Kakanj culture: Difference between revisions

Kakanj culture
Geographical range	Central Bosnia
Period	Neolithic Europe
Dates	c. 6230 BC – c. 4900 BC
Major sites	Kakanj - Obre, Obre II, Papratnica, Plandište; Visoko - Arnautovići, Okolište; Zavidovići - Tuk
Preceded by	Cardium pottery, Starčevo culture
Followed by	Butmir culture

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Kakanj culture was an early Neolithic culture that appeared in Central Bosnia and covered periods dated from 6230–5990 to 5300–4900 BC.

History

Central Bosnia and areas in Sarajevo, Visoko, and Zenica basins were some of the main areas of different prehistoric populations, especially along the shores of the Bosna river. Central Bosnia was already populated by other cultures, like the Starčevo and Cardium pottery. These formed the basis for the creation of a unique culture that is known as the Kakanj culture,^[1] as the first findings were at a site called Obre, near the town of Kakanj.^[2] Maria Gimbutas regarded the Kakanj culture as a local variant of the Starčevo, with elements of the Danilo group.^[3]

Other known locations of this culture are sited at: Kakanj – Plandište, Papratnica; Visoko – Arnautovići, Okolište, and Tuk near Zavidovići. The Kakanj culture had strong influence on the development of the Butmir culture.^[4]^[5]

Settlements and artifacts

The excavated settlements were not uniform. The site in Obre included rectangular houses with 1 or 2 rooms, with foundations made of stone and clay loam walls. Stone tools were predominant, especially molded hatchets. Tools like spatulas and needles were made out of bones.^[6]

The pottery was versatile, coarse, and monochrome.^[7] The surface of the monochrome ceramics was well polished, as is in Butmir culture. The shapes included vessels with tall hollow conical stems, alongside bowls with thicker rims and 4-foot rhytons.^[8] Plastic was poorly represented.

References

^ Gimbutas, Marija; Alseikaitė (1974). The Gods and Goddesses of Old Europe: 7000 to 3500 BC Myths, Legends and Cult Images. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520019959.
^ Čović, Borivoj (1988). Arheološki leksikon BiH, Volume 2. Sarajevo: National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina. p. 16.
^ Tringham, Ruth (2014-11-13). Hunters, Fishers and Farmers of Eastern Europe, 6000-3000 B.C. Routledge. ISBN 9781317599463.
^ Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology. C. Bloms. 1967.
^ Boardman, John; Edwards, I. E. S.; Hammond, N. G. L.; Sollberger, E. (1970). The Cambridge Ancient History. Cambridge University Press. pp. 135. ISBN 9780521224963.
^ Whitehouse, Ruth D. (2016-02-24). Macmillan Dictionary of Archaeology. Macmillan International Higher Education. p. 248. ISBN 9781349075898.
^ Boardman, John; Edwards, I. E. S.; Hammond, N. G. L.; Sollberger, E. (1970). The Cambridge Ancient History. Cambridge University Press. pp. 113. ISBN 9780521224963.
^ Boardman, John; Edwards, I. E. S.; Hammond, N. G. L.; Sollberger, E. (1970). The Cambridge Ancient History. Cambridge University Press. pp. 113. ISBN 9780521224963.

External links

Neolithic of Middle East and Southeastern Europe (in Bosnian)
Analysis of prehistoric ceramics at Donja Papratnica and Zagrebnice near Kakanj (in Bosnian)
Obre — encyclopedia.com
Pictures of artefacts found at Plandište
New radiocarbon dates for the Neolithic period in Bosnia & Herzegovina

[1] Gimbutas, Marija; Alseikaitė (1974). The Gods and Goddesses of Old Europe: 7000 to 3500 BC Myths, Legends and Cult Images. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520019959.

[2] Čović, Borivoj (1988). Arheološki leksikon BiH, Volume 2. Sarajevo: National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina. p. 16.

[3] Tringham, Ruth (2014-11-13). Hunters, Fishers and Farmers of Eastern Europe, 6000-3000 B.C. Routledge. ISBN 9781317599463.

[4] Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology. C. Bloms. 1967.

[5] Boardman, John; Edwards, I. E. S.; Hammond, N. G. L.; Sollberger, E. (1970). The Cambridge Ancient History. Cambridge University Press. pp. 135. ISBN 9780521224963.

