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{{Short description|1817 Indian colonial conflict}}
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{{Infobox military conflict
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battle of Khadki
| conflict = Battle of Khadki
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| date = 5 November 1817
| date = 5 November 1817
| place = [[Khadki]], India
| place = [[Khadki]], India
| coordinates = {{coord|18.564|73.851|type:event_region:IN|display=it}}
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| territory =
| map_type = Maharashtra#India
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| result = British victory<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nam.ac.uk/online-collection/detail.php?acc=1971-02-33-219-1 |title=Archived copy |access-date=21 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150108160151/http://www.nam.ac.uk/online-collection/detail.php?acc=1971-02-33-219-1 |archive-date=8 January 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| map_relief = yes
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| latitude =
| longitude =
| map_size =
| map_marksize =
| map_caption = Location within [[Maharashtra]]
| map_label = Khadki
| territory = [[Pune]] captured by the British.
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| result = British victory<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nam.ac.uk/online-collection/detail.php?acc=1971-02-33-219-1 |title='Battle of Kirkee fought on the 5th November 1816 on which memorable occasion 4785 &#91;sic&#93; British troops defeated the Mahratta Army' &#124; Online Collection &#124; National Army Museum, London |access-date=21 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150108160151/http://www.nam.ac.uk/online-collection/detail.php?acc=1971-02-33-219-1 |archive-date=8 January 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| status =
| status =
| combatant2 = [[File:British East India Company flag.svg|22px|border]] [[British East India Company]]
| combatant2 = {{flagicon|East India Company}} [[East India Company|East India Co.]]
| combatant1 = [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|22px|border]] [[Maratha Empire]]
| combatant1 = {{flag|Maratha Confederacy}}
| commander1 = [[Bapu Gokhale]]
| commander1 = [[Bapu Gokhale]]
| commander2 = Lt. Col. Burr, Captain Ford
| commander2 = [[Charles Barton Burr]]<br>John Ford
| strength1 = 28,000
| strength1 = 28,000
| strength2 = 3,000
| strength2 = 3,000
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| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Third Anglo-Maratha War}}
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Third Anglo-Maratha War}}
}}
}}
The '''Battle of Khadki''', also known as or The Battle of Ganeshkhind, took place at modern day [[Khadki]], India on 5 November 1817 between the forces of the British [[East India Company]] and the [[Maratha Empire]] under the leadership of '''Appasaheb Bhonsle'''. The Company forces achieved a decisive victory, and Khadki later became a military cantonment under the British rule.
The '''Battle of Khadki''', also known as or the '''Battle of Ganeshkhind''' and '''Battle of Kirkee''' took place at modern day [[Khadki]], India, on 5 November 1817 between the forces of the British [[East India Company]] and the [[Maratha Confederacy]] under the leadership of Appasaheb Bhonsle.{{citation needed|date=July 2022}} Company forces achieved a decisive victory, with Khadki later becoming a military cantonment under British rule.


==Prelude==
==Prelude==
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===Maratha Confederacy in decline===

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The [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]] proved disastrous for the Maratha Confederacy. Due to a titular de jure [[Chhatrapati]] and [[Peshwas]]
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===Maratha Empire in decline===
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Maratha Sardars took advantage of the reduced strength and command of the Emperor over Maharashtra and the Maratha Confederacy started to decline. The Confederacy was in very high debts (taken for battles and governance) and was not receiving any income from taxes (all Sardars were keeping the all taxes to themselves instead of sending a part of it to the central authority). [[Mahadji Scindia]] did restore the Maratha authority in Northern India with the help of his cavalry and French trained gunners and artillery. [[Mahadji]] comprehensively defeated the British forces in the [[First Anglo-Maratha War]]. But after his death in 1794, the Maratha Sardars were not in a good position to fight with British forces, though leaders like [[Mudhoji II Bhonsle]] Sena Sahib Subha and [[Daulatrao Scindia]] did put up a valiant effort. But after the death of [[Mahadji Scindia]], the Maratha confederacy had fallen into a state of constant decline.
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The [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]], proved disastrous for the Maratha Empire/Confederacy. Due to a titular de-jure [[Chhatrapati]] and [[Peshwas]]
⚫
Maratha Sardars took advantage of the reduced strength and command of Emperor over Maharashtra and the Maratha Empire started to decline. The Confederacy was in very high debts (taken for battles and governance) and were not receiving any income from taxes (all Sardars were keeping the all taxes to themselves instead of sending a part of it to the central authority). [[Mahadji Scindia]] did restore the Maratha authority in Northern India with the help of his cavalry and French trained gunners and artillery. [[Mahadji]] comprehensively defeated the British forces in the [[First Anglo-Maratha War]]. But after his death in 1794, The Maratha Sardars were not in a good position to fight with British forces, though leaders like [[Appasahib Bhonsle]] Sena Sahib Subha and [[Daulatrao Scindia]] did put up a valiant effort. But after the death of [[Mahadji Scindia]], the Maratha confederacy had fallen into a state of constant decline.


