan bin Mohammad Al Kabir]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Prince Sultan Al Kabeer|url=http://english.forbesmiddleeast.com/details.php?list=44473&row=2878|accessdate=20 September 2013|work=Forbes Middle East|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060900/http://english.forbesmiddleeast.com/details.php?list=44473&row=2878|archivedate=21 September 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and Princess Mashael, daughter of King Faisal and Al Jawhara.<ref name=alayam/> |
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|url=http://english.forbesmiddleeast.com/details.php?list=44473&row=2878|access-date=20 September 2013|work=Forbes Middle East|archive-date=21 September 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060900/http://english.forbesmiddleeast.com/details.php?list=44473&row=2878}}</ref> and Princess Mashael, daughter of King Faisal and Al Jawhara.<ref name=alayam/> |
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Noura's family lived in Sharia Palace, [[Al Kharj]].<ref name=s24>{{cite news|title=Noura bint Abdul Rahman. Adviser to the King and the Secrets Portfolio|url=https://www.saudi24news.com/2020/05/noura-bint-abdul-rahman-adviser-to-the-king-and-the-secrets-portfolio-saudi-arabia-news.html| |
Noura's family lived in Sharia Palace, [[Al Kharj]].<ref name=s24>{{cite news|title=Noura bint Abdul Rahman. Adviser to the King and the Secrets Portfolio|url=https://www.saudi24news.com/2020/05/noura-bint-abdul-rahman-adviser-to-the-king-and-the-secrets-portfolio-saudi-arabia-news.html|access-date=22 September 2020|work=Saudi 24 News|date=17 May 2020|archive-date=1 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001185400/https://www.saudi24news.com/2020/05/noura-bint-abdul-rahman-adviser-to-the-king-and-the-secrets-portfolio-saudi-arabia-news.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Following the establishment of the Kingdom the family moved to the newly built Al Shamsiah Palace, outside Riyadh,<ref>{{cite news|title=Murabba Palace: The historical divan of King Abdul Aziz|access-date=5 July 2020 |
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|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1065122513|work=McClatchy - Tribune Business News|date=24 September 2012|location=Jeddah |
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|id={{ProQuest|1065122513}}}}</ref> which is in the Al Murabba neighborhood.<ref name=alayam>{{cite news|title=نورة بنت عبدالرحمن.. السيدة الأولى|url=https://www.alayam.com/Article/courts-article/415757/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AA-%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%86..-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%89.html|access-date=15 July 2020|work=Al Ayam|date=24 May 2020|language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=St John Philby|title=Riyadh: Ancient and Modern |
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|journal=Middle East Journal|date=Spring 1959|volume=13|issue=2|pages=129–141|jstor=4323104|author-link=St John Philby}}</ref> |
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==Death== |
==Death== |
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Noura died in July 1950 at the age of 75, a few years before King Abdulaziz.<ref name=IHouse/><ref name="alayam"/> She was buried in [[Al Oud cemetery]] in Riyadh.<ref name=echo/> King Abdulaziz was buried in the same cemetery next to her in 1953.<ref>{{cite book|author=Jennifer Bond Reed|title=The Saudi Royal Family (Modern World Leaders)| |
Noura died in July 1950 at the age of 75, a few years before King Abdulaziz.<ref name=IHouse/><ref name="alayam"/> She was buried in [[Al Oud cemetery]] in Riyadh.<ref name=echo/> King Abdulaziz was buried in the same cemetery next to her in 1953.<ref>{{cite book|author=Jennifer Bond Reed|title=The Saudi Royal Family (Modern World Leaders)|page=43|year=2006|publisher=Chelsea House Publishers|location=New York |
