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{{Short description|American victim of miscarriage of justice}}
{{Short description|American victim of miscarriage of justice}}
{{other people}}
{{other people}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox criminal
{{Infobox criminal
| name=Tim Cole
| name=Tim Cole
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| birth_place=[[Brenham, Texas]], U.S.
| birth_place=[[Brenham, Texas]], U.S.
| death_date={{death date and age|1999|12|2|1960|7|1}}
| death_date={{death date and age|1999|12|2|1960|7|1}}
| death_place = [[Brazoria, Texas|Brazoria]], Texas, U.S.
| death_place = [[Brazoria, Texas]], U.S.
| resting_place = [[Mount Olivet Cemetery (Fort Worth, Texas)]]
| resting_place = [[Mount Olivet Cemetery (Fort Worth, Texas)]]
| conviction=[[Rape]] (posthumously overturned)
| conviction=[[Rape]] (posthumously overturned)
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| conviction_status=*Died in prison (December 2, 1999)
| conviction_status=*Died in prison (December 2, 1999)
*[[Vacated judgement|Conviction overturned]] (May 11, 2009)
*[[Vacated judgement|Conviction overturned]] (May 11, 2009)
| occupation=Military veteran<br>University student}}
| occupation=Military veteran<br />University student}}


'''Timothy Brian Cole''' (July 1, 1960 – December 2, 1999) was an [[African American]] military veteran and a [[Texas Tech University]] student wrongfully convicted of [[rape|raping]] a fellow student in 1985.
'''Timothy Brian Cole''' (July 1, 1960 – December 2, 1999) was an American military veteran and a [[Texas Tech University]] student wrongfully convicted of [[rape|raping]] a fellow student in 1985.


Cole attended two years of college followed by two years of service in the U.S. Army. After his Army service, he returned to college at Texas Tech in [[Lubbock, Texas|Lubbock]].<ref name=CNN>{{cite news|last=Lavandera|first=Ed|title=Family seeks to clear man who died in prison|publisher=[[CNN]]|date=2009-02-05|url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/CRIME/02/05/texas.exoneration/index.html|accessdate=2009-02-05}}</ref> Cole died after serving 14 years in prison, but was posthumously pardoned.
Cole attended two years of college followed by two years of service in the U.S. Army. After his Army service, he returned to college at Texas Tech in [[Lubbock, Texas|Lubbock]].<ref name=CNN>{{cite news|last=Lavandera|first=Ed|title=Family seeks to clear man who died in prison|publisher=[[CNN]]|date=February 5, 2009|url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/CRIME/02/05/texas.exoneration/index.html|accessdate=February 5, 2009}}</ref> Cole died after serving 14 years in prison, but was posthumously pardoned.


==Crime and aftermath==
== Crime and aftermath ==
On March 24, 1985, Michele Mallin, a student at [[Texas Tech University]] in Lubbock, had just parked her car when she was accosted by a man, forced back into the car, and raped.<ref name=NPR/> The rape was one of a number of similar attacks in the area at the time. Police showed photographs of potential suspects to Mallin, including one of Cole, another student at Texas Tech. She picked his photograph and later picked him out from an identity parade.<ref name=CNN/> Cole was convicted by a jury of rape, primarily based on the testimony of the victim. He was sentenced to 25 years in prison. While [[incarceration|incarcerated]], he was offered parole if he would admit guilt, but he refused.<ref name=CNN /> Cole died in prison on December 2, 1999, during an asthma attack. His family, later joined by the victim, sought to clear his name through the [[Innocence Project of Texas]].<ref name=NPR />
On March 24, 1985, Michele Mallin, a student at [[Texas Tech University]] in Lubbock, had just parked her car when she was accosted by a man, forced back into the car, and raped.<ref name=NPR /> The rape was one of a number of similar attacks in the area at the time. Police showed photographs of potential suspects to Mallin, including one of Cole, another student at Texas Tech. She picked his photograph and later picked him out from an identity parade.<ref name=CNN /> Cole was convicted by a jury of rape, primarily based on the testimony of the victim. He was sentenced to 25 years in prison. While incarcerated, he was offered parole if he would admit guilt, but he refused.<ref name=CNN /> Cole died in prison on December 2, 1999, during an asthma attack. His family, later joined by the victim, sought to clear his name through the [[Innocence Project of Texas]].<ref name=NPR />


