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{{short description|Indian musician}}
{{short description|Indian musician}}
{{about||the Sufi teacher|Vilayat Inayat Khan|the Agra Gharana Singer|Vilayat Hussain Khan}}
{{for multi|the Sufi teacher|Vilayat Inayat Khan|the Agra Gharana Singer|Vilayat Hussain Khan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox musical artist
{{Infobox person
| name = Vilayat Khan
| name = Vilayat Khan
| image = Vilayat Khan 2014 stampsheet of India cr.jpg
| image = Vilayat Khan 2014 stampsheet of India cr.jpg
| image_size = 260px
| image_size = 260px
| caption = Vilayat Khan on a 2014 Indian postage-stamp sheet
| caption = Vilayat Khan on a 2014 Indian postage-stamp sheet
| background = non_vocal_instrumentalist
| birth_name = Vilayat Khan
| birth_name = Vilayat Khan
| alias =
| alias =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1928|8|28|df=y}}
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1928|8|28|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Gouripur, Bangladesh|Gouripur, Mymensingh]], [[East Bengal]] (present day [[Bangladesh]])
| birth_place = [[Gouripur, Bangladesh|Gouripur, Mymensingh]], [[East Bengal]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2004|03|13|1928|08|28|df=y}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|2004|03|13|1928|08|28|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], India
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], India
| genre = [[Hindustani classical music|Indian classical music]]
| occupation = [[Sitar|sitar player]]
| occupation = [[Sitar|sitar player]]
| years_active = 1939–2004
| years_active = 1939 {{endash}} 2004
| awards = "Aftab-e-Sitar" (Sun of the Sitar) from the [[President of India]]<br/>"Bharat Sitar Samrat" by the Artistes Association of India<br/>Silver Medal at the [[1st Moscow International Film Festival]] in 1959<br/>
| instrument = [[Sitar]]
}}
}}


Ustad '''Vilayat Khan''' (28 August 1928{{ref|birthdate}} – 13 March 2004) was an [[Hindustani classical music|Indian classical]] [[sitar]] player.<ref name=EB>[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Vilayat-Khan Profile of Vilayat Khan on Encyclopædia Britannica] Retrieved 12 October 2020</ref><ref name=TheHindu>{{cite news|title=No Compromise in his Art (an interview with Vilayat Khan)|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/no-compromises-in-his-art/article28526199.ece
Ustad '''Vilayat Khan''' (28 August 1928{{ref|birthdate}} – 13 March 2004) was an [[Hindustani classical music|Indian classical]] [[sitar]] player, <ref name=TheHindu>{{cite news|title=No Compromise in his Art (an interview with Vilayat Khan)|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/no-compromises-in-his-art/article28526199.ece
|newspaper=The Hindu (newspaper)|date=28 March 2004|access-date=12 October 2020}}</ref><ref name=LAT>{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2004-mar-16-me-khan16-story.html |newspaper=Los Angeles Times (newspaper)|agency=Associated Press|date=16 March 2004|title=Ustad Vilayat Khan, 76; Leading Indian Sitar Player, Composer (obituary)|access-date=12 October 2020}}</ref> Along with [[Imdad Khan]], [[Enayat Khan]], and [[Imrat Khan]], he is credited with the creation and development of ''gayaki ang'' (an attempt to mimic the sound of the human voice) on the sitar.<ref name=EB/>
|newspaper=The Hindu newspaper|date=28 March 2004|access-date=10 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404154543/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/no-compromises-in-his-art/article28526199.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 April 2022}}</ref><ref name=LAT>{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2004-mar-16-me-khan16-story.html |newspaper=Los Angeles Times newspaper|agency=Associated Press|date=16 March 2004|title=Ustad Vilayat Khan, 76; Leading Indian Sitar Player, Composer (obituary)|access-date=12 March 2024|archive-date=13 October 2020|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201013085854/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2004-mar-16-me-khan16-story.html}}</ref> considered by many to be the greatest sitarist of his age.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2004/mar/25/guardianobituaries.artsobituaries | title=Vilayat Khan | newspaper=The Guardian | date=25 March 2004 | last1=Hunt | first1=Ken }}</ref> Along with [[Imdad Khan]], [[Enayat Khan]], and [[Imrat Khan]], he is credited with the creation and development of ''gayaki ang'' (a technique that emulates the vocal [[melisma]] of [[Hindustani classical music]]) on the sitar.