==Armies==
==Armies==
The [[Maratha Army]] consisted of Huzurat or Sarkari Fauz and had the following Generals when the battle began: [[Bapu Gokhale]], assisted by Anandrao Babar, Vithalrao Vinchurkar, assisted by Rajwade, Govindrao Ghorpade Mudholkar, Tryambakrao Rethrekar, Shaikh Miraj, Dafle, Bahirji Shitole-Deshmukh, Mor Dixit, assisted by [[Sardar]] Kokare, Sardar Appa Desai Nipankar, assisted by Sardar Pandhare, Sardar Naropant Apte, Sardar Yashwantrao Ghorpade Sondurkar, Sardar Wamanrao Raaste, Sardar Chintamanrao Patwardhan, assisted by Bapu Narayan Bhave Ramdurgkar, Sardar Mutalik on behalf of Pant Pratinidhi, Sardar Naik Anjurkar, Sardar Purandare, and Sardar Nagarkar, assisted by Moreshwar Kanitkar, Raghoji salve. All these sardars (the equivalent of Earls or Dukes) had both cavalry and infantry. The army's Artillery was led by Laxmanrao Panshe and his nephew.
The [[Maratha Army]] consisted of Huzurat or Sarkari Fauz and had the following Generals when the battle began: [[Bapu Gokhale]], assisted by Anandrao Babar, Vithalrao Vinchurkar, assisted by Rajwade, Govindrao Ghorpade Mudholkar, Tryambakrao Rethrekar, Shaikh Miraj, Dafle, Bahirji Shitole-Deshmukh, Mor Dixit, assisted by [[Sardar]] Kokare, Sardar Appa Desai Nipankar, assisted by Sardar Pandhare, Sardar Naropant Apte, Sardar Yashwantrao Ghorpade Sondurkar, Sardar Wamanrao Raaste, Sardar Chintamanrao Patwardhan, assisted by Bapu Narayan Bhave Ramdurgkar, Sardar Mutalik on behalf of [[Pant Pratinidhi family|Pant Pratinidhi]], Sardar Naik Anjurkar, Sardar Purandare, and Sardar Nagarkar, assisted by Moreshwar Kanitkar, [[Sardar Raghoji Salve]]. All these [[Sardar|sardars]] (the equivalent of Earls or Dukes) had both cavalry and infantry. The army's Artillery was led by Laxmanrao Panshe and his nephew.


The [[East India Company]]'s force here was led by Lieutenant Colonel [[Charles Barton Burr]], 7th Regiment Native Infantry,<ref>{{cite journal |author=A.—Z. |title=Biographical Sketch of Lieutenant-Colonel Charles Barton Burr, C.B.|journal=Asiatic Journal and Monthly Register for British India and Its Dependencies |volume=13 |issue=January-June |publisher=Kingsbury, Parbury, & Allen |location=London |date=1822 |pages=20–30 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Eg8oAAAAYAAJ&dq=%22Charles+Barton+Burr%22&pg=PA20}}</ref> who marched to Khadki on 1 November, and Captain John Ford, Dapooree Battalion,<ref name="Wilson1888">{{cite book |last=Wilson |first=William John |title=History of the Madras Army, from 1746 to 1826: with an Account of the European Artillery, Engineers, and Infantry up to their Amalgamation with the Royal Army in 1861, and of the Native Cavalry and Infantry up to 1887 |volume=4 |publisher=R. Hill, Government Press |location=Madras |date=1888 |pages= |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmadrasa04wils}}</ref>{{rp|23}} who marched towards on 4 November.
The [[East India Company]]'s army was led by Col. Burr, who marched to Khadki on 1 Nov., and Capt. Ford, who marched towards on 4 Nov.


