Passalidae: Difference between revisions

Passalidae; Temporal range: Cenomanian–Recent PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
	Adult Odontotaenius disjunctus
	Larva of Odontotaenius disjunctus
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Coleoptera
Suborder:	Polyphaga
Infraorder:	Scarabaeiformia
Superfamily:	Scarabaeoidea
Family:	Passalidae; Leach, 1815
Genera
	Didimus; Mastochilus; Odontotaenius; Passalus; Pharochilus; Ptichopus many more
Diversity
	> 500 species

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Passalidae is a family of beetles known variously as "bessbugs",^[1] "bess beetles",^[1] "betsy beetles"^[1] or "horned passalus beetles". Nearly all of the 500-odd species are tropical; species found in North America are notable for their size, ranging from 20 to 43 mm, for having a single "horn" on the head, and for a form of social behavior unusual among beetles.

Bodies are elongate-cylindrical and black overall; ventral surfaces may be covered with yellow setae. The head is narrower than the thorax, with antennae consisting of 10 antennomeres with a three-segment club. The elytra are elongate with parallel sides, and heavily striated.

They are subsocial (brood caring) beetles that live in groups within rotting logs or stumps.^[2] The beetles will excavate tunnel systems within rotting wood where the females then lay their eggs.^[3] They care for their young by preparing food for them and helping the larvae construct the pupal case. Both adults and larvae must consume adult feces which have been further digested by microflora for a time; an arrangement that might be described as a sort of external rumen.

They are also able to produce fourteen acoustical signals, more than many vertebrates. Adults produce the sounds by rubbing the upper surface of the abdomen against the hind wings. The larvae produce the sounds by rubbing the third leg against a striated area on the coxa of the second leg.

While the taxonomy of Nearctic species is well-known (four species in the US, and 90 in Mexico), bess beetles in other parts of the world need further study.

Of North American species, Odontotaenius disjunctus (synonym: Popilius disjunctus) is the familiar bessbug found throughout the eastern US and Canada, while O. floridanus has only been found in Florida on sand hills that used to be islands when Florida was flooded thousands of years ago. Ptichopus angulatus was recently^[when?] discovered near the border of Mexico in Arizona. Its habitat is south to Colombia and it is commonly associated with the detritus chambers of leafcutter ant nests (Atta spp.). Two other species were reported from Arizona at the beginning of the 20th century, but have not been seen there since that time; they may have been brought from Mexico by a train hauling firewood.

The oldest records of the family go back to the Cretaceous, with the genus Ceracyclus known from two species found in the Cenomanian aged Burmese amber; the genus appears to be closely related to the living genus Cylindrocaulus.^[4] The family has been suggested to have a close relationship with the extinct family Passalopalpidae.^[5]

Genera

Aceraius [es] – Analaches [es] – Aponelides – Aulacocyclus [es] – Austropassalus [es] – Basilianus [es] – Cacoius – Ceracupes – Cetejus [es] – Cicernonius – Comacupes [es] – Cylindrocaulus – Didimus – Epishenus – Episphenoides – Eumelosomus – Flaminius – Gonatas [es] – Heliscus – Hincksius – Labienus [es] – Leptaulax [es] – Macrolinus [es] – Malagasulus – Mastochilus – Neleides – Neleuops – Nelues – Ninus – Odontotaenius – Ogyges [es] – Oileus – Ophrygonius – Orgyes – Paratiberioides – Passalus – Passipassalus – Paxillus [es] – Pelopides [es] – Pelops – Pentalobus – Petrejoides [es] – Petrejus – Pharochilus – Phoroneus – Plesthenus – Pleurarius – Popilius – Proculejus – Proculus [es] – Protomocoelus – Pseudepisphenus [es] – Pseudoarrox [es] – Ptichopus – Publius [es] – Rhodocanthopus – Semicyclus [es] – Solenocyclus [es] – Spasalus [es] – Spurius – Taeniocerus [es] – Tarquinius [es] – Tiberioides – Trichopleurus – Undulifer – Verres – Veturius [es] – Vindex – Vitellinus [es] – Xylopassaloides [es]

Selected species

Genus Aceraius

Aceraius grandis

Genus Aulacocyclus

Aulacocyclus edentulus

Genus Ceracupes

Ceracupes arrowi

Genus Chondrocephalus

Chondrocephalus debilis

Chondrocephalus granulifrons

Genus Cylindrocaulus

Cylindrocaulus patalis

Genus Didimus

Didimus laevis

Didimus parastictus

Genus Heliscus

Heliscus tropicus

Genus Leptaulax

Leptaulax bicolor

Genus Odontotaenius

Odontotaenius disjunctus (patent-leather beetle)

