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Catholic Action are groups of lay Catholics who advocate for increased Catholic influence on society. They were especially active in the nineteenth century in historically Catholic countries under anti-clerical regimes such as Spain, Italy, Bavaria, France, and Belgium.

In 1934, Adolf Hitler ordered the murder of Erich Klausener, head of a Catholic Action group in Nazi Germany, during the Night of the Long Knives.

Catholic Action is not a political party in and of itself; however, in many times and places, these movements have engaged in political activities. Since World War II, the concept has often been supplanted by Christian Democrat parties that were organised to combat Communist parties and promote Catholic social justice principles in places such as Italy and West Germany.^[1]

Catholic Action generally includes various subgroups for youth, women, workers, etc. In the postwar period, the various national Catholic Action organizations for workers formed the World Movement of Christian Workers, which remains active today as a voice within the Church and in society for working class Catholics.^[2]

History

The Catholic Action movement has its beginnings in the latter part of the 19th century as efforts to counteract a rise in anti-clerical sentiment, especially in Europe.^[3]

A variety of diverse groups formed under the concept of Catholic Action. These include the Young Christian Workers, the Young Christian Students; the Cursillo movement, RENEW International; the Legion of Mary; Sodalities; the Christian Family Movement; various community organizing groups like COPS (Communities Organized for Public Service) in San Antonio, and Friendship House in Harlem, an early influence on Thomas Merton.^[3]

Examples

Around 1912, as a curate in a parish in Laeken, on the outskirts of Brussels, Joseph Cardijn, who dedicated his ministry to aid the working class, founded for the young seamstresses a branch of the Needleworkers' Trade Union.^[4] In 1919 he founded the Young Trade Unionists. In 1924, the name of the organization was changed to "Jeunesse Ouvrière Chrétienne", the Young Christian Workers.^[4] JOC grew throughout the world; its members were often known as "Jocists" (the movement was often called "Jocism"). By 1938, there were 500,000 members throughout Europe;^[5] in 1967, this had increased to 2,000,000 members in 69 countries.^[5]

A fruit of the contemporary Catholic Action movement, the International Catholic Union of the Press UCIP was founded in Belgium in 1927. A year later, the Organization Catholique Internationale du Cinéma (OCIC) was founded in The Netherlands, and the Bureau Catholic International de Radiodiffusion (BCIR), in Germany. It became Unda in 1946. Members of these professional Catholic lay associations, working in the world of the professional media, wanted to unite their efforts against the perceived secularization of society. On the one hand, they believed that the press and the new media of radio and cinema were contributing to secularization. On the other hand, they participated in the secular media in order to use them as a new means of evangelization. They answered a call from God through the church to evangelize the secular mass media, or at least endow them with Gospel values. As a result of the merger of the Catholic media organizations OCIC and Unda, a new organisation was founded in 2001 in Rome called SIGNIS.^[6] In 2014, the Holy See suggested that SIGNIS should also integrate the members of the former International Catholic Union of the Press (UCIP).^{[citation needed]}

Australia

The National Civic Council is an Australian Catholic Action group formed in 1957 out of the Australian Catholic social studies movement under the leadership of B.A. Santamaria. Precursors to the NCC were active in the Australian Labor Party, but were expelled from the party by less conservative members during the 1955 Labor Split. The expelled members of the party went on to form the Australian Labor Party (Anti-Communist) and the subsequent Democratic Labor Party.^[7]

Chile

In Chile, Catholic Action was the name of a nationwide youth movement. Under the aegis of Saint Alberto Hurtado it was responsible for the founding of the Chilean Trade Union Association.^[8]^[9]

Italy

Azione Cattolica is probably the most active Catholic Action group still around today. Catholic Action was particularly well suited to Italy where Catholic party political action was impractical, firstly under the Anti-Clerical Savoyard regime from 1870 until about 1910^[10] and later under the Fascist regime which prohibited independent political parties.

