Thomas of Woodstock, Duke of Gloucester: Difference between revisions
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| successor = [[Humphrey, 2nd Earl of Buckingham]] |
| successor = [[Humphrey, 2nd Earl of Buckingham]] |
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| spouse = [[Eleanor de Bohun]] |
| spouse = [[Eleanor de Bohun]] |
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| issue = [[Humphrey, 2nd Earl of Buckingham]] |
| issue = {{ubl|[[Humphrey, 2nd Earl of Buckingham]]|[[Anne of Gloucester]]|Joan, Lady Talbot|Isabel}} |
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| issue-link = #Marriage and progeny |
| issue-link = #Marriage and progeny |
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| house = [[House of Plantagenet|Plantagenet]] |
| house = [[House of Plantagenet|Plantagenet]] |
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**Secondly to [[Edmund Stafford, 5th Earl of Stafford]], the youngest brother of her first husband, by whom she had issue one son and two daughters; |
**Secondly to [[Edmund Stafford, 5th Earl of Stafford]], the youngest brother of her first husband, by whom she had issue one son and two daughters; |
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**Thirdly to [[William Bourchier, 1st Count of Eu]] (1374–1420),{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} by whom she had issue, represented today by the [[Wrey baronets]] (heirs of the Bourchier Earls of Bath), who quarter the arms of Bohun, Bourchier and Thomas of Woodstock.{{Efn|As is visible on the monuments of Bourchier and Wrey in Tawstock Church in Devon}} |
**Thirdly to [[William Bourchier, 1st Count of Eu]] (1374–1420),{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} by whom she had issue, represented today by the [[Wrey baronets]] (heirs of the Bourchier Earls of Bath), who quarter the arms of Bohun, Bourchier and Thomas of Woodstock.{{Efn|As is visible on the monuments of Bourchier and Wrey in Tawstock Church in Devon}} |
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*Joan (1384–1400), who married Gilbert Talbot, 5th |
*Joan (1384–1400), who married [[Gilbert Talbot, 5th Baron Talbot]] (1383–1419) and died in childbirth |
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*Isabel (12 March 1385/1386{{snd}}c.1421), a nun of the Order of Minoresses{{sfn|Ward|1992|p=143}} |
*Isabel (12 March 1385/1386{{snd}}c.1421), a nun of the Order of Minoresses{{sfn|Ward|1992|p=143}} |
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| 1 = 1. '''Thomas of Woodstock, Duke of Gloucester''' |
| 1 = 1. '''Thomas of Woodstock, Duke of Gloucester''' |
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| 2 = 2. [[Edward III of England]] |
| 2 = 2. [[Edward III of England]] |
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| 14 = 14. [[Charles, Count of Valois]]{{Sfn|Weir|1999}} |
| 14 = 14. [[Charles, Count of Valois]]{{Sfn|Weir|1999}} |
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| 15 = 15. [[Margaret, Countess of Anjou]]{{Sfn|Weir|1999}} |
| 15 = 15. [[Margaret, Countess of Anjou]]{{Sfn|Weir|1999}} |
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| 16 = 16. [[Henry III of England]]<ref name="Armitage-Smith1905"/> |
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| 17 = 17. [[Eleanor of Provence]]<ref name="Armitage-Smith1905"/> |
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| 18 = 18. [[Ferdinand III of Castile]]<ref name="Armitage-Smith1905"/> |
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| 19 = 19. [[Joan, Countess of Ponthieu]]<ref name="Armitage-Smith1905"/> |
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| 20 = 20. [[Philip III of France]]<ref name="Anselme87">{{cite book |title=Histoire généalogique et chronologique de la maison royale de France |volume=1 |trans-title=Genealogical and chronological history of the royal house of France |last=Anselme de Sainte-Marie |first=Père |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n9lEAAAAcAAJ |publisher=La compagnie des libraires |location=Paris |language=fr |edition=3rd |year=1726 |pages=87–88}}}</ref> (= 28) |
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| 21 = 21. [[Isabella of Aragon, Queen of France|Isabella of Aragon]]<ref name="Anselme87"/> (= 29) |
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| 22 = 22. [[Henry I of Navarre]]<ref name="Anselme381">Anselme 1726, pp. 381–382</ref> |
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| 23 = 23. [[Blanche of Artois]]<ref name="Anselme381"/> |
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| 24 = 24. [[John I, Count of Hainaut]]<ref name="Von Redlich p. 64"/> |
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| 25 = 25. [[Adelaide of Holland]]<ref name="Von Redlich p. 64"/> |