He recorded his first 78-RPM disc at the age of 6,<ref name=EB/> and gave his last concert in 2004 at the age of 75.<ref name=NYT/> He has composed the music for several films, including [[Jalsaghar]] (1958), [[The Guru (1969 film)|The Guru]] (1969), and [[Kadambari (1976 film)|Kadambari]] (1976). He had given a chance to newcomer [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]] in Kadambari which was the first song in her career.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b73345f01|title = Kadambari (1976)}}</ref>
He recorded his first 78-RPM disc at the age of and gave his last concert in 2004 at the age of 75.<ref name=NYT/> He has composed the music for several films, including [[Jalsaghar]] (1958), [[The Guru (1969 film)|The Guru]] (1969), and [[Kadambari (1976 film)|Kadambari]] (1976). He had given a chance to newcomer [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]] in Kadambari which was the first song in her career.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b73345f01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181230060353/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b73345f01|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 December 2018|title = Kadambari (1976)}}</ref>


==Early life==
==Early life==
Vilayat was born in [[Gouripur, Bangladesh|Gouripur, Mymensingh]] in then [[East Bengal]] in [[British India]] and current [[Bangladesh]].<ref name=EB/><ref name=NYT/> His father [[Enayat Khan]] was recognised as a leading sitar and [[surbahar]] (bass sitar) player of his time, as had been his grandfather, [[Imdad Khan]], before him. He was taught in the family style, known as the [[Imdadkhani gharana]] by his father and other relatives in the family. Imdadkhani gharana is also called [[Etawah gharana]] known after a small city close to [[Agra]] where Imdad Khan lived. This family represents the sixth generation of musicians that dates back to the [[Mughal Empire]].<ref name=NYT/><ref>{{cite news |title= Reliving the magic|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1041209/asp/calcutta/story_4102173.asp|newspaper= The Telegraph|location=Calcutta|date=9 December 2004|access-date=22 January 2012}}</ref><ref name=EB/><ref name=LAT/>
Vilayat was born in [[Gouripur, Bangladesh|Gouripur, Mymensingh]] in then [[East Bengal]] in [[British India]] and current [[Bangladesh]].<ref name=NYT/> His father [[Enayat Khan]] was recognised as a leading sitar and [[surbahar]] (bass sitar) player of his time, as had been his grandfather, [[Imdad Khan]], before him. He was taught in the family style, known as the [[Imdadkhani gharana]] by his father and other relatives in the family. Imdadkhani gharana is also called [[Etawah gharana]] known after a small city close to [[Agra]] where Imdad Khan lived. This family represents the sixth generation of musicians that dates back to the [[Mughal Empire]].<ref name=NYT/><ref>{{cite news |title= Reliving the magic|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1041209/asp/calcutta/story_4102173.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041220200134/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1041209/asp/calcutta/story_4102173.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 December 2004|newspaper= The Telegraph India|location=Calcutta|date=9 December 2004|access-date=10 March 2024}}</ref><ref name=LAT/>


However, Enayat Khan died when Vilayat was only ten, so much of his education came from the rest of his family: his uncle, sitar and surbahar maestro [[Wahid Khan]],<ref name=NYT/><ref name=TheHindu1>{{cite news|title=Vilayat Khan, a maverick musician|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/vilayat-khan-a-maverick-musician/article27581595.ece |newspaper=The Hindu (newspaper)|date=26 March 2004|access-date=12 October 2020}}</ref> his maternal grandfather, singer Bande Hassan Khan, and his mother, Bashiran Begum, who had studied the practice procedure of his forefathers. His uncle, Zinde Hassan, looked after his [[riyaz]] (practice). As a boy, Vilayat wanted to be a singer; but his mother, herself from a family of vocalists, felt he had a strong responsibility to bear the family torch as a sitar maestro.<ref name=NYT/>
However, Enayat Khan died when Vilayat was only ten, so much of his education came from the rest of his family: his uncle, sitar and surbahar maestro [[Wahid Khan]],<ref name=NYT/><ref name=TheHindu1>{{cite news|title=Vilayat Khan, a maverick musician|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/vilayat-khan-a-maverick-musician/article27581595.ece |newspaper=The Hindu newspaper|date=26 March 2004|access-date=10 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240310175957/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/vilayat-khan-a-maverick-musician/article27581595.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 March 2024}}</ref> his maternal grandfather, singer Bande Hassan Khan, and his mother, Bashiran Begum, who had studied the practice procedure of his forefathers. His uncle, Zinde Hassan, looked after his [[riyaz]] (practice). As a boy, Vilayat wanted to be a singer; but his mother, herself from a family of vocalists, felt he had a strong responsibility to bear the family torch as a sitar maestro.<ref name=NYT/>


==Performing career==
==Performing career==
Vilayat Khan performed at ''All Bengal Music Conference'', as his first concert, organized by Bhupen Ghosh in Kolkata with [[Ahmed Jan Thirakwa]] on tabla. His performance at the concert organized by Vikramaditya Sangeet Parishad, Mumbai in 1944 drew the headline "Electrifying Sitar". In the 1950s, Vilayat Khan worked closely with instrument makers, especially the famous sitar-makers Kanailal & Hiren Roy, to further develop the instrument. Also, he liked to perform without a [[tanpura]] drone, filling out the silence with strokes to his [[chikari]] strings.
Vilayat Khan performed at ''All Bengal Music Conference'', as his first concert, organized by Bhupen Ghosh in Kolkata with [[Ahmed Jan Thirakwa]] on tabla. His performance at the concert organized by Vikramaditya Sangeet Parishad, Mumbai in 1944 drew the headline "Electrifying Sitar". In the 1950s, Vilayat Khan worked closely with instrument makers, especially the famous sitar-makers Kanailal & Hiren Roy, to further develop the instrument. Also, he liked to perform without a [[tanpura]] drone, filling out the silence with strokes to his [[chikari]] strings.