Bapu Gokhale commanded a total force of 28,000 men (20,000 horse and 8,000 infantry) with 20 guns. The British force numbered only 3,000, of whom 2,000 were cavalry and 1,000 infantry, with 8 guns.<ref name=Naravane>{{Cite book |last=Naravane |first=M.S. |title=Battles of the Honorourable East India Company |publisher=A.P.H. Publishing Corporation |year=2014 |isbn=9788131300343 |pages=80–82}}</ref>
Bapu Gokhale commanded a total force of 28,000 men (20,000 horse and 8,000 infantry) with 20 guns. The British force numbered only 3,000, of whom 2,000 were cavalry and 1,000 infantry, with 8 guns.<ref name="Naravane">{{cite book |last=Naravane |first=M. S. |title=Battles of the Honorourable East India Company (Making of the Raj) |publisher=A.P.H. Publishing Corporation |year=2014 |isbn=9788131300343 |location=New Delhi |pages=80–82}}</ref>


==Battle==
==Battle==
[[File:Plan of action at the Battle of Khadki.jpg|thumb|400px|Plan of action]]
[[File:Plan of action at the Battle of Khadki.jpg|thumb|304px|Plan of the action{{efn|name=fn1}}]]
A detachment commanded by Lt. Col. Burr advanced from [[Dapodi]] village near confluence of [[Pavana River|Pavana]] and [[Mula River (India)|Mula]] rivers. His detachment was placed in Pune for the protection of the Peshwa. Before the battle, the Peshwa's commander, Moropant Dixit, had tried to bring Captain Ford onto his side, but these overtures were refused.
A detachment commanded by Burr advanced from [[Dapodi]] village near confluence of [[Pavana River|Pavana]] and [[Mula River (India)|Mula]] rivers. His detachment was placed in [[Pune]] for the protection of the Peshwa. Before the battle, the Peshwa's commander, Moropant Dixit, had tried to bring Captain Ford onto his side, but these overtures were refused.{{efn|name=fn2}}


First, Vinchurkar`s gun infantry targeted British Resident Elphinstone's house by firing from the other side of the river. After he left, Kokare's cavalry burned all the bungalows of the British in the vicinity. The residency was left and was at once sacked and burned, and Mr. Elphinstone retired to join the troops at Khadki. A message to advance was sent to Colonel Burr who moved towards Dapodi to meet Captain Ford's corps; the corps united and together pushed on to the attack. Amazed by the advance of troops whom they believed had been bribed or panic-struck, the Maratha skirmishers fell back, and the Maratha army, already anxious from the ill-omened breaking of their standard, began to lose heart. [[Bapu Gokhale|Gokhale]] rode from rank to rank cheering and taunting, and opened the attack pushing forward his cavalry so as to nearly to surround the British. In their eagerness to attack a Portuguese battalion, which had come up under cover to enclosures, some of the English sepoys became separated from the rest of the line. Gokhale seized the opportunity for a charge with 6000 chosen horsemen. Colonel Burr who saw the movement recalled his men and ordered them to stand firm and keep their fire. The cavalry charge proved ineffectual. The charge was broken by a deep morass in front of the English. As the horsemen floundered in disorder the British troops fired on them with deadly effect. Only a few of the Maratha horses pressed on to the bayonets, the rest retreated or fled. The failure of their great cavalry charge disconcerted the Marathas. They began to drive off their guns, the infantry retired, and, on the advance of the British line, the field was cleared. Next morning the arrival of the light battalion and auxiliary horse from Sirur prevented Gokhale from renewing the attack. The European loss was sixty-eight and the Maratha loss 500 killed and wounded.<ref>http://pune.gov.in/puneCollectorate/Gazette/Poona-II/history_marathas.html#.</ref>
First, Vinchurkar's gun infantry targeted the British Resident Elphinstone's house by firing from the other side of the river. After he left, Kokare's cavalry burned all the bungalows of the British in the vicinity. The residency was left and was at once sacked and burned, and Mr. Elphinstone retired to join the troops at Khadki. A message to advance was sent to Colonel Burr who moved towards Dapodi to meet Captain Ford's corps; the corps united and together pushed on to the attack. Amazed by the advance of troops whom they believed had been bribed or panic-struck, the Maratha skirmishers fell back, and the [[Maratha Army]], already anxious from the ill-omened breaking of their standard, began to lose heart. [[Bapu Gokhale|Gokhale]] rode from rank to rank cheering and taunting, and opened the attack pushing forward his cavalry so as to nearly to surround the British. In their eagerness to attack a Portuguese battalion, which had come up under cover to enclosures, some of the English sepoys became separated from the rest of the line. Gokhale seized the opportunity for a charge with 6000 chosen horsemen. Colonel Burr who saw the movement recalled his men and ordered them to stand firm and keep their fire. The cavalry charge proved ineffectual. The charge was broken by a deep morass in front of the English. As the horsemen floundered in disorder the British troops fired on them with deadly effect. Only a few of the Maratha horses pressed on to the bayonets, the rest retreated or fled. The failure of their great cavalry charge disconcerted the Marathas. They began to drive off their guns, the infantry retired, and, on the advance of the British line, the field was cleared. Next morning the arrival of the light battalion and auxiliary horse from [[Shirur, Maharashtra|Sirur]] prevented Gokhale from renewing the attack. The European loss was sixty-eight and the Maratha loss 500 killed and wounded.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency — Poona |url=http://pune.gov.in/puneCollectorate/Gazette/Poona-II/history_marathas.html#. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140422232813/http://pune.gov.in/puneCollectorate/Gazette/Poona-II/history_marathas.html |archive-date=2014-04-22 |website=pune.gov.in |publisher=Gazetteer Department, Government of Maharashtra}}</ref>