The present association Azione Cattolica was founded in 1867 by Mario Fani and Giovanni Acquaderni with the name of Società della Gioventù Cattolica Italiana (Italian Catholic Youth Society), then reformed during the Mussolini regime when the association was structured into 4 sectors and was called Azione Cattolica.^[11]^[12]^[13]

Catholic Action in other countries

Catholic Action was organised in many other countries, including:

Argentina (still active)^[14]
Brazil (see Alceu Amoroso Lima)^[15]
Canada (see Catherine Doherty)
Croatia (see Croatian Catholic movement)^[16]
France (see La Croix)
Guatemala (see Josefina Alonzo Martínez)
Ireland (see Legion of Mary)
Italy (see Azione Cattolica Italiana)
Lithuania (see Catholic Action Center)
Malta (Azzjoni Kattolika Maltija)
Mexico (Acción Católica Mexicana)^[17]
New Zealand
Poland (See Aleksander Cardinal Kakowski)
Portugal
Philippines (see Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Manila)
Slovenia (see Katoliška akcija)
South Korea
Spain (still active),^[18] where it gave rise to Cursillo under the name Hermandad Obrera de Acción Católica^[19]
United Kingdom
United States (See Friendship House, Catholics for the Common Good and Catholic Worker Movement)

Notes and references

^ Tom Truman, Catholic Action and Politics (London: The Merlin Press, 1960).
^ "A ZENIT DAILY DISPATCH: World Movement of Christian Workers". Eternal Word Television Network. Vatican City: ZENIT International News Agency. September 10, 2006. Archived from the original on 2017-09-25. Retrieved August 19, 2022.
^ ^a ^b Sanna, Emily (June 30, 2015). "A return to Catholic Action". Retrieved August 19, 2022.
^ ^a ^b "Canon Joseph Cardijn - CatholicAuthors.com". www.catholicauthors.com. Retrieved August 19, 2022.
^ ^a ^b "Religion: Jocism". Time. 26 September 1938. Archived from the original on August 26, 2010. Retrieved 2 March 2013.
^ Peter Malone (ed.), The Emergence of SIGNIS (Brussels: 2009).
^ James Franklin, "Catholic Thought and Catholic Action: Dr Paddy Ryan Msc.," Journal of the Australian Catholic Historical Society (1996) 17:44-55 online.
^ Ana Maria Bidegain, "From Catholic Action to Liberation Theology: The Historical Process of the Laity in Latin America in the Twentieth Century" (paper #48 Helen Kellogg Institute for International Studies, 1985)
^ Brian H. Smith, The Church and politics in Chile: challenges to modern Catholicism (Princeton University Press, 2014)
^ For example in the encyclical Custodi di quella fede Pope Leo XIII asked Catholics to become more involved in forms of Catholic Action away from the "Masonic" state: "Masonry has confiscated the inheritance of public charity; fill the void, then, with the treasure of private relief." Para 18, Custodi di Quella Fede
^ Gianfranco Poggi, Catholic Action in Italy (Stanford University Press, 1967)
^ Albert C. O'Brien, "Italian Youth in Conflict: Catholic Action and Fascist Italy, 1929-1931." Catholic Historical Review (1982): 625-635. in JSTOR
^ Kertzer 2014, p. 55-56, 101-102, 125=126, 158-169.
^ "Home". accioncatolica.org.ar.
^ Scott Mainwaring, The Catholic church and politics in Brazil, 1916-1985 (Stanford University Press, 1986)
^ Mark Biondich, "Radical Catholicism and Fascism in Croatia, 1918–1945 1." Totalitarian movements and political religions 8.2 (2007): 383-399.
^ "Home". Acción Catolica Mexicana (in Spanish).
^ "Home". Acción Catolica General (in Spanish).
^ Jones, Anny Brooksbank (1997). Women in Contemporary Spain. Manchester University Press. ISBN 9780719047572.

Sources

IL FERMO PROPOSITO (On Catholic Action in Italy), Pius X, 1905
Kertzer, David I. (2014). The Pope and Mussolini: The Secret History of Pius XI and the Rise of Fascism in Europe. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198716167.

External links

Media related to Catholic Action at Wikimedia Commons

[1] Tom Truman, Catholic Action and Politics (London: The Merlin Press, 1960).

[2] "A ZENIT DAILY DISPATCH: World Movement of Christian Workers". Eternal Word Television Network. Vatican City: ZENIT International News Agency. September 10, 2006. Archived from the original on 2017-09-25. Retrieved August 19, 2022.

[Nieli-3] Sanna, Emily (June 30, 2015). "A return to Catholic Action". Retrieved August 19, 2022.