[6] Whitehouse, Ruth D. (2016-02-24). Macmillan Dictionary of Archaeology. Macmillan International Higher Education. p. 248. ISBN 9781349075898.

[7] Boardman, John; Edwards, I. E. S.; Hammond, N. G. L.; Sollberger, E. (1970). The Cambridge Ancient History. Cambridge University Press. pp. 113. ISBN 9780521224963.

[8] Boardman, John; Edwards, I. E. S.; Hammond, N. G. L.; Sollberger, E. (1970). The Cambridge Ancient History. Cambridge University Press. pp. 113. ISBN 9780521224963.

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+{{Short description|Early neolithic culture in Central Bosnia}}
-{{Infobox archaeological culture|name=Kakanj culture|map=|mapalt=|altnames=|horizon=|region=Central Bosnia|period=[[Neolithic Europe]]|dates=c. 6230 BC – c. 4900 BC|typesite=|majorsites=Kakanj - Obre, Obre II, Papratnica, Plandište; Visoko - Arnautovići, Okolište; Zavidovići - Tuk|extra=|precededby=[[Cardium pottery]], [[Starčevo culture]]|followedby=[[Butmir culture]]}}'''Kakanj culture''' was [[Neolithic|early neolithic]] culture that appeared in Central Bosnia and covered periods dated from 6230–5990 to 5300–4900 B.C.E.
+{{Infobox archaeological culture|name=Kakanj culture|map=|mapalt=|altnames=|horizon=|region=Central Bosnia|period=[[Neolithic Europe]]|dates=c. 6230 BC – c. 4900 BC|typesite=|majorsites=Kakanj - Obre, Obre II, Papratnica, Plandište; Visoko - Arnautovići, Okolište; Zavidovići - Tuk|extra=|precededby=[[Cardium pottery]], [[Starčevo culture]]|followedby=[[Butmir culture]]}}'''Kakanj culture''' was an [[Neolithic|early Neolithic]] culture that appeared in [[Central Bosnia]] and covered periods dated from 6230–5990 to 5300–4900 BC.
 ==History==
-Central Bosnia, areas in [[Sarajevo]], [[Visoko]] and [[Zenica]] basins were one of the main areas of prehistoric populations, especially along the shores of [[Bosna (river)|river Bosna]]. Central Bosnia was already populated with other cultures like [[Starčevo culture|Starčevo]] and [[Cardium pottery]] wich were the basis for creation of unique culture that is known as Kakanj culture<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.ba/books?id=SLACTsmH4aYC&pg=PA251&lpg=PA251&dq=obre+kakanj+muzej&source=bl&ots=ye2SbN7jjd&sig=ACfU3U2XKJhE7x7mk9_tcGeQoRs5ZzKZLQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiolaSR9NzlAhVWilwKHR67CKEQ6AEwDnoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=obre%20kakanj%20muzej&f=false|title=The Gods and Goddesses of Old Europe: 7000 to 3500 BC Myths, Legends and Cult Images|last=Gimbutas|first=Marija|last2=Alseikaitė|date=1974|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520019959|language=en}}</ref>, as first findings were at the site called Obre, near town of [[Kakanj]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.ba/books/about/Arheolo%C5%A1ki_leksikon_Bosne_i_Hercegovine.html?id=0pq1bwAACAAJ&redir_esc=y|title=Arheološki leksikon BiH, Volume 2.|last=Čović|first=Borivoj|publisher=National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina|year=1988|isbn=|location=Sarajevo|pages=16}}</ref> [[Marija Gimbutas|Maria Gimbutas]] regarded Kakanj culture as local variant of Starčevo, with elements of [[Danilo culture|Danilo]] group.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.ba/books?id=jz9WBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA141&dq=kakanj+culture&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiAls2PkN3lAhUqShUIHeawDEUQ6AEIOjAC#v=onepage&q=kakanj%20culture&f=false|title=Hunters, Fishers and Farmers of Eastern Europe, 6000-3000 B.C.|last=Tringham|first=Ruth|date=2014-11-13|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317599463|language=en}}</ref>
+Central Bosnia and areas in [[Sarajevo]], [[Visoko]], and [[Zenica]] basins were some of the main areas of different prehistoric populations, especially along the shores of the [[Bosna (river)|Bosna river]]. Central Bosnia was already populated by other cultures, like the [[Starčevo culture|Starčevo]] and [[Cardium pottery]]. These formed the basis for the creation of a unique culture that is known as the Kakanj culture,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SLACTsmH4aYC&q=obre+kakanj+muzej&pg=PA251|title=The Gods and Goddesses of Old Europe: 7000 to 3500 BC Myths, Legends and Cult Images|last1=Gimbutas|first1=Marija|last2=Alseikaitė|date=1974|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520019959|language=en}}</ref> as the first findings were at a site called Obre, near the town of [[Kakanj]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0pq1bwAACAAJ|title=Arheološki leksikon BiH, Volume 2.|last=Čović|first=Borivoj|publisher=National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina|year=1988|location=Sarajevo|pages=16}}</ref> [[Marija Gimbutas|Maria Gimbutas]] regarded the Kakanj culture as a local variant of the Starčevo, with elements of the [[Danilo culture|Danilo]] group.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jz9WBQAAQBAJ&q=kakanj+culture&pg=PA141|title=Hunters, Fishers and Farmers of Eastern Europe, 6000-3000 B.C.|last=Tringham|first=Ruth|date=2014-11-13|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317599463|language=en}}</ref>