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|isbn=9780791092187|url=https://archive.org/details/saudiroyalfamily00reed_0/page/n43/mode/2up?q=saudi+royal+family}}</ref> |
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==Legacy== |
==Legacy== |
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[[Princess Nora bint Abdul Rahman University|Princess Noura University]] was named in 2008 by [[Abdullah of Saudi Arabia|King Abdullah]] in her memory.<ref name=Rasheed2013/> The university is considered to be one of the largest universities of its type and can accommodate 50,000 female students. |
[[Princess Nora bint Abdul Rahman University|Princess Noura University]] was named in 2008 by [[Abdullah of Saudi Arabia|King Abdullah]] in her memory.<ref name=Rasheed2013/> The university is considered to be one of the largest universities of its type and can accommodate 50,000 female students. It reflected King Abdullah's appreciation for his aunt Noura bint Abdul Rahman.<ref name=sgazette2011/> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{Reflist |
{{Reflist}} |
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==External links== |
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Latest revision as of 20:58, 13 June 2024
| Noura bint Abdul Rahman Al Saud | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Born | 1875 Riyadh, Emirate of Nejd | ||||
| Died | July 1950 (aged 74–75) Riyadh, Saudi Arabia | ||||
| Burial | Al Oud cemetery, Riyadh | ||||
| Spouse | |||||
| Issue |
| ||||
| |||||
| House | Al Saud | ||||
| Father | Abdul Rahman bin Faisal, Emir of Nejd | ||||
| Mother | Sara bint Ahmed Al Sudairi | ||||
Noura bint Abdul Rahman Al Saud (Arabic: نورة بنت عبد الرحمن آل سعود Noura bint ʿAbd ar Raḥman Āl Suʿūd; 1875 – July 1950) was the eldest daughter of Abdul Rahman bin Faisal, Emir of Nejd, and the elder sister and adviser of King Abdulaziz of Saudi Arabia. Madawi Al Rasheed argues that she is the first example of Saudi royal women who are introduced to support the view of the progressive royalty.[1]
Early life
[edit]
Noura's father Abdul Rahman bin Faisal, Emir of Nejd (left), and her brother Abdulaziz bin Abdul Rahman, King of Saudi Arabia
Noura was born in Riyadh in 1875.[2][3][4] She was the eldest daughter of Abdul Rahman bin Faisal bin Turki and full sister of Abdulaziz bin Abdul Rahman, who would establish the modern Saudi Arabia and rule as its first king.[2][5] Noura's other full siblings included Faisal, Bazza, Haya and Saad.[6] Their mother was a member of the Sudairi family,[7] Sara bint Ahmed,[8][9] who died in 1908[10] or in 1910.[9][11] Noura's maternal grandmother was Hessa bint Muhanna bin Saleh Al Nuwairan.[6] Noura also had a number of half-siblings from her father's other marriages, including Muhammad, Abdullah, Ahmed, and Musaid.[12]
Noura and her brother Abdulaziz attended a mosque school in Riyadh when their father was in Hail province under the Al Rashid rule.[13] There she learned to read and write from her early years which was a very rare quality for an Arab girl at that period of time.[2][14][15] In 1891 Noura left Riyadh with her family members when her father was forced to exile.[13]
Relations and activities
[edit]King Abdulaziz and Noura were very close to each other.[5][16] It is well known that on several occasions, King Abdulaziz identified himself in public by proclaiming "I am the brother of Noura."[11] Muhammad bin Abdul Rahman, another of her younger brothers, also used to say the same.[15]
Noura was reported to have the "minds of 40 men" and great wisdom.[5] She encouraged Abdulaziz to regain the leadership of the region when the family was in exile in Kuwait.[3] Her charismatic personality and strong political ideas led to King Abdulaziz's paying attention to her opinion about many crucial issues.[5] Eventually, she became one of his main advisors[17] and even took his place in running the state when he was unable to do so.