Another man, Jerry Wayne Johnson, confessed to the rape multiple times, starting in 1995.<ref name=NPR/> Further, Mallin later admitted that she was mistaken as to the identity of her attacker. Mallin told police that the rapist smoked during the rape. However, Cole never smoked because of his severe [[asthma]]. [[DNA profiling|DNA evidence]] later showed him to be innocent.<ref name=NPR>{{cite news|last=Goodwin|first=Wade|title=Family Of Man Cleared By DNA Still Seeks Justice|publisher=[[National Public Radio|NPR]]|date=2009-02-05|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=100249923|accessdate=2009-02-05}}</ref> Johnson confirmed in court that he was the rapist and asked the victim and Cole's family to forgive him. "It's been on my heart to express my sincerest sorrow and regret and ask to be forgiven," said Johnson, who is serving life in prison for two other 1985 rapes. However, Johnson cannot be charged in the Mallin case because the [[statute of limitations]] has expired.<ref name=CNN2 /><ref name=AAS /> On February 6, 2009, a Texas district court judge announced "to a 100 percent moral, factual and legal certainty" that Timothy Cole did not commit the rape. The judge, [[Charlie Baird]], reversed the conviction and ordered Cole's record expunged.<ref name=CNN2>{{cite news|title=Texan who died in prison cleared of rape conviction|publisher=[[CNN]]|date=6 February 2009|url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/CRIME/02/06/texas.exoneration/?iref=mpstoryview|accessdate=2009-02-06}}</ref><ref name=AAS>{{cite news|last=Kreytak |first=Steven |title=Judge clears name of late convict in rape |work=[[Austin American Statesman]] |date=2009-02-07 |url=http://www.statesman.com/news/content/news/stories/local/02/07/0207exonerate.html |accessdate=2009-02-07 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327043445/http://www.statesman.com/news/content/news/stories/local/02/07/0207exonerate.html |archivedate=March 27, 2009 }}</ref> It was the first posthumous DNA exoneration in the history of the United States and the state of [[Texas]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Judge Clears Dead Texas Man Of Rape Conviction|publisher=[[KOVR]]|date=2009-02-07|url=http://cbs13.com/national/Timothy.Cole.exonerated.2.929353.html|accessdate=2009-02-07}}{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Cole's exoneration led to numerous changes in Texas law.
Another man, Jerry Wayne Johnson, confessed to the rape multiple times, starting in 1995.<ref name=NPR /> Further, Mallin later admitted that she was mistaken as to the identity of her attacker. Mallin told police that the rapist smoked during the rape. However, Cole never smoked because of his severe [[asthma]]. [[DNA profiling|DNA evidence]] later showed him to be innocent.<ref name=NPR>{{cite news|last=Goodwin|first=Wade|title=Family Of Man Cleared By DNA Still Seeks Justice|publisher=[[National Public Radio|NPR]]|date=February 5, 2009|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=100249923|accessdate=February 5, 2009}}</ref> Johnson confirmed in court that he was the rapist and asked the victim and Cole's family to forgive him. "It's been on my heart to express my sincerest sorrow and regret and ask to be forgiven," said Johnson, who is serving life in prison for two other 1985 rapes. However, Johnson cannot be charged in the Mallin case because the [[statute of limitations]] has expired.<ref name=CNN2 /><ref name=AAS /> On February 6, 2009, a Texas district court judge announced "to a 100 percent moral, factual and legal certainty" that Timothy Cole did not commit the rape. The judge, [[Charlie Baird]], reversed the conviction and ordered Cole's record expunged.<ref name=CNN2>{{cite news|title=Texan who died in prison cleared of rape conviction|publisher=[[CNN]]|date=February 6, 2009|url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/CRIME/02/06/texas.exoneration/?iref=mpstoryview|accessdate=February 6, 2009}}</ref><ref name=AAS>{{cite news|last=Kreytak |first=Steven |title=Judge clears name of late convict in rape |work=[[Austin American Statesman]] |date=February 7, 2009 |url=http://www.statesman.com/news/content/news/stories/local/02/07/0207exonerate.html |accessdate=February 7, 2009 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327043445/http://www.statesman.com/news/content/news/stories/local/02/07/0207exonerate.html |archivedate=March 27, 2009 }}</ref> It was the first posthumous DNA exoneration in the history of the United States and the state of Texas.<ref>{{cite news|title=Judge Clears Dead Texas Man Of Rape Conviction|publisher=[[KOVR]]|date=February 7, 2009|url=http://cbs13.com/national/Timothy.Cole.exonerated.2.929353.html|accessdate=February 7, 2009}}{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Cole's exoneration led to numerous changes in Texas law.