Some [[raga]]s he would somewhat re-interpret (Bhankar, Jaijaivanti), others he invented himself (Enayatkhani Kanada, Sanjh Saravali, Kalavanti, Mand Bhairav), but he was first and foremost a traditional interpreter of grand, basic ragas such as Yaman, [[Shree (Hindustani raga)|Shree]], [[Todi (raga)|Todi]], [[Darbari]] and [[Bhairavi (Hindustani)|Bhairavi]]. He was known for improvisation with his knack for finding the different patterns in the ragas he played.<ref name=EB/>
Some [[raga]]s he would somewhat re-interpret (Bhankar, Jaijaivanti), others he invented himself (Enayatkhani Kanada, Sanjh Saravali, Kalavanti, Mand Bhairav), but he was first and foremost a traditional interpreter of grand, basic ragas such as Yaman, [[Shree (Hindustani raga)|Shree]], [[Todi (raga)|Todi]], [[Darbari]] and [[Bhairavi (Hindustani)|Bhairavi]]. He was known for improvisation with his knack for finding the different patterns in the ragas he played.

Vilayat Khan was both a traditional sitar player and a maverick innovator in his music. He was given a lot of credit for developing a sitar style called 'gayaki ang', where his sitar attempted to mimic the sound of the human voice and seemed to give the audience a sense that the sitar was singing. He invented a technique of bending a note after the sitar string was plucked, creating a sound after-effect from it. This technique later influenced other sitar players.<ref name=NYT/><ref name=LAT/>
Vilayat Khan was both a traditional sitar player and a maverick innovator in his music. He was given a lot of credit for developing a sitar style called 'gayaki ang', where his sitar attempted to mimic the sound of the human voice and seemed to give the audience a sense that the sitar was singing. He invented a technique of bending a note after the sitar string was plucked, creating a sound after-effect from it. This technique later influenced other sitar players.<ref name=NYT/><ref name=LAT/>


When he died from lung cancer in 2004, Vilayat Khan had been recording for over 65 years and broadcasting on [[All India Radio]] almost as long. He had been touring outside India off and on for more than 50 years, and was probably the first Indian musician to play in England after independence (1951). In the 1990s, his recording career reached a climax of sorts with a series of ambitious CDs for India Archive Music in New York, some traditional, some controversial, some eccentric. During his long career, he toured and performed in [[South Asia]], [[China]], [[Africa]], [[Europe]] and the former [[Soviet Union]].<ref name=LAT/>
When he died from lung cancer in 2004, Vilayat Khan had been recording for over 65 years and broadcasting on [[All India Radio]] almost as long. He had been touring outside India off and on for more than 50 years, and was probably the first Indian musician to play in England in 1951 after independence. In the 1990s, his recording career reached a climax of sorts with a series of ambitious CDs for India Archive Music in New York, some traditional, some controversial, some eccentric. During his long career, he toured and performed in [[South Asia]], [[China]], [[Africa]], [[Europe]] and the former [[Soviet Union]].<ref name=LAT/>


Vilayat composed and conducted the score for three feature films – Satyajit Ray's ''[[Jalsaghar]]'' (1958) in Bengali,<ref name=NYT/><ref>{{cite news|title=A life well lived|author= Manjari Sinha|url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/music/article31337.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=9 October 2009|access-date=22 January 2012}}</ref> Merchant-Ivory Productions' ''[[The Guru (1969 film)|The Guru]]'' (1969) in English,<ref name=EB/><ref name=NYT/> and Madhusudan Kumar's ''Kadambari'' (1976) in Hindi. He also composed the music for a little-known documentary film in Bengali produced by Dr Barin Roy, entitled ''Jalsaghar''; he won a silver medal for composing at the [[1st Moscow International Film Festival]].<ref name="Moscow1959">{{cite web|url=http://www.moscowfilmfestival.ru/miff34/eng/archives/?year=1959|title=1st Moscow International Film Festival (1959)|access-date=29 October 2012|work=MIFF|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116210640/http://www.moscowfilmfestival.ru/miff34/eng/archives/?year=1959|archive-date=16 January 2013}}</ref>
Vilayat composed and conducted the score for three feature films – Satyajit Ray's ''[[Jalsaghar]]'' (1958) in Bengali,<ref name=NYT/><ref name=TheHindu4>{{cite news|title=A life well lived|author= Manjari Sinha|url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/music/article31337.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=9 October 2009|access-date=10 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240310181956/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/A-life-well-lived/article16885689.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 March 2024}}</ref> Merchant-Ivory Productions' ''[[The Guru (1969 film)|The Guru]]'' (1969) in English,<ref name=NYT/> and Madhusudan Kumar's ''Kadambari'' (1976) in Hindi. He also composed the music for a little-known documentary film in Bengali produced by Barin Roy, entitled ''Jalsaghar''; he won a silver medal for composing this film at the [[1st Moscow International Film Festival]] in 1959.<ref name="Moscow1959">{{cite web|url=http://www.moscowfilmfestival.ru/miff34/eng/archives/?year=1959|title=1st Moscow International Film Festival (1959) (scroll down to read under Silver medals)|access-date=10 March 2024|work=Moscow International Film Festival website|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116210640/http://www.moscowfilmfestival.ru/miff34/eng/archives/?year=1959|archive-date=16 January 2013}}</ref>