==Aftermath==
==Aftermath==
A few battles were later fought against the Bhosale faction at Sitabardi in Nagpur and against the Pindaris. The Peshwa, the chief executive of the Maratha Confederacy, was militarily defeated in the Battle near Ashirgad. The next skirmish occurred after 5 November at Yerawda where Sardar Yashwant Ghorpade's forces were lured away by the British by bribing. This paved the way for battalions coming from Ghodnadi and Jalna and gunners of Panshes artillery to join the British, resulting in the Peshwa fleeing Pune. The East India Company took over the Shaniwarwada, the seat of the Peshwa, on 17 November 1817. By 1818, the Peshwa had surrendered to the East India Company.
A few battles were later fought against the [[House of Bhonsle|Bhosale]] faction at [[Sitabuldi Fort|Sitabuldi]] in [[Nagpur]] and against the [[Pindari|Pindaris]]. The Peshwa, the chief executive of the Maratha Confederacy, was militarily defeated in the Battle near [[Asirgarh Fort|Asirgarh]]. The next skirmish occurred after 5 November at [[Yerawada|Yerwada]] where Sardar Yashwant Ghorpade's forces were lured away by the British by bribing. This paved the way for battalions coming from Ghodnadi and [[Jalna, Maharashtra|Jalna]] and gunners of Panshes artillery to join the British, resulting in the Peshwa fleeing Pune. The East India Company took over the [[Shaniwar Wada|Shaniwarwada]], the seat of the Peshwa, on 17 November 1817. By 1818, the Peshwa had surrendered to the East India Company.


==The battlefield today==
==The battlefield today==
After the battle, the East India Company troops crossed the river at a place called Yelloura ford which is still unidentified. It is speculated that the place was probably where the bund of Bund Garden exists today. "Yelloura" is perhaps a corruption of [[Yerawada|Yerwada]] of today. This corroborates well with the mention of a nearby hill in Blacker's account (see references below). Also, the morass which played a crucial role in the battle is unidentified as of today. It is expected to have existed in the Range Hills Colony, the Military Station Depot of Khadki or near the Symbiosis Institute of Management or towards the [[College of Agriculture, Pune]]. Another meaning of word "morass" is "a complicated or confused situation", so perhaps it does not refer to a physical feature. It may just describe the result of the charge. An account of the battle by Grant Duff is well known to historians. Grant Duff observed the battle from a position on the hills of Bhamburda. This location is likely to have been on the hill that faces behind the present day Hanuman Nagar or Pandav Nagar.
After the battle, the East India Company troops crossed the river at a place called Yelloura ford whose precise location is still unidentified. It is speculated that the place was probably where the bund of [[Bund Garden, Pune|Bund Garden]] exists today. "Yelloura" is perhaps a corruption of Yerwada of today. This corroborates well with the mention of a nearby hill in Valentine Blacker's account.<ref name="Blacker1821">{{cite book |last=Blacker |first=Valentine |author-link=Valentine Blacker |title=Memoir of the Operations of the British Army in India: During the Mahratta War of 1817, 1818, & 1819 |publisher=Black, Kingsbury, Parbury, & Allen |location=London |date=1821 |page= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E2JNAAAAcAAJ}}</ref> Also, the morass which played a crucial role in the battle is unidentified as of today.{{efn|name=fn3}} It is expected to have existed in the Range Hills Colony, the Military Station Depot of Khadki or near the [[Symbiosis Institute of Management Studies Pune|Symbiosis Institute of Management]] or towards the [[College of Agriculture, Pune]]. Another meaning of word "morass" is "a complicated or confused situation", so perhaps it does not refer to a physical feature. It may just describe the result of the charge. An account of the battle by James Grant Duff is well known to historians. Duff observed the battle from a position on the hills of [[Bhamburda]].<ref name="Duff1826">{{cite book |last=Duff |first=James Grant |author-link=James Grant Duff |title=A History of the Marathas |volume=3 |publisher=Longmans, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green |location=London |date=1826 |pages=406–454 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_7A5AQAAIAAJ}}</ref> This location is likely to have been on the hill that faces behind the present-day Hanuman Nagar or Pandav Nagar.