==Legislation==
== Legislation ==
The [[Texas Senate]] passed legislation to exonerate Cole. The [[Texas House of Representatives]] bill passed through committee and then the full house. After that, it went to Governor [[Rick Perry]] to be signed into law.<ref>{{cite news|title=Perry meets with family of exonerated man|publisher=[[News 8 Austin]]|date=2009-04-09|url=http://www.news8austin.com/content/your_news/default.asp?ArID=237339|accessdate=2009-04-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Carlton|first=Jeff|title=Perry meets DNA exoneree’s family|work=[[Houston Chronicle]]|date=2009-04-08|url=http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/metropolitan/6365643.html|accessdate=2009-04-09}}</ref> Another bill, named after Cole, was passed by the legislature and sent to the governor on May 11, 2009. It made those who are falsely convicted of a crime eligible for $160,000 for each year of incarceration—half paid as a lump sum, and half paid out over the claimant's lifetime as an annuity<ref name="gvilaw.com">{{Cite news|url=https://gvilaw.com/timothy-cole/|title=Timothy Cole - Glasheen, Valles & Inderman|newspaper=Glasheen, Valles & Inderman|language=en-US|access-date=2016-11-04}}</ref>—and provide them with free college tuition.<ref>TX CIV PRAC & REM § 103.052</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Hoppe|first=Christy|title=Under the Dome: Briefs from the Texas Legislature|work=[[The Dallas Morning News]]|date=2009-05-12|url=http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/dws/news/texassouthwest/legislature/stories/DN-dome_12tex.ART.State.Edition1.4c5b1a1.html|accessdate=2009-05-12}}</ref> Texas law firm Glasheen, Valles & Inderman also worked with Texas Senator [[John Cornyn]] to convince the United States Internal Revenue Service that compensation for incarceration stemming from a wrongful conviction should not be treated as taxable income, that instead it should be treated the same as compensation for personal injuries which is not taxable income.<ref name="gvilaw.com"/> This ultimately led to the passing of the Protecting Americans from Tax Hikes Act of 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.irs.gov/individuals/wrongful-incarceration-faqs|title=Wrongful Incarceration FAQs|website=www.irs.gov|access-date=2016-11-04}}</ref>
The [[Texas Senate]] passed legislation to exonerate Cole. The [[Texas House of Representatives]] bill passed through committee and then the full house. After that, it went to Governor [[Rick Perry]] to be signed into law.<ref>{{cite news|title=Perry meets with family of exonerated man|publisher=[[News 8 Austin]]|date=April 9, 2009|url=http://www.news8austin.com/content/your_news/default.asp?ArID=237339|accessdate=April 9, 2009}}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Carlton|first=Jeff|title=Perry meets DNA exoneree's family|work=[[Houston Chronicle]]|date=April 8, 2009|url=http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/metropolitan/6365643.html|accessdate=April 9, 2009}}</ref> Another bill, named after Cole, was passed by the legislature and sent to the governor on May 11, 2009. It made those who are falsely convicted of a crime eligible for $160,000 for each year of incarceration—half paid as a lump sum, and half paid out over the claimant's lifetime as an annuity<ref name="gvilaw.com">{{Cite news|url=https://gvilaw.com/timothy-cole/|title=Timothy Cole – Glasheen, Valles & Inderman|newspaper=Glasheen, Valles & Inderman|language=en-US|access-date=November 4, 2016}}</ref>—and provide them with free college tuition.<ref>TX CIV PRAC & REM §&nbsp;103.052</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Hoppe|first=Christy|title=Under the Dome: Briefs from the Texas Legislature|work=[[The Dallas Morning News]]|date=May 12, 2009|url=http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/dws/news/texassouthwest/legislature/stories/DN-dome_12tex.ART.State.Edition1.4c5b1a1.html|accessdate=May 12, 2009}}</ref> Texas law firm [https://gvilaw.com Glasheen, Valles & Inderman] also worked with Texas Senator [[John Cornyn]] to convince the United States Internal Revenue Service that compensation for incarceration stemming from a wrongful conviction should not be treated as taxable income, that instead it should be treated the same as compensation for personal injuries which is not taxable income.<ref name="gvilaw.com" /> This ultimately led to the passing of the Protecting Americans from Tax Hikes Act of 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.irs.gov/individuals/wrongful-incarceration-faqs|title=Wrongful Incarceration FAQs|website=www.irs.gov|access-date=November 4, 2016}}</ref>