Odontotaenius floridanus

Odontotaenius striatopunctatus

Genus Ogyges

Ogyges laevior

Genus Oileus

Oileus rimator

Genus Passalus

Passalus affinis

Passalus caelatus

Passalus elfriedae

Passalus inops

Passalus interruptus

Passalus interstitialis

Passalus jansoni

Passalus latifrons

Passalus pugionifer

Passalus punctatostriatus

Passalus punctiger

Passalus spiniger

Passalus unicornis

Genus Paxillus

Paxillus leachi

Paxillus pentataphylloides

Genus Pentalobus

Pentalobus barbatus

Genus Petrejoides

Petrejoides orizabae

Genus Popilius

Popilius eclipticus

Genus Proculus

Proculus burmeisteri

Proculus mniszechi

Genus Ptichopus

Ptichopus angulatus

Genus Publius

Publius agassizi

Genus Spasalus

Spasalus crenatus

Genus Spurius

Spurius bicornis

Genus Verres

Verres corticicola

Verres hageni

Genus Veturius

Veturius transversus

Footnotes

^ ^a ^b ^c John L. Foltz (2001-07-08). "Family Identification. Coleoptera: Passalidae". University of Florida. Archived from the original on 2008-12-18.
^ "Generic Guide to New World Scarab Beetles-Scarabaeoidea-Passalidae Overview". www.museum.unl.edu. Retrieved 2017-01-22.
^ "What Are Bess Beetles?". About.com Education. Retrieved 2017-01-22.
^ Boucher, Stéphane Verfasser (2017). Ceracyclini, tribe nov. of Passalidae Aulacocyclinae for Cylindrocaulus Fairmaire and Ceracyclus, gen. nov., with two new species from the Cenomanian Burmese amber (Coleoptera, Scarabaeoidea). Les Cahiers Magellanes. ISBN 978-2-35387-135-3. OCLC 1098209160. {{cite book}}: |last= has generic name (help)
^ Boucher, Stéphane; Bai, Ming; Wang, Bo; Zhang, Weiwei; Yang, Xingke (September 2016). "†Passalopalpidae, a new family from the Cretaceous Burmese amber, as the possible sister group of Passalidae Leach (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea)". Cretaceous Research. 64: 67–78. Bibcode:2016CrRes..64...67B. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2016.03.017.

References

Jack C. Schuster, "Passalidae", in Ross H. Arnett Jr. and Michael C. Thomas, American Beetles (CRC Press, 2002), vol. 2
BugGuide Passalidae

External links

Odontotaenius disjunctus on the UF / IFAS Featured Creatures Web site
Sound recording of Passalidae at BioAcoustica

[Florida-1] John L. Foltz (2001-07-08). "Family Identification. Coleoptera: Passalidae". University of Florida. Archived from the original on 2008-12-18.

[2] "Generic Guide to New World Scarab Beetles-Scarabaeoidea-Passalidae Overview". www.museum.unl.edu. Retrieved 2017-01-22.

[3] "What Are Bess Beetles?". About.com Education. Retrieved 2017-01-22.

[4] Boucher, Stéphane Verfasser (2017). Ceracyclini, tribe nov. of Passalidae Aulacocyclinae for Cylindrocaulus Fairmaire and Ceracyclus, gen. nov., with two new species from the Cenomanian Burmese amber (Coleoptera, Scarabaeoidea). Les Cahiers Magellanes. ISBN 978-2-35387-135-3. OCLC 1098209160. {{cite book}}: |last= has generic name (help)

[5] Boucher, Stéphane; Bai, Ming; Wang, Bo; Zhang, Weiwei; Yang, Xingke (September 2016). "†Passalopalpidae, a new family from the Cretaceous Burmese amber, as the possible sister group of Passalidae Leach (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea)". Cretaceous Research. 64: 67–78. Bibcode:2016CrRes..64...67B. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2016.03.017.

