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{{Short description|Medieval East European state}}
{{Unreferenced|date=November 2007}}


{{Infobox country
The '''Principality of Chernigov (Chernihiv)''' is one of the largest state formations of [[Kievan Rus']]. For quite sometime the principality was also the second most important after Kiev.
| native_name =
| conventional_long_name = Principality of Chernigov
| common_name = Chernigov
| status = [[Principality]] within [[Kievan Rus']] <small>(1024–1240)</small><br />Vassal of the [[Golden Horde]] <small>(1245–1362)</small><br />Principality within the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]] <small>(1362–1402)</small>
| government_type = [[Monarchy]]<br />[[Olgovichi]] dynasty
| year_start = 1024
| year_end = 1402
| p1 = Kievan Rus'
| s1 = Principality of Novgorod-Seversk
| s2 = Grand Duchy of Lithuania
| s3 = Murom-Ryazan Principality
| s4 = Bryansk
| s5 = Upper Oka Principalities
| flag_type = Flag
| image_coat = [[File:Tryzub.svg|70px]]
| symbol = Symbols of the Rurikids
| symbol_type = Symbol of Mstislav of Chernigov
| image_map = Triangle of Kyiv Chernihiv Pereyaslavl 1132.png
| image_map_caption = {{legend|#D6B0FC|Principality of Chernigov (1132)}}
| capital = [[Chernigov]]
| common_languages = {{nowrap|[[Old East Slavic language|Old East Slavic]] (official)}}
| religion = {{nowrap|[[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodoxy]] (official)}}
| currency = [[Grivna]]
| title_leader = [[Prince of Chernigov|Prince]]
| leader1 = [[Mstislav of Chernigov|Mstislav]] (first)
| year_leader1 = 1024–1036
| legislature =
| today = [[Russia]]<br />[[Ukraine]]<br />[[Belarus]]
}}

The '''Principality of Chernigov'''{{efn|{{lang-ru|Черниговское княжество}}; {{lang-uk|Чернігівське князівство}}}} was one of the largest and most powerful states within [[Kievan Rus']]. For a time the principality was the second most powerful after Kiev. The principality was formed in the 10th century and maintained some of its distinctiveness until the 16th century. The Principality of Chernigov consisted of regions of modern-day [[Ukraine]], [[Belarus]], and [[Russia]].{{sfn|Ohloblyn|1984}}


==Location==
==Location==
The greater part of Chernigov Principality was located on the left bank of the river [[Dnieper]], within the basins of the [[Desna (river)|Desna]] and [[Seym River|Seim]] rivers. The principality was supposedly mostly populated by Slavic tribes of [[Siverians]] and partially by the Dnieper [[Polans (eastern)|Polans]]. Later the territory of the principality was extended to the lands of [[Radimichs]] and partially [[Vyatichs]] and [[Drehovichs]]. The capital of the principality was the city of Chernigov, modern [[Chernihiv]]. Other important cities were [[Novhorod-Siversky]], [[Starodub]], [[Bryansk]], [[Putyvl]], [[Kursk]], [[Lubech]], [[Hlukhiv]], [[Chechersk]], [[Gomel]] (Homiel), [[Vyr]], etc. Ownership and influence of the Chernigov Principality reached far to the North (the Murom-Ryazan Land) and to the South-East ([[Tmutorokan Principality]]).
Most of the Principality of Chernigov was located on the left bank of the river [[Dnieper]], within the basins of the [[Desna (river)|Desna]] and [[Seym River|Seim]] rivers. The principality was supposedly populated by mostly Slavic tribes of [[Siverians]] and partially by the Dnieper [[Polans (eastern)|Polans]]. Later the territory of the principality extended to the lands of the [[Radimichs]] and partially the [[Vyatichs]] and [[Drehovichs]]. The capital of the principality was the city of [[Chernigov]], the other main important cities were [[Novhorod-Siversky|Novgorod-Seversky]], [[Starodub|Starodub-Seversky]], [[Trubchevsk]] and [[Kozelsk]]. Ownership and influence of the Chernigov Principality bordered [[Principality of Ryazan|Murom-Ryazan Land]] to the north and [[Tmutorokan Principality]] to the southeast.{{sfn|Ohloblyn|1984}}