She was also known to be quite progressive and outspoken. For instance, when the telephone was first introduced to the country, many Islamic clerics rejected it and considered it to be a tool of the devil, but she actively supported its use and argued that it was an amazing device that they would not be able to live without.[3] She also played an important role in teaching her nephews and nieces the system of social norms. It is reported that whenever one of them misbehaved as a child, the King would send him to their aunt for discipline.[18] In addition, Noura was a pioneer in charity activities and the founder of the first charity program for the poor and orphans in the country.[4]
Dame Violet Dickson, a Briton, met Noura in 1937 and stated that she was the most charismatic and important personality in the Arabian Peninsula at that period.[4] Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone, a British royal who visited Saudi Arabia in 1938, also met Noura and stated that she "is about sixty and said to be his [King Abdulaziz's] chief adviser, a fine, handsome woman."[19]
Personal life
[edit]
Noura bint Abdul Rahman married Saud bin Abdulaziz bin Saud bin Faisal, known as Saud Al Kabir, in 1905.[5][14] He was from the Al Kabir branch of the House of Saud, consisting of descendants of Saud bin Faisal bin Turki,[20] Emir of Nejd from 1871 to 1875[21] and elder brother of Noura's father Emir Abdul Rahman bin Faisal.[20]
In 1903, the Al Kabir branch began to question Abdulaziz's right to rule and took refuge from their mothers' tribe, Ajman.[3] Later Abdulaziz pardoned Saud, the most powerful surviving Al Kabir family member.[22] Saud Al Kabir then married Noura.[21][23][24] In other words, Saud Al Kabir's loyalty to Abdulaziz was secured as a result of his marriage to Noura bint Abdul Rahman.[25] Since then, the Al Kabir branch has become influential, but they have been mostly kept away from political power.[24] On the other hand, Saud Al Kabir served as the governor of Al-Qassim Province following the foundation of Saudi Arabia in 1932.[26]
Noura and her husband had three children: two daughters, Hessa and Al Jawhara, followed by a son, Mohammed. Prince Mohammed was a senior and respected prince due to his powerful tribal knowledge and connections.[27] Princess Al Jawhara was the third spouse of Noura's nephew King Faisal.[5][28] They married in October 1935.[29]
Noura's grandchildren include the Saudi businessman Sultan bin Mohammad Al Kabir[30] and Princess Mashael, daughter of King Faisal and Al Jawhara.[14]
Noura's family lived in Sharia Palace, Al Kharj.[9] Following the establishment of the Kingdom the family moved to the newly built Al Shamsiah Palace, outside Riyadh,[31] which is in the Al Murabba neighborhood.[14][32]
Death
[edit]Noura died in July 1950 at the age of 75, a few years before King Abdulaziz.[11][14] She was buried in Al Oud cemetery in Riyadh.[2] King Abdulaziz was buried in the same cemetery next to her in 1953.[33]
Legacy
[edit]Princess Noura University was named in 2008 by King Abdullah in her memory.[3] The university is considered to be one of the largest universities of its type and can accommodate 50,000 female students. It reflected King Abdullah's appreciation for his aunt Noura bint Abdul Rahman.[5]
References
[edit]- ^ Madawi Al Rasheed (11 June 2018). "Vogue princess is hijacking Saudi women activists' struggle". Middle East Eye. Retrieved 18 October 2020.
- ^ a b c d "الأميرة نورة بنت عبدالرحمن و أسرار في تأسيس دولة السعودية". Echo Arabi (in Arabic). 2 November 2019. Retrieved 7 September 2020.
- ^ a b c d e Madawi Al Rasheed (2013). A Most Masculine State: Gender, Politics and Religion in Saudi Arabia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 43. ISBN 978-0-521-76104-8.
- ^ a b c Abdulateef Al Mulhim (21 September 2012). "Saudi women and their remarkable achievements". Arab News. Retrieved 29 July 2013.
- ^ a b c d e f g Falih Al Dhibyani (16 May 2011). "Noura, a trusted sister of Kingdom's founder". Saudi Gazette. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 29 April 2012.
- ^ a b "نورة بنت عبد الرحمن.. السيدة السعودية الأولى". Al Bayan (in Arabic). 24 May 2020. Retrieved 7 September 2020.
- ^ Mordechai Abir (April 1987). "The Consolidation of the Ruling Class and the New Elites in Saudi Arabia". Middle Eastern Studies. 23 (2): 150–171. doi:10.1080/00263208708700697. JSTOR 4283169.
- ^ Fahd Al Semmari (Summer 2001). "The King Abdulaziz Foundation for Research and Archives". Middle East Studies Association Bulletin. 35 (1): 45–46. doi:10.1017/S0026318400041432. JSTOR 23063369. S2CID 185974453.
- ^ a b c "Noura bint Abdul Rahman. Adviser to the King and the Secrets Portfolio". Saudi 24 News. 17 May 2020. Archived from the original on 1 October 2020. Retrieved 22 September 2020.