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| 26 = 26. [[Henry V, Count of Luxembourg]]<ref name="Von Redlich p. 64"/> |
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| 27 = 27. [[Margaret of Bar]]<ref name="Von Redlich p. 64"/> |
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| 28 = 28. [[Philip III of France]]<ref name="Anselme87"/> (= 20) |
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| 29 = 29. [[Isabella of Aragon, Queen of France|Isabella of Aragon]]<ref name="Anselme87"/> (= 21) |
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| 30 = 30. [[Charles II of Naples]]{{Sfn|Weir|1999}} |
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| 31 = 31. [[Mary of Hungary, Queen of Naples|Mary of Hungary]]{{Sfn|Weir|1999}} |
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}} |
}} |
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{{Earls of Essex family tree}} |
{{Earls of Essex family tree}} |
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*{{EB1911|wstitle=Gloucester, Thomas of Woodstock, Duke of|volume=12|page=130}} |
*{{EB1911|wstitle=Gloucester, Thomas of Woodstock, Duke of|volume=12|page=130}} |
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*{{cite book |first=Anthony |last=Goodman |title=The Loyal Conspiracy: The Lords Appellant under Richard II |publisher=University of Miami Press |year=1971 }} |
*{{cite book |first=Anthony |last=Goodman |title=The Loyal Conspiracy: The Lords Appellant under Richard II |publisher=University of Miami Press |year=1971 }} |
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⚫ | |||
*{{cite book |title=English Noblewomen in the Later Middle Ages |first=Jennifer C. |last=Ward |publisher=Routledge |year=1992 }} |
*{{cite book |title=English Noblewomen in the Later Middle Ages |first=Jennifer C. |last=Ward |publisher=Routledge |year=1992 }} |
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*{{cite book |title=Women of the English Nobility and Gentry, 1066-1500 |editor-first=Jennifer C. |editor-last=Ward |publisher=Manchester University Press |year=1995 }} |
*{{cite book |title=Women of the English Nobility and Gentry, 1066-1500 |editor-first=Jennifer C. |editor-last=Ward |publisher=Manchester University Press |year=1995 }} |
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* {{cite book |first=Alison |last=Weir |author-link=Alison Weir |title=Britain's Royal Families: The Complete Genealogy |location=London |publisher=The Bodley Head |date=1999}} |
* {{cite book |first=Alison |last=Weir |author-link=Alison Weir |title=Britain's Royal Families: The Complete Genealogy |location=London |publisher=The Bodley Head |date=1999}} |
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== Further reading == |
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⚫ | * {{cite ODNB |last=Tuck |year=2008 |first=Anthony |title=Thomas, duke of Gloucester (1355–1397) |url=https://archive.today/20190209162852/http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-27197 |type=online |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/27197 |author-link=Anthony Tuck }} |
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{{S-start}} |
{{S-start}} |
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{{S-hou|[[House of Plantagenet]]|7 January|1355|8 September|1397|name=Thomas of Woodstock}} |
{{S-hou|[[House of Plantagenet]]|7 January|1355|8 September|1397|name=Thomas of Woodstock}} |
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{{S-off}} |
{{S-off}} |
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{{S-bef|before=[[Humphrey de Bohun, 7th Earl of Hereford| |
{{S-bef|before=[[Humphrey de Bohun, 7th Earl of Hereford|Humphrey de Bohun, Earl of Hereford and Essex]]}} |
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{{S-ttl|title=[[Lord High Constable of England|Lord High Constable]]|years=1372–1397}} |
{{S-ttl|title=[[Lord High Constable of England|Lord High Constable]]|years=1372–1397}} |
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{{S-aft|after=[[Humphrey, 2nd |
{{S-aft|after=[[Humphrey, 2nd Earl of Buckingham]]}} |
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{{S-legal}} |
{{S-legal}} |
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{{S-bef|before=[[Robert de Vere, |
{{S-bef|before=[[Robert de Vere, Duke of Ireland]]}} |
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{{S-ttl|title=[[Justice of Chester]]|years=1388–1391}} |
{{S-ttl|title=[[Justice of Chester]]|years=1388–1391}} |
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{{S-aft|after=[[John Holland, 1st |
{{S-aft|after=[[John Holland, 1st Duke of Exeter]]}} |
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{{S-reg|en}} |
{{S-reg|en}} |