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[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Family of beetles}}
-{{Taxobox
+{{Automatic taxobox
 | image = Beetle-Bessbug.jpg
-| image_width = 250px
 | image_caption = Adult ''[[Odontotaenius disjunctus]]''
 | image2 = Bessbuglarva2654.jpg
-| image2_width = 250px
 | image2_caption = Larva of ''[[Odontotaenius disjunctus]]''
+| oldest_fossil = Cenomanian
-| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
+| taxon = Passalidae
-| phylum = [[Arthropod]]a
+| authority = [[William Elford Leach|Leach]], 1815
-| classis = [[Insect]]a
+| display_parents = 3
-| ordo = [[Beetle|Coleoptera]]
-| superfamilia = [[Scarabaeoidea]]
-| familia = '''Passalidae'''
-| familia_authority = [[William Elford Leach|Leach]], 1815
 | diversity_link =
 | diversity = > 500 species
 | subdivision_ranks = Genera
 | subdivision =
+''[[Didimus]]''<br />
 ''[[Mastochilus]]''<br />
 ''[[Odontotaenius]]''<br />
@@ Line 22: / Line 19: @@
 ''[[Pharochilus]]''<br />
 ''[[Ptichopus]]''
-:''many more''
+:many more
 }}
-'''Passalidae''' is a [[Family (biology)|family]] of [[beetle]]s known variously as "bessbugs",<ref name="Florida">{{cite web |url=http://eny3005.ifas.ufl.edu/lab1/Coleoptera/Passalid.htm |title=Family Identification. Coleoptera: Passalidae |author=John L. Foltz |publisher=[[University of Florida]] |date=2001-07-08}}</ref> "bess beetles",<ref name="Florida"/> "betsy beetles"<ref name="Florida"/> or "horned passalus beetles". Nearly all of the 500-odd species are tropical; species found in [[North America]] are notable for their size, ranging from 20–43&nbsp;mm, for having a single "horn" on the head, and for a form of [[social behavior]] unusual among beetles.
+'''Passalidae''' is a [[Family (biology)|family]] of [[beetle]]s known variously as "'''bessbugs'''",<ref name="Florida">{{cite web |url=http://eny3005.ifas.ufl.edu/lab1/Coleoptera/Passalid.htm |title=Family Identification. Coleoptera: Passalidae |author=John L. Foltz |publisher=[[University of Florida]] |date=2001-07-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218143544/http://eny3005.ifas.ufl.edu/lab1/Coleoptera/Passalid.htm |archive-date=2008-12-18 }}</ref> "bess beetles",<ref name="Florida"/> "betsy beetles"<ref name="Florida"/> or "horned passalus beetles". Nearly all of the 500-odd species are tropical; species found in [[North America]] are notable for their size, ranging from 20 to 43&nbsp;mm, for having a single "horn" on the head, and for a form of [[social behavior]] unusual among beetles.
-Bodies elongate-cylindrical and black overall; ventral surfaces may be covered with yellow [[setae]]. The head is narrower than the thorax, with [[antenna (biology)|antennae]] consisting of 10 [[antennomere]]s with a three-segment club. The [[elytra]] are elongate with parallel sides, and heavily striated.
+Bodies are elongate-cylindrical and black overall; ventral surfaces may be covered with yellow [[setae]]. The head is narrower than the thorax, with [[antenna (biology)|antennae]] consisting of 10 [[antennomere]]s with a three-segment club. The [[elytra]] are elongate with parallel sides, and heavily striated.
-They are [[Eusociality|subsocial]] (brood caring) beetles living in groups in rotting logs. They care for their young by preparing food for them and helping the [[larva]]e construct the [[pupa|pupal case]]. Both adults and larvae must consume adult feces which have been further digested by [[Flora (microbiology)|microflora]] for a time; an arrangement that might be described as a sort of external [[rumen]].