==History==
==History==
According to the [[Primary Chronicle]] before the 11th century, the principality was ruled by local (tribal) elderly and [[voevode]]s from [[Kiev]] that were appointed by the [[Grand Prince]] to collect [[tribute]] from the local population, manage judicial trials, and defend the land from external enemies. In the years 1024&ndash;1036 the principality of Chernigov was passed under the administration of son of the [[Vladimir the Great]], [[Mstislav of Chernigov]] who came there from Tmutorokan. Together with Yaroslav the Wise Mstislav ruled the Kievan Rus establishing Chernigov as one of the most important administration centers within the Rus. Upon the death of Mstislav Chernigov was incorporated into the realm of Kiev.
According to the ''[[Primary Chronicle]]'', before the 11th century the principality was ruled by local tribal elders and [[voivode]]s from [[Kiev]] who were appointed by the [[Grand Prince of Kiev|Grand Prince]] to collect [[tribute]] from the local population, manage judicial trials, and defend the land from external enemies.{{sfn|Ohloblyn|1984}}


In 1024, [[Mstislav of Chernigov]], son of [[Vladimir the Great]] arrived from [[Tmutarakan]] and established rule over the principality of Chernigov.{{sfn|Dimnik|1994|pp=8, 12, 16}}{{sfn|Martin|2007|p=26}} Mstislav set the Dnieper river as the boundary between his sphere of influence and that of his brother, [[Yaroslav the Wise]]. This would be the first recorded attempt to settle areas of authority by agreement rather than by violence in the lands of the Rus'. The division of land between the brothers progressed in a stable position, this was easily facilitated by the vast distances of the region, where Mstislav expanded south while Yaroslav ventured north.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Simon |first1=Franklin |url=https://archive.org/details/emergenceofrus750000fran |title=The Emergence of Rus 750–1200 |last2=Shepard |first2=Jonathan |date=1996 |isbn=9780582490918 |pages=205–208 |publisher=Longman |language=en |access-date=31 March 2022 }}</ref>
After [[Yaroslav the Wise]] the principality of Chernigov was passed to one of his sons Grand Prince [[Sviatoslav II of Kiev|Sviatoslav]], who gave rise to the Chernigov branch of [[Rurikid]]s. During the Yaroslavichi's civil war Chernigov was contested between sons of Svyatoslav and Vsevolod. Only by the decision of [[Liubech Congress]] (1097) the Sviatoslav’s sons [[Oleg I of Chernigov|Oleg]], Davyd, and their descendants finally secured the principality after their family. Since then the principality obtained a certain degree of autonomy and was primarily secured after the Oleg's descendants.


He began establishing Chernigov as one of the most important administrative centres in the region, whereupon he constructed defensive barriers and expanded the citadel. Fortified ramparts were built with a circumference of 2.5&nbsp;km with an average height of 4 meters, vast even by the standards of the Rus.<ref name=":0" /> Upon the death of Mstislav after a hunting trip in 1036,<ref name=":0" /> Chernigov was incorporated into the realm of Kiev.
With time Cherhigov Principality was split into three main apanage principalities: Chernigov, [[Principality of Novogorod-Seversk|Novgorod-Seversk]] and [[Murom-Ryazan Principality|Murom-Ryazan]], while Tmutarakan due to its remoteness became often contested and eventually was overtaken. Murom and later the Ryazan principality also drifted away from under the influence of Chernigov and after some time was contested by the Principality of Vladimir. Nonetheless the influence of Chernigov Princes remained large and they retained the title of Kiev [[Grand Prince]] for sometime. The capital of the principality, Chernigov, was one of the largest economic and cultural centers of [[Kievan Rus']]. The Chernigov dynasty possessed [[Kiev]] for some time in the 11th&ndash;13th centuries.

With the death of his brother, [[Yaroslav the Wise]] attained sole authority of the dynasty and claimed the principality of Chernigov, he would rule until 1054.<ref name=":0" /> Subsequently, his son who would eventually be titled Grand Prince [[Sviatoslav II of Kiev|Sviatoslav]] initiated the Chernigov branch of the [[Rurikid]]s. During the civil war of the Yaroslavichi, Chernigov was contested between the sons of Sviatoslav and [[Vsevolod I of Kiev|Vsevolod]]. After the death of Sviatoslav in 1076, it decided on the [[Council of Liubech]], that the sons of Sviatoslav, [[Oleg I of Chernigov|Oleg]] and [[Davyd Sviatoslavich|Davyd]], and their descendants secure the principality.{{sfn|Dimnik|1994|pp=11–1}} The principality subsequently obtained a certain degree of autonomy and was primarily secured thereafter.