-Other knowns locations of this culture are located at: [[Kakanj]] – Plandište, Papratnica; Visoko – [[Arnautovići (Visoko)|Arnautovići]], [[Okolište (Neolithic site)|Okolište]], and Tuk near [[Zavidovići]]. Kakanj culture will have great influence on the forming of [[Butmir culture]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.ba/books?id=YmMMAQAAMAAJ&dq=Butmir+culture&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=kakanj|title=Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology|date=1967|publisher=C. Bloms|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.ba/books?id=vXljf8JqmkoC&pg=PA196&dq=kakanj+culture&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiAls2PkN3lAhUqShUIHeawDEUQ6AEIMDAB#v=snippet&q=kakanj%20butmir&f=false|title=The Cambridge Ancient History|last=Boardman|first=John|last2=Edwards|first2=I. E. S.|last3=Hammond|first3=N. G. L.|last4=Sollberger|first4=E.|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=|isbn=9780521224963|location=|pages=196|language=en}}</ref>
+Other known locations of this culture are sited at: [[Kakanj]] – Plandište, Papratnica; Visoko – [[Arnautovići (Visoko)|Arnautovići]], [[Okolište (Neolithic site)|Okolište]], and Tuk near [[Zavidovići]]. The Kakanj culture had strong influence on the development of the [[Butmir culture]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YmMMAQAAMAAJ&q=kakanj|title=Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology|date=1967|publisher=C. Bloms|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgeancient06camb|url-access=registration|title=The Cambridge Ancient History|year=1970|last1=Boardman|first1=John|last2=Edwards|first2=I. E. S.|last3=Hammond|first3=N. G. L.|last4=Sollberger|first4=E.|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521224963|pages=[https://archive.org/details/cambridgeancient06camb/page/135 135]|language=en}}</ref>
-== Settlements and artefacts ==
+== Settlements and artifacts ==
-Excavated settlements were not uniform. Site in Obre included rectangular houses with 1 or 2 rooms, foundations made of stone and clay loam walls. Stone tools are predominant, especially molded [[Hatchet|hatchets]]. Tools like spatulas and needles were made out of [[Bone tool|bones]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2019}}
+The excavated settlements were not uniform. The site in Obre included rectangular houses with 1 or 2 rooms, with foundations made of stone and clay loam walls. Stone tools were predominant, especially molded [[hatchet]]s. Tools like spatulas and needles were made out of [[Bone tool|bones]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TDJdDwAAQBAJ&q=Kakanj&pg=PA248|title=Macmillan Dictionary of Archaeology|last=Whitehouse|first=Ruth D.|date=2016-02-24|publisher=Macmillan International Higher Education|isbn=9781349075898|pages=248|language=en}}</ref>
-[[Pottery]] is versatile, coarse and monochrome.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.ba/books?id=vXljf8JqmkoC&pg=PA196&dq=kakanj+culture&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiAls2PkN3lAhUqShUIHeawDEUQ6AEIMDAB#v=onepage&q=Danilo-Kakanj&f=false|title=The Cambridge Ancient History|last=Boardman|first=John|last2=Edwards|first2=I. E. S.|last3=Hammond|first3=N. G. L.|last4=Sollberger|first4=E.|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=|isbn=9780521224963|location=|pages=113|language=en}}</ref> The surface of the monochrome ceramics is well polished, as is in Butmir culture. The shapes include vessels with tall hollow conical stems, alongside bowls with thicker rims and 4-foot [[Rhyton|rhytons]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.ba/books?id=vXljf8JqmkoC&pg=PA196&dq=kakanj+culture&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiAls2PkN3lAhUqShUIHeawDEUQ6AEIMDAB#v=onepage&q=Kakanj&f=false|title=The Cambridge Ancient History|last=Boardman|first=John|last2=Edwards|first2=I. E. S.|last3=Hammond|first3=N. G. L.|last4=Sollberger|first4=E.|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=|isbn=9780521224963|location=|pages=113|language=en}}</ref> Plastic is poorly represented.
+The [[pottery]] was versatile, coarse, and monochrome.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgeancient02edwa|url-access=registration|title=The Cambridge Ancient History|year=1970|last1=Boardman|first1=John|last2=Edwards|first2=I. E. S.|last3=Hammond|first3=N. G. L.|last4=Sollberger|first4=E.|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521224963|pages=[https://archive.org/details/cambridgeancient02edwa/page/113 113]|language=en}}</ref> The surface of the monochrome ceramics was well polished, as is in Butmir culture. The shapes included vessels with tall hollow conical stems, alongside bowls with thicker rims and 4-foot [[rhyton]]s.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgeancient02edwa|url-access=registration|title=The Cambridge Ancient History|year=1970|last1=Boardman|first1=John|last2=Edwards|first2=I. E. S.|last3=Hammond|first3=N. G. L.|last4=Sollberger|first4=E.|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521224963|pages=[https://archive.org/details/cambridgeancient02edwa/page/113 113]|language=en}}</ref> Plastic was poorly represented.
-== See Also ==
+== See also ==
 * [[Butmir culture]]
@@ Line 24: / Line 26: @@
 * [https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/obre Obre] {{Mdash}} encyclopedia.com
 * [https://ksckakanj.ba/artefakti-pronadeni-1954-godine-na-lokalitetu-plandista-vraceni-na-revers-u-muzej-kaknja/ Pictures of artefacts found at Plandište]
+* [http://www.anubih.ba/godisnjak/god43/Godisnjak%2043-1.pdf New radiocarbon dates for the Neolithic period in Bosnia & Herzegovina]
 {{Neolithic Europe}}
-[[Category:Kakanj]]
-[[Category:Archaeological cultures of Southeastern Europe]]
+[[Category:History of Kakanj]]
+[[Category:Archaeological cultures of Europe]]
 [[Category:Archaeological cultures in Bosnia and Herzegovina]]
 [[Category:Neolithic cultures of Europe]]