+They are [[Sociality#Subsocial|subsocial]] (brood caring) beetles that live in groups within rotting logs or stumps.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.museum.unl.edu/research/entomology/Guide/Scarabaeoidea/Passalidae/Passalidae-Overview/PassalidaeO.html|title=Generic Guide to New World Scarab Beetles-Scarabaeoidea-Passalidae Overview|website=www.museum.unl.edu|access-date=2017-01-22}}</ref> The beetles will excavate tunnel systems within rotting wood where the females then lay their eggs.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://insects.about.com/od/beetles/p/Bess-Beetles-Family-Passalidae.htm|title=What Are Bess Beetles?|newspaper=About.com Education|access-date=2017-01-22}}</ref> They care for their young by preparing food for them and helping the [[larva]]e construct the [[pupa|pupal case]]. Both adults and larvae must consume adult feces which have been further digested by [[Flora (microbiology)|microflora]] for a time; an arrangement that might be described as a sort of external [[rumen]].
-In addition, they are also able to produce fourteen [[Animal communication|acoustical signals]], more than many [[vertebrate]]s.  Adults produce the sounds by rubbing the upper surface of the [[abdomen]] against the [[insect wing|hind wings]].  The larvae produce the sounds by rubbing the third leg against a striated area on the [[Arthropod coxa|coxa]] of the second leg.
+They are also able to produce fourteen [[Animal communication|acoustical signals]], more than many [[vertebrate]]s.  Adults produce the sounds by rubbing the upper surface of the [[abdomen]] against the [[insect wing|hind wings]]. The larvae produce the sounds by rubbing the third leg against a striated area on the [[Arthropod coxa|coxa]] of the second leg.
 While the [[Taxonomy (biology)|taxonomy]] of [[Nearctic]] species is well-known (four species in the US, and 90 in Mexico), bess beetles in other parts of the world need further study.
-Of North American species, ''[[Odontotaenius disjunctus]]'' (''synonym: Popilius disjunctus'') is the familiar bessbug found throughout the eastern US and Canada,  while ''O. floridanus'' has only been found in [[Florida]] on sand hills that used to be islands when Florida was flooded thousands of years ago.  ''Ptichopus angulatus'' was recently discovered near the border of [[Mexico]] in [[Arizona]].  Its habitat is south to [[Colombia]] and it is commonly associated with the detritus chambers of [[leafcutter ant]] nests (''Atta'' spp.).  Two other species were reported from Arizona at the beginning of the 20th century, but have not been seen there since that time; they may have been brought from Mexico by a train hauling firewood.
+Of North American species, ''[[Odontotaenius disjunctus]]'' (''synonym: Popilius disjunctus'') is the familiar bessbug found throughout the eastern US and Canada, while ''O. floridanus'' has only been found in [[Florida]] on sand hills that used to be islands when Florida was flooded thousands of years ago.  ''Ptichopus angulatus'' was recently{{When|date=March 2023}} discovered near the border of [[Mexico]] in [[Arizona]]. Its habitat is south to [[Colombia]] and it is commonly associated with the detritus chambers of [[leafcutter ant]] nests (''Atta'' spp.). Two other species were reported from Arizona at the beginning of the 20th century, but have not been seen there since that time; they may have been brought from Mexico by a train hauling firewood.
+The oldest records of the family go back to the Cretaceous, with the genus ''[[Ceracyclus]]'' known from two species found in the [[Cenomanian]] aged [[Burmese amber]]; the genus appears to be closely related to the living genus ''[[Cylindrocaulus]]''.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Boucher, Stéphane Verfasser|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320557651|title=Ceracyclini, tribe nov. of Passalidae Aulacocyclinae for Cylindrocaulus Fairmaire and Ceracyclus, gen. nov., with two new species from the Cenomanian Burmese amber (Coleoptera, Scarabaeoidea)|publisher=Les Cahiers Magellanes|year=2017|isbn=978-2-35387-135-3|oclc=1098209160}}</ref> The family has been suggested to have a close relationship with the extinct family [[Passalopalpidae]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Boucher|first1=Stéphane|last2=Bai|first2=Ming|last3=Wang|first3=Bo|last4=Zhang|first4=Weiwei|last5=Yang|first5=Xingke|date=September 2016|title=†Passalopalpidae, a new family from the Cretaceous Burmese amber, as the possible sister group of Passalidae Leach (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea)|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0195667116300477|journal=Cretaceous Research|language=en|volume=64|pages=67–78|doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2016.03.017|bibcode=2016CrRes..64...67B }}</ref>