The bill also established the Timothy Cole Advisory Panel on Wrongful Convictions. A panel set up to study the causes of wrongful convictions and to devise ways of preventing them is to report to the Texas governor no later than 2011.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/world/unitedstates/displaystory.cfm?story_id=14140222|title=Hidden evidence DNA is changing the way America fights crime, not its policies towards convicts|date=2009-07-30|publisher=Economist|accessdate=2009-08-20}}</ref> While Perry stated he wanted to issue a pardon, he felt that he was not legally able to do so. However, on January 7, 2010, Texas Attorney General [[Greg Abbott]] issued an opinion which cleared the way for the governor to pardon Cole.<ref>{{cite news|title=Texas AG says Perry can pardon dead DNA exoneree|date=2010-01-07|publisher=[[Associated Press]]|url=http://www.kswo.com/Global/story.asp?S=11785297|accessdate=2010-01-07}}{{Dead link|date=June 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=no }}</ref> On March 2, 2010, Governor Perry granted Timothy Cole the state's first posthumous pardon. On May 19, 2015, Governor Greg Abbott signed the Tim Cole Exoneration Review Commission into law. The Tim Cole Commission will review past exonerations and make recommendations to the Texas Legislature regarding criminal justice reform.
The bill also established the Timothy Cole Advisory Panel on Wrongful Convictions. A panel set up to study the causes of wrongful convictions and to devise ways of preventing them is to report to the Texas governor no later than 2011.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/world/unitedstates/displaystory.cfm?story_id=14140222|title=Hidden evidence DNA is changing the way America fights crime, not its policies towards convicts|date=July 30, 2009|publisher=Economist|accessdate=August 20, 2009}}</ref> While Perry stated he wanted to issue a pardon, he felt that he was not legally able to do so. However, on January 7, 2010, Texas Attorney General [[Greg Abbott]] issued an opinion which cleared the way for the governor to pardon Cole.<ref>{{cite news|title=Texas AG says Perry can pardon dead DNA exoneree|date=January 7, 2010|publisher=[[Associated Press]]|url=http://www.kswo.com/Global/story.asp?S=11785297|accessdate=January 7, 2010}}{{dead link|date=June 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=no }}</ref> On March 2, 2010, Governor Perry granted Timothy Cole the state's first posthumous pardon. On May 19, 2015, Governor Greg Abbott signed the Tim Cole Exoneration Review Commission into law. The Tim Cole Commission will review past exonerations and make recommendations to the Texas Legislature regarding criminal justice reform.