The Principality was later split into three main apanage principalities: Chernigov proper, [[Principality of Novgorod-Seversk|Novgorod-Seversk]], and [[Murom-Ryazan Principality|Murom-Ryazan]].{{sfn|Ohloblyn|1984}} While Tmutarakan, due to its remoteness, often became contested and eventually was overtaken. Murom and later the Ryazan principality drifted away from the influence of Chernigov and after some time was contested by the Principality of Vladimir. Nonetheless, the influence of the Chernigov princes remained large and they retained the title of Grand Prince of Kiev for some time. Chernigov was one of the largest economic and cultural centres of Kievan Rus'.{{sfn|Ohloblyn|1984}}

==List of princes==
{{main|Prince of Chernigov}}

==List of counties and cities==
[[File:Ziemie Czernihowsko-Siewierskie w XV wieku.jpg|thumb|300px|Territories of Chernigov in the 15th century]]

Below is a list of former counties and cities of the Principality of Chernigov:{{sfn|Ohloblyn|1984}}
{{div col|colwidth=10em}}
* [[Bilhorod Kyivskyi]]
* [[Briansk]]
* [[Chachersk]]
* [[Chernihiv]]
* [[Hlukhiv]]
* [[Homel]]
* [[Karachev]]
* [[Kozelsk]]
* [[Kursk]]
* [[Liubech]]
* [[Meshchovsk|Mezetsk]]
* [[Mglin]]
* [[Novhorod-Siversky]]
* [[Novosil]]
* [[Oryol]]
* [[Oster]]
* [[Ryazan]]
* [[Slawharad|Propoisk]]
* [[Putyvl]]
* [[Rechytsa|Rechytsia]]
* [[Rylsk, Russia|Rylsk]]
* [[Starodub]]
* [[Trubchevsk|Trubetsk]]
* [[Bilopillia|Vyr]]
* [[Yelets]]{{div col end}}


==See also==
==See also==
* [[Upper Oka Principalities]], counties along the [[Oka River]]
* [[Prince of Chernigov]] for list of rulers
* [[Severia]], historical region

==Notes==
{{notelist}}


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


== Bibliography ==
==External links==
* {{cite book |first=Oleksander |last=Ohloblyn | chapter=Chernihiv principality |title=Encyclopedia of Ukraine. Volume 1 | url=https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CC%5CH%5CChernihivprincipality.htm |date=1984 |publisher=Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies | access-date=29 April 2024}}
* [http://www.ostu.ru/personal/nikolaev/rus11.html Map of Kievan Rus (11th-12 centuries)]
* {{Cite book |last=Dimnik |first=Martin |title=The Dynasty of Chernigov, 1054–1146 |publisher=Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies |date=1994 |pages=509 |isbn=978-0-88844-116-4}}
* {{cite book |title=Medieval Russia: 980–1584. Second Edition. E-book |last=Martin |first=Janet |url=https://www.ebooks.com/en-us/book/802816/medieval-russia-980-1584/janet-martin/ |year=2007 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-0-511-36800-4}}


{{Template:Principalities of Kievan Rus}}
{{Principalities of Kievan Rus}}
{{Ukrainian historical regions}}


{{coord|51|30|N|32|0|E|display=title|region:UA_type:adm1st}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Chernigov, Principality of}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Kievan Rus']]
[[Category:Former Slavic countries]]
[[Category:Former principalities]]


{{DEFAULTSORT:Chernihiv, Principality Of}}
[[be:Чарнігаўскае княства]]
[[Category:Principality of Chernigov| ]]
[[ka:ჩერნიგოვის სამთავრო]]
[[Category:Subdivisions of Kievan Rus']]
[[lt:Černigovo kunigaikštystė]]
[[Category:Rus' principalities]]
[[ja:チェルニーヒウ公国]]
[[Category:1400s disestablishments in Europe]]
[[pl:Księstwo czernihowskie]]
[[Category:Principalities of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania]]
[[ru:Черниговское княжество]]
[[Category:History of Chernihiv]]
[[uk:Чернігівське князівство]]
[[zh:切尔尼戈夫统治者列表]]