+==Genera==
+*''{{ill|Aceraius|es}} – {{ill|Analaches|es}} – [[Aponelides]] – {{ill|Aulacocyclus|es}} – {{ill|Austropassalus|es}} – {{ill|Basilianus (genus)|lt=Basilianus|es|Basilianus}} – [[Cacoius]] – [[Ceracupes]] – {{ill|Cetejus|es}} – [[Cicernonius]] – {{ill|Comacupes|es}} – [[Cylindrocaulus]] – [[Didimus]] – [[Epishenus]] – [[Episphenoides]] – [[Eumelosomus]] – [[Flaminius (genus)|Flaminius]] – {{ill|Gonatas|es}} – [[Heliscus]] – [[Hincksius]] – {{ill|Labienus (genus)|lt=Labienus|es|Labienus}} – {{ill|Leptaulax|es}} – {{ill|Macrolinus|es}} – [[Malagasulus]] – [[Mastochilus]] – [[Neleides (genus)|Neleides]] – [[Neleuops]] – [[Nelues]] – [[Ninus (genus)|Ninus]] – [[Odontotaenius]] – {{ill|Ogyges (genus)|lt=Ogyges|es|Ogyges}} – [[Oileus (genus)|Oileus]] – [[Ophrygonius]] – [[Orgyes]] – [[Paratiberioides]] – [[Passalus]] – [[Passipassalus]] – {{ill|Paxillus (beetle)|lt=Paxillus|es|Paxillus (animal)}} – {{ill|Pelopides|es}} – [[Pelops (genus)|Pelops]] – [[Pentalobus]] – {{ill|Petrejoides|es}} – [[Petrejus]] – [[Pharochilus]] – [[Phoroneus (genus)|Phoroneus]] – [[Plesthenus]] – [[Pleurarius]] – [[Popilius (genus)|Popilius]] – [[Proculejus]] – {{ill|Proculus (genus)|lt=Proculus|es|Proculus (animal)}} – [[Protomocoelus]] – {{ill|Pseudepisphenus|es}} – {{ill|Pseudoarrox|es}} – [[Ptichopus]] – {{ill|Publius (genus)|lt=Publius|es|Veturius (Publius)}} – [[Rhodocanthopus]] – {{ill|Semicyclus|es}} – {{ill|Solenocyclus|es}} – {{ill|Spasalus|es}} – [[Spurius]] – {{ill|Taeniocerus|es}} – {{ill|Tarquinius (genus)|lt=Tarquinius|es|Tarquinius}} – [[Tiberioides]] – [[Trichopleurus]] – [[Undulifer]] – [[Verres (genus)|Verres]] – {{ill|Veturius|es}} – [[Vindex (genus)|Vindex]] – {{ill|Vitellinus|es}} – {{ill|Xylopassaloides|es}}''
 ==Selected species==
 *Genus ''[[Aceraius]]''
+[[File:Aceraius laevicollis - Mindanao, Philippines.jpg|thumb|''[[Aceraius laevicollis]]'' from under a rotten log in [[Mindanao]], [[Philippines]]]]
 :''[[Aceraius grandis]]''
+*Genus ''[[Aulacocyclus]]''
+:''[[Aulacocyclus edentulus]]''
 *Genus ''[[Ceracupes]]''
 :''[[Ceracupes arrowi]]''
@@ Line 47: / Line 52: @@
 *Genus ''[[Cylindrocaulus]]''
 :''[[Cylindrocaulus patalis]]''
+*Genus ''[[Didimus]]''
+:''[[Didimus laevis]]''
+:''[[Didimus parastictus]]''
 *Genus ''[[Heliscus]]''
 :''[[Heliscus tropicus]]''
@@ Line 80: / Line 88: @@
 *Genus ''[[Petrejoides]]''
 :''[[Petrejoides orizabae]]''
-*Genus ''[[Popilius]]''
+*Genus ''[[Popilius (beetle)|Popilius]]''
 :''[[Popilius eclipticus]]''
 *Genus ''[[Proculus (genus)|Proculus]]''
@@ Line 98: / Line 106: @@
 *Genus ''[[Veturius]]''
 :''[[Veturius transversus]]''
+==See also==
+*''[[Austroplatypus incompertus]]'', an unrelated species that also lives in wood and shows sociality
 ==Footnotes==
-{{reflist}}
+{{Reflist}}
 ==References==
-* Jack C. Schuster, "Passalidae", in [[Ross H. Arnett, Jr.]] and [[Michael C. Thomas]], ''[[American Beetles]]'' (CRC Press, 2002), vol. 2
+* Jack C. Schuster, "Passalidae", in [[Ross H. Arnett Jr.]] and [[Michael C. Thomas]], ''[[American Beetles]]'' (CRC Press, 2002), vol. 2
 * BugGuide [http://bugguide.net/node/view/127 Passalidae]
 ==External links==
+{{Commons category|Passalidae}}
-{{Empty section|date=April 2011}}
+{{Wikispecies|Passalidae}}
-==External links==
 *[http://entnemdept.ifas.ufl.edu/creatures/misc/beetles/horned_passalus.htm  ''Odontotaenius disjunctus''] on the [[University of Florida|UF]] / [[Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences|IFAS]] Featured Creatures Web site
+* [http://bio.acousti.ca/taxonomy/term/587 Sound recording of Passalidae at BioAcoustica]
-{{wikispecies|Passalidae}}
-{{commons category|Passalidae}}
 {{Coleoptera|4}}
+{{Taxonbar|from=Q227894}}
+{{Authority control}}
-[[Category:Scarabaeoidea]]
 [[Category:Passalidae| ]]
+[[Category:Beetle families]]