==Personal life==
==Personal life==
The [[Imdad Khan]] family is of Rajput lineage.<ref>Deepak Raja (2003), booklet for [[Ulhas Kashalkar]]'s ''Tribute to Vilayat Khan'' CD. India Archive Music IAMCD 1071, p. 21.</ref> In an informal continuation of his Rajput lineage, Vilayat Khan's father [[Enayat Khan]] kept a Hindu name of Nath Singh. Vilayat Khan himself composed many [[bandish]]es using the pen name, '''Nath Piya'''. In an interview given to Karan Thapar for BBC in early 2002, Vilayat Khan admitted to having the Rajput name – Kahan Singh.<ref>{{Citation|last=itvindia|title=FTF Ustad Vilayat Khan 3 4 2002|date=13 January 2012|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9twgLWlMEV8&t=253 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211220/9twgLWlMEV8 |archive-date=2021-12-20 |url-status=live|access-date=4 December 2018}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
The [[Imdad Khan]] family is of [[Rajput]] lineage.<ref>Deepak Raja (2003), booklet for [[Ulhas Kashalkar]]'s ''Tribute to Vilayat Khan'' CD. India Archive Music IAMCD 1071, p. 21.</ref> In an informal continuation of his Rajput lineage, Vilayat Khan's father [[Enayat Khan]] kept a Hindu name of Nath Singh. Vilayat Khan himself composed many [[bandish]]es using the pen name, '''Nath Piya'''. In an interview given to Karan Thapar for BBC in early 2002, Vilayat Khan admitted to having the Rajput name – Kahan Singh.<ref>{{Citation|last=itvindia|title=FTF Ustad Vilayat Khan 3 4 2002|date=13 January 2012|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9twgLWlMEV8&t=253 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211220/9twgLWlMEV8 |archive-date=2021-12-20 |url-status=dead|access-date=4 December 2018}}</ref>


Khan spent much of his life in [[Calcutta]] (now [[Kolkata]]). He was married twice.<ref name=LAT/> Vilayat Khan's first wife was a beautiful Hindu socialite from Calcutta, (late) Monisha Hazra (marriage 1958–59). He had three children from his first marriage: Yaman Khan, Sufi singer [[Zila Khan]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Sufi singer Zila Khan to perform at Jamia|url=http://www.sify.com/news/sufi-singer-zila-khan-to-perform-at-jamia-news-education-lchrOffafdj.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140809045717/http://www.sify.com/news/sufi-singer-zila-khan-to-perform-at-jamia-news-education-lchrOffafdj.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 August 2014|newspaper=Sify news|date=7 February 2011|agency=IANS|access-date=22 January 2012}}</ref> and sitarist [[Shujaat Khan]] (b. 1960).<ref>{{cite news|author=Varinder Singh|date=21 March 2004|title=Sammelan loses star guest|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040321/spectrum/main7.htm|newspaper=Tribune India|access-date=22 January 2012}}</ref><ref name=LAT/>
Khan spent much of his life in [[Calcutta]] (now [[Kolkata]]). He was married twice.<ref name=LAT/> With his first wife, Monisha Hazra, he had three children—Yaman Khan, Sufi singer [[Zila Khan]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Sufi singer Zila Khan to perform at Jamia|url=http://www.sify.com/news/sufi-singer-zila-khan-to-perform-at-jamia-news-education-lchrOffafdj.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140809045717/http://www.sify.com/news/sufi-singer-zila-khan-to-perform-at-jamia-news-education-lchrOffafdj.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 August 2014|newspaper=Sify news|date=7 February 2011|agency=IANS|access-date=22 January 2012}}</ref> and sitarist [[Shujaat Khan]] (b. 1960).<ref>{{cite news|author=Varinder Singh|date=21 March 2004|title=Sammelan loses star guest|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040321/spectrum/main7.htm|newspaper=Tribune India|access-date=22 January 2012}}</ref><ref name=LAT/>


By his second marriage, Vilayat Khan had one son, Hidayat (b. 1975), also a professional sitarist. Vilayat Khan was survived also by his younger brother, [[Imrat Khan]]. The brothers played duets in their youth but had a severe falling-out and for years were not on speaking terms. Vilayat's nephews [[Rais Khan]], [[Nishat Khan]], and [[Irshad Khan]] are also sitar players. His son [[Shujaat Khan]] (b. 1960) from his first wife is also an accomplished sitar player and continues the family tradition.<ref name=NYT/>
By his second marriage, Vilayat Khan had one son, Hidayat (b. 1975), also a professional sitarist. Vilayat Khan was survived also by his younger brother, [[Imrat Khan]]. The brothers played duets in their youth but had a severe falling-out and for years were not on speaking terms. Vilayat's nephews [[Rais Khan]], [[Nishat Khan]], and [[Irshad Khan]] are also sitar players.<ref name=NYT/>