==Memorials and posthumous degree==
== Memorials and posthumous degree ==
[[Image:Tim Cole.JPG|thumb|Historical marker at Cole's grave]]
[[File:Tim Cole.JPG|thumb|upright|Historical marker at Cole's grave]]
On February 3, 2012, on the third anniversary of Cole's exoneration, the State of Texas unveiled a historical marker at his grave. In June 2012, the Lubbock City Council voted to honor Cole with a memorial. The statue, created by Lubbock-based sculptor Eddie Dixon,<ref>{{cite news|title=Sculptor Pays Homage To Prisoner Wrongfully Convicted Of Rape|date=2013-12-29|publisher=CBS 11 DFW|accessdate=2020-03-28|url=https://dfw.cbslocal.com/2013/12/29/sculptor-pays-homage-to-prisoner-wrongfully-convicted-of-rape/}}</ref> is the first of its kind to recognize a wrongfully convicted person.<ref>{{cite news|title=Council approves Tim Cole memorial|date=2012-06-07|publisher=Fox 34 News|url=http://www.myfoxlubbock.com/news/local/story/Tim-Cole-permanent-monument-City-Council/FYX3lbXwEk2oE-g4Wi9USw.cspx|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130129121645/http://www.myfoxlubbock.com/news/local/story/Tim-Cole-permanent-monument-City-Council/FYX3lbXwEk2oE-g4Wi9USw.cspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-01-29|accessdate=2012-06-08}}</ref> The $250,000, {{convert|19|ft|adj=on}} bronze and granite statue, paid for by local attorney Kevin Glasheen, is located at 2500 19 Street, and was unveiled in September 2014.<ref>{{cite news|title=Community gathers to honor celebrate former students legacy|date=2014-09-18|work=[[The Daily Toreador]]|url=http://www.dailytoreador.com/news/community-gathers-to-honor-celebrate-former-student-s-legacy/article_45f7ddf4-3edf-11e4-a7a0-0017a43b2370.html|accessdate=2015-02-13}}</ref>
On February 3, 2012, on the third anniversary of Cole's exoneration, the State of Texas unveiled a historical marker at his grave. In June 2012, the Lubbock City Council voted to honor Cole with a memorial. The statue, created by Lubbock-based sculptor Eddie Dixon,<ref>{{cite news|title=Sculptor Pays Homage To Prisoner Wrongfully Convicted Of Rape|date=December 29, 2013|publisher=CBS 11 DFW|accessdate=March 28, 2020|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/dfw/news/sculptor-pays-homage-to-prisoner-wrongfully-convicted-of-rape/}}</ref> is the first of its kind to recognize a wrongfully convicted person.<ref>{{cite news|title=Council approves Tim Cole memorial|date=June 7, 2012|publisher=Fox 34 News|url=http://www.myfoxlubbock.com/news/local/story/Tim-Cole-permanent-monument-City-Council/FYX3lbXwEk2oE-g4Wi9USw.cspx|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130129121645/http://www.myfoxlubbock.com/news/local/story/Tim-Cole-permanent-monument-City-Council/FYX3lbXwEk2oE-g4Wi9USw.cspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 29, 2013|accessdate=June 8, 2012}}</ref> The $250,000, {{convert|19|ft|adj=on}} bronze and granite statue, paid for by local attorney Kevin Glasheen, is located at 2500 19 Street, and was unveiled in September 2014.<ref>{{cite news|title=Community gathers to honor celebrate former students legacy|date=September 18, 2014|work=[[The Daily Toreador]]|url=http://www.dailytoreador.com/news/community-gathers-to-honor-celebrate-former-student-s-legacy/article_45f7ddf4-3edf-11e4-a7a0-0017a43b2370.html|accessdate=February 13, 2015}}</ref>