[cauthors-4] "Canon Joseph Cardijn - CatholicAuthors.com". www.catholicauthors.com. Retrieved August 19, 2022.

[Time-5] "Religion: Jocism". Time. 26 September 1938. Archived from the original on August 26, 2010. Retrieved 2 March 2013.

[6] Peter Malone (ed.), The Emergence of SIGNIS (Brussels: 2009).

[7] James Franklin, "Catholic Thought and Catholic Action: Dr Paddy Ryan Msc.," Journal of the Australian Catholic Historical Society (1996) 17:44-55 online.

[8] Ana Maria Bidegain, "From Catholic Action to Liberation Theology: The Historical Process of the Laity in Latin America in the Twentieth Century" (paper #48 Helen Kellogg Institute for International Studies, 1985)

[9] Brian H. Smith, The Church and politics in Chile: challenges to modern Catholicism (Princeton University Press, 2014)

[custodi-10] For example in the encyclical Custodi di quella fede Pope Leo XIII asked Catholics to become more involved in forms of Catholic Action away from the "Masonic" state: "Masonry has confiscated the inheritance of public charity; fill the void, then, with the treasure of private relief." Para 18, Custodi di Quella Fede

[11] Gianfranco Poggi, Catholic Action in Italy (Stanford University Press, 1967)

[12] Albert C. O'Brien, "Italian Youth in Conflict: Catholic Action and Fascist Italy, 1929-1931." Catholic Historical Review (1982): 625-635. in JSTOR

[FOOTNOTEKertzer201455-56,_101-102,_125=126,_158-169-13] Kertzer 2014, p. 55-56, 101-102, 125=126, 158-169.

[14] "Home". accioncatolica.org.ar.

[15] Scott Mainwaring, The Catholic church and politics in Brazil, 1916-1985 (Stanford University Press, 1986)

[16] Mark Biondich, "Radical Catholicism and Fascism in Croatia, 1918–1945 1." Totalitarian movements and political religions 8.2 (2007): 383-399.

[17] "Home". Acción Catolica Mexicana (in Spanish).

[18] "Home". Acción Catolica General (in Spanish).