Vilayat took few disciples other than his sons; among the best-known are [[Kashinath Mukherjee]] (younger brother of film director [[Hrishikesh Mukherjee]]), [[Arvind Parikh]], and Hasu Patel.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rochester.edu/news/show.php?id=2811|title = Hasu Patel, Prominent Sitar Player, to Perform at University}}</ref> He also gave sitar lessons to [[Big Jim Sullivan]], the famous English [[session musician]]. He trained his daughter, [[Zila Khan|Zila]], in sitar and vocal music and also made her a formal student in a ceremony in 1991. The ceremony appears in a documentary made in 1991 and also in India's Ministry of External Affairs film on his life, entitled ''Spirit to Soul''. Vilayat Khan made the United States his second home and had a residence in [[Princeton, New Jersey]] besides [[Dehradun]] and [[Kolkata]], India.<ref name=NYT/><ref name=LAT/>
Vilayat took few disciples other than his sons; among the best-known are [[Kashinath Mukherjee]] (younger brother of film director [[Hrishikesh Mukherjee]]), [[Arvind Parikh]], and Hasu Patel.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rochester.edu/news/show.php?id=2811|title = Hasu Patel, Prominent Sitar Player, to Perform at University}}</ref> He also gave sitar lessons to [[Big Jim Sullivan]], the famous English [[session musician]]. He trained his daughter, [[Zila Khan|Zila]], in sitar and vocal music and also made her a formal student in a ceremony in 1991. The ceremony appears in a documentary made in 1991 and also in India's Ministry of External Affairs film on his life, entitled ''Spirit to Soul''. Vilayat Khan made the United States his second home and had a residence in [[Princeton, New Jersey]] besides [[Dehradun]] and [[Kolkata]], India.<ref name=NYT/><ref name=LAT/>


==Controversy==
==Controversy==
In 1964 and 1968, respectively, Vilayat was awarded the [[Padma Shri]] and [[Padma Bhushan]] awards – India's fourth and third highest civilian honours for service to the nation – but refused to accept them,<ref name=NYT/><ref name=LAT/> declaring the committee musically incompetent to judge him. "Pointing out that sitar and its 'Parampara' (tradition) had seen the longest ever tradition in his family and his ancestors had chiseled the 'Gayaki Ang' (style mimicking the sound of human voice),<ref name=EB/> crucial to the playing of the instrument, Khan said no other 'gharana' was older than his in this arena."<ref name=LAT/>
In 1964 and 1968, respectively, Vilayat was awarded the [[Padma Shri]] and [[Padma Bhushan]] awards – India's fourth and third highest civilian honours for service to the nation – but refused to accept them,<ref name=NYT/><ref name=LAT/> declaring the committee musically incompetent to judge him. "Pointing out that sitar and its 'Parampara' (tradition) had seen the longest ever tradition in his family and his ancestors had chiseled the 'Gayaki Ang' (style mimicking the sound of human voice), crucial to the playing of the instrument, Khan said no other 'gharana' was older than his in this arena."<ref name=LAT/>


In January 2000, when he was awarded the [[Padma Vibhushan]], the second highest civilian award, he again refused, going so far as to call it "an insult". This time he stated that he would not accept any award that other sitar players, his juniors and in his opinion less deserving, had been given before him. "If there is any award for sitar in India, I must get it first", he said, adding that "there has always been a story of wrong time, wrong person and wrong award in this country".<ref name=TheHindu/>
In January 2000, when he was awarded the [[Padma Vibhushan]], the second highest civilian award, he again refused, going so far as to call it "an insult". This time he stated that he would not accept any award that other sitar players, his juniors and in his opinion less deserving, had been given before him. "If there is any award for sitar in India, I must get it first", he said, adding that "there has always been a story of wrong time, wrong person and wrong award in this country".<ref name=TheHindu/>


He alleged that the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] had been influenced by lobbying, politics and favouritism while deciding the awardees. He was awarded the 1995 [[List of Sangeet Natak Akademi fellows|Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship]], the highest honour conferred by [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]], India's National Academy for Music.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/fellowslist.htm |title=SNA: List of Sangeet Natak Akademi ''Ratna Puraskar'' winners (Akademi Fellows) |publisher=Sangeet Natak Akademi website |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023617/http://sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/fellowslist.htm |archive-date=4 March 2016 |df=dmy|access-date=10 March 2024}}</ref>
He alleged that the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] had been influenced by lobbying, politics and favouritism while deciding the awardees.


Among other honours he turned down was the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] Award. For a while, he also boycotted All India Radio. The only titles he accepted were the special decorations of "Bharat Sitar Samrat" by the ''Artistes Association of India'' and "Aftab-e-Sitar" (Sun of the Sitar) from President [[Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed]].
Among other honours he turned down was the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] Award in 1995. For a while, he also boycotted [[All India Radio]]. The only titles he accepted were the special decorations of "Bharat Sitar Samrat" by the ''Artistes Association of India'' and "Aftab-e-Sitar" (Sun of the Sitar) from President [[Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed]].


