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{{Short description|1808 battle of the Finnish War}}
{{unreferenced|date=June 2013}}
{{Infobox military conflict
{{Infobox military conflict
|conflict =Battle of Ruona and Salmi
| conflict = Battle of Ruona–Salmi
|partof =the [[Finnish War]]
| partof = the [[Finnish War]]
|image =
| image = Salmi 1808.jpg
|caption =
| image_size = 300px
| caption = ''Adlercreutz i striden vid Salmi'', by Nils Kreuger
|date = 1–2 September 1808
| date = 1–2 September 1808
|place =[[Ruona]] and [[Salmi (Kuortane)|Salmi]], [[Kuortane]]
| place = Ruona and Salmi, [[Kuortane]], [[Swedish Finland|Finland]]
|coordinates =
|map_type =
| coordinates =
⚫
| map_type =
|map_relief =
|latitude =
| map_relief =
|longitude =
| map_size =
|map_size =
| map_caption =
| result = {{ubl|{{*}}Swedish victory at Ruona{{sfn|Velichko|Novitsky|Schwartz|Apushkin|1915|pp=399—400}}|{{*}}Russian victory at Salmi{{sfn|Velichko|Novitsky|Schwartz|Apushkin|1915|pp=399—400}}}}
|map_marksize =
⚫
| territory =
|map_caption =
| combatant1 = {{flagicon image|Naval Ensign of Sweden.svg|border=no|22px}} [[Sweden]]
|map_label =
| combatant2 = {{flagicon|Russian Empire}} [[Russian Empire]]
⚫
|territory =
| commander1 = {{flagicon image|Naval Ensign of Sweden.svg|border=no|22px}} [[Wilhelm Mauritz Klingspor]] <br /> {{flagicon image|Naval Ensign of Sweden.svg|border=no|22px}} [[Carl Johan Adlercreutz]]
|result =Russian victory
⚫
| commander2 = {{flagicon|Russian Empire}} [[Nikolay Mikhailovich Kamensky]]
|status =
| strength1 = ''Swedish accounts:''<br />4,700{{sfn|Hornborg|1955|pp=150–151}}–5,500{{sfn|Danielson-Kalmari|1897|pp=437–448}}<br />(3,400–3,500 engaged){{sfn|Schulman|1909|pp=247–257}}{{sfn|Montgomery|1842|pp=4–11}}<br /><br />''Russian accounts:''<br />8,000{{sfn|van Suchtelen|1854|pp=152–155}}–12,000 (including 5,000 [[militia]])<br />30 guns{{sfn|Yermolov|2016}}{{sfn|Velichko|Novitsky|Schwartz|Apushkin|1915|pp=399—400}}
|combatants_header =
| strength2 = ''Russian accounts:''<br />9,000{{sfn|van Suchtelen|1854|pp=152–155}}–11,000{{sfn|Yermolov|2016}}<br />(7,000 engaged){{sfn|Velichko|Novitsky|Schwartz|Apushkin|1915|pp=399—400}}<br />58 guns{{sfn|Yermolov|2016}}
|combatant1 ={{flag|Sweden|23px}}
| casualties1 = ''Swedish accounts:''<br />680{{sfn|Hornborg|1955|pp=150–151}}–900{{sfn|Schulman|1909|pp=247–257}}<br /><br />''Russian accounts:''<br />1,000{{sfn|van Suchtelen|1854|pp=152–155}}–1,500{{sfn|Yermolov|2016}}
|combatant2 ={{flag|Russia|23px}}
| casualties2 = ''Russian accounts:''<br />845{{sfn|Hornborg|1955|pp=150–151}}{{sfn|Yermolov|2016}}–1,000{{sfn|van Suchtelen|1854|pp=152–155}}<br /><br />''Swedish accounts:''<br />1,200{{sfn|Montgomery|1842|pp=4–11}}
|commander1 =[[Carl Johan Adlercreutz]]
⚫
|commander2 =[[Nikolay Kamensky]]
|strength1 =5,000<ref name="Pekka Visuri">[http://www.1808.fi/tapahtuma/taistelut.html Pekka Visuri. RUONAN JA SALMEN TAISTELU 1.-2.9.1808]</ref><br><br>''Russian estimate'':<br>7,000, 4,000–5,000 armed peasants, 30 guns<ref>[http://adjudant.ru/rswar1808-09/nive10.htm Nive P. A. The Russo-Swedish War of 1808–1809. Saint Petersburg. 1910] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160217002342/http://adjudant.ru/rswar1808-09/nive10.htm |date=February 17, 2016 }}</ref>
|strength2 =7,000<ref name="Military Encyclopedia">[https://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/ВЭ/ВТ/Куортане Military Encyclopedia. Sytin. 1910–1915]</ref><br><br>''Swedish estimate'':<br>9,000<ref name="Runeberg">[http://runeberg.org/finskakr/0354.html Carl Otto Nordensvan. Finska kriget 1808-1809. Runeberg. 1898]</ref>
|casualties1 =680 killed, wounded and captured<ref name="Pekka Visuri"/>
|casualties2 =827 killed, wounded and captured<ref name="Military Encyclopedia"/>
⚫
|notes =
⚫
|campaignbox ={{Campaignbox Finnish War}}
}}
}}
⚫
{{Campaignbox Finnish War}}
The '''Battle of Ruona''' and Salmi was fought between Swedish and Russian troops on September 1–2, 1808 at Ruona and Salmi, [[Kuortane]]. The Swedish army was led by [[Carl Johan Adlercreutz]] with 5,000 men under his command against the Russian army of 7,000 men under the command of [[Nikolay Kamensky]]. The battle turned up to be a major engagement in the war where fierce artillery fire occurred from both sides. The Swedes, who were in a well-fortified position, retreated after a while with a loss of 170 killed, 400 wounded and 110 captured according to Adlercreutz, in addition several hundred men had fallen ill. The Russians lost 128 killed, 648 wounded and 51 captured according to their own estimates. This battle is considered one of the turning points in the [[Finnish War]] along with the [[battle of Oravais]].<ref name="Pekka Visuri"/>
The '''battle of Ruona–Salmi''' or the '''battle of Kuortane''' was fought between Swedish and Russian troops on 1–2 September 1808 at Ruona and Salmi, [[Kuortane]]. The Swedish army was led by [[Wilhelm Mauritz Klingspor]] with 4,700,{{sfn|Hornborg|1955|pp=150–151}} 5,000,{{sfn|Schulman|1909|pp=247–257}} or 5,500 men{{sfn|Danielson-Kalmari|1897|pp=437–448}} under his command (according to Russian sources, there were 8,000 Swedes{{sfn|van Suchtelen|1854|pp=152–155}} or 7,000 [[Regular army|regular]] soldiers and 5,000 [[Irregular military|irregular]]){{sfn|Yermolov|2016}} against the Russian army of between 9,000{{sfn|van Suchtelen|1854|pp=152–155}} and 11,000 men under the command of [[Nikolay Kamensky]]. The battle turned up to be a major engagement in the war where fierce artillery fire occurred from both sides. Kamensky, advancing from Alanus, beat back the Swedish barriers and on 31 August approached the Swedish army's position near Kuortane.{{sfn|Yermolov|2016}}