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last=Athale |first=Anil A. |title=Marathas' Struggle for Empire: Anglo-Maratha Wars, 1679–1818 |publisher=Reliance Publishing House |date=2018 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QdxJwi1lZkIC&q=anglo+maratha+athale |isbn=9788175101203}}
* {{cite book |last=Burton |first=Reginald George |title=The Mahratta and Pindari War Compiled for General Staff, India |date=1910 |location=Simla |publisher=Government Monotype Press |page= |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.181195/page/n63/mode/2up}}
* {{cite news |last=Campbell |first=J. M. |title=Poona |work=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency |volume=18 |issue=3 |publisher=Government Central Press |location=Bombay |date=1885 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XUBR8W0LbSAC&pg=PP5}}
* {{cite book |last=Crawford |first=Archur |author-link=Arthur Crawford |title=History of Poona and Deccan in a Perspective |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |location=Bombay |date=1987 |url= |isbn=9788121201230}}
* {{cite book |last=Desai |first=Walter Sadgun |title=Bombay and the Marathas Up to 1774 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Limited |date=1970 |url=}}
* {{cite book |last1=Diddee |first1=Jaymala |last2=Gupta |first2=Samita |title=Pune: Queen of the Deccan |date=2000 |publisher=[[Elephant Design|Elephant Design Pvt Ltd]] |location=Kothrud, Pune, India |isbn=8187693002}}
* {{cite book |last=Elphinstone |first=Mountstuart |author-link=Mountstuart Elphinstone |title=Report on the Territories Conquered from the Paishwa |publisher=Government Gazette Press |location=Calcutta |date=1821 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NdQRAAAAYAAJ}}
* {{cite book |last=Frere |first=Mary |author-link=Mary Frere |title=Old Deccan Days |edition= |publisher=John Murray |location=London |date=1868 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TupLAAAAcAAJ&pg=PR1}} The particular chapter referring to the narration by Jadowrow, pages 315–319.
* {{cite book |last=Khoprekar |first=V. G. |title=Konkan: From the Earliest to 1818 A.D.}}
* {{cite book |last=Kulkarni |first=A. R. |title=Medieval Maratha Country |publisher=Diamond Publications |location=Pune |date=1996 |isbn=9788184830729 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OY5LDwAAQBAJ}}


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}

* ''Memoirs of the operations of the British Army in India during the Mahratta war of 1817,1818 and 1819'', London 1821- by Lt. Col. [[Valentine Blacker]], {{ISBN|1-4067-3533-7}}
==Notes==
* J.M.Campbell, ''Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency''. Vol XVIII Part III Pune District, 1885.
{{notelist|refs=
* ''Pune: Queen of the Deccan'' - J Diddee and S. Gupta (2000) publ. [[Elephant Design]] Pvt. Ltd., Kothrud, Pune, INDIA. {{ISBN|81-87693-00-2}}
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{{efn|name=fn1|The temple indicated as "Pagoda" in the map above is not the Chatushshrungi temple as earlier thought. At the location there exists a Ganesh temple named "Paarvatinandan" which is known to have been regularly visited by the Peshwas before their campaigns. Diplomatic correspondence between the Peshwa and Mountstuart Elphinstone days before the battle refer to a "pooja" (worship programme) intended to be performed by the Peshwa at a local temple justifying the troop build up around Ganeshkhind.}}
* ''[[Old Deccan Days]]'' (1868), Frere, M., 3rd ed. 1898. London: Murray.
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{{efn|name=fn2|There is an account of the battle from the "Peshwyaanchee Bakhar", the official record of the reign of the Peshwas. It was written in the [[Modi script]] (translations are available) but does not include maps. The fact that the "Zaree Pat" staff broke prior to the battle has been recorded here, that being perceived as a bad omen. There is also a mention of the morass which obstructed the cavalry charge and that the Peshwa watched the battle unfolding from Parvati Hill with the help of a telescope.}}
* *The particular chapter of Frere's book referring to the narration by Jadowrow (sic) [[s:Old Deccan Days/Notes|Notes]] (transcript)
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{{efn|name=fn3|The morass which caused the Maratha cavalry charge to break is likely to have survived till today. Results of field work being carried out presently will be reported shortly to [[Bharat Itihas Sanshodhak Mandal]], Pune, India.}}
⚫
* There is an account of the battle from the "Peshwyaanchee Bakhar" (the official record of the reign of the Peshwas). It was written in the [[Modi script]] (translations are available) and it does not include maps. The fact that the 'Zaree Pat' staff broke prior to the battle has been recorded here, that being perceived as a bad omen. There is also a mention of the morass which obstructed the cavalry charge and that the Peshwa watched the battle unfolding from Parvati Hill with the help of a telescope.
⚫
}}
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*The morass which caused the Maratha cavalry charge to break is likely to have survived till today. Results of field work being carried out presently will be reported shortly to [[Bharat Itihas Sanshodhak Mandal]], Pune, India.