==Death and legacy==
==Death and legacy==
Vilayat Khan died on 13 March 2004 at [[Mumbai]], India at age 75. The [[Press Trust of India]] reported that Vilayat Khan had lung cancer, diabetes and hypertension.<ref name=LAT/><ref name=EB/><ref name=TheHindu/>
Vilayat Khan died on 13 March 2004 at [[Mumbai]], India at age 75. The [[Press Trust of India]] reported that Vilayat Khan had lung cancer, diabetes and hypertension.<ref name=LAT/><ref name=TheHindu/> Among his survivors were his wife, two daughters and two sons [[Shujaat Khan]] and Hidayat Khan who are also sitar players.<ref name=NYT/>


[[NDTV]] (New Delhi Television) reportedly quoted the prime minister of India, [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]], saying this in a statement, "Ustad Vilayat Khan was a child prodigy to whom goes the credit of taking the sitar beyond the shores of this country."<ref name=NYT>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/15/arts/vilayat-khan-76-musician-who-redefined-sitar-playing.html |author=Jon Pareles|date=15 March 2004|title=Vilayat Khan, 76, Musician Who Redifined Sitar Playing |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=12 October 2020}}</ref>
[[NDTV]] (New Delhi Television) reportedly quoted the prime minister of India, [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]], saying this in a statement, "Ustad Vilayat Khan was a child prodigy to whom goes the credit of taking the sitar beyond the shores of this country."<ref name=NYT>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/15/arts/vilayat-khan-76-musician-who-redefined-sitar-playing.html |author=Jon Pareles|date=15 March 2004|title=Vilayat Khan, 76, Musician Who Redifined Sitar Playing -(obituary) |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=12 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710065246/https://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/15/arts/vilayat-khan-76-musician-who-redefined-sitar-playing.html|archive-date=10 July 2022|url-status=dead}}</ref>


In September 2014, a postage stamp featuring Khan was released by [[India Post]] commemorating his contributions.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Govind |first=Ranjani |date=3 September 2014 |title=Four of eight commemorative stamps feature musical legends from State |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/four-of-eight-commemorative-stamps-feature-musical-legends-from-state/article6376803.ece |access-date=22 December 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
⚫
==Selected Discography==

According to [[The Hindu]] newspaper, "As for the eternal question, who is the greatest of them all, it would appear that there are many greats and there is Vilayat Khan"..."an artist who had transformed his instrument to resemble the human voice"<ref name=TheHindu5>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/the-sixth-string-of-vilayat-khan-review-touch-of-music/article26290488.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 September 2023|access-date=10 March 2024|author=Anuradha Raman|date=16 February 2019|title='The Sixth String of Vilayat Khan' review: Touch of Music (Walking in the footsteps of a sitar legend)|newspaper=The Hindu newspaper|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928091257/https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/the-sixth-string-of-vilayat-khan-review-touch-of-music/article26290488.ece}}</ref>

⚫
==Selected discography==
;Primary artist
;Primary artist
* ''India’s Master of the Sitar'' (1969, Capitol/EMI)
* ''India’s Master of the Sitar'' (1969, Capitol/EMI)

;Contributing artist
;Contributing artist
* ''[[The Rough Guide to the Music of India and Pakistan]]'' (1996, [[World Music Network]])
* ''[[The Rough Guide to the Music of India and Pakistan]]'' (1996, [[World Music Network]])
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[[Category:2004 deaths]]
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[[Category:Capitol Records artists]]
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[[Category:Deaths from lung cancer in India]]
[[Category:Deaths from cancer in India]]
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[[Category:Sitar players]]
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[[Category:Hindustani instrumentalists]]
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Revision as of 12:50, 25 May 2024

For the Sufi teacher, see Vilayat Inayat Khan. For the Agra Gharana Singer, see Vilayat Hussain Khan.

Vilayat Khan
Vilayat Khan on a 2014 Indian postage-stamp sheet
Born
Vilayat Khan

(1928-08-28)28 August 1928
Gouripur, Mymensingh, East Bengal
Died13 March 2004(2004-03-13) (aged 75)
Mumbai, India
Occupationsitar player
Years active1939 – 2004
Awards"Aftab-e-Sitar" (Sun of the Sitar) from the President of India
"Bharat Sitar Samrat" by the Artistes Association of India
Silver Medal at the 1st Moscow International Film Festival in 1959

Ustad Vilayat Khan (28 August 1928[1] – 13 March 2004) was an Indian classical sitar player, [1][2] considered by many to be the greatest sitarist of his age.[3] Along with Imdad Khan, Enayat Khan, and Imrat Khan, he is credited with the creation and development of gayaki ang (a technique that emulates the vocal melisma of Hindustani classical music) on the sitar.