[:11-19] Jones, Anny Brooksbank (1997). Women in Contemporary Spain. Manchester University Press. ISBN 9780719047572.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Roman Catholic movement}}
-'''Catholic Action''' was the name of many groups of [[laity|lay]] [[Catholics]] who were attempting to encourage a Catholic influence on society. They were especially active in the nineteenth century in historically Catholic countries that fell under [[anti-clerical]] regimes such as Spain, Italy, Bavaria, France, and Belgium. [[Adolf Hitler]] ordered the murder of [[Erich Klausener]], head of a Catholic Action group in [[Nazi Germany]], during the [[Night of the Long Knives]]. Catholic Action is not a political party in and of itself; however, in many times and places, this distinction has become blurred. Since [[World War II]] the concept has often been eclipsed by [[Christian Democrat]] parties that were organised to combat [[Communist]] parties and promote Catholic social justice principles in places such as Italy and [[West Germany]].<ref>Tom Truman, ''Catholic Action and Politics'' (London: The Merlin Press, 1960).</ref>
+'''Catholic Action''' are groups of [[Catholic laity|lay Catholics]] who advocate for increased Catholic influence on society. They were especially active in the nineteenth century in historically Catholic countries under [[Anti-clericalism|anti-clerical]] regimes such as Spain, Italy, Bavaria, France, and Belgium.
+In 1934, [[Adolf Hitler]] ordered the murder of [[Erich Klausener]], head of a Catholic Action group in [[Nazi Germany]], during the [[Night of the Long Knives]].
-Catholic Action generally included various subgroups for youth, women, workers, etc.  In the postwar period, the various national Catholic Action organizations for workers formed the [[World Movement of Christian Workers]], which remains highly active today as a voice within the Church and in society for working class Catholics.<ref>[https://www.ewtn.com/library/CHISTORY/zworldmove.htm "World Movement of Christian Workers", ''Zenit'', September 10, 2006]</ref>
+Catholic Action is not a political party in and of itself; however, in many times and places, these movements have engaged in political activities. Since [[World War II]], the concept has often been supplanted by [[Christian democracy|Christian Democrat]] parties that were organised to combat [[Communist party|Communist parties]] and promote [[Catholic social teaching|Catholic social justice]] principles in places such as Italy and [[West Germany]].<ref>Tom Truman, ''Catholic Action and Politics'' (London: The Merlin Press, 1960).</ref>
+Catholic Action generally includes various subgroups for youth, women, workers, etc. In the postwar period, the various national Catholic Action organizations for workers formed the [[World Movement of Christian Workers]], which remains active today as a voice within the Church and in society for working class Catholics.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 10, 2006 |title=A ZENIT DAILY DISPATCH: World Movement of Christian Workers |url=https://www.ewtn.com/library/CHISTORY/zworldmove.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925210521/https://www.ewtn.com/library/CHISTORY/zworldmove.htm |archive-date=2017-09-25 |accessdate=August 19, 2022 |website=Eternal Word Television Network |publisher=[[ZENIT]] International News Agency |place=Vatican City}}</ref>
 ==History==
-The Catholic Action movement had its beginnings in the latter part of the 19th century as efforts to counteract a rise in anti-clerical sentiment, especially in Europe.<ref name=Nieli>[http://www.uscatholic.org/articles/201506/return-catholic-action-30210 Nieli, Bruce. "A return to Catholic Action", ''US Catholic'', June 30, 2015]</ref>
+The Catholic Action movement has its beginnings in the latter part of the 19th century as efforts to counteract a rise in anti-clerical sentiment, especially in Europe.<ref name=Nieli>{{Cite web|url=https://uscatholic.org/articles/201506/a-return-to-catholic-action/|title=A return to Catholic Action|first=Emily|last=Sanna|date=June 30, 2015|accessdate=August 19, 2022}}</ref>
-A variety of diverse groups formed under the concept of Catholic Action. These would include: the [[Young Christian Workers]], the [[Jeunesse Étudiante Chrétienne|Young Christian Students]]; the [[Cursillo]] movement, RENEW International; the [[Legion of Mary]]; Sodalities; the [[Christian Family Movement]]; various community organizing groups like COPS (Communities Organized for Public Service) in San Antonio, and [[Friendship House]] in Harlem, an early influence on [[Thomas Merton]].<ref name=Nieli/>
+A variety of diverse groups formed under the concept of Catholic Action. These include the [[Young Christian Workers]], the [[Jeunesse Étudiante Chrétienne|Young Christian Students]]; the [[Cursillo]] movement, RENEW International; the [[Legion of Mary]]; [[Sodality|Sodalities]]; the [[Christian Family Movement]]; various community organizing groups like COPS (Communities Organized for Public Service) in San Antonio, and [[Friendship House]] in Harlem, an early influence on [[Thomas Merton]].<ref name=Nieli/>