Kamensky, having sent [[Detachment (military)|detachments]] under the command of [[Colonel]] Vlastov and [[Major general]] Kazachkovsky to bypass the enemy's flanks, attacked the Swedish troops on September 1 from the front by the [[vanguard]] of Russian troops under the command of Colonel [[Yakov Kulnev|Kulnev]], and then by the detachment of Major general [[Nikolay Raevsky|Raevsky]]. Despite the fierce and stubborn fight, which was held with varying success, the Swedes could not be pushed out from their positions. Meanwhile, detachments of Vlastov and Kazachkovsky bypassed the Swedish position and Klingspor, fearing being surrounded, in the night of September 2 retreated to the rear off Salmi village. In the morning Kulnev's 4,000 strong detachment defeated the Swedish [[rearguard]] and attacked the main Swedish positions from the front, while Kazachkovsky's detachment attacked from the rear. The enemy, pursued by Russian [[hussar]]s, retreated in disarray to the north-west towards the town of [[Vaasa]], unable to withstand the assault.{{sfn|Yermolov|2016}}
== References ==

The Swedes, who were in a well-fortified position, lost 170 killed, 400 wounded and 110 captured according to the reports of regimental losses,{{sfn|Hornborg|1955|pp=150–151}} in addition to more than 300 men who had fallen ill.{{sfn|Danielson-Kalmari|1897|pp=437–448}} Other Swedish sources gives 900 losses.{{sfn|Schulman|1909|pp=247–257}}{{sfn|Montgomery|1842|pp=4–11}} Russian assessment suggests that Swedes lost up to 1,500 men.{{sfn|Yermolov|2016}} The Russians lost 128 killed, 648 wounded and 51 captured (excluding 18 officers), according to their own estimates.{{sfn|Hornborg|1955|pp=150–151}} According to Russian general {{ill|Сухтелен, Павел Петрович|ru|lt=Paul van Suchtelen}}, the losses reached almost 2,000 in total, with an equal amount on both sides.{{sfn|van Suchtelen|1854|pp=152–155}} This battle is considered one of the turning points in the [[Finnish War]] along with the [[battle of Oravais]].{{sfn|Hornborg|1955|pp=150–151}}