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{{S-new|creation}} |
{{S-new|creation}} |
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{{S-ttl|title=[[Earl of Buckingham]]|years=1377–1397}} |
{{S-ttl|title=[[Earl of Buckingham]]|years=1377–1397}} |
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{{S-aft|after=[[Humphrey, 2nd Earl of Buckingham|Humphrey]]}} |
{{S-aft|after=[[Humphrey, 2nd Earl of Buckingham|Humphrey]]}} |
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⚫ | |||
{{s-end}} |
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⚫ | |||
{{Authority control}} |
{{Authority control}} |
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[[Category:1355 births]] |
[[Category:1355 births]] |
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[[Category:1397 deaths]] |
[[Category:1397 deaths]] |
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[[Category:14th-century English |
[[Category:14th-century English nobility]] |
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[[Category:Lord High Constables of England]] |
[[Category:Lord High Constables of England]] |
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[[Category:House of Plantagenet|Thomas of Woodstock]] |
[[Category:House of Plantagenet|Thomas of Woodstock]] |
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[[Category:Earls of Buckingham (1377 creation)|01]] |
[[Category:Earls of Buckingham (1377 creation)|01]] |
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[[Category:Knights of the Garter]] |
[[Category:Knights of the Garter]] |
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[[Category:Male murder victims]] |
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[[Category:People from Woodstock, Oxfordshire]] |
[[Category:People from Woodstock, Oxfordshire]] |
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[[Category:Murdered royalty]] |
[[Category:Murdered royalty]] |
Latest revision as of 18:16, 1 June 2024
Thomas of Woodstock | |
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Duke of Gloucester, Duke of Aumale, Earl of Buckingham and Earl of Essex | |
![]() | |
Successor | Humphrey, 2nd Earl of Buckingham |
Born | 7 January 1355 Woodstock Palace, Oxfordshire |
Died | 8 or 9 September 1397 (aged 42) Calais, Pale of Calais |
Spouse | Eleanor de Bohun |
Issue Detail |
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House | Plantagenet |
Father | Edward III of England |
Mother | Philippa of Hainault |
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Arms_of_Thomas_of_Woodstock%2C_1st_Duke_of_Gloucester.svg/260px-Arms_of_Thomas_of_Woodstock%2C_1st_Duke_of_Gloucester.svg.png)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Jousting_Buckingham%2BBretagne.jpg/260px-Jousting_Buckingham%2BBretagne.jpg)
Thomas of Woodstock, Duke of Gloucester (7 January 1355 – 8 or 9 September 1397)[2] was the fifth surviving son and youngest child of King Edward III of England and Philippa of Hainault.
Early life
[edit]Thomas was born on 7 January 1355 at Woodstock Palace in Oxfordshire after two short-lived brothers, one of whom had also been baptised Thomas.[3] He married Eleanor de Bohun in 1374,[4] was given Pleshey Castle in Essex, and was appointed Constable of the Realm, a position previously held by the Bohuns.[3][5] The younger sister of Woodstock's wife, Mary de Bohun, was subsequently married to Henry of Bolingbroke, Earl of Derby, who later became King Henry IV of England.
In 1377, at the age of 22, Woodstock was knighted[3] and created Earl of Buckingham.[6] On 22 June 1380 he became Earl of Essex in right of his wife.[7] In 1385, he received the title Duke of Aumale, and at about the same time was created Duke of Gloucester.[8]
Campaign in Brittany
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/A_Chronicle_of_England_-_Page_328_-_Arundel%2C_Gloucester%2C_Nottingham%2C_Derby%2C_and_Warwick%2C_Before_the_King.jpg/300px-A_Chronicle_of_England_-_Page_328_-_Arundel%2C_Gloucester%2C_Nottingham%2C_Derby%2C_and_Warwick%2C_Before_the_King.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Thomas_of_Woodstock.jpg/250px-Thomas_of_Woodstock.jpg)
Thomas of Woodstock was in command of a large campaign in northern France that followed the War of the Breton Succession of 1343–1364. The earlier conflict was marked by the efforts of John IV, Duke of Brittany to secure control of the Duchy of Brittany against his rival Charles of Blois. John was supported in this struggle by the armies of the Kingdom of England, whereas Charles was supported by the Kingdom of France. At the head of an English army, John prevailed after Charles was killed in battle in 1364, but the French continued to undermine his position, and he was later forced into exile in England.