- ^ Nadav Samin (2015). Of Sand or Soil: Genealogy and Tribal Belonging in Saudi Arabia. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 118. ISBN 9781400873852.
- ^ a b c "King Abdulaziz' Noble Character" (PDF). Islam House. Retrieved 29 April 2012.
- ^ Alexei Vassiliev (2013). King Faisal: Personality, Faith and Times. London: Saqi. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-86356-761-2.
- ^ a b Peter Hobday (1986). Saudi Arabia Today. An Introduction to the Richest Oil Power (2nd ed.). London: The Macmillan Press. p. 21. doi:10.1007/978-1-349-03214-3. ISBN 978-0-333-21471-8.
- ^ a b c d e "نورة بنت عبدالرحمن.. السيدة الأولى". Al Ayam (in Arabic). 24 May 2020. Retrieved 15 July 2020.
- ^ a b Prince Mohammed bin Abdul Rahman Al Faisal Al Saud (PDF). Prince Mohammed bin Abdul Rahman and Family Charitable Organization. p. 55. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 September 2012.
- ^ Helen Chapin Metz, ed. (1992). "Saudi Arabia: A Country Study". Retrieved 9 May 2012.
- ^ Mark C. Thompson (2015). "Saudi Women Leaders: Challenges and Opportunities". Journal of Arabian Studies. 5 (1): 15–36. doi:10.1080/21534764.2015.1050880. S2CID 154226553.
- ^ Stig Stenslie (2011). "Power Behind the Veil: Princesses of House of Saud". Journal of Arabian Studies: Arabia, the Gulf, and the Red Sea. 1 (1): 69–79. doi:10.1080/21534764.2011.576050. S2CID 153320942.
- ^ "The journey of a lifetime". Geographical. July 2011. Archived from the original on 21 May 2014.
- ^ a b Joseph A. Kechichian (2001). Succession in Saudi Arabia. New York: Palgrave. ISBN 9780312238803.
- ^ a b William B. Quandt (1981). Saudi Arabia in the 1980s: Foreign Policy, Security, and Oil. Washington DC: Brookings Institution. p. 79. ISBN 0815720513.
- ^ Simon Henderson (1994). "After King Fahd" (PDF). Washington Institute. Archived from the original (Policy Paper) on 17 May 2013. Retrieved 2 February 2013.
- ^ Richard Ben Cramer (15 May 1983). "What Hath Allah Wrought". The Philadelphia Inquirer. ProQuest 1814359370. Retrieved 5 September 2020.
- ^ a b Simon Henderson (12 October 2009). "Factors Affecting Saudi Succession are a Family Affair". The Cutting Edge. Retrieved 9 May 2012.
- ^ Sabri Sharif (2001). The House of Saud in Commerce: A Study of Royal Entrepreneurship in Saudi Arabia. New Delhi: I. S. Publications. ISBN 81-901254-0-0.
- ^ Mohammad Zaid Al Kahtani (December 2004). The Foreign Policy of King Abdulaziz (PhD thesis). University of Leeds.
- ^ Louisa Dris-Aït-Hamadouche; Yahia H. Zoubir (Spring 2007). "The US-Saudi Relationship and the Iraq War: The Dialectics of a Dependent Alliance". Journal of Third World Studies. 24 (2): 124. ProQuest 233188283.
- ^ Saudi Arabia (PDF). Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training. p. 57. ISBN 0844407917. Archived from the original (Country Readers Series) on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 7 January 2021.
- ^ "File 11/44 Leading Personalities in Iraq, Iran & Saudi Arabia". Qatar Digital Library. 13 January 1948. Retrieved 19 August 2023.
- ^ "Prince Sultan Al Kabeer". Forbes Middle East. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 20 September 2013.
- ^ "Murabba Palace: The historical divan of King Abdul Aziz". McClatchy - Tribune Business News. Jeddah. 24 September 2012. ProQuest 1065122513. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
- ^ St John Philby (Spring 1959). "Riyadh: Ancient and Modern". Middle East Journal. 13 (2): 129–141. JSTOR 4323104.
- ^ Jennifer Bond Reed (2006). The Saudi Royal Family (Modern World Leaders). New York: Chelsea House Publishers. p. 43. ISBN 9780791092187.