* ''A History of the Marathas'' - [[James Grant Duff]] (1826) London
==External links==
* ''Territories conquered from the Peishwa''- [[Mountstuart Elphinstone]]
* ''Konkan: From the earliest to 1818 A.D.'' - V.G. Khoprekar
* ''History of Poona and Deccan in a Perspective'' - [[Arthur Crawford]]
* ''Medieval Maratha Country'' - A.R. Kulkarni
* ''Bombay and the Marathas Up to 1774'' - W.J. Desai
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=QdxJwi1lZkIC&dq=anglo+maratha+athale&hl=en&ei=gDhjTsDIOMnHrQeP5tymCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAA] Marathas' struggle for empire: Anglo-Maratha wars, 1679-1818 by Anil A. Athale.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090401224252/http://cms.unipune.ernet.in/~sukratu/welcomekhadki.html Some political background for this battle]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090401224252/http://cms.unipune.ernet.in/~sukratu/welcomekhadki.html Some political background for this battle]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110721155408/http://cms.unipune.ernet.in/~sukratu/diagram2.jpg map of the battle events]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110721155408/http://cms.unipune.ernet.in/~sukratu/diagram2.jpg Map of the battle events]
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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110721155510/http://cms.unipune.ernet.in/~sukratu/diagram1.jpg A recent satellite picture of the same area]
⚫
* The temple indicated as 'pagoda' in the map above is not the Chatushshrungi temple as earlier thought. At the location there exists a Ganesh temple named " Paarvatinandan" which is known to have been regularly visited by the Peshwas before their campaigns. Diplomatic correspondence between the Peshwa and Mountstuart Elphinstone days before the battle refer to a 'pooja' (worship programme) intended to be performed by the Peshwa at a local temple justifying the troop build up around Ganeshkhind.
⚫
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110721155510/http://cms.unipune.ernet.in/~sukratu/diagram1.jpg a recent satellite picture of the same area]
* [http://www.wikimapia.org/#y=18552370&x=73840141&z=13&l=0&m=a Annotated picture of the area] from [[Wikimapia]]
* [http://www.wikimapia.org/#y=18552370&x=73840141&z=13&l=0&m=a Annotated picture of the area] from [[Wikimapia]]


{{MarathaEmpire}}
{{MarathaEmpire}}

{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Khadki 1817}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Khadki 1817}}
[[Category:Conflicts in 1817|Battle of Khadki]]
[[Category:Battles in 1817|Battle of Khadki]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Maratha Empire]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Maratha Confederacy]]
[[Category:History of Pune]]
[[Category:History of Pune]]
[[Category:1817 in India]]
[[Category:1817 in India]]
[[Category:Battles involving the British East India Company]]
[[Category:Battles involving the British East India Company]]
[[Category:November 1817 events]]
[[Category:November 1817 events]]
[[Category:Events in Pune]]

Latest revision as of 13:43, 11 June 2024

Battle of Khadki
Part of the Third Anglo-Maratha War
Date5 November 1817
Location
Khadki, India
18°33′50″N 73°51′04″E / 18.564°N 73.851°E / 18.564; 73.851
Result British victory[1]
Territorial
changes		 Pune captured by the British.
Belligerents
 Maratha Confederacy East India Company East India Co.
Commanders and leaders
Bapu Gokhale Charles Barton Burr
John Ford
Strength
28,000 3,000
Casualties and losses
500 86
Khadki is located in Maharashtra
Khadki
Khadki
class=notpageimage|
Location within Maharashtra
Khadki is located in India
Khadki
Khadki
Khadki (India)

The Battle of Khadki, also known as or the Battle of Ganeshkhind and Battle of Kirkee took place at modern day Khadki, India, on 5 November 1817 between the forces of the British East India Company and the Maratha Confederacy under the leadership of Appasaheb Bhonsle.[citation needed] Company forces achieved a decisive victory, with Khadki later becoming a military cantonment under British rule.

Prelude

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Maratha Confederacy in decline

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The Second Anglo-Maratha War proved disastrous for the Maratha Confederacy. Due to a titular de jure Chhatrapati and Peshwas Maratha Sardars took advantage of the reduced strength and command of the Emperor over Maharashtra and the Maratha Confederacy started to decline. The Confederacy was in very high debts (taken for battles and governance) and was not receiving any income from taxes (all Sardars were keeping the all taxes to themselves instead of sending a part of it to the central authority). Mahadji Scindia did restore the Maratha authority in Northern India with the help of his cavalry and French trained gunners and artillery. Mahadji comprehensively defeated the British forces in the First Anglo-Maratha War. But after his death in 1794, the Maratha Sardars were not in a good position to fight with British forces, though leaders like Mudhoji II Bhonsle Sena Sahib Subha and Daulatrao Scindia did put up a valiant effort. But after the death of Mahadji Scindia, the Maratha confederacy had fallen into a state of constant decline.