John returned to Brittany in 1379, supported by Breton barons who feared the annexation of Brittany by France. An English army was sent under Woodstock to support his position. Due to concerns about the safety of a longer shipping route to Brittany itself, the army was ferried instead to the English continental stronghold of Calais in July 1380.[9]
As Woodstock marched his 5,200 men east of Paris, they were confronted by the army of Philip the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, at Troyes, but the French had learned from the Battle of Crécy in 1346 and the Battle of Poitiers in 1356 not to offer a pitched battle to the English. Eventually, the two armies simply marched away. French defensive operations were then thrown into disarray by the death of King Charles V of France on 16 September 1380. Woodstock's chevauchée continued westwards largely unopposed, and in November 1380 he laid siege to Nantes and its vital bridge over the Loire towards Aquitaine.[10] However, he found himself unable to form an effective stranglehold, and urgent plans were put in place for Sir Thomas Felton to bring 2,000 reinforcements from England. By January, though, it had become apparent that the Duke of Brittany was reconciled to the new French king Charles VI, and with the alliance collapsing and dysentery ravaging his men, Woodstock abandoned the siege.[10]
Dispute with King Richard II
[edit]Returning to England early in 1381, Thomas of Woodstock found that his brother, John of Gaunt, had married his wife's sister, Mary de Bohun, to John's own son Henry. The relations between the brothers, hitherto somewhat strained, were not improved by this event; presumably, Thomas was hoping to retain possession of Mary's estates. Still, having taken part in crushing the Peasants' Revolt in 1381, Thomas became more friendly with John, and in 1385 was created duke of Gloucester. However, this mark of favour did not prevent him from taking up an attitude of hostility to his nephew, Richard II.[5]
Thomas placed himself at the head of the party that was opposed to the royal advisers, Michael de la Pole, 1st Earl of Suffolk and Robert de Vere, Earl of Oxford, whose recent elevation to Duke of Ireland had aroused discontent. Supported by those who were indignant at the extravagance and incompetence, real or alleged, of the king, Thomas was soon in a position of authority. He forced the dismissal and impeachment of Suffolk; was a member of the commission appointed in 1386 to reform the kingdom and the royal household; and took up arms when Richard began proceedings against the commissioners. Having defeated de Vere at the Battle of Radcot Bridge in December 1387 the duke and his associates entered London to find the king powerless in their hands. Thomas, who had previously threatened his nephew with deposition, was only restrained from taking this extreme step by the influence of his colleagues; but, as the leader of the "Lords Appellant" in the "Merciless Parliament," which met in February 1388 and was packed with his supporters, he took revenge upon his enemies, which culminated in a successful rebellion in 1388 that significantly weakened the king's power.[5]
Richard II quickly regained control and eventually, in 1397, managed to dispose of the Lords Appellant. By 1396, Thomas and Richard were again at odds over policy. In 1397, Thomas was arrested at his home by the king himself and was imprisoned in Calais to await trial for treason.[5] During that time he was murdered, probably by a group of men led by Thomas de Mowbray, 1st Duke of Norfolk, and the knight Sir Nicholas Colfox, presumably on behalf of Richard II; parliament declared him guilty of treason and his estates forfeited.[5] These events caused an outcry among the nobility of England that is considered by many to have added to Richard's unpopularity.[citation needed]
Thomas was buried in Westminster Abbey, first in the Chapel of Saint Edmund and Saint Thomas in October 1397, and two years later reburied in the Chapel of Saint Edward the Confessor. His wife was buried next to him.[11]
Marriage and progeny
[edit]Thomas married Eleanor de Bohun (c. 1366–1399), the elder daughter and co-heiress (with her sister Mary de Bohun) of Humphrey de Bohun, 7th Earl of Hereford (1341–1373).[12] Thomas of Woodstock and his wife Eleanor had issue as follows:
- Humphrey, 2nd Earl of Buckingham (c. 1381 – 1399), died aged 18, unmarried and without issue;
- Anne of Gloucester (c. 1383 – 1438) who married three times:
- Firstly to Thomas Stafford, 3rd Earl of Stafford,[13] without issue;
- Secondly to Edmund Stafford, 5th Earl of Stafford, the youngest brother of her first husband, by whom she had issue one son and two daughters;
- Thirdly to William Bourchier, 1st Count of Eu (1374–1420),[5] by whom she had issue, represented today by the Wrey baronets (heirs of the Bourchier Earls of Bath), who quarter the arms of Bohun, Bourchier and Thomas of Woodstock.[a]
- Joan (1384–1400), who married Gilbert Talbot, 5th Baron Talbot (1383–1419) and died in childbirth
- Isabel (12 March 1385/1386 – c.1421), a nun of the Order of Minoresses[14]
As he was attainted as a traitor, his dukedom of Gloucester was forfeit. The title Earl of Buckingham was inherited by his son, who died in 1399 only two years after Thomas' own death. Thomas of Woodstock's eldest daughter, Anne, married into the powerful Stafford family, who were Earls of Stafford. Her son, Humphrey Stafford was created Duke of Buckingham in 1444 and also inherited part of the de Bohun estates.