 ==Examples==
+[[File:Mexican Catholic Action emblems.jpg|thumb|The emblems of Acción Católica Mexicana displayed on altar walls in the temple of Fábrica-María village, [[Otzolotepec]], Mexico. In the 20th century, the movement was enthusiastically supported by the workers of the local textile industry.]]
-Around 1912, as a curate in a parish in Laeken, on the outskirts of Brussels, [[Joseph Cardijn]], who dedicated his ministry to aid the working class, founded for the young seamstresses a branch of the Needleworkers' Trade Union.<ref name=cauthors>[http://www.catholicauthors.com/cardijn.html "Canon Joseph Cardijn", Catholic Authors]</ref>
-In 1919 he started the "Young Trade Unionists". In 1924, the name of the organization was changed to "Jeunesse Ouvrière Chrétienne", the Young Christian Workers.<ref name=cauthors/> JOC grew rapidly throughout the world; its members were often known as "Jocists" (the movement was often called "Jocism"). By 1938, there were 500,000 members throughout Europe;<ref name="Time">{{cite web |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,788809,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100826074514/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,788809,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=August 26, 2010 |title=Religion: Jocism|work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=26 September 1938 |access-date=2 March 2013}}</ref> in 1967, this had increased to 2,000,000 members in 69 countries.<ref name="Time"/>
-[[File:Mexican Catholic Action emblems.jpg|frame|The emblems of Acción Católica Mexicana displayed on the walls of the altar-niche in the temple of Fábrica-María Village, were Catholic Accion movement was widely supported amongst the textile industry workers from the beginning of the XX c.]]
+Around 1912, as a [[curate]] in a parish in [[Laeken]], on the outskirts of Brussels, [[Joseph Cardijn]], who dedicated his ministry to aid the working class, founded for the young seamstresses a branch of the Needleworkers' Trade Union.<ref name=cauthors>{{Cite web|url=http://www.catholicauthors.com/cardijn.html|title=Canon Joseph Cardijn - CatholicAuthors.com|website=www.catholicauthors.com|accessdate=August 19, 2022}}</ref>
-A fruit of the contemporary Catholic Action movement, the International Catholic Union of the Press [[UCIP]] was founded in Belgium in 1927. A year later the Organization Catholique Internationale du Cinéma ([[OCIC]]) came into being in The Netherlands, and the Bureau Catholic International de Radiodiffusion (BCIR), in Germany. It became [[Unda (organization)|Unda]] in 1946.  These professional Catholic lay associations, working in the world of the professional media, wanted to unite their efforts against the [[secularization]] of society. On the one hand, they were aware that the press and the [[new media]] of radio and cinema were contributing to secularization. On the other hand, they also believed that by engaging in the secular [[media (communication)|media]], they could use them as a new means of [[evangelization]]. Efforts had to be made to evangelize the secular mass media, or at least to insert the values of the [[Gospel]] into them. As a result of the merger of the Catholic media organizations OCIC and Unda, a new organisation was founded in 2001 in Rome called [[SIGNIS]].<ref>Peter Malone (ed.), ''The Emergence of SIGNIS'' (Brussels:  2009).</ref> In 2014 the [[Holy See|Vatican]] suggested that SIGNIS should also integrate the members of the former  International Catholic Union of the Press (UCIP), which a few years earlier had lost its recognition by the [[Holy See]] as an official  Catholic organization.{{Cn|date=June 2021}}
+In 1919 he founded the Young Trade Unionists. In 1924, the name of the organization was changed to "Jeunesse Ouvrière Chrétienne", the [[Young Christian Workers]].<ref name=cauthors/> JOC grew throughout the world; its members were often known as "Jocists" (the movement was often called "Jocism"). By 1938, there were 500,000 members throughout Europe;<ref name="Time">{{cite magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,788809,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100826074514/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,788809,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=August 26, 2010 |title=Religion: Jocism|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=26 September 1938 |access-date=2 March 2013}}</ref> in 1967, this had increased to 2,000,000 members in 69 countries.<ref name="Time"/>