Armies

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The Maratha Army consisted of Huzurat or Sarkari Fauz and had the following Generals when the battle began: Bapu Gokhale, assisted by Anandrao Babar, Vithalrao Vinchurkar, assisted by Rajwade, Govindrao Ghorpade Mudholkar, Tryambakrao Rethrekar, Shaikh Miraj, Dafle, Bahirji Shitole-Deshmukh, Mor Dixit, assisted by Sardar Kokare, Sardar Appa Desai Nipankar, assisted by Sardar Pandhare, Sardar Naropant Apte, Sardar Yashwantrao Ghorpade Sondurkar, Sardar Wamanrao Raaste, Sardar Chintamanrao Patwardhan, assisted by Bapu Narayan Bhave Ramdurgkar, Sardar Mutalik on behalf of Pant Pratinidhi, Sardar Naik Anjurkar, Sardar Purandare, and Sardar Nagarkar, assisted by Moreshwar Kanitkar, Sardar Raghoji Salve. All these sardars (the equivalent of Earls or Dukes) had both cavalry and infantry. The army's Artillery was led by Laxmanrao Panshe and his nephew.

The East India Company's force here was led by Lieutenant Colonel Charles Barton Burr, 7th Regiment Native Infantry,[2] who marched to Khadki on 1 November, and Captain John Ford, Dapooree Battalion,[3]: 23  who marched towards on 4 November.

Bapu Gokhale commanded a total force of 28,000 men (20,000 horse and 8,000 infantry) with 20 guns. The British force numbered only 3,000, of whom 2,000 were cavalry and 1,000 infantry, with 8 guns.[4]

Battle

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Plan of the action[a]

A detachment commanded by Burr advanced from Dapodi village near confluence of Pavana and Mula rivers. His detachment was placed in Pune for the protection of the Peshwa. Before the battle, the Peshwa's commander, Moropant Dixit, had tried to bring Captain Ford onto his side, but these overtures were refused.[b]

First, Vinchurkar's gun infantry targeted the British Resident Elphinstone's house by firing from the other side of the river. After he left, Kokare's cavalry burned all the bungalows of the British in the vicinity. The residency was left and was at once sacked and burned, and Mr. Elphinstone retired to join the troops at Khadki. A message to advance was sent to Colonel Burr who moved towards Dapodi to meet Captain Ford's corps; the corps united and together pushed on to the attack. Amazed by the advance of troops whom they believed had been bribed or panic-struck, the Maratha skirmishers fell back, and the Maratha Army, already anxious from the ill-omened breaking of their standard, began to lose heart. Gokhale rode from rank to rank cheering and taunting, and opened the attack pushing forward his cavalry so as to nearly to surround the British. In their eagerness to attack a Portuguese battalion, which had come up under cover to enclosures, some of the English sepoys became separated from the rest of the line. Gokhale seized the opportunity for a charge with 6000 chosen horsemen. Colonel Burr who saw the movement recalled his men and ordered them to stand firm and keep their fire. The cavalry charge proved ineffectual. The charge was broken by a deep morass in front of the English. As the horsemen floundered in disorder the British troops fired on them with deadly effect. Only a few of the Maratha horses pressed on to the bayonets, the rest retreated or fled. The failure of their great cavalry charge disconcerted the Marathas. They began to drive off their guns, the infantry retired, and, on the advance of the British line, the field was cleared. Next morning the arrival of the light battalion and auxiliary horse from Sirur prevented Gokhale from renewing the attack. The European loss was sixty-eight and the Maratha loss 500 killed and wounded.[5]

Aftermath

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A few battles were later fought against the Bhosale faction at Sitabuldi in Nagpur and against the Pindaris. The Peshwa, the chief executive of the Maratha Confederacy, was militarily defeated in the Battle near Asirgarh. The next skirmish occurred after 5 November at Yerwada where Sardar Yashwant Ghorpade's forces were lured away by the British by bribing. This paved the way for battalions coming from Ghodnadi and Jalna and gunners of Panshes artillery to join the British, resulting in the Peshwa fleeing Pune. The East India Company took over the Shaniwarwada, the seat of the Peshwa, on 17 November 1817. By 1818, the Peshwa had surrendered to the East India Company.