==Citations and sources==
===Citations===
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}


===Sources===
*{{cite book|title=När riket sprängdes: fälttågen i Finland och Västerbotten, 1808-1809 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DNPRAAAAMAAJ |first=Eirik |last=Hornborg |language=sv |year=1955|publisher=P. A. Norstedts och Söners Förlag |location=[[Stockholm]]}}
*{{Cite book |last1=Velichko |first1=Konstantin |last2=Novitsky |first2=Vasily |last3=Schwartz |first3=Alexey von |last4=Apushkin |first4=Vladimir |last5=Schoultz |first5=Gustav von |url=https://archive.org/details/libgen_00301196/page/n81/mode/2up |title=Военная энциклопедия Сытина |trans-title=Sytin Military Encyclopedia |publisher=Типография Т-ва И. Д. Сытина |volume=XIV: Круковский – Линта |location=[[Moscow]] |year=1915 |access-date=17 July 2023 |pages=399–400 |author-link2=Vasily Fedorovich Novitsky |language=ru}}
* {{Cite web |last=Yermolov |first=A. Y. |date=2016 |title=КУОРТАНСКОЕ СРАЖЕНИЕ 1808 |url=https://old.bigenc.ru/military_science/text/2122287 |access-date=7 May 2023 |website=[[Great Russian Encyclopedia#Electronic version|Great Russian Encyclopedia. Electronic version]]}}
* {{cite book|title=Striden om Finland 1808-1809|url=https://runeberg.org/stridfin/ |first=Hugo |last=Schulman |author-link=|language=sv |year=1909|publisher=Werner Söderström Osakeyhtiö |location=[[Borgå]]}}
* {{cite book|title=Historia öfver kriget emellan Sverige och Ryssland: åren 1808 och 1809|version=2, ''Sednare delen'' |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=3zLuAAAAMAAJ}}|first=Gustaf |last=Montgomery |author-link=Gustaf Adolf Montgomery|language=sv |year=1842|publisher=Lindh |location=[[Örebro]]}}
* {{cite book|title=Finska kriget och Finlands krigare 1808-1809|url=https://runeberg.org/djfikrigar/ |first=Johan Richard|last=Danielson-Kalmari |author-link=Johan Richard Danielson-Kalmari|language=sv |year=1897|publisher=Osakeyhtiö Weilin & Göös Aktiebolag|location=[[Helsinki]]}}
* {{cite book|title=Narrative of the Conquest of Finland by the Russians in the Years 1808-9|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=RbwDWtFpamYC}} |first=Paul|last=van Suchtelen |author-link=|translator-first=William |translator-last=Monteith |year=1854|publisher=Lionel Booth|location=[[London]]}}

{{Authority control}}
{{coord|62.8453|N|23.4881|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}
{{coord|62.8453|N|23.4881|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Battle of Ruona-Salmi}}
[[Category:Conflicts in 1808|Ruona]]
[[Category:Battles in 1808|Ruona]]
[[Category:Battles of the Finnish War|Ruona 1808]]
[[Category:Battles of the Finnish War|Ruona 1808]]
[[Category:Battles involving Sweden|Ruona]]
[[Category:Battles involving Sweden|Ruona]]
[[Category:Battles involving Russia|Ruona]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Russian Empire|Ruona]]
[[Category:History of South Ostrobothnia]]
[[Category:1808 in Sweden]]
[[Category:1808 in Sweden]]
[[Category:September 1808 events]]
[[Category:September 1808 events]]

Latest revision as of 14:49, 2 June 2024

Battle of Ruona–Salmi
Part of the Finnish War

Adlercreutz i striden vid Salmi, by Nils Kreuger
Date1–2 September 1808
Location
Ruona and Salmi, Kuortane, Finland
Result
  •  • Swedish victory at Ruona[1]
  •  • Russian victory at Salmi[1]
Belligerents
Sweden Russian Empire Russian Empire
Commanders and leaders
Wilhelm Mauritz Klingspor
Carl Johan Adlercreutz		 Russian Empire Nikolay Mikhailovich Kamensky
Strength
Swedish accounts:
4,700[2]–5,500[3]
(3,400–3,500 engaged)[4][5]