+A fruit of the contemporary Catholic Action movement, the International Catholic Union of the Press [[UCIP]] was founded in Belgium in 1927. A year later, the Organization Catholique Internationale du Cinéma ([[OCIC]]) was founded in The Netherlands, and the Bureau Catholic International de Radiodiffusion (BCIR), in Germany. It became [[Unda (organization)|Unda]] in 1946.  Members of these professional Catholic lay associations, working in the world of the professional media, wanted to unite their efforts against the perceived [[secularization]] of society. On the one hand, they believed that the press and the [[new media]] of radio and cinema were contributing to secularization. On the other hand, they participated in the secular [[media (communication)|media]] in order to use them as a new means of [[evangelization]]. They answered a call from God through the church to evangelize the secular [[mass media]], or at least endow them with [[Gospel]] values. As a result of the merger of the Catholic media organizations OCIC and Unda, a new organisation was founded in 2001 in Rome called [[SIGNIS]].<ref>Peter Malone (ed.), ''The Emergence of SIGNIS'' (Brussels:  2009).</ref> In 2014, the [[Holy See]] suggested that SIGNIS should also integrate the members of the former International Catholic Union of the Press (UCIP).{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}}
 ==Australia==
-{{main|Democratic Labor Party (historical)}}
+{{main|Democratic Labor Party (Australia, 1955)}}
-The [[National Civic Council]] is an Australian Catholic Action group formed in 1957 out of the Australian Catholic social studies movement under the leadership of [[B.A. Santamaria]]. Precursors to the NCC were active in the [[Australian Labor Party]], but were expelled from the party by less conservative members during the [[Australian Labor Party split of 1955|1955 Labor Split]]. The expelled members of the party went on to form the [[Australian Labor Party (Anti-Communist)]] and the subsequent [[Democratic Labor Party (historical)|Democratic Labor Party]].<ref>James Franklin, "Catholic Thought and Catholic Action: Dr Paddy Ryan Msc.," ''Journal of the Australian Catholic Historical Society'' (1996)  17:44-55 [http://web.maths.unsw.edu.au/~jim/ryan.pdf online].</ref>
+The [[National Civic Council]] is an Australian Catholic Action group formed in 1957 out of the Australian Catholic social studies movement under the leadership of [[B. A. Santamaria|B.A. Santamaria]]. Precursors to the NCC were active in the [[Australian Labor Party]], but were expelled from the party by less conservative members during the [[Australian Labor Party split of 1955|1955 Labor Split]]. The expelled members of the party went on to form the [[Australian Labor Party (Anti-Communist)]] and the subsequent [[Democratic Labor Party (Australia, 1955)|Democratic Labor Party]].<ref>James Franklin, "Catholic Thought and Catholic Action: Dr Paddy Ryan Msc.," ''Journal of the Australian Catholic Historical Society'' (1996)  17:44-55 [http://web.maths.unsw.edu.au/~jim/ryan.pdf online].</ref>
 ==Chile==
@@ Line 26: / Line 32: @@
 {{main|Azione Cattolica}}
-[[Azione Cattolica]] is probably the most active Catholic Action group still around today. Catholic Action was particularly well suited to Italy where Catholic party political action was impractical, firstly under the Anti-Clerical [[Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)|Savoyard]] regime from 1870 until about 1910<ref name="custodi">For example in the encyclical [[Custodi di quella fede]] [[Pope Leo XIII]] asked Catholics to become more involved in forms of Catholic Action away from the "Masonic" state: "Masonry has confiscated the inheritance of public charity; fill the void, then, with the treasure of private relief." Para 18, [http://www.ewtn.com/library/ENCYC/L13MS3.HTM Custodi di Quella Fede]</ref> and later under the [[Fascist]] regime which prohibited independent political parties.
+[[Azione Cattolica]] is probably the most active Catholic Action group still around today. Catholic Action was particularly well suited to Italy where Catholic party political action was impractical, firstly under the Anti-Clerical [[Kingdom of Italy|Savoyard]] regime from 1870 until about 1910<ref name="custodi">For example in the encyclical [[Custodi di quella fede]] [[Pope Leo XIII]] asked Catholics to become more involved in forms of Catholic Action away from the "Masonic" state: "Masonry has confiscated the inheritance of public charity; fill the void, then, with the treasure of private relief." Para 18, [http://www.ewtn.com/library/ENCYC/L13MS3.HTM Custodi di Quella Fede]</ref> and later under the [[Fascist]] regime which prohibited independent political parties.
-The present association ''Azione Cattolica'' was founded in 1867 by Mario Fani and Giovanni Acquaderni with the name of ''Società della Gioventù Cattolica Italiana'' (Italian Catholic Youth Society), then reformed during the Mussolini regime when the association was structured into 4 sectors and was called Azione Cattolica.<ref>Gianfranco Poggi, ''Catholic Action in Italy'' (Stanford University Press, 1967)</ref><ref>Albert C. O'Brien, "Italian Youth in Conflict: Catholic Action and Fascist Italy, 1929-1931." ''Catholic Historical Review'' (1982): 625-635. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/25021460 in JSTOR]</ref>{{sfn|Kertzer|2014|p=55-56, 101-102, 125=126, 158-169}}