He recorded his first 78-RPM disc at the age of and gave his last concert in 2004 at the age of 75.[4] He has composed the music for several films, including Jalsaghar (1958), The Guru (1969), and Kadambari (1976). He had given a chance to newcomer Kavita Krishnamurthy in Kadambari which was the first song in her career.[5]

Early life

Vilayat was born in Gouripur, Mymensingh in then East Bengal in British India and current Bangladesh.[4] His father Enayat Khan was recognised as a leading sitar and surbahar (bass sitar) player of his time, as had been his grandfather, Imdad Khan, before him. He was taught in the family style, known as the Imdadkhani gharana by his father and other relatives in the family. Imdadkhani gharana is also called Etawah gharana known after a small city close to Agra where Imdad Khan lived. This family represents the sixth generation of musicians that dates back to the Mughal Empire.[4][6][2]

However, Enayat Khan died when Vilayat was only ten, so much of his education came from the rest of his family: his uncle, sitar and surbahar maestro Wahid Khan,[4][7] his maternal grandfather, singer Bande Hassan Khan, and his mother, Bashiran Begum, who had studied the practice procedure of his forefathers. His uncle, Zinde Hassan, looked after his riyaz (practice). As a boy, Vilayat wanted to be a singer; but his mother, herself from a family of vocalists, felt he had a strong responsibility to bear the family torch as a sitar maestro.[4]

Performing career

Vilayat Khan performed at All Bengal Music Conference, as his first concert, organized by Bhupen Ghosh in Kolkata with Ahmed Jan Thirakwa on tabla. His performance at the concert organized by Vikramaditya Sangeet Parishad, Mumbai in 1944 drew the headline "Electrifying Sitar". In the 1950s, Vilayat Khan worked closely with instrument makers, especially the famous sitar-makers Kanailal & Hiren Roy, to further develop the instrument. Also, he liked to perform without a tanpura drone, filling out the silence with strokes to his chikari strings.

Some ragas he would somewhat re-interpret (Bhankar, Jaijaivanti), others he invented himself (Enayatkhani Kanada, Sanjh Saravali, Kalavanti, Mand Bhairav), but he was first and foremost a traditional interpreter of grand, basic ragas such as Yaman, Shree, Todi, Darbari and Bhairavi. He was known for improvisation with his knack for finding the different patterns in the ragas he played.

Vilayat Khan was both a traditional sitar player and a maverick innovator in his music. He was given a lot of credit for developing a sitar style called 'gayaki ang', where his sitar attempted to mimic the sound of the human voice and seemed to give the audience a sense that the sitar was singing. He invented a technique of bending a note after the sitar string was plucked, creating a sound after-effect from it. This technique later influenced other sitar players.[4][2]

When he died from lung cancer in 2004, Vilayat Khan had been recording for over 65 years and broadcasting on All India Radio almost as long. He had been touring outside India off and on for more than 50 years, and was probably the first Indian musician to play in England in 1951 after independence. In the 1990s, his recording career reached a climax of sorts with a series of ambitious CDs for India Archive Music in New York, some traditional, some controversial, some eccentric. During his long career, he toured and performed in South Asia, China, Africa, Europe and the former Soviet Union.[2]

Vilayat composed and conducted the score for three feature films – Satyajit Ray's Jalsaghar (1958) in Bengali,[4][8] Merchant-Ivory Productions' The Guru (1969) in English,[4] and Madhusudan Kumar's Kadambari (1976) in Hindi. He also composed the music for a little-known documentary film in Bengali produced by Barin Roy, entitled Jalsaghar; he won a silver medal for composing this film at the 1st Moscow International Film Festival in 1959.[9]

Personal life

The Imdad Khan family is of Rajput lineage.[10] In an informal continuation of his Rajput lineage, Vilayat Khan's father Enayat Khan kept a Hindu name of Nath Singh. Vilayat Khan himself composed many bandishes using the pen name, Nath Piya. In an interview given to Karan Thapar for BBC in early 2002, Vilayat Khan admitted to having the Rajput name – Kahan Singh.[11]

Khan spent much of his life in Calcutta (now Kolkata). He was married twice.[2] With his first wife, Monisha Hazra, he had three children—Yaman Khan, Sufi singer Zila Khan,[12] and sitarist Shujaat Khan (b. 1960).[13][2]

By his second marriage, Vilayat Khan had one son, Hidayat (b. 1975), also a professional sitarist. Vilayat Khan was survived also by his younger brother, Imrat Khan. The brothers played duets in their youth but had a severe falling-out and for years were not on speaking terms. Vilayat's nephews Rais Khan, Nishat Khan, and Irshad Khan are also sitar players.[4]

Vilayat took few disciples other than his sons; among the best-known are Kashinath Mukherjee (younger brother of film director Hrishikesh Mukherjee), Arvind Parikh, and Hasu Patel.[14] He also gave sitar lessons to Big Jim Sullivan, the famous English session musician. He trained his daughter, Zila, in sitar and vocal music and also made her a formal student in a ceremony in 1991. The ceremony appears in a documentary made in 1991 and also in India's Ministry of External Affairs film on his life, entitled Spirit to Soul. Vilayat Khan made the United States his second home and had a residence in Princeton, New Jersey besides Dehradun and Kolkata, India.[4][2]

Controversy

In 1964 and 1968, respectively, Vilayat was awarded the Padma Shri and Padma Bhushan awards – India's fourth and third highest civilian honours for service to the nation – but refused to accept them,[4][2] declaring the committee musically incompetent to judge him. "Pointing out that sitar and its 'Parampara' (tradition) had seen the longest ever tradition in his family and his ancestors had chiseled the 'Gayaki Ang' (style mimicking the sound of human voice), crucial to the playing of the instrument, Khan said no other 'gharana' was older than his in this arena."[2]