Russian accounts:
8,000[6]–12,000 (including 5,000 militia)
30 guns[7][1]		 Russian accounts:
9,000[6]–11,000[7]
(7,000 engaged)[1]
58 guns[7]
Casualties and losses
Swedish accounts:
680[2]–900[4]

Russian accounts:
1,000[6]–1,500[7]		 Russian accounts:
845[2][7]–1,000[6]

Swedish accounts:
1,200[5]

The battle of Ruona–Salmi or the battle of Kuortane was fought between Swedish and Russian troops on 1–2 September 1808 at Ruona and Salmi, Kuortane. The Swedish army was led by Wilhelm Mauritz Klingspor with 4,700,[2] 5,000,[4] or 5,500 men[3] under his command (according to Russian sources, there were 8,000 Swedes[6] or 7,000 regular soldiers and 5,000 irregular)[7] against the Russian army of between 9,000[6] and 11,000 men under the command of Nikolay Kamensky. The battle turned up to be a major engagement in the war where fierce artillery fire occurred from both sides. Kamensky, advancing from Alanus, beat back the Swedish barriers and on 31 August approached the Swedish army's position near Kuortane.[7]

Kamensky, having sent detachments under the command of Colonel Vlastov and Major general Kazachkovsky to bypass the enemy's flanks, attacked the Swedish troops on September 1 from the front by the vanguard of Russian troops under the command of Colonel Kulnev, and then by the detachment of Major general Raevsky. Despite the fierce and stubborn fight, which was held with varying success, the Swedes could not be pushed out from their positions. Meanwhile, detachments of Vlastov and Kazachkovsky bypassed the Swedish position and Klingspor, fearing being surrounded, in the night of September 2 retreated to the rear off Salmi village. In the morning Kulnev's 4,000 strong detachment defeated the Swedish rearguard and attacked the main Swedish positions from the front, while Kazachkovsky's detachment attacked from the rear. The enemy, pursued by Russian hussars, retreated in disarray to the north-west towards the town of Vaasa, unable to withstand the assault.[7]

The Swedes, who were in a well-fortified position, lost 170 killed, 400 wounded and 110 captured according to the reports of regimental losses,[2] in addition to more than 300 men who had fallen ill.[3] Other Swedish sources gives 900 losses.[4][5] Russian assessment suggests that Swedes lost up to 1,500 men.[7] The Russians lost 128 killed, 648 wounded and 51 captured (excluding 18 officers), according to their own estimates.[2] According to Russian general Paul van Suchtelen [ru], the losses reached almost 2,000 in total, with an equal amount on both sides.[6] This battle is considered one of the turning points in the Finnish War along with the battle of Oravais.[2]

Citations and sources

[edit]

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d Velichko et al. 1915, pp. 399–400.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Hornborg 1955, pp. 150–151.
  3. ^ a b c Danielson-Kalmari 1897, pp. 437–448.
  4. ^ a b c d Schulman 1909, pp. 247–257.
  5. ^ a b c Montgomery 1842, pp. 4–11.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g van Suchtelen 1854, pp. 152–155.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i Yermolov 2016.

Sources

[edit]
  • Hornborg, Eirik (1955). När riket sprängdes: fälttågen i Finland och Västerbotten, 1808-1809 (in Swedish). Stockholm: P. A. Norstedts och Söners Förlag.
  • Velichko, Konstantin; Novitsky, Vasily; Schwartz, Alexey von; Apushkin, Vladimir; Schoultz, Gustav von (1915). Военная энциклопедия Сытина [Sytin Military Encyclopedia] (in Russian). Vol. XIV: Круковский – Линта. Moscow: Типография Т-ва И. Д. Сытина. pp. 399–400. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
  • Yermolov, A. Y. (2016). "КУОРТАНСКОЕ СРАЖЕНИЕ 1808". Great Russian Encyclopedia. Electronic version. Retrieved 7 May 2023.
  • Schulman, Hugo (1909). Striden om Finland 1808-1809 (in Swedish). Borgå: Werner Söderström Osakeyhtiö.
  • Montgomery, Gustaf (1842). Historia öfver kriget emellan Sverige och Ryssland: åren 1808 och 1809. 2, Sednare delen (in Swedish). Örebro: Lindh.
  • Danielson-Kalmari, Johan Richard (1897). Finska kriget och Finlands krigare 1808-1809 (in Swedish). Helsinki: Osakeyhtiö Weilin & Göös Aktiebolag.
  • van Suchtelen, Paul (1854). Narrative of the Conquest of Finland by the Russians in the Years 1808-9. Translated by Monteith, William. London: Lionel Booth.

62°50′43″N 23°29′17″E / 62.8453°N 23.4881°E / 62.8453; 23.4881

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