During the first week of March 2015, the [[Texas Tech University System]] Board of Regents approved for Cole an honorary degree in law and social justice. A ceremony was held on May 15, 2015.<ref>{{cite news|title=Texas Tech Honorary Degree Approved for Tim Cole|date=2015-03-09|publisher=EverythingLubbock.com|url=http://www.everythinglubbock.com/story/d/story/texas-tech-honorary-degree-approved-for-tim-cole/39095/qvdWhlFlcUqTvQqzjIIbTw|accessdate=2015-03-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150312170945/http://www.everythinglubbock.com/story/d/story/texas-tech-honorary-degree-approved-for-tim-cole/39095/qvdWhlFlcUqTvQqzjIIbTw|archive-date=2015-03-12|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Texas Tech Grants Honorary Degree to Timothy Cole|date=2015-05-15|publisher=[[Texas Tech University]]|url=http://today.ttu.edu/posts/2015/05/honorary-degree-for-timothy-cole|accessdate=2015-05-19}}</ref>
During the first week of March 2015, the [[Texas Tech University System]] Board of Regents approved for Cole an honorary degree in law and social justice. A ceremony was held on May 15, 2015.<ref>{{cite news|title=Texas Tech Honorary Degree Approved for Tim Cole|date=March 9, 2015|publisher=EverythingLubbock.com|url=http://www.everythinglubbock.com/story/d/story/texas-tech-honorary-degree-approved-for-tim-cole/39095/qvdWhlFlcUqTvQqzjIIbTw|accessdate=March 9, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150312170945/http://www.everythinglubbock.com/story/d/story/texas-tech-honorary-degree-approved-for-tim-cole/39095/qvdWhlFlcUqTvQqzjIIbTw|archive-date=March 12, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Texas Tech Grants Honorary Degree to Timothy Cole|date=May 15, 2015|publisher=[[Texas Tech University]]|url=http://today.ttu.edu/posts/2015/05/honorary-degree-for-timothy-cole|accessdate=May 19, 2015}}</ref>


==See also==
== See also ==
* [[Innocent prisoner's dilemma]]
* [[Innocent prisoner's dilemma]]
* [[List of wrongful convictions in the United States]]
* [[List of wrongful convictions in the United States]]
{{clear}}


==References==
== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}


==Further reading==
== Further reading ==
* McKinley, Fred B. ''A PLEA FOR JUSTICE: The Timothy Cole Story''. Waco: Eakin Press, 2010.
* McKinley, Fred B. ''A PLEA FOR JUSTICE: The Timothy Cole Story''. Waco: Eakin Press, 2010.


==External links==
== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090927055232/http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1924278,00.html?loomia_si=t0:a16:g2:r2:c0.0622722:b27810686&xid=Loomia Texas: The Kinder, Gentler Hang 'Em High State] (Texas' Tim Cole Act to Help Wrongfully Convicted) (''[[TIME (magazine)|TIME]]'')
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090927055232/http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1924278,00.html?loomia_si=t0:a16:g2:r2:c0.0622722:b27810686&xid=Loomia Texas: The Kinder, Gentler Hang 'Em High State] (Texas' Tim Cole Act to Help Wrongfully Convicted) (''[[TIME (magazine)|TIME]]'')


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[[Category:Recipients of American gubernatorial pardons]]
[[Category:Recipients of American gubernatorial pardons]]
[[Category:American people convicted of rape]]
[[Category:American people convicted of rape]]
[[Category:20th-century African-American men]]
[[Category:20th-century African-American people]]
[[Category:American people who died in prison custody]]
[[Category:American people who died in prison custody]]

Revision as of 20:00, 29 May 2024

For other people named Tim Cole, see Tim Cole (disambiguation).