The battlefield today

[edit]

After the battle, the East India Company troops crossed the river at a place called Yelloura ford whose precise location is still unidentified. It is speculated that the place was probably where the bund of Bund Garden exists today. "Yelloura" is perhaps a corruption of Yerwada of today. This corroborates well with the mention of a nearby hill in Valentine Blacker's account.[6] Also, the morass which played a crucial role in the battle is unidentified as of today.[c] It is expected to have existed in the Range Hills Colony, the Military Station Depot of Khadki or near the Symbiosis Institute of Management or towards the College of Agriculture, Pune. Another meaning of word "morass" is "a complicated or confused situation", so perhaps it does not refer to a physical feature. It may just describe the result of the charge. An account of the battle by James Grant Duff is well known to historians. Duff observed the battle from a position on the hills of Bhamburda.[7] This location is likely to have been on the hill that faces behind the present-day Hanuman Nagar or Pandav Nagar.

Further reading

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  • Athale, Anil A. (2018). Marathas' Struggle for Empire: Anglo-Maratha Wars, 1679–1818. Reliance Publishing House. ISBN 9788175101203.
  • Burton, Reginald George (1910). The Mahratta and Pindari War Compiled for General Staff, India. Simla: Government Monotype Press.
  • Campbell, J. M. (1885). "Poona". Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency. Vol. 18, no. 3. Bombay: Government Central Press.
  • Crawford, Archur (1987). History of Poona and Deccan in a Perspective. Bombay: Gyan Publishing House. ISBN 9788121201230.
  • Desai, Walter Sadgun (1970). Bombay and the Marathas Up to 1774. Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Limited.
  • Diddee, Jaymala; Gupta, Samita (2000). Pune: Queen of the Deccan. Kothrud, Pune, India: Elephant Design Pvt Ltd. ISBN 8187693002.
  • Elphinstone, Mountstuart (1821). Report on the Territories Conquered from the Paishwa. Calcutta: Government Gazette Press.
  • Frere, Mary (1868). Old Deccan Days. London: John Murray. The particular chapter referring to the narration by Jadowrow, pages 315–319.
  • Khoprekar, V. G. Konkan: From the Earliest to 1818 A.D.
  • Kulkarni, A. R. (1996). Medieval Maratha Country. Pune: Diamond Publications. ISBN 9788184830729.

References

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  1. ^ "'Battle of Kirkee fought on the 5th November 1816 on which memorable occasion 4785 [sic] British troops defeated the Mahratta Army' | Online Collection | National Army Museum, London". Archived from the original on 8 January 2015. Retrieved 21 April 2014.
  2. ^ A.—Z. (1822). "Biographical Sketch of Lieutenant-Colonel Charles Barton Burr, C.B." Asiatic Journal and Monthly Register for British India and Its Dependencies. 13 (January–June). London: Kingsbury, Parbury, & Allen: 20–30.
  3. ^ Wilson, William John (1888). History of the Madras Army, from 1746 to 1826: with an Account of the European Artillery, Engineers, and Infantry up to their Amalgamation with the Royal Army in 1861, and of the Native Cavalry and Infantry up to 1887. Vol. 4. Madras: R. Hill, Government Press.
  4. ^ Naravane, M. S. (2014). Battles of the Honorourable East India Company (Making of the Raj). New Delhi: A.P.H. Publishing Corporation. pp. 80–82. ISBN 9788131300343.
  5. ^ "Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency — Poona". pune.gov.in. Gazetteer Department, Government of Maharashtra. Archived from the original on 22 April 2014.
  6. ^ Blacker, Valentine (1821). Memoir of the Operations of the British Army in India: During the Mahratta War of 1817, 1818, & 1819. London: Black, Kingsbury, Parbury, & Allen.
  7. ^ Duff, James Grant (1826). A History of the Marathas. Vol. 3. London: Longmans, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green. pp. 406–454.

Notes

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  1. ^ The temple indicated as "Pagoda" in the map above is not the Chatushshrungi temple as earlier thought. At the location there exists a Ganesh temple named "Paarvatinandan" which is known to have been regularly visited by the Peshwas before their campaigns. Diplomatic correspondence between the Peshwa and Mountstuart Elphinstone days before the battle refer to a "pooja" (worship programme) intended to be performed by the Peshwa at a local temple justifying the troop build up around Ganeshkhind.
  2. ^ There is an account of the battle from the "Peshwyaanchee Bakhar", the official record of the reign of the Peshwas. It was written in the Modi script (translations are available) but does not include maps. The fact that the "Zaree Pat" staff broke prior to the battle has been recorded here, that being perceived as a bad omen. There is also a mention of the morass which obstructed the cavalry charge and that the Peshwa watched the battle unfolding from Parvati Hill with the help of a telescope.
  3. ^ The morass which caused the Maratha cavalry charge to break is likely to have survived till today. Results of field work being carried out presently will be reported shortly to Bharat Itihas Sanshodhak Mandal, Pune, India.
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