v t e Neolithic Europe (including the Chalcolithic)
↑ Mesolithic Europe ↑
Horizons	Cardium pottery Corded Ware culture First Temperate Neolithic Linear Pottery culture (LBK)
Cultures	Baden Beaker Boian Butmir Cernavodă Cerny Chasséen Cortaillod Coțofeni Cucuteni–Trypillia Danilo Decea Mureşului Dudești Funnelbeaker Gaudo Globular Amphora Gornești Gumelnița–Karanovo Hamangia Horgen Kakanj Karanovo Lengyel Narva Neman Petrești Pit–Comb Ware Pitted Ware Pfyn Rössen Rzucewo Seine–Oise–Marne Sesklo Sopot Sredny Stog Starčevo–Körös–Criș Starčevo Körös Criş Tisza Tiszapolgár Varna Vinča Vučedol Wartberg Windmill Hill
Monumental architecture	Bank barrow Causewayed enclosure Cist Cursus Dolmen Great dolmen Guardian stones Henge Long barrow Megalith Megalithic entrance Menhir Passage grave Polygonal dolmen Rectangular dolmen Rondel Round barrow Simple dolmen Statue menhir Stone circle Stone row Timber circle Tor enclosure Unchambered long barrow
Technology	Grooved ware Lithic industries Metallurgy Neolithic long house Unstan ware
Concepts	Danubian culture Secondary products revolution Old Europe Proto-Indo-Europeans
↓ Bronze Age Europe ↓