Tim Cole
Cole's yearbook photo
Born
Timothy Brian Cole

July 1, 1960
Brenham, Texas, U.S.
DiedDecember 2, 1999(1999-12-02) (aged 39)
Brazoria, Texas, U.S.
Resting placeMount Olivet Cemetery (Fort Worth, Texas)
Occupation(s)Military veteran
University student
Criminal status
Conviction(s)Rape (posthumously overturned)
Criminal penalty25 years in prison (posthumously overturned)

Timothy Brian Cole (July 1, 1960 – December 2, 1999) was an American military veteran and a Texas Tech University student wrongfully convicted of raping a fellow student in 1985.

Cole attended two years of college followed by two years of service in the U.S. Army. After his Army service, he returned to college at Texas Tech in Lubbock.[1] Cole died after serving 14 years in prison, but was posthumously pardoned.

Crime and aftermath

On March 24, 1985, Michele Mallin, a student at Texas Tech University in Lubbock, had just parked her car when she was accosted by a man, forced back into the car, and raped.[2] The rape was one of a number of similar attacks in the area at the time. Police showed photographs of potential suspects to Mallin, including one of Cole, another student at Texas Tech. She picked his photograph and later picked him out from an identity parade.[1] Cole was convicted by a jury of rape, primarily based on the testimony of the victim. He was sentenced to 25 years in prison. While incarcerated, he was offered parole if he would admit guilt, but he refused.[1] Cole died in prison on December 2, 1999, during an asthma attack. His family, later joined by the victim, sought to clear his name through the Innocence Project of Texas.[2]

Another man, Jerry Wayne Johnson, confessed to the rape multiple times, starting in 1995.[2] Further, Mallin later admitted that she was mistaken as to the identity of her attacker. Mallin told police that the rapist smoked during the rape. However, Cole never smoked because of his severe asthma. DNA evidence later showed him to be innocent.[2] Johnson confirmed in court that he was the rapist and asked the victim and Cole's family to forgive him. "It's been on my heart to express my sincerest sorrow and regret and ask to be forgiven," said Johnson, who is serving life in prison for two other 1985 rapes. However, Johnson cannot be charged in the Mallin case because the statute of limitations has expired.[3][4] On February 6, 2009, a Texas district court judge announced "to a 100 percent moral, factual and legal certainty" that Timothy Cole did not commit the rape. The judge, Charlie Baird, reversed the conviction and ordered Cole's record expunged.[3][4] It was the first posthumous DNA exoneration in the history of the United States and the state of Texas.[5] Cole's exoneration led to numerous changes in Texas law.

Legislation

The Texas Senate passed legislation to exonerate Cole. The Texas House of Representatives bill passed through committee and then the full house. After that, it went to Governor Rick Perry to be signed into law.[6][7] Another bill, named after Cole, was passed by the legislature and sent to the governor on May 11, 2009. It made those who are falsely convicted of a crime eligible for $160,000 for each year of incarceration—half paid as a lump sum, and half paid out over the claimant's lifetime as an annuity[8]—and provide them with free college tuition.[9][10] Texas law firm Glasheen, Valles & Inderman also worked with Texas Senator John Cornyn to convince the United States Internal Revenue Service that compensation for incarceration stemming from a wrongful conviction should not be treated as taxable income, that instead it should be treated the same as compensation for personal injuries which is not taxable income.[8] This ultimately led to the passing of the Protecting Americans from Tax Hikes Act of 2015.[11]

The bill also established the Timothy Cole Advisory Panel on Wrongful Convictions. A panel set up to study the causes of wrongful convictions and to devise ways of preventing them is to report to the Texas governor no later than 2011.[12] While Perry stated he wanted to issue a pardon, he felt that he was not legally able to do so. However, on January 7, 2010, Texas Attorney General Greg Abbott issued an opinion which cleared the way for the governor to pardon Cole.[13] On March 2, 2010, Governor Perry granted Timothy Cole the state's first posthumous pardon. On May 19, 2015, Governor Greg Abbott signed the Tim Cole Exoneration Review Commission into law. The Tim Cole Commission will review past exonerations and make recommendations to the Texas Legislature regarding criminal justice reform.