Revision as of 16:08, 27 May 2024

Principality of Chernigov
1024–1402
  Principality of Chernigov (1132)
StatusPrincipality within Kievan Rus' (1024–1240)
Vassal of the Golden Horde (1245–1362)
Principality within the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (1362–1402)
CapitalChernigov
Common languagesOld East Slavic (official)
Religion
Eastern Orthodoxy (official)
GovernmentMonarchy
Olgovichi dynasty
Prince 
• 1024–1036
Mstislav (first)
History 
• Established
1024
• Disestablished
1402
CurrencyGrivna
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Kievan Rus'
Principality of Novgorod-Seversk
Grand Duchy of Lithuania
Murom-Ryazan Principality
Bryansk
Upper Oka Principalities
Today part ofRussia
Ukraine
Belarus

The Principality of Chernigov[a] was one of the largest and most powerful states within Kievan Rus'. For a time the principality was the second most powerful after Kiev. The principality was formed in the 10th century and maintained some of its distinctiveness until the 16th century. The Principality of Chernigov consisted of regions of modern-day Ukraine, Belarus, and Russia.[1]

Location

Most of the Principality of Chernigov was located on the left bank of the river Dnieper, within the basins of the Desna and Seim rivers. The principality was supposedly populated by mostly Slavic tribes of Siverians and partially by the Dnieper Polans. Later the territory of the principality extended to the lands of the Radimichs and partially the Vyatichs and Drehovichs. The capital of the principality was the city of Chernigov, the other main important cities were Novgorod-Seversky, Starodub-Seversky, Trubchevsk and Kozelsk. Ownership and influence of the Chernigov Principality bordered Murom-Ryazan Land to the north and Tmutorokan Principality to the southeast.[1]

History

According to the Primary Chronicle, before the 11th century the principality was ruled by local tribal elders and voivodes from Kiev who were appointed by the Grand Prince to collect tribute from the local population, manage judicial trials, and defend the land from external enemies.[1]

In 1024, Mstislav of Chernigov, son of Vladimir the Great arrived from Tmutarakan and established rule over the principality of Chernigov.[2][3] Mstislav set the Dnieper river as the boundary between his sphere of influence and that of his brother, Yaroslav the Wise. This would be the first recorded attempt to settle areas of authority by agreement rather than by violence in the lands of the Rus'. The division of land between the brothers progressed in a stable position, this was easily facilitated by the vast distances of the region, where Mstislav expanded south while Yaroslav ventured north.[4]

He began establishing Chernigov as one of the most important administrative centres in the region, whereupon he constructed defensive barriers and expanded the citadel. Fortified ramparts were built with a circumference of 2.5 km with an average height of 4 meters, vast even by the standards of the Rus.[4] Upon the death of Mstislav after a hunting trip in 1036,[4] Chernigov was incorporated into the realm of Kiev.

With the death of his brother, Yaroslav the Wise attained sole authority of the dynasty and claimed the principality of Chernigov, he would rule until 1054.[4] Subsequently, his son who would eventually be titled Grand Prince Sviatoslav initiated the Chernigov branch of the Rurikids. During the civil war of the Yaroslavichi, Chernigov was contested between the sons of Sviatoslav and Vsevolod. After the death of Sviatoslav in 1076, it decided on the Council of Liubech, that the sons of Sviatoslav, Oleg and Davyd, and their descendants secure the principality.[5] The principality subsequently obtained a certain degree of autonomy and was primarily secured thereafter.

The Principality was later split into three main apanage principalities: Chernigov proper, Novgorod-Seversk, and Murom-Ryazan.[1] While Tmutarakan, due to its remoteness, often became contested and eventually was overtaken. Murom and later the Ryazan principality drifted away from the influence of Chernigov and after some time was contested by the Principality of Vladimir. Nonetheless, the influence of the Chernigov princes remained large and they retained the title of Grand Prince of Kiev for some time. Chernigov was one of the largest economic and cultural centres of Kievan Rus'.[1]

List of princes

Main article: Prince of Chernigov

List of counties and cities

Territories of Chernigov in the 15th century

Below is a list of former counties and cities of the Principality of Chernigov:[1]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Russian: Черниговское княжество; Ukrainian: Чернігівське князівство

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f Ohloblyn 1984.
  2. ^ Dimnik 1994, pp. 8, 12, 16.
  3. ^ Martin 2007, p. 26.
  4. ^ a b c d Simon, Franklin; Shepard, Jonathan (1996). The Emergence of Rus 750–1200. Longman. pp. 205–208. ISBN 9780582490918. Retrieved 31 March 2022.
  5. ^ Dimnik 1994, pp. 11–1.

Bibliography

51°30′N 32°0′E / 51.500°N 32.000°E / 51.500; 32.000

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