The other part of these estates—including the Earldom of Hereford, which had belonged to Mary de Bohun and had then become incorporated into the holdings of the House of Lancaster—became a matter of contention in the latter 15th century.
In literature
[edit]- Thomas of Woodstock's murder plays a prominent part in William Shakespeare's play Richard II, though he is dead at the time of the play's beginning.
- He also is the subject of Thomas of Woodstock, another Elizabethan drama by an anonymous playwright. Because of its stylistic affinities to Shakespeare's play, it is also called Richard the Second Part One.
Ancestry and family
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Notes
[edit]- ^ As is visible on the monuments of Bourchier and Wrey in Tawstock Church in Devon
References
[edit]- ^ "marks of cadency in the British royal family". www.heraldica.org.
- ^ a b c Weir 1999.
- ^ a b c Goodman 1971, p. 5.
- ^ Tuck, Anthony. "Thomas [Thomas of Woodstock], duke of Gloucester", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, 3 January 2008. Retrieved 13 February 2019.
- ^ a b c d e f Chisholm 1911.
- ^ Goodman 1971, p. 6.
- ^ Ward 1995, p. 21.
- ^ Goodman 1971, p. 91.
- ^ Goodman 1971, p. 124-126.
- ^ a b Goodman 1971, p. 124.
- ^ Tuck, Anthony (September 2004). "Thomas, duke of Gloucester (1355–1397)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/27197. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- ^ Ward 1992, p. 133.
- ^ Goodman 1971, p. 93.
- ^ Ward 1992, p. 143.
- ^ a b c d e Armitage-Smith, Sydney (1905). John of Gaunt: King of Castile and Leon, Duke of Aquitaine and Lancaster, Earl of Derby, Lincoln, and Leicester, Seneschal of England. Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 21. Retrieved 8 October 2018.
- ^ a b c d e von Redlich, Marcellus Donald R. Pedigrees of Some of the Emperor Charlemagne's Descendants. Vol. I. p. 64.
External links
[edit]- Inquisition Post Mortem, #123–125.
Sources
[edit]- public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Gloucester, Thomas of Woodstock, Duke of". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 130. This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
- Goodman, Anthony (1971). The Loyal Conspiracy: The Lords Appellant under Richard II. University of Miami Press.
- Ward, Jennifer C. (1992). English Noblewomen in the Later Middle Ages. Routledge.
- Ward, Jennifer C., ed. (1995). Women of the English Nobility and Gentry, 1066-1500. Manchester University Press.
- Weir, Alison (1999). Britain's Royal Families: The Complete Genealogy. London: The Bodley Head.
Further reading
[edit]- Tuck, Anthony (2008). "Thomas, duke of Gloucester (1355–1397)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online) (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/27197. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- 1355 births
- 1397 deaths
- 14th-century English nobility
- Lord High Constables of England
- House of Plantagenet
- Dukes of Gloucester
- Earls of Essex
- Earls of Buckingham (1377 creation)
- Knights of the Garter
- People from Woodstock, Oxfordshire
- Murdered royalty
- Children of Edward III of England
- Lords Lieutenant of Ireland
- Sons of kings
- Peers created by Edward III
- Peers created by Richard II
- Burials at Westminster Abbey