+The present association ''Azione Cattolica'' was founded in 1867 by Mario Fani and Giovanni Acquaderni with the name of ''Società della Gioventù Cattolica Italiana'' (Italian Catholic Youth Society), then reformed during the [[Mussolini government|Mussolini regime]] when the association was structured into 4 sectors and was called Azione Cattolica.<ref>Gianfranco Poggi, ''Catholic Action in Italy'' (Stanford University Press, 1967)</ref><ref>Albert C. O'Brien, "Italian Youth in Conflict: Catholic Action and Fascist Italy, 1929-1931." ''Catholic Historical Review'' (1982): 625-635. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/25021460 in JSTOR]</ref>{{sfn|Kertzer|2014|p=55-56, 101-102, 125=126, 158-169}}
 ==Catholic Action in other countries==
 {{More citations needed section|date=June 2021}}
 Catholic Action was organised in many other countries, including:
-* Argentina (still active)<ref>http://www.accioncatolica.org.ar/</ref>
+* Argentina (still active)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.accioncatolica.org.ar/ |title=Home |website=accioncatolica.org.ar}}</ref>
 * Brazil (see [[Alceu Amoroso Lima]])<ref>Scott Mainwaring, ''The Catholic church and politics in Brazil, 1916-1985'' (Stanford University Press, 1986)</ref>
 * Canada (see [[Catherine Doherty]])
 * Croatia (see [[Croatian Catholic movement]])<ref>Mark Biondich, "Radical Catholicism and Fascism in Croatia, 1918–1945 1." ''Totalitarian movements and political religions'' 8.2 (2007): 383-399.</ref>
-* France (see [[La Croix]])
+* France (see [[La Croix (newspaper)|La Croix]])
+* Guatemala (see [[Josefina Alonzo Martínez]])
 * Ireland (see [[Legion of Mary]])
+* Italy (see [[Azione Cattolica|Azione Cattolica Italiana]])
+* Lithuania (see [[Catholic Action Center]])
 * Malta (Azzjoni Kattolika Maltija)
-* Mexico (Acción Católica Mexicana)<ref>http://http:www.accioncatolicamexicana.net</ref>
+* Mexico (Acción Católica Mexicana)<ref>{{cite web |title=Home |url=http://www.accioncatolicamexicana.net/ |website=Acción Catolica Mexicana |language=es}}</ref>
 * New Zealand
 * Poland (See [[Aleksander Kakowski|Aleksander Cardinal Kakowski]])
 * Portugal
 * Philippines (see [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Manila]])
+* Slovenia (see [https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katoli%C5%A1ka_akcija Katoliška akcija])
 * South Korea
-* Spain (still active),<ref>http://www.accioncatolicageneral.es/</ref> where it gave rise to [[Cursillo]] under the name Hermandad Obrera de Acción Católica<ref name=":11">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/womenincontempor0000broo|url-access=registration|title=Women in Contemporary Spain|last=Jones|first=Anny Brooksbank|date=1997|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=9780719047572|language=en}}</ref>
+* Spain (still active),<ref>{{cite web |title=Home |url=http://www.accioncatolicageneral.es/ |website=Acción Catolica General |language=es}}</ref> where it gave rise to [[Cursillo]] under the name [https://www.hoac.es Hermandad Obrera de Acción Católica]<ref name=":11">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/womenincontempor0000broo|url-access=registration|title=Women in Contemporary Spain|last=Jones|first=Anny Brooksbank|date=1997|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=9780719047572|language=en}}</ref>
 * United Kingdom
 * United States (See [[Friendship House]], Catholics for the Common Good and [[Catholic Worker Movement]])
 ==See also==
+{{div col}}
-*[[Bartolome Blanco Marquez]], Youth leader of Catholic Action and [[martyr]] of the [[Spanish Civil War]]
-*[[Student Catholic Action]]
-*[[Political catholicism]]
 *[[Catholic social teaching]]
-*[[Manuel Aparici Navarro]]
-*[[Pascual Abaj]]
 *[[Corporatism]]
+*[[Political catholicism]]
+*[[Student Catholic Action]]
+*[[Pascual Abaj]]
+*[[Manuel Aparici Navarro]]
+*[[Bartolome Blanco Marquez]], Youth leader of Catholic Action and [[martyr]] of the [[Spanish Civil War]]
+{{div col end}}
 ==Notes and references==
@@ Line 65: / Line 77: @@
 * [http://www.ewtn.com/library/ENCYC/P10FERMO.HTM IL FERMO PROPOSITO (On Catholic Action in Italy)], [[Pius X]], 1905
 * {{Cite book|last=Kertzer|first=David I.|author-link=David Kertzer|title=The Pope and Mussolini: The Secret History of Pius XI and the Rise of Fascism in Europe|year=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780198716167|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xc3QAgAAQBAJ}}
+==External links==
+{{Commons category-inline}}
 {{Catholic laity}}
 {{Authority control}}
-[[Category:Anti-fascist organizations]]
 [[Category:Catholic advocacy groups]]
+[[Category:Catholic lay organisations]]
+[[Category:19th-century Catholicism]]
+[[Category:20th-century Catholicism]]
+[[Category:Catholic social teaching]]
+[[Category:Catholic trade unions]]

Authority control databases
International	VIAF
National	Czech Republic Chile
Other	Historical Dictionary of Switzerland