In January 2000, when he was awarded the Padma Vibhushan, the second highest civilian award, he again refused, going so far as to call it "an insult". This time he stated that he would not accept any award that other sitar players, his juniors and in his opinion less deserving, had been given before him. "If there is any award for sitar in India, I must get it first", he said, adding that "there has always been a story of wrong time, wrong person and wrong award in this country".[1]

He alleged that the Sangeet Natak Akademi had been influenced by lobbying, politics and favouritism while deciding the awardees. He was awarded the 1995 Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship, the highest honour conferred by Sangeet Natak Akademi, India's National Academy for Music.[15]

Among other honours he turned down was the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award in 1995. For a while, he also boycotted All India Radio. The only titles he accepted were the special decorations of "Bharat Sitar Samrat" by the Artistes Association of India and "Aftab-e-Sitar" (Sun of the Sitar) from President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed.

Death and legacy

Vilayat Khan died on 13 March 2004 at Mumbai, India at age 75. The Press Trust of India reported that Vilayat Khan had lung cancer, diabetes and hypertension.[2][1] Among his survivors were his wife, two daughters and two sons Shujaat Khan and Hidayat Khan who are also sitar players.[4]

NDTV (New Delhi Television) reportedly quoted the prime minister of India, Atal Bihari Vajpayee, saying this in a statement, "Ustad Vilayat Khan was a child prodigy to whom goes the credit of taking the sitar beyond the shores of this country."[4]

In September 2014, a postage stamp featuring Khan was released by India Post commemorating his contributions.[16]

According to The Hindu newspaper, "As for the eternal question, who is the greatest of them all, it would appear that there are many greats and there is Vilayat Khan"..."an artist who had transformed his instrument to resemble the human voice"[17]

Selected discography

Primary artist
  • India’s Master of the Sitar (1969, Capitol/EMI)
Contributing artist

Footnotes

^ He kept his childhood interest in vocal music all his life, often singing in concerts, and composed khyal bandishes using the pen name Nath Piya.

References

  1. ^ a b c "No Compromise in his Art (an interview with Vilayat Khan)". The Hindu newspaper. 28 March 2004. Archived from the original on 4 April 2022. Retrieved 10 March 2024.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Ustad Vilayat Khan, 76; Leading Indian Sitar Player, Composer (obituary)". Los Angeles Times newspaper. Associated Press. 16 March 2004. Archived from the original on 13 October 2020. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
  3. ^ Hunt, Ken (25 March 2004). "Vilayat Khan". The Guardian.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Jon Pareles (15 March 2004). "Vilayat Khan, 76, Musician Who Redifined Sitar Playing -(obituary)". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 10 July 2022. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
  5. ^ "Kadambari (1976)". Archived from the original on 30 December 2018.
  6. ^ "Reliving the magic". The Telegraph India. Calcutta. 9 December 2004. Archived from the original on 20 December 2004. Retrieved 10 March 2024.
  7. ^ "Vilayat Khan, a maverick musician". The Hindu newspaper. 26 March 2004. Archived from the original on 10 March 2024. Retrieved 10 March 2024.
  8. ^ Manjari Sinha (9 October 2009). "A life well lived". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 10 March 2024. Retrieved 10 March 2024.
  9. ^ "1st Moscow International Film Festival (1959) (scroll down to read under Silver medals)". Moscow International Film Festival website. Archived from the original on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 10 March 2024.
  10. ^ Deepak Raja (2003), booklet for Ulhas Kashalkar's Tribute to Vilayat Khan CD. India Archive Music IAMCD 1071, p. 21.
  11. ^ itvindia (13 January 2012), FTF Ustad Vilayat Khan 3 4 2002, archived from the original on 20 December 2021, retrieved 4 December 2018
  12. ^ "Sufi singer Zila Khan to perform at Jamia". Sify news. IANS. 7 February 2011. Archived from the original on 9 August 2014. Retrieved 22 January 2012.
  13. ^ Varinder Singh (21 March 2004). "Sammelan loses star guest". Tribune India. Retrieved 22 January 2012.
  14. ^ "Hasu Patel, Prominent Sitar Player, to Perform at University".
  15. ^ "SNA: List of Sangeet Natak Akademi Ratna Puraskar winners (Akademi Fellows)". Sangeet Natak Akademi website. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 10 March 2024.
  16. ^ Govind, Ranjani (3 September 2014). "Four of eight commemorative stamps feature musical legends from State". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
  17. ^ Anuradha Raman (16 February 2019). "'The Sixth String of Vilayat Khan' review: Touch of Music (Walking in the footsteps of a sitar legend)". The Hindu newspaper. Archived from the original on 28 September 2023. Retrieved 10 March 2024.

Further reading

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vilayat Khan.
  • The Autobiography of Ustad Vilayat Khan: Komal Gandhar; co-written with Sankarlal Bhattacharjee, Sahityam, Kolkata.
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