Memorials and posthumous degree

Historical marker at Cole's grave

On February 3, 2012, on the third anniversary of Cole's exoneration, the State of Texas unveiled a historical marker at his grave. In June 2012, the Lubbock City Council voted to honor Cole with a memorial. The statue, created by Lubbock-based sculptor Eddie Dixon,[14] is the first of its kind to recognize a wrongfully convicted person.[15] The $250,000, 19-foot (5.8 m) bronze and granite statue, paid for by local attorney Kevin Glasheen, is located at 2500 19 Street, and was unveiled in September 2014.[16]

During the first week of March 2015, the Texas Tech University System Board of Regents approved for Cole an honorary degree in law and social justice. A ceremony was held on May 15, 2015.[17][18]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Lavandera, Ed (February 5, 2009). "Family seeks to clear man who died in prison". CNN. Retrieved February 5, 2009.
  2. ^ a b c d Goodwin, Wade (February 5, 2009). "Family Of Man Cleared By DNA Still Seeks Justice". NPR. Retrieved February 5, 2009.
  3. ^ a b "Texan who died in prison cleared of rape conviction". CNN. February 6, 2009. Retrieved February 6, 2009.
  4. ^ a b Kreytak, Steven (February 7, 2009). "Judge clears name of late convict in rape". Austin American Statesman. Archived from the original on March 27, 2009. Retrieved February 7, 2009.
  5. ^ "Judge Clears Dead Texas Man Of Rape Conviction". KOVR. February 7, 2009. Retrieved February 7, 2009.[permanent dead link]
  6. ^ "Perry meets with family of exonerated man". News 8 Austin. April 9, 2009. Retrieved April 9, 2009.[permanent dead link]
  7. ^ Carlton, Jeff (April 8, 2009). "Perry meets DNA exoneree's family". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved April 9, 2009.
  8. ^ a b "Timothy Cole – Glasheen, Valles & Inderman". Glasheen, Valles & Inderman. Retrieved November 4, 2016.
  9. ^ TX CIV PRAC & REM § 103.052
  10. ^ Hoppe, Christy (May 12, 2009). "Under the Dome: Briefs from the Texas Legislature". The Dallas Morning News. Retrieved May 12, 2009.
  11. ^ "Wrongful Incarceration FAQs". www.irs.gov. Retrieved November 4, 2016.
  12. ^ "Hidden evidence DNA is changing the way America fights crime, not its policies towards convicts". Economist. July 30, 2009. Retrieved August 20, 2009.
  13. ^ "Texas AG says Perry can pardon dead DNA exoneree". Associated Press. January 7, 2010. Retrieved January 7, 2010.[permanent dead link]
  14. ^ "Sculptor Pays Homage To Prisoner Wrongfully Convicted Of Rape". CBS 11 DFW. December 29, 2013. Retrieved March 28, 2020.
  15. ^ "Council approves Tim Cole memorial". Fox 34 News. June 7, 2012. Archived from the original on January 29, 2013. Retrieved June 8, 2012.
  16. ^ "Community gathers to honor celebrate former students legacy". The Daily Toreador. September 18, 2014. Retrieved February 13, 2015.
  17. ^ "Texas Tech Honorary Degree Approved for Tim Cole". EverythingLubbock.com. March 9, 2015. Archived from the original on March 12, 2015. Retrieved March 9, 2015.
  18. ^ "Texas Tech Grants Honorary Degree to Timothy Cole". Texas Tech University. May 15, 2015. Retrieved May 19, 2015.

Further reading

  • McKinley, Fred B. A PLEA FOR JUSTICE: The Timothy Cole Story. Waco: Eakin